Rate of Evaporation of Different Liquids-Ragav

Contents
 Objective
 Introduction
 Factors influencing rate of
evaporation
 Application
 Theory
 Evaporative equilibrium
 Experiment no.1
 Experiment no.2
 Experiment no.3
 Experiment no.4
 Bibliography
Objective
In this project, we shall investigate various factors such as nature of
liquid, surface of liquid and temperature and find their correlation with
the rate of evaporation of different liquids.
Introduction
When a liquid is placed in an open vessel, it slowly escapes into gaseous
phase eventually leaving the vessel empty. This phenomenon is known as
vaporization or evaporation. Evaporation of liquids can be explained in
the terms of kinetic molecular model although there are strong molecular
attractive forces which hold molecules together. The molecules having
sufficient kinetic energy can escape into gaseous phase. If such molecules
happen to come near the surface in a sample of liquid all the molecules do
not have same kinetic energy. There is a small fraction of molecules
which have enough kinetic energy to overcome the attractive forces and
escapes into gaseous phase.
Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the reason that

the molecules which undergo evaporation have high Kinetic energy
therefore the kinetic energy of the molecules which are left behind is less.
Since the remaining molecules which are left have lower average kinetic
energy. Therefore temperature is kept constant the remaining liquid will
have same distribution of the molecular kinetic energy and high
molecular energy will kept one escaping from liquid into gaseous phase
of the liquid is taken in an open vessel evaporation will continue
until whole of the liquid evaporates.
Factors influencing rate

of Evaporation
1. Concentration of the substance evaporating in the air. If
the air Already has a high concentration of the substance
evaporating, then the given substance will evaporate
more slowly.
2. Concentration of other substances in the air. If the air

is already saturated with other substances, it can have a lower
capacity forth substance evaporating.
3. Temperature of the substance. If the substance is hotter,

then evaporation will be faster.
4. Flow rate of air. This is in part related to the concentration

points above. If fresh air is moving over the substance all the
time, then the concentration of the substance in the air is less
likely to go up with time, thus encouraging faster
evaporation.In addition, molecules in motion have more
energy than those at rest,and so the stronger the flow of air,
the greater the evaporating power of the air molecules.
5. Inter-molecular forces. The stronger the forces keeping

the molecules together in the liquid or solid state the more
energy that must be input in order to evaporate them.
6. Surface area and temperature.The rate of evaporation of

liquids varies directly with temperature. With the increase in
the temperature, fraction of molecules having sufficient
kinetic energy to escape out from the surface also increases.
Thus with the increase in temperature rate of evaporation
also increases.Molecules that escape the surface of the
liquids constitute the evaporation.Therefore larger
surface area contributes accelerating evaporation.
7. Nature of Liquids: The magnitude of inter-molecular forces
of attraction in liquid determines the speed of evaporation.
Weaker the inter-molecular forces of attraction larger are the
extent of evaporation. In diethyl ether rate of evaporation is
greater than that of ethyl alcohol.
8. Composition of Environment: The rate of evaporation of

liquids depends upon the flow of air currents above the
surface of the liquid. Air current flowing over the surface of
the liquid took away the molecules of the substance in
vapour state thereby preventing condensation.
9. Density: The higher the density, the slower a liquid

evaporates. In the US, the National Weather Service
measures the actual rate of evaporation from a standardized
"pan" open water surface outdoors, at various locations
nationwide. Others do likewise around the world. The US
data is collected and compiled into an annual evaporation
map. The measurements range from under 30 to over the120
inches (3,000 mm) per year.
10.Pressure: In an area of less pressure, evaporation happens

faster because there is less exertion on the surface keeping
the molecules from launching themselves.
Application:
When clothes are hung on a laundry line, even
though the ambient temperature is below the boiling
point of water, water evaporates.
This is accelerated by factors such as low humidity, heat

(from the sun), and wind. In a clothes dryer hot air is
blown through the clothes, allowing water to evaporate
very rapidly.
Theory:
For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near
the surface, be moving in the proper direction, and have
sufficient kinetic energy to overcome liquid -phase inter
molecular forces. Only a small proportion of the molecules meet
these criteria, so the rate of evaporation is limited. Since the
kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to its temperature,
evaporation proceeds more quickly at higher temperatures. As
the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining molecules
have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the
liquid thus decreases. This phenomenon is also called
evaporative cooling.
This is why evaporating sweat cools the human body.

Evaporation also tends to proceed more quickly with higher
flow rates between the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids
with higher vapour pressure. For example, laundry on a clothes
line will dry (by evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day than
on a still day. Three key parts to evaporation are heat, humidity
and air movement.
Evaporative equilibrium:
Vapour pressure of water vs. temperature.

760 Torr = 1atm
If evaporation takes place in a closed vessel, the escaping
molecules accumulate as a vapour above the liquid. Many of
the molecules return to the liquid, with returning molecules
becoming more frequent as the density and pressure of the
vapour increases. When the process of escape and return
reaches equilibrium, the vapour is said to be "saturated," and
no further change in either vapor pressure or density or
liquid temperature will occur. For a system consisting of
vapour and liquid of a pure substance, this equilibrium state
is directly related to the vapour pressure of the substance, as
given by the Clausius-Cla peyron relation:
W here P1, P 2 are the vapour pressures at temperatures T1,

T2 respectively, H vap is the enthalpy of vaporization, and R
is the universal gas constant. The rate of evaporation in an
open system is related to the vapour pressure found in a
closed system. If a liquid is heated, when the vapour
pressure reaches the ambient pressure the liquid will boil.
The ability for a molecule of a liquid to evaporate is largely
base d on the amount of kinetic energy an individual particle
may possess. Even at lower temperatures, individual
molecules of a liquid can evaporate if they have more than
the minimum amount of kinetic energy required for
vaporization. But vaporization is not only the process of a
change of state from liquid to gas but it is also a change of
state from a solid to gas. This process is also known as
sublimation (vaporization).
Experiment no. 1
Aim: To compare the rates of evaporation of acetone, benzene and
chloroform.
Requirement: Three same size Petri dishes of diameter 10 cm, 10 ml.

pipettes, stop watch, acetone benzene and chloroform.
Procedure:
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and identify them as A, B and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. acetone in Petri dish "A" with stopper similarly
pipette out 10ml of benzene and chloroform in each of Petri "B" and
"C".
3. Remove the cover plates from all Petri dishes and start the stop watch.
4. Let the Petri dishes remain exposed for 10 minute. Now cover each of
the Petri dish and note the volume of remaining material in them.
Observation: Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.
Results:Rate of evaporation of Acetone is 0.0133 ml/s.

Rate of evaporation of Benzene is 0.0116 ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of Chloroform is 0.010 ml/s.
Conclusion:
The inter molecular forces of acetone, benzene and chloroform are in
order :-
Chloroform > Benzene > Acetone.
Experiment no. 2
Aim: To study the effect of surface area on the rate of evaporation of
diethyl ether.
Requirement: Three Petri dishes of diameter 2.5 cm, 5 cm, 7.5

cm.with cover 10 ml. of pipette and stop watch.
Procedure:
1.Clean and dry all Petri dishes and mark them as A, B and C.
2.Pipette out of 10 ml. diethyl ether in each of the Petri dishes A, B and
C and cover them immediately.
3.Uncover all three Petri dishes and start the stop watch.
4.Note the remaining volume after 10 min. vaporization of diethyl ether
from each Petri dish.
Results: The order of evaporation of acetone in three Petri dishes as

7.5 > 5 > 2.5
Conclusion: Larger the surface area more is evaporation.
Experiment no. 3
Aim: To study the effect of temperature on the rate of evaporation of
acetone.
Requirement: Two Petri dishes of 5 cm. diameter each stop watch, 10

ml. pipette, thermometer and thermostat.
Procedure:
1.Wash and Clean, dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A, B.
2.Pipette out of 10 ml. of acetone to each of Petri dishes A and B and
cover them.
3.Put one Petri dish at room temperature and to the other heat for same
time.
4.Note the reading.
Results: The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as

given Room Temperature < Heating
Conclusion: Observation clearly shows that the evaporation

increases with temperature.
Experiment no. 4
Aim: To study the effect of air current on the rate of evaporation of
acetone.
Requirement: Two Petri dishes acetone.
Procedure:
1.Clean and dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A and B.
2.Keep one dish where no air current and other under a fast air current.
3.Note the reading.
Observation:
• Initial Volume 10 ml. of Acetone.
Results: The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as

given With fan > Without Fan.
Conclusion: The rate of evaporation of liquid increases with the

increase in rate of flow of air current.
Bibliography
€ www.google.com
€ www.wikipedia.org
€ www.allprojectreports.com
€ www.chemistryprojects.com
€ Comprehensive practical book

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Contents

Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the reason that

Factors influencing rate

2. Concentration of other substances in the air. If the air

3. Temperature of the substance. If the substance is hotter,

4. Flow rate of air. This is in part related to the concentration

5. Inter-molecular forces. The stronger the forces keeping

6. Surface area and temperature.The rate of evaporation of

8. Composition of Environment: The rate of evaporation of

9. Density: The higher the density, the slower a liquid

10.Pressure: In an area of less pressure, evaporation happens

This is accelerated by factors such as low humidity, heat

This is why evaporating sweat cools the human body.

Vapour pressure of water vs. temperature.

W here P1, P 2 are the vapour pressures at temperatures T1,

Requirement: Three same size Petri dishes of diameter 10 cm, 10 ml.

Observation: Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.

Results:Rate of evaporation of Acetone is 0.0133 ml/s.

Requirement: Three Petri dishes of diameter 2.5 cm, 5 cm, 7.5

Observation: Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.

Results: The order of evaporation of acetone in three Petri dishes as

Conclusion: Larger the surface area more is evaporation.

Requirement: Two Petri dishes of 5 cm. diameter each stop watch, 10

Observation: Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.

Results: The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as

Conclusion: Observation clearly shows that the evaporation

Requirement: Two Petri dishes acetone.

Results: The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as

Conclusion: The rate of evaporation of liquid increases with the

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