VELAMMAL VIDYALAYA

AVADI CHENNAI-71.

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-2024
TO COMPARE THE RATE OF EVAPORATION OF WATER

PREPARED BY

NAME : MAHALAKSHMI S

CLASS : XII-B

SUBJECT CODE: 043

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 Index
S.NO TITLE PAGE

1. CERTIFICATE 2

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4

3. INTRODUCTION 5

4. THEORY INVOLVED 5

5. USES OF WATER 11

6. EXPERIMENT 12

7. BIBILIOGRAPHY 19

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INTRODUCTION:
Evaporation is a type of vaporization that
occurs on the surface of a liquid as it
changes into the gas phase. When a
molecule near the surface absorbs enough
energy to overcome the vapour pressure, it
will escape and enter the surrounding air
as a gas.

THEORY INVOLOVED:
1. RATE OF EVAPORATION:
A liquid’s surface area and temperature affect
its rate of evaporation. Evaporation rate also
depends upon the type of liquids, since liquids
are made up of different molecules and differ
in the amount of abstraction that exist
between the molecules.

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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RATE OF
EVAPORATION
 TEMPERATURE:
*It is also affected by temperature.
As the temperature of air is increased,
its capacity to hold moisture also
increases.
*Any increase in air temperature
raises the temperature of liquid at the
evaporation source which means that
more energy is available to the liquid
molecules for escaping from liquid to
a gaseous state.
*Hence evaporation is directly
proportional to the temperature
of evaporating surface.
*Warmer the evaporating
surface, higher the rate of
evaporation.

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  AIR-PRESSURE:
*Evaporation is also affected by
the atmospheric pressure exerted on
the evaporating surface.
*Lower pressure on open surface of the
liquid results in the higher rate of
evaporation.
 RELATIVE HUMIDITY:
*The rate of evaporation is
closely relative humidity of air.
*Since the moisture holding capacity
of air at a given temperature is limited,
drier air evaporates more liquid than
moist air.
*In other words, higher the vapour
pressure, lower the rate of
evaporation.
*It is a common experience that
evaporation is greater in summer and
at mid-day than in winter and at night.

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  SURFACE AREA AND TEMPERATURE
*Because molecules or
atoms evaporates from a liquid's
surface area allows more molecules
or atoms to leave the
liquid, and evaporation occurs
more quickly.
*For example-same amount of
water will evaporate faster if spilled on a
table than it is left in the cup.
*Higher temperature also
increases the rate of evaporation.
*At higher temperature
molecules or atoms have a higher average
speed and more particles are able to
break free on liquid's surface.

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  INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
*Most liquids are made up of mutual
attraction among different molecules
help explain why some liquids evaporates
faster than others.
*Attractions between molecules arise
because molecules typically have
regions that carry a slight positive
charge.
*These regions of electric charges are
created because some tons in a
molecule are often more electronegative
than
the hydrogen atoms.
*Intermolecular attractions affect
the rate of evaporation of a liquid
because strong intermolecular attraction
hold the molecules in a liquid more
tightly.
*As a result, liquids with strong
intermolecular attractions evaporate
more slowly than those with
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 stronger

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 intermolecular forces this is the reason
why gasoline evaporates faster than water.
*The stronger the forces keeping the
molecules together in the liquid state
the more energy that must be input in
order to evaporate them.

WATER
IUPAC Oxidane
Other names Water, Dihydrogen
monoxide, Aqua
Molecular formula H2O
Structural formula

PROPERTIES:
Molar mass 18.01528 g/mol
Appearance Colourless clear
liquid
Density 1 g/cc
Melting point 0°C
Boiling point 100°C

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 Viscosity 0.894 cp
Dipole moment 1.85D

USES OF WATER:
 From biological standpoint, water has
many distinct properties that are
critical for the proliferation of life that
set it apart from other substances.
 It carries out this role by allowing
organic compounds to react in ways that
ultimately allow replication. All known
forms of life depend on water.
 Water is vital both as a solvent in
many ways and respiration.
Photosynthetic
cells use the sun's energy to split off
water's hydrogen from oxygen.
 Hydrogen is then combined with CO2 in
the process. Water is also central to
acid base neutrality and enzyme
function.
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EXPERIMENT
AIM: To determine the difference
between the rate of evaporation of
different liquids with water

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 PROCEDURE
1.KEEPING THE TEMPERATURE
SAME: (i)Take three beakers of
equal volume
and label them as A,B,C D .Pour 10ml of
each liquid in these beaker.
(ii) Find their respective masses
using (density-mass/volume).
(iii) keep the beakers at similar
conditions for 30mins after
recording their masses.
(iv) After half an hour note the
masses of these beakers and calculate
the loss in mass of them.
2.BEAKERS OF DIFFERENT
SURFACE AREA:
Put 10ml of different liquids in a
beaker of different surface areas.
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3.HEATING THE BEAKERS:
Heat the beaker to different
temperatures and note their volumes.
OBSERVATION
Density of water =1 g/cc
Density of acetone =0.791 g/cc
Density of acetaldehyde=0.78 g/cc
Density of ethanol =0.789
g/cc

Now as we have taken 10ml of all

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After keeping the beakers at room
temperature for half an hour we find
the remaining masses to be:
Mass of remaining water =9.9gm
Mass of remaining acetone
=7.5gm
Mass of remaining
acetaldehyde=7.4gm Mass of
remaining ethanol
=7.6gm
OBSERVATION TABLE

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CONCLUSION:
 From the observation we conclude
that loss in mass is directly
proportional to the rate of
evaporation i.e. higher is the loss
in mass higher is the rate of
evaporation.
 From the observation it is
clearly seen that, rate of
evaporation is
directly proportional to the surface
area i.e. more the surface area more
is the rate of evaporation.
 The rate of evaporation also
depends upon the temperature, more
is the energy of the molecules, more
is the rate of evaporation.
 More the density, less will be
the rate of evaporation.
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 RESULT:
This experiment clearly establishes
the relation between the rate of
evaporation of different liquids
and the factors on which it
depends.

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 BIBILIOGRAPHY:

References taken from class XII

WEBSITES:
 www.encyclopedia.com
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.org

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