DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

KALYANPUR, KANPUR

PROJECT WORK
CHEMISTRY
FOR SESSION 2022-23

TOPIC: RATE OF EVAPORATION

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Ms. Reetika Kapoor
Manarshpreet Singh
Class - XII S1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere and heartfelt

gratitude to my teacher Ms. Reetika Kapoor who

has helped me in this endeavor and has always

been very cooperative and without his help,

guidance and encouragement, this project

could't have been what is evolved to be.

I would like also like to extend my gratitude to

our Principal Mrs. Archana Nigam for providing

me the opportunity to work on this project.

I am also thanful to my teachers who helped a

lot in finalizing this project within the limited

period of time.
Manarshpreet Singh
 Certificate
This is to certify that Manarshpreet Singh of

Class XII of Delhi Public School Kalyanpur,

Kanpur has completed her project under my

supervision in the session 2022-23. He has

taken proper care and shown utmost sincerity

in completion of his project.

I certify that this project is up to my

expectations and as per the guidelines issued

by Central Board of Secondary Education.

PROJECT MENTOR EXTERNAL EXAMINER PRINCIPAL

 Abstract

In this project, we shall

investigate various factors such

as nature of liquid, surface of

liquid and temperature and find

their correlation with the rate of

evaporation of different liquids.

 Introduction
When a liquid is placed in an open vessel, it slowly escapes into gaseous phase

eventually leaving the vessel empty. This phenomenon is known as vaporization or

evaporation. Evaporation of liquids can be explained in the terms of kinetic molecular

model although there are strong molecular attractive forces which hold molecules

together. The molecules having sufficient kinetic energy can escape into gaseous

phase. If such molecules happen to come near the surface in a sample of liquid all the

molecules do not have same kinetic energy.

There is a small fraction of molecules which have enough kinetic energy to overcome

the attractive forces and escapes into gaseous phase. 3 4 Chemistry project

Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the reason that the molecules which

undergo evaporation have high Kinetic energy therefore the kinetic energy of the

molecules which are left behind is less. Since the remaining molecules which are left

have lower average kinetic energy. Therefore temperature is kept constant the

remaining liquid will have same distribution of the molecular kinetic energy and high

molecular energy will kept one escaping from liquid into gaseous phase of the liquid is

taken in an open vessel evaporation will continue until whole of the liquid evaporates.

Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle. Solar energy drives evaporation of

water from oceans, lakes, moisture in the soil, and other sources of water. In

hydrology, evaporation and transpiration (which involves evaporation within plant

stomata) are collectively termed evapotranspiration. Evaporation is caused when

water is exposed to air and the liquid molecules turn into water vapour which rises up

and forms clouds.

 Factors Influencing

Rate Of Evaporation
1. CONCENTRATION OF THE SUBSTANCE EVAPORATING IN THE AIR:
If the air already has a high concentration of the substance evaporating, then the given

substance will evaporate more slowly.

2. CONCENTRATION OF OTHER SUBSTANCES IN THE AIR:

If the air is already saturated with other substances, it can have a lower capacity forth

substance evaporating.

3. TEMPERATURE OF THE SUBSTANCE:

If the substance is hotter, then evaporation will be faster.

4. FLOW RATE OF AIR:

This is in part related to the concentration points above. If fresh air is moving over the

substance all the time, then the concentration of the substance in the air is less likely to

go up with time, thus encouraging faster evaporation. In addition, molecules in motion

have more energy than those at rest, and so the stronger the flow of air, the greater the

evaporating power of the air molecules.

5. INTER-MOLECULAR FORCES:
The stronger the forces keeping the molecules together in the liquid or solid state the

more energy that must be input in order to evaporate them.

6. SURFACE AREA AND TEMPERATURE:
The rate of evaporation of liquids varies directly with temperature. With the

increase in the temperature, fraction of molecules having sufficient kinetic

energy to escape out from the surface also increases. Thus with the increase

in temperature rate of evaporation also increases. Molecules that escape the

surface of the liquids constitute the evaporation. Therefore larger surface

area contributes accelerating evaporation.

7. NATURE OF LIQUIDS:
The magnitude of inter-molecular forces of attraction in liquid determines

the speed of evaporation. Weaker the inter-molecular forces of attraction

larger are the extent of evaporation. In diethyl ether rate of evaporation is

greater than that of ethyl alcohol.

8. COMPOSITION OF ENVIRONMENT:
The rate of evaporation of liquids depends upon the flow of air currents

above the surface of the liquid. Air current flowing over the surface of the

liquid took away the molecules of the substance in vapour state thereby

preventing condensation.

9. DENSITY:
The higher the density, the slower a liquid evaporates. In the US, the

National Weather Service measures the actual rate of evaporation from a

standardized "pan" open water surface outdoors, at various locations

nationwide. Others do likewise around the world. The US data is collected

and compiled into an annual evaporation map. The measurements range

from under 30 to over the120 inches (3,000 mm) per year.

10. PRESSURE:
In an area of less pressure, evaporation happens faster because there is less

exertion on the surface keeping the molecules from launching themselves

 Applications
1. DRYING CLOTHES UNDER THE SUN:
Water is removed from the clothes as water droplets get evaporated due to heat of the sun

2. DRYING UP OF WATER AND POTHOLES FROM STREETS:

Water gets evaporated from the potholes and puddles due to rain as it gets evaporated due to
heat of the sun

3. EVAPORATION OF PERSPIRATION FROM BODY:

Sweat on our body evaporates taking away heat from our body

4. TEA AND OTHER HOT DRINKS COOLING:

Heat loss happens as water evaporates causing the hot drink to cool down a bit

5. DRYING UP OF WATER BODIES LIKE LAKES AND PONDS IN OUR SURROUNDINGS:

In hot summer months water gets evaporated and gets refilled only after it rains

6. DRYING OF WET HAIR:

Hair dry up themselves after washing them as water gets evaporated due to heat of the sun/

heat of the hair dryer

7. COMMON SALT PREPARATION:

Salt is prepared naturally by evaporation of seawater

8. IRONING OF CLOTHES:
Clothes get ironed well when hot press evaporates water vapour trapped in the fabric and

relieves creases

9. COOLING OF WATER IN EARTHEN POT/ MATKA:

Water cools as it evaporates from the surface of the earthen pot

10. EVAPORATION OF NAIL PAINT REMOVER WHEN APPLIED ON NAILS:

Acetone in nail paint remover takes heat from our body and evaporates.
 THEORY
For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located
near the surface, be moving in the proper direction, and have
sufficient kinetic energy to overcome liquid -phase
intermolecular forces. Only a small proportion of the
molecules meet these criteria, so the rate of evaporation is
limited. Since the kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional
to its temperature, evaporation proceeds more quickly at
higher temperatures. As the faster-moving molecules escape,
the remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy,
and the temperature of the liquid thus decreases. This
phenomenon is also called evaporative cooling. This is why
evaporating sweat cools the human body. Evaporation also
tends to proceed more quickly with higher flow rates between
the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids with higher
vapour pressure. For example, laundry on a clothes line will
dry (by evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day than on a
still day. Three key parts to evaporation are heat, humidity
and air movement.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 1
AIM :
To compare the rates of evaporation of acetone, benzene and chloroform.

REQUIREMENT :
Three same size Petri dishes of diameter 10 cm., 10 ml. pipettes, stop watch, acetone benzene

and chloroform.

PROCEDURE :
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and identify them as A, B and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. acetone in Petri dish "A" with stopper similarly pipette out of 10 ml.

of benzene and chloroform in each of Petri "B" and "C".

3. Remove the cover plates from all Petri dishes and start the stop watch.
4. Let the Petri dishes remain exposed for 10 minute. Now cover each of the petri dish and

note the volume of remaining material in them.

10 2 8 8/600=0.0133
10 3 7 7/600=0.0116
10 4 6 6/600=0.010

RESULTS :
Rate of evaporation of Acetone is 0.0133 ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of Benzene is 0.0166 ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of Chloroform is 0.010 ml/s.

CONCLUSION :
The intermolecular forces of acetone, benzene and chloroform are in order.
Chloroform > Benzene > Acetone.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 2
AIM :
To study the effect of surface area on the rate of evaporation of diethylether.

REQUIREMENT :
Three Petri dishes of diameter 2.5 cm., 5 cm., 7.5 cm. with cover, 10 ml. of pipette and stop

watch.

PROCEDURE :
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and mark them as A, B and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. diethylether in each of the Petri dishes A, B and C and cover them

immediately.
3. Uncover all three Petri dishes and start the stop watch.
4. Note the remaining volume after 10 min. vaporization of diethyl ether from each Petri

dish.

2.5 10 4 6
5.0 10 2 8
7.5 10 0 10

Results : The order of evaporation of acetone in three petri dishes as 7.5 > 5.0 > 2.5 cm.

Conclusion : Larger the surface area more is evaporation.

EXPERIMENT NO. 3
AIM :
To study the effect of temperature on the rate of evaporation of acetone.

REQUIREMENT :
Two Petri dishes of 5 cm. diameter each stop watch, 10 ml. pipette, thermometer, thermostat.

PROCEDURE :
1. Wash and Clean, dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A, B.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. of acetone to each of Petri dishes A and B and cover them.
3. Put one Petri dish at room temperature and to the other heat for same time.
4. Note the reading.

10 30 10 10
20 40 10 10

RESULTS :
The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as given
Room Temperature < Heating.

CONCLUSION :
Observation clearly shows that the evaporation increases with temperature.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Aim : To study the effect of air current on the rate of evaporation of acetone.

Requirement : Two Petri dishes acetone.

Procedure :
1. Clean and dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A and B.
2. Keep one dish where no air current and other under a fast air current.
3. Note the reading.

Results :
The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as given
With fan > Without Fan..

Conclusion :
The rate of evaporation of liquid increases with the increase in rate of flow of

air current.