Communicative competence • Limiting what can be or what is needed to be talked

• ability to use the language to effectively about. Focus on what is only needed to be talked
communicate with others. about
• essential for a speaker to be able to use and • For example, in your class, you might be asked by
understand speech acts. your teacher to brainstorm on peer pressure or
• at the same time we’re able to understand other deliver a speech on digital natives. In these cases,
people to avoid miscommunication. you cannot decide to talk about something else. On
the other hand, conversing with your friends during
ordinary days can be far more casual than these
Since engaging in conversation is also bound by implicit rules, examples.
Cohen (1990) states that strategies must be used to start • Just the same, remember to always be on point and
avoid sideswiping from the topic during the
and maintain a conversation. Knowing and applying grammar
conversation to avoid communication breakdown.
appropriately is one of the most basic strategies to maintain
a conversation.
Turn-Taking
• Sometimes people are given unequal opportunities to
Types of Communicative Strategy
Nomination talk because others take much time during the
• A speaker carries out nomination to collaboratively conversation.
and productively establish a topic. • Pertains to the process by which people decide who
• Basically, when you employ this strategy, you try to takes the conversational floor.
open a topic with the people you are talking to. This • There is a code of behavior behind establishing and
usually starts with a greeting. sustaining a productive conversation, but the
• Used when starting a conversation or when you open primary idea is to give all communicators a chance
a topic with the people you are talking to, or to speak.
initiating a conversation. • Remember to keep your words relevant and
• When beginning a topic in a conversation, especially reasonably short enough to express your views or
if it does not arise from a previous topic, you may feelings.
start off with news inquiries and news • Try to be polite even if you are trying to take the
announcements as they promise extended talk. floor from another speaker.
• Most importantly, keep the conversational • Do not hog the conversation and talk incessantly
environment open for opinions until the prior topic without letting the other party air out their own
shuts down easily and initiates a smooth end. This ideas. [give other members a chance to give their
could efficiently signal the beginning of a new topic ideas, wag greedy sa time]
in the conversation. • To acknowledge others, you may employ visual
signals like a nod, a look, or a step back, and you
Restriction could accompany these signals with spoken cues
• This involves limiting what the participants can such as "What do you think?" or "You were wanting
contribute to the conversation or discussion. to say something?"
• Restriction in communication refers to any limitation
you may have as a speaker. When communicating in Topic Control
the classroom, in a meeting, or while hanging out • This occurs when the main or assigned speaker
with your friends, you are typically given specific manipulates the discussion in order to maintain its
instructions that you must follow. flow without moving away from or changing the
• These instructions confine you as a speaker and limit topic.
what you can say. • Remember that regardless of the formality of the
• Other word for it: Limitation context, topic control is achieved cooperatively.
• What are the limitations that you may have as a • lahat nag sheshare ng ideas pero kapag parang
speaker nalilihis na ‘yung isa ibabalik mo sa topic niyo,
icocontrol mo siya.
 • Speaker controls the conversation to maintain the • most of the time kung sino nag-initiate, he or she
flow. takes the responsibility to ending or signaling the
• Pwedeng may maglead but everyone is in charge for end of the convo, usually “good bye” or “that’s the
controlling the topic end of our discussion, do you have any questions/
• You can make yourself actively involved in the clarifications?”
conversation without overly dominating it.

Topic Shifting
• as the name suggests, involves moving from one
topic to another. In other words it is where one part
of a conversation ends and where another begins.
• When shifting from one topic to another (na proper),
you have to be very intuitive. Make sure that the
previous topic was nurtured enough to generate
adequate views.
• You may also use effective conversational transitions
to indicate a shift like “By the way," "In addition to
what you said," "Which reminds me of," and the like.

Repair
• Repair refers to how speakers address the problems
in speaking, listening, and comprehending that they
may encounter in a conversation. For example, if
everybody in the conversation seems to talk at the
same time, give way and appreciate other's initiative
to set the conversation back to its topic.
• Repair is the self-righting mechanism in any social
interaction (Schegloff et al, 1977). If there is a
problem in understanding the conversation, speakers
will always try to address and correct it. Although
this is the case, always seek to initiate the repair.
• pag may kailangang ayusin
• anyone can initiate a repair if they recognize a
mistake

Termination
• refers to the conversation participants' close-
initiating expressions that end a topic in a
conversation. Most of the time, the topic initiator
takes responsibility to signal the end of the
discussion as well.
• Although not all topics may have clear ends, try to
signal the end of the topic through concluding cues.
You can do this by sharing what you learned from
the conversation.
• Aside from this, soliciting agreement from the other
participants usually completes the discussion of the
topic meaningfully.
• how we end or close the conversation.