Chem I P

CHEMISTRY
PROJECT
(2022-23)
ON
“To study the rate of evaporation of
different liquids”
ST. XAVIER’S SR. SEC. SCHOOL
REG. NO :
ROLL NO. :
NAME :
CLASS : XII – ‘D’
SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that student _________________ of
class 12-D has successfully completed the investigatory
project on the topic “To study the rate of evaporation of
different liquids” for the academic year 2022-23.
This project is completed in all respects.
Mrs Kiran Pareek Mr P. P. Kuriakose

(Chemistry teacher) (Lab Assistant)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank my chemistry teacher, Mrs Kiran Pareek
who gave me a golden opportunity to work on this project. I
would also like to wholeheartedly express my gratitude to my
school Principal Fr. M. Arockiam, S.J.
I must also thank my parents and friends for their immense
support and help during this project. Without their help,
completing this project would have been very difficult.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.No. DESCRIPTION
01 INTRODUCTION
02 AIM
03 APPARATUS REQUIRED
04 THEORY
05 PROCEDURE
06 OBSERVATION
07 CONCLUSION
08 PRECAUTION
09 BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
When a liquid is placed in an open vessel, it slowly escapes
into gaseous phase eventually leaving the vessel empty. This
phenomenon is known as vaporization or evaporation. The
evaporation of liquids can be explained in the terms of kinetic
molecular model although there are strong molecular attractive
forces which hold molecules together. The molecules having
sufficient kinetic energy can escape into the gaseous phase. If
such molecules happen to come near the surface in a sample
of liquid all the molecules do not have the same kinetic energy.
There is a small fraction of molecules which have enough
kinetic energy to overcome the attractive forces and escapes
into the gaseous phase.
Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the reason that the

molecules which undergo evaporation have high kinetic energy
therefore the kinetic energy of the molecules which are left
behind is less. Since the remaining molecules which are left
have lower average kinetic energy. Therefore temperature is
kept constant the remaining liquid will have the same
distribution of the molecular kinetic energy and high molecular
energy will keep one escaping from the liquid into the gaseous
phase if the liquid is taken in an open vessel evaporation will
continue until the whole of the liquid evaporates.
Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle. Solar

energy drives the evaporation of water from oceans, lakes,
moisture in the soil, and other sources of water. In hydrology,
evaporation and transpiration (which involve evaporation within
plant stomata) are collectively termed evapotranspiration.
Evaporation is caused when water is exposed to air and the
liquid molecules turn into water vapour which rises up and
forms clouds.
THEORY
Factors influencing the rate of evaporation:-
1. The concentration of the substance evaporates in the air. If
the air already has a high concentration of the substance
evaporating, then the given substance will evaporate more
slowly.
2. Concentration of other substances in the air. If the air is
already saturated with other substances, it can have a lower
capacity forth substances evaporating.
3. Temperature of the substance. If the substance is hotter,
then evaporation will be faster.
4. Flow rate of air. This is in part related to the concentration
points above. If fresh air moves over the substance all the time,
then the concentration of the substance in the air is less likely
to go up with time, thus encouraging faster evaporation. In
addition, molecules in motion have more energy than those at
rest, and so the stronger the flow of air, the greater the
evaporating power of the air molecules.
5. Inter-molecular forces. The stronger the forces keeping the
molecules together in the liquid or solid state the more energy
that must be input in order to evaporate them.
6. Surface area and temperature. The rate of evaporation of
liquids varies directly with temperature. With the increase in
temperature, the fraction of molecules having sufficient kinetic
energy to escape from the surface also increases. Thus with
the increase in temperature rate of evaporation also increases.
Molecules that escape the surface of the liquids constitute
evaporation. Therefore larger surface area contributes to
accelerating evaporation.
7. Nature of Liquids The magnitude of inter-molecular forces of
attraction in liquid determines the speed of evaporation. The
weaker the intermolecular forces of attraction larger the extent
of evaporation.
8. Density The higher the density, the slower a liquid
evaporates.
9. Pressure In an area of less pressure, evaporation happens
faster because there is less exertion on the surface keeping the
molecules from launching themselves.
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
AIM
To study the rate of evaporation of different liquids.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
a. Liquid 1: ____________
b. Liquid 2: ____________
c. Liquid 3: ____________
d. 3 Petri dishes of equal volume
e. Tray
f. Stopwatch
g. Measuring cylinder
PROCEDURE
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and identify them as A, B, C.
2. Pipette out 10 ml. liquid 1 in Petri dish "A" with a stopper. Similarly,
pipette out 10 ml. of liquid 2, liquid 3 in each of Petri "B", "C".
3. Remove the cover plates from all Petri dishes and start the
stopwatch.
4. Let the Petri dishes remain exposed for 10-15 minutes. Now cover
each of the Petri dishes and note the volume of the remaining
material in them.
OBSERVATION TABLE
Time: __ min = ___ Sec.
Petri Dishes Liquid taken Liquid Vol. Evap. Rate (V/T)

Marked (V1) mL remaining V=V1-V2 mL/s
(V2) mL
A
B
C
RESULT
● Rate of evaporation of ______________ is __________ mL/s.
CONCLUSION
The rate of evaporation of the liquids are in order of:
_________ > _________ > _________>
PRECAUTIONS
● Make sure the volume of different liquids is accurately specific as
necessary.
● Make sure the stopwatch has no mechanical errors and is properly
handled.
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
AIM
To study the effect of surface area on rate of evaporation of liquids.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
a. Acetone
b. 2 Petri dishes of different surface area
c. Tray
d. Stopwatch
e. Measuring cylinder
PROCEDURE
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and mark them D and E
2. Pipette out 10 ml acetone in each of the Petri dishes D and E and
cover them immediately.
3. Uncover the two Petri dishes and start the stop watch.
4. Note the remaining volume after 15 min vaporisation of acetone
from each Petri dish.
OBSERVATION
Time: __ min = ___ Sec.
Petri Dishes Liquid taken Liquid Vol. Evap. Rate (V/T)

Marked (V1) mL remaining V=V1-V2 mL/s
(V2) mL
D
E
RESULT
CONCLUSION
The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as
_______________<_______________.
Larger the surface area, more is the rate of evaporation.
PRECAUTIONS
● Make sure the volume of different liquids is accurately specific as
necessary.
● Make sure the stopwatch has no mechanical errors and is properly
handled.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
● www.wikipedia.org
● www.chemworld.org
● www.quora.com
● www.icbse.com

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CHEMISTRY

ST. XAVIER’S SR. SEC. SCHOOL

CLASS : XII – ‘D’

This is to certify that student _________________ of

class 12-D has successfully completed the investigatory

project on the topic “To study the rate of evaporation of

different liquids” for the academic year 2022-23.

This project is completed in all respects.

Mrs Kiran Pareek Mr P. P. Kuriakose

who gave me a golden opportunity to work on this project. I

would also like to wholeheartedly express my gratitude to my

school Principal Fr. M. Arockiam, S.J.

I must also thank my parents and friends for their immense

support and help during this project. Without their help,

completing this project would have been very difficult.

Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the reason that the

Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle. Solar

d. 3 Petri dishes of equal volume

pipette out 10 ml. of liquid 2, liquid 3 in each of Petri "B", "C".

Time: __ min = ___ Sec.

Petri Dishes Liquid taken Liquid Vol. Evap. Rate (V/T)

● Rate of evaporation of ______________ is __________ mL/s.

● Rate of evaporation of ______________ is __________ mL/s.

The rate of evaporation of the liquids are in order of:

_________ > _________ > _________>

● Make sure the volume of different liquids is accurately specific as

● Make sure the stopwatch has no mechanical errors and is properly

To study the effect of surface area on rate of evaporation of liquids.

b. 2 Petri dishes of different surface area

2. Pipette out 10 ml acetone in each of the Petri dishes D and E and

cover them immediately.

4. Note the remaining volume after 15 min vaporisation of acetone

from each Petri dish.

Time: __ min = ___ Sec.

Petri Dishes Liquid taken Liquid Vol. Evap. Rate (V/T)

● Rate of evaporation of ______________ is __________ mL/s.

The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as

● Make sure the volume of different liquids is accurately specific as

● Make sure the stopwatch has no mechanical errors and is properly

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Time: min = _ Sec.

● Rate of evaporation of ____ is mL/s.

● Rate of evaporation of ____ is mL/s.

_____ > _ > _____>

Time: min = _ Sec.

● Rate of evaporation of ____ is mL/s.