Unit Operation 3

2020
2021
TECHNICAL COLLAGE OF ENGINEER-DUHOK

DEPARTMENT OF PETROCHEMICAL
THIRD YEAR
Title:convection
analysis
BY:
Mohammed Adalat Rashid

Group. B
Report No. EXP 3
Subject: unit operation
Date of the lecture 3/11/2020
Delivery date. 17/11/2020
Objective
To demonstrate the relationship between input power and surface temperature
in free convection.
Introduction
Convective heat transfer, often referred to simply as convection, is the transfer of heat
from one place to another by the movement of fluids. Convection is usually the
dominant form of heat transfer in liquids and gases. Although often discussed as a
distinct method of heat transfer, convective heat transfer involves the combined
processes of unknown conduction (heat diffusion) and advection (heat transfer by bulk
fluid flow).
Two types of convective heat transfer may be distinguished:
1-Free or natural convection: when fluid motion is caused by buoyancy forces that result
from the density variations due to variations of thermal ±temperature in the fluid. In the
absence of an internal source, when the fluid is in contact with a hot surface, its
molecules separate and scatter, causing the fluid to be less dense. As a consequence,
the fluid is displaced while the cooler fluid gets denser and the fluid sinks. Thus, the
hotter volume transfers heat towards the cooler volume of that fluid. Familiar examples
are the upward flow of air due to a fire or hot object and the circulation of water in a
pot that is heated from below.
2-Forced convection: when a fluid is forced to flow over the surface by an internal
source such as fans, by stirring, and pumps, creating an artificially induced convection
current. In many real-life applications (e.g. heat losses at solar central receivers or
cooling of photovoltaic panels), natural and forced convection occur at the same time
(mixed convection).
Internal and external flow can also classify convection. Internal flow occurs when a fluid
is enclosed by a solid boundary such when flowing through a pipe. An external flow
occurs when a fluid extends indefinitely without encountering a solid surface. Both of
these types of convection, either natural or forced, can be internal or external because
they are independent of each other.[citation needed] The bulk temperature, or the
average fluid temperature, is a convenient reference point for evaluating properties
related to convective heat transfer, particularly in applications related to flow in pipes
and ducts.
Theory
Convection mass transfer classified according to the nature of the flow:
- Forced convection is used when the flow is caused by and external mean,
such as fan, a pump that forces fluid over the surface
-Natural (Free) convection is induced by buoyancy forces that the fluid
motion is produced due to change in density resulting from temperature
gradients
The movement of fluid in free convection is due to the fact that the fluid
particles in the hot object become warmer than the surrounding fluid resulting
in a local change of density. The warmer fluid rises and replaced by the colder
fluid.
Description of experiment apparatus:

-The apparatus, consists from a vertical rectangular duct with internal fan.
- The ambient air enters the duct at the bottom and heated air leaves the duct
at the top.
- The air velocity in the duct is indicated on a portable anemometer and the
anemometer sensor is inserted through the wall of the duct.
- A three heated surfaces ( a flat plate , pinned, or finned) each surface
incorporates an electrical heating element with thermostatic protection
against overheating.
- The temperature at the base of each surface is monitored by a thermistor
sensor.
- The heated surfaces may be viewed through an acrylic window in the wall of
the duct.
The display and control unit incorporates power regulator with digital reader
(wattmeter) to control and indicate on the power supplied to the heated surfaces,
and also contains on the variable DC voltage power supply to control on the fan
speed. and digital reader to indicate temperature of the heated surfaces.
procedure
1. Clamp the flat plate surface into the duct by using the two toggle clamps.
2. Connect the heater power supply lead to the socket at the front side of the
display and control unit.
3. Connect the temperature probe lead to the socket at the front side of the
display and control unit. Then connect the temperature probe to the socket
at the base of flat plate surface.
4. Switch on the main power supply.
5. Set the heater power supplied to the flat plate surface by rotating the power
control knob clockwise.
6. After the device reached steady state condition, record the plate temperature
(Th) , air ambient temperature (TA).
Result and calculation :

Free convection experiment
Ambient air temperature Ta
No. Input power W Plate Temp (Th) C (Th – Ta)
1 5 38,2 18,2
2 10 45 25
3 15 52.3 32,3
4 20 60 40
 Ta =20
1) Th – ta =38,2-20=18,2
2) 45-20=25
3) 52,3-20=32,3
4) 60-20=40
Graph:
25
20
input power w f(x) = 5 x + 0
15
10
0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
temprature difference (Th-Ta)
The relation between the inpute power and difference temp. (Th-Ta) is proportional so
when the input power increase the temp. increase and vice versa.
Discussion and conclusion :

What the benefit of this experiment?
This experiment is important to studay convection and to demonstrate the
relationship between input power and surface tempreatuer in free convection.
what is the difference between natural convection and forced

convection?
The key difference between natural and forced convection is that in natural
convection, the motion of the fluid is influenced by natural means whereas, in
forced convection, the motion of fluids is influenced by external means. The
difference between natural and forced convection related to heat transfer is that
there are no external factors affecting the heat transfer in natural convection
while external factors can cause heat transfer in forced convection.
Conculsion :
In fluids, such as water and air, convection is a much more efficient method of
heat transfer than conduction. This difference in efficiency produced the
dramatic difference in the time required to melt the ice. Although conduction was
at work in both cases, it transferred much less heat than convection.

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2020

TECHNICAL COLLAGE OF ENGINEER-DUHOK

Mohammed Adalat Rashid

Description of experiment apparatus:

Result and calculation :

Discussion and conclusion :

what is the difference between natural convection and forced

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