pertains to the process by which people decide who

Reviewer for OCC takes the conversational floor. There is a code of

behavior behind establishing and sustaining a
1st Semester, Second Quarter Examination productive conversation, but the primary idea is to
give all communicators a chance to speak.
- Remember to keep your words relevant and
- Types of Communicative Strategy reasonably short enough to express your
Since engaging in conversation is also bound by views or feelings. Try to be polite even if you
implicit rules, Cohen (1990) states that strategies are trying to take the floor from another
must be used to start and maintain a conversation. speaker. Do not hog the conversation and
Knowing and applying grammar appropriately is talk incessantly without letting the other
one of the most basic strategies to maintain a party air out their ideas. To acknowledge
conversation. The following are some strategies others, you may employ visual signals like a
that people use when communicating. nod, a look, or a step back, and you could
accompany these signals with spoken cues
Nomination - A speaker carries out nominations to such as “What do you think?” or “You
establish a topic collaboratively and productively. wanted to say something?”
When you employ this strategy, you try to open a
topic with the people you are talking to. Topic Control - Topic control covers how
procedural formality or informality affects the
- When beginning a topic in a conversation, development of topic in conversations. For
especially if it does not arise from a example, in meetings, you may only have a turn to
previous topic, you may start with news speak after the chairperson directs you to do so.
inquiries and news announcements as they Contrast this with a casual conversation with
promise extended talk. Most importantly, friends over lunch or coffee where you may take
keep the conversational environment open the conversational floor anytime.
for opinions until the prior topic shuts down
easily and initiates a smooth end. This could - Remember that regardless of the
efficiently signal the beginning of a new formality of the context, topic control is
topic in the conversation. achieved cooperatively. This only means
that when a topic is initiated, it should be
Restriction - Restriction in communication refers to collectively developedby avoiding
any limitation you may have as a speaker. It is a unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts.
strategy used when responses need to be within You can make yourself actively involved in
the set categories or instructions. These the conversation without overly dominating
instructions confine you as a speaker and limit what it by using minimal responses like “Yes,”
you can say. “Okay,”and “Go on”; and asking tag
questions to clarify information briefly like
- For example, in your class, you might be
“You are excited, aren’t you?”, “It was
asked by your teacher to brainstorm on
unexpected, wasn’t it?”; and even by
peer pressure or deliver a speech ondigital
laughing!
natives. In these cases, you cannot decide
to talk about something else. Topic Shifting - Topic shifting, as the name
suggests, involves moving from one topic to
- Remember to always be on point and avoid another. In other words, it is where one part of a
sideswiping from the topic during the conversation ends and where another begins.
conversation to avoid communication
breakdown. - When shifting from one topic to
another, you must be very intuitive. Make
sure that the previous topic was nurtured
Turn – Taking - Sometimes people are given enough to generate adequate views. You
unequal opportunities to talk because others take may also use effective conversational
too much time during the conversation. Turn-taking transitions to indicate a shift like “By the
 way", "In addition to what you said, ”Which - Informal language, on the other hand, is
reminds me of,“ and the like. used without much consideration for rules of
convention or etiquette. It is casual and
Repair - Repair refers to how speakers address
mostly not well-thought-of or prepared
the problems in speaking, listening, and
because it is used to communicate with
comprehending that they may encounter in a
people with whom you have close
conversation. For example, if everybody in the
associations like parents, siblings, and
conversation seems to talk at the same time,
friends.
give way and appreciate other’s initiative to set
the conversation back to its topic. Duration of Interaction - This refers to the amount
of time a conversation takes between and among
- Repair is the self-righting mechanism in any
communicators.
social interaction (Schegloff et al, 1977). If
there is a problem in understanding the Relation of The Speaker - This refers to the
conversation, speakers will always try to speech style used by the speaker suited to his/her
address and correct it. Although this is the relationship to the person with whom he/she is
case, always seek to initiate the repair. communicating. Styles can be classified as
intimate, frozen, consultative, casual, or formal.
Termination - Termination refers to the
conversation participants’ close-initiating Role and Responsibilities of The Speaker - This
expressions that end a topic in a conversation. refers to the role and responsibility of the speaker
Most of the time, the topic initiator takes which will depend on the purpose and context of
responsibility to signal the end of the discussion as communication.
well.
- The speaker may be a person who gives
- Although not all topics may have clear ends, information and additional knowledge to
try to signal the end of the topic through another person or an audience, someone
concluding cues. You can do this by sharing who convinces others for a cause or an
what you learned from the conversation. individual who provokes laughter for
Aside from this, soliciting agreement from diversion and fun. Hence, his responsibility
the other participants usually completes the depends on his purpose for communication
discussion of the topic meaningfully. which may be to inform, to persuade, or to
entertain.
- Understanding Speech Context,
Message - This involves the content of the
Speech Style, Speech Act, and message. The message may be facts, opinions,
Communicative Strategy. feelings, order, suggestions, and questions.
Opinions.
Factors affected by a shift in Speech Context, Delivery - This refers to the manner of delivery
Speech Style, Speech Act, and Communicative involving verbal and nonverbal cues made by the
Strategy. speaker. Delivery can be classified as:
Language Form - This refers to the formality or - Extemporaneous, Impromptu, Memorized,
informality of the language used, and it involves the and Manuscript.
choice of words and how sentences or utterances
are structured. - Communicative Competence
- Formal language is used when talking with
professionals or persons in authority in a
Speech Context - This accounts for the
formal, official, or ceremonial occasion,
background and purpose of a discourse. Speech
situation, gathering, or event. Talking with a
context assumes a direct relationship between
lawyer, a doctor, or even with your teacher
situational, societal, political, or cultural
often creates a formal ambiance in
“environment” in which the communication
communication.
transaction occurs. The type of audience,
circumstances, and setting are taken into ✓ What does the audience know about the subject?
consideration. Speech context may be
intrapersonal, interpersonal, and public. ✓ Why should they be interested?

Speech Style - Another factor that affects the

attainment of communicative competence is
speech style. A person may choose what style or
form of language to use in communicating with
others; however, personal preferences may not
always work. There are controlled instances when
one may just go with the flow of the communicative
process because that is what is required in the
situation. Speech style has the following types:
intimate, casual, consultative, formal, and frozen.
Speech Act - Speech act refers not only to the
Logical Organization - The logical organization or
utterance (Locutionary Act) but also to the intention
arrangement of thoughts when it comes to speech
(Illocutionary Act) and response (Perlocutionary
writing can be defined as all aspects of your writing
Act) to a specific situation for an intended discourse
that help the reader move smoothly from one
impact. The choice of words to use must be
sentence to the next, and from one paragraph to
considered to suit the needs of the occasion or the
another. Thus, carefully planning the content of
kind of audience to be addressed. This is also done
your speech is also necessary.
to help express the intention of the speaker and to
elicit a response from the listener. - The written speech has three parts: the
introduction, body, and conclusion. The role
- Principles of Effective Speech Writing of introduction and conclusion is mostly
and Delivery similar in many speeches, that is, the
A good speech requires days or even weeks of introduction presents the main idea of your
preparation depending on the topic and the speech, while the conclusion reiterates the
availability of materials needed. While many are main idea. The body offers definitions,
expert enough to compose their speech the night examples, or any information that can help
before they deliver it, seldom that it become very you convey your intent and clarify the main
successful for a beginner writer. For this reason, concept of your speech.
careful planning is important to come up with a Three Parts Of Speech
well-written speech.
Introduction - The introduction is the most crucial
When planning for writing your speech, you should part of the speech. It is generally only 10 to 15
consider the following principles: percent of the time the speaker spends speaking.
Audience Profile - Knowing your audience According to Wrench (2012), a good introduction
specifically their general age, gender, educational serves five functions: (1) you should be able to gain
level, religion, language, culture, and group audience’s attention and interest, (2) it states the
membership is one of the most important aspects in purpose of your speech, (3) it establishes your
developing your speech. Basically, this is done so credibility, (4) it should provide reasons for your
that you can tailor-fit your speech content and audience to listen and (5) your introduction should
delivery to your audience. preview the main idea of your speech.

Analyzing your audience will help you discover the Body - The body of the speech is the core part of
information you can use to build a connection the speech that addresses the main ideas and
between you and members of your audience. principles of the speech. It consists of the main
points. This is presented using methods of
✓ Who is the audience? organization (Flores, 2016).

✓ How many? Methods Of Organizing the Body Of Your

Speech
Problem – Solution Order - It explains the The conclusion functions as the summarizer of the
problem and suggests a possible solution. entire speech. The conclusion has to be written
using different strategies (Tandoc, 2016).
Example: Cleaning up Laguna de Bay
• Thought-provoking questions
Categorical/ Topical Order - It divides the topic
• Humor
into subtopics based on the importance or interest
• Quotation
value or simply because the topic requires it.
• A call for action
Example: Importance of promoting the Reduce, • A connection to a larger context
Reuse and Recycle program • Present a summary
• Repeat the key ideas presented
Chronological Order - A historical or time • Repeat the central idea for emphasis
approach which is from the past to the present. It • Go back to the strategy used in the
presents ideas in time order. introduction
Example: The significant development of the • Signal the end of your speech
province of Laguna from the Spanish period to the • End with an impact
present. Duration - No matter how long the speech is,
Comparison and Contrast - It presents a always divide it into five parts: an introduction, the
comparison and contrast of two or three points. body (paragraph 2, paragraph 3, and paragraph 4)
and a conclusion. This format is adaptable to a
Example: Comparison between living in the city and speech of almost any length. By doing this, you can
life in the province. actually monitor the time and length of your speech
or the so-called Duration. Most experts say that the
Spatial/ Geographical Order - Going from one
ideal length of speech is up to 20 minutes. (Gray-
place to another, from one direction to another.
Grant, 2017).
Example: Traveling around the wonders of Batanes
• Introduction: 2 minutes (250 words)
islands.
• Body: Point 1: 5 minutes (625 words)
Casual Order - It involves a discussion of both the • Point 2: 5 minutes (625 words)
cause and effect of an issue. • Point 3: 5 minutes (625 words)
• Conclusion: 3 minutes (375 words)
Example: The Fish Kill in Laguna de Bay. • Total word count: 2,500 words (20 minutes)
Different Transition Words Word Choice - There are a lot of vocabularies
available to describe one's idea. However, the
speaker should carefully use the correct word in
writing the speech. The use of conversational
language helps put the audience feel at ease and
creates a special bond between the speaker and
the audience. However, there are things that you
should consider in choosing your words.
The following words should be avoided in a written
speech (Tandoc, 2016).
a. Jargons or technical terms specific only
for a group of people

Conclusion - After writing the body of your speech b. Redundancy or excessive repetition of
following the methods of organization, the last thing words
that you need to work on is how to end it. c. Language inappropriate for the audience
d. Language inappropriate for the occasion
- Jargon are specific words or phrases used by a
certain individual or group that are difficult for
others to understand.
- For example, the words idiopathic (which means
unknown cause) and hyperventilate (rapid
breathing) are jargon because they are technical
terms in medical fields. The words affidavit (sworn)
and circumstantial (specific details) are heard
commonly in legal aspects or terms in in the field of
Law. These words can be confusing if you are
speaking in front of a general crowd or audience.
Grammatical Correctness - Using correct
grammar when you give a speech is important to
prevent misunderstanding and misinterpretation
between you and the audience. A good command
of the language helps listeners understand you
quickly. Grammar inconsistencies slow down the
communication process and generate negative
impressions for the audience, as your ideas and
thoughts are not clear and coherently conveyed.

--- Goodluck:>>>