Unit 2 p2 Handout

ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT UNIT II (Types of Communicative Strategy)
COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY as “What do you think?” or “You wanted to say

People communicate every day to establish and something?”
maintain relationships, know and understand 4. Topic Control
themselves, and find meaning in the daily grind. Topic control covers how procedural formality or
Moreover, since humans are social beings who survive informality affects the development of topic in
more effectively through sensible discourses, they are conversations. For example, in meetings, you may only
always driven to learn the skills of creating and have a turn to speak after the chairperson directs you to
sustaining meaningful conversations. Successful do so. Contrast this with a casual conversation with
communication requires understanding of the friends over lunch or coffee where you may take the
relationship between words and sentences and the conversational floor anytime. Remember that regardless
speech acts they represent. However, a conversation of the formality of the context, topic control is achieved
may be complex at times; that is why some people get cooperatively. This only means that when a topic is
lost along the way and misunderstand each other. It is initiated, it should be collectively developed by avoiding
only when we willingly cooperate and speak in socially unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts. You can
approved ways that we can make a conversation make yourself actively involved in the conversation
meaningful. without overly dominating it by using minimal responses
Types of Communicative Strategy like “Yes,” “Okay,” “Go on”; asking tag questions to
Since engaging in conversation is also bound by implicit clarify information briefly like “You are excited, aren’t
rules, Cohen (1990) states that strategies must be used you?”, “It was unexpected, wasn’t it?”; and even by
to start and maintain a conversation. Knowing and laughing!
applying grammar appropriately is one of the most basic 5. Topic Shifting
strategies to maintain a conversation. The following are Topic shifting, as the name suggests, involves moving
some strategies that people use when communicating. from one topic to another. In other words, it is where one
1. Nomination part of a conversation ends and where another begins.
A speaker carries out nomination to collaboratively and When shifting from one topic to another, you have to be
productively establish a topic. Basically, when you very intuitive. Make sure that the previous topic was
employ this strategy, you try to open a topic with the nurtured enough to generate adequate views. You may
people you are talking to. When beginning a topic in a also use effective conversational transitions to indicate a
conversation, especially if it does not arise from a shift like “By the way,” “In addition to what you said,”
previous topic, you may start off with news inquiries and “Which reminds me of,” and the like.
news announcements as they promise extended talk. 6. Repair
Most importantly, keep the conversational environment Repair refers to how speakers address the problems in
open for opinions until the prior topic shuts down easily speaking, listening, and comprehending that they may
and initiates a smooth end. This could efficiently signal encounter in a conversation. For example, if everybody
the beginning of a new topic in the conversation. in the conversation seems to talk at the same time, give
2. Restriction way and appreciate other’s initiative to set the
Restriction in communication refers to any limitation you conversation back to its topic. Repair is the self-righting
may have as a speaker. When communicating in the mechanism in any social interaction (Schegloff et al,
classroom, in a meeting, or while hanging out with your 1977). If there is a problem in understanding the
friends, you are typically given specific instructions that conversation, speakers will always try to address and
you must follow. These instructions confine you as a correct it. Although this is the case, always seek to
speaker and limit what you can say. For example, in initiate the repair.
your class, you might be asked by your teacher to 7. Termination
brainstorm on peer pressure or deliver a speech on Termination refers to the conversation participants’
digital natives. In these cases, you cannot decide to talk close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a
about something else. On the other hand, conversing conversation. Most of the time, the topic initiator takes
with your friends during ordinary days can be far more responsibility to signal the end of the discussion as well.
casual than these examples. Just the same, remember Although not all topics may have clear ends, try to signal
to always be on point and avoid sideswiping from the the end of the topic through concluding cues. You can
topic during the conversation to avoid communication do this by sharing what you learned from the
breakdown. conversation. Aside from this, soliciting agreement from
3. Turn-taking the other participants usually completes the discussion
Sometimes people are given unequal opportunities to of the topic meaningfully.
talk because others take much time during the 7 EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES IN COMMUNICATION
conversation. Turn-taking pertains to the process by 1. Convey important points clearly and concisely.
which people decide who takes the conversational floor. 2. Use multiple modes of communication.
There is a code of behavior behind establishing and 3. Be mindful of your tone.
sustaining a productive conversation, but the primary 4. Maintain awareness of your body language and
idea is to give all communicators a chance to speak. nonverbal cues.
Remember to keep your words relevant and reasonably 5. Know your audience.
short enough to express your views or feelings. Try to be 6. Focus on what others say and acknowledge it.
polite even if you are trying to take the floor from another 7. Request and provide feedback.
speaker. Do not hog the conversation and talk
incessantly without letting the other party air out their
own ideas. To acknowledge others, you may employ
visual signals like a nod, a look, or a step back, and you
could accompany these signals with spoken cues such
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ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT UNIT II (Types of Communicative Strategy)

COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY as “What do you think?” or “You wanted to say

Compiled Handout by J.Nool

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