NARAYANA E-TECHNO SCHOOL

(RECOGNISED BY GOVT OF INDIA AFFILIATED TO CBSE BOARD, NEW DELHI)

PROJECT REPORT ON

WORKING ON ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

ROLL NO :

NAME : A.J.Rithik Aswin

CLASS : XII

SUBJECT : PHYSICS

SUB CODE : 042

PROJECT GUIDE: MR.NOOR JAHAM JALALUDDIN

PHYSICS TEACHER
NARAYANA E-TECHNO SCHOOL
Kaveri layout, Yelahanka
BANGALORE-560064, KARNATAKA

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 NARAYANA E-TECHNO SCHOOL

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that candidate A.J.Rithik Aswin,

Roll No: Has successfully
completed the project Work entitled Working on
‘Electromagnetic Induction’ the subject physics (042) laid
down in the regulations of CBSE for the purpose of Practical
Examination in Class XII to be held in Narayana School
Yelahanka on .

MR.NOOR JAHAM JALALUDDIN

PHYSICS TEACHER

Examiner:
Name:
Signature:

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 Index
S.NO DESCRIPTION PAGE
01 Acknowledgement 04
02 Aim 05
03 Introduction 06
04 Faraday’s experiment 08
05 Faraday’s law of electromagnetic 09
induction
06 Lenz’s Law 10
07 Expression for Motional EMF 11
08 Mutual Induction 12
09 Coefficient of mutual induction 13
10 Self-Induction 14
11 Coefficient of Self Induction 15
12 Eddy Current 16
13 Application of Eddy Current 17
14 Conclusion 18
15 Bibliography 19

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
Physics Teacher "Mr. NOOR JAHAM JALALUDIN" for
his able guidance and support in completing this project.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to our Principal Miss.

KUMUDA for providing me with all the required facilities.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and friends

who helped me a lot in finishing this project within the limited
time. Just because of them I was able to create my project and
make good and enjoyable experience.

Thanks again to all who helped me during the project.

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AIM
To study the phenomenon of Electromagnetic Induction

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 INTRODUCTION
Electro magnet:

An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field

is produced by electric current. The magnetic field disappears
when the current is turned off.
Induction:

This process of generating current in a conductor by placing the

conductor in a changing magnetic field is called induction.
Electromagnetic induction:

Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential

difference (voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed to a
varying magnetic field. Electromagnetic induction is when an
electromagnetic field causes molecules in another object to flow.
Induction can produce electricity (in coils), heat (in ferrous
metals), or waves (in a radio transmitter).
Finally it is refers to the phenomenon where an emf is induced
when the magnetic flux linking a conductor changes.
Magnetic flux:

Is defined as the product of the magnetic flux density and the

area normal to the field through which the field is passing. It is a
scalar quantity and its s.i. unit is the weber (wb).
φ=ba

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 Physics Project Report on
Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic Induction (EMI): In 1831 Michael Faraday

discovered the effect called “Electromagnetic Induction” just
converse to the magnetic effect of electric current.

When a coil made of copper wire is placed inside a magnetic

field, magnetic flux is linked with the coil. Faraday found that
when the magnetic flux linked with the coil is changed, an
electric current starts flowing in the coil, provided the coil is
closed one. The current and e.m.f. so produced are called
induced current and induced e.m.f. The induced current and the
e.m.f. in the coil last only so long as the magnetic flux linked
with the coil keeps on changing.

Thus electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon of

production of electric current (or e.m.f.) in a coil when the
magnetic flux linked with the coil is changed.

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Faraday’s Experiment
The following experiment performed by Faraday led to the
discovery of the electromagnetic induction.

When the strength of magnetic field is varied:

Consider two coils P and S wound on an iron rod. Iron rod is
connected with galvanometer, battery and tapping key. When
tapping key is pressed and when it is released galvanometer
shows deflection showing the presence of induced current.

Explanation : When the tapping key is pressed then magnetic

flux linked with the coil S changed because of increase in
magnetic field of coil P and induced current is produced and
when it is released magnetic flux is again changed and induced
current is produced. But when the tapping key is kept pressed
then the magnetic flux linked with coil do not changed and
induced current do not produce so galvanometer shows no
deflection.

The results of Faraday’s experiment on electromagnetic

induction are known as

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Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction:

The results of Faraday’s experiment on electromagnetic

induction are known as “Faraday’s Law of
Electromagnetic Induction”. These are stated as below:

1. Whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit (a loop of wire

or a coil or an electric circuit in general) changes, induced e.m.f.
is produced.
2. The induced e.m.f. lasts as long as the change in magnetic
flux continuous.
3. The magnitude of induced e.m.f. is directly proportional to
the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the circuits below:

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Lenz’s Rule:

Lenz’s rule is a convenient method to determine the direction

of induced current produced in the circuit.
Lenz’s law states that the induced current produced in a
circuit always flows in such a direction that it opposes the
change or cause that produce it.
Let us now apply Lenz’s law to find the direction of flow of
induced current in the circuit.

On pressing the key the current in the coil P flows in

clockwise direction and magnetic lines of force are directed
from left to right. Then magnetic flux linked with the coil S
changed. The direction of induced current should be such
that it should oppose the direction of flow of magnetic field
lines. So induced current in the coil S is in the direction
opposite to the magnetic field in P. Hence, direction of
induced current in coil S is from right to left. So induced
current in coil S should flow in anticlockwise direction.

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Expression for Motional e.m.f. :

Consider that a uniform magnetic field B confined to the region

PQRS and a coil ABCD is placed inside the magnetic field. The
direction of magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the coil
and in inward direction.
Consider that at any time t, the part BA’ = CD’ = x (say) of the
coil inside the magnetic field. If l is the length of the arm BC of the
coil, then area of coil inside the magnetic field at any time t.
A = BCX CD’ = lx
Therefore magnetic flux linked with the coil at any time t.

∈= BA = BLX

Suppose that the coil is pulled out of the magnetic field with
velocity . As the coil is pulled out magnetic flux linked with the coil
changes. The time rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the
coil is given by

If ∈is induced e.m.f. produced, then

∈= -BLV

The negative sign shows that induced e.m.f. opposes to the coil
being pulled out of magnetic field.

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Mutual Induction:
Consider two coils P and S are placed very close to each other.
Coil P consists of battery and tapping key and coil S consists of
galvanometer G. When the key of coil P is pressed then
magnetic flux is building and induced e.m.f. produced in it
opposes the flow of magnetic flux. Because coil P and coil S are
very close to each other. So magnetic flux also changed in coil
S and induced current is produced which opposes the direction
of flow of magnetic lines of force in coil P.
The phenomenon according to which an opposing e.m.f. is
produced in a coil as a result of change in current or magnetic
flux linked with a neighboring coil is called mutual induction.

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Coefficient of Mutual Induction :

Suppose that current I is flowing through coil P and be the

magnetic flux linked with coil S
  ∈

∈= MI

M = Coefficient of mutual induction.

Let ∈be the induced e.m.f. in coil S.

∈= – (-ve sign shows opposition of induced e.m.f.)

M = ∈/

The mutual inductance of two coils is said to be one Henry, if a

rate of change of current of 1 ampere per second in one coil
induces an e.m.f. of 1 volt in neighboring coil

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Self-Induction
Consider a coil connected to a battery and a tapping key. When
key K is pressed magnetic lines of forces starts growing through
it and induced e.m.f. is produced. Direction of induced e.m.f. is
opposite to that of growth of current. On the other hand when
key is released the current in the coil decreases and e.m.f. is
produced in opposite direction. Thus during both growth and
decay of current an opposite induced e.m.f. is produced. This
E.m.f. is called back e.m.f.

The phenomenon according to which an opposing induced

e.m.f. is produced in the coil as a result of change in current or
magnetic flux linked with the coil is called self induction.

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 Coefficient of Self Induction:

Suppose when key is pressed, current I flow through the coil and
magnetic flux linked with the coil.
 I
= MI
L is called coefficient of self-induction.

Let be the induced e.m.f.

  (-ve sign shows opposing nature of induced e.m.f.)

M=

∈
Self-inductance of a coil is said to be one Henry if a rate of
change of current of 1 ampere per second induces an e.m.f. of
one volt.

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Eddy Currents:

Eddy currents are the currents induced in a conductor, when

placed in a changing magnetic field. They are also known as
Foucault’s Currents.

Following experiment explain the origin of eddy currents.

Introduce a soft iron core inside a solenoid and connect it to the
source of alternating current. Place a metallic disk over soft iron
core.

Explanation: When the circuit is switched on the current starts

growing and hence magnetic flux linked with disk also
increases. Thus disk is converted to small magnet. If soft iron’s
upper face acquires north polarity. Then metallic disk’s lower
surface acquires north polarity and due to repulsive force
metallic disk placed over soft iron core is thrown up into the air.

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Application of Eddy Currents :

1. Dead Beat Galvanometers:

The oscillation of a moving coil galvanometer generally takes a
long time to die out. But by winding its coil on a metallic frame
made of copper or aluminum the galvanometer can be made
dead beat. It is because, due to production of eddy currents in
a metallic frame. The coil of galvanometer comes to rest very
soon.

2. Speedometer:
In speedometer, a small magnet is geared to the main shaft of
the vehicle. The magnet is mounted in an aluminum cylinder
with the help of hair springs. Due to rotation of magnet eddy
currents are produced which led the drum to oppose the motion
of relating magnet drum experience torque and gets deflected
at certain angle.

3. Electric Brakes:
A metallic drum is coupled to the wheels of train; so that when
train rotates drum also rotates. In order to stop the train
magnetic field is applied to rotating drum. The eddy currents
produced oppose the motion of drum. Since drum is
connected to wheels of train, it comes to halt.

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 CONCLUSION

Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first

observed and published by Michael Faraday in the mid-
nineteenth century, describes a very important electro-
magnetic concept. Although its mathematical
representations are cryptic, the essence of Faraday’s is
not hard to grasp: it relates an induced electric potential
or voltage to a dynamic magnetic field. This concept has
many far-reaching ramifications that touch our lives in
many ways: from the shining of the sun, to the
convenience of mobile communications, to electricity to
power our homes. We can all appreciate the profound
impact Faraday’s Law has on us.

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Bibliography

1. www.yahoo.com

2. www.google.com

3. www.rediffmail.com

4. www.live.com

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