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    Antenna and Wave Propagation

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    Jithin Joseph
    This document discusses antennas and wave propagation. It describes different types of antennas including wire antennas like dipoles and monopoles, aperture antennas used in aircraft and spacecraft, reflector antennas for high gain applications, and microstrip antennas. Array antennas can provide very high gain through the use of multiple antennas. The radiation pattern and properties of antennas like directivity and beam efficiency are also covered. Common antenna arrays with different element spacings and phasing are shown.

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    Antenna and Wave Propagation

    Uploaded by

    Jithin Joseph
    15 views32 pages
    This document discusses antennas and wave propagation. It describes different types of antennas including wire antennas like dipoles and monopoles, aperture antennas used in aircraft and spacecraft, reflector antennas for high gain applications, and microstrip antennas. Array antennas can provide very high gain through the use of multiple antennas. The radiation pattern and properties of antennas like directivity and beam efficiency are also covered. Common antenna arrays with different element spacings and phasing are shown.

    Original Description:

    antenna and wave propogation and analysis based on previous schemes

    Original Title

    5 Coherence

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    This document discusses antennas and wave propagation. It describes different types of antennas including wire antennas like dipoles and monopoles, aperture antennas used in aircraft and spacecraft, reflector antennas for high gain applications, and microstrip antennas. Array antennas can provide very high gain through the use of multiple antennas. The radiation pattern and properties of antennas like directivity and beam efficiency are also covered. Common antenna arrays with different element spacings and phasing are shown.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    15 views32 pages

    Antenna and Wave Propagation

    Uploaded by

    Jithin Joseph
    This document discusses antennas and wave propagation. It describes different types of antennas including wire antennas like dipoles and monopoles, aperture antennas used in aircraft and spacecraft, reflector antennas for high gain applications, and microstrip antennas. Array antennas can provide very high gain through the use of multiple antennas. The radiation pattern and properties of antennas like directivity and beam efficiency are also covered. Common antenna arrays with different element spacings and phasing are shown.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 32

    ANTENNA AND WAVE

    PROPAGATION
    REFERENCE TEXT BOOKS
    Antennas
    • Indispensable part of any wireless communication
    system.

    • After a radio frequency signal has been generated


    in a transmitter, some means must be used to
    radiate this signal through space to a receiver.

    • The rf energy is transmitted into space in the form


    of an electromagnetic field.
    Antennas in wireless communication
    systems
    Types of Antennas
    • Wire antennas

    Eg: dipole, monopole, loop antenna, helix.


    Usually used in personal applications, automobiles, buildings, ships,
    aircrafts and space-crafts.
    Aperture antennas:

    • Horn antennas, waveguide opening


    • Usually used in aircrafts and space crafts, because these
    antennas can be flush-mounted.
    Reflector antenna

    Parabolic reflectors and corner antennas.


    High gain antennas.
    Used in radio astronomy, microwave communication
    and satellite tracking.
    Microstrip Antennas
    • Rectangular, circular
    etc. shaped metallic
    patch above ground
    plane.

    • Used in aircraft,
    spacecraft, satellites,
    missiles, cars, mobile
    phones etc.
    Array Antennas

    Yagi-Uda Antenna
    Microstrip patch array
    Aperture array
    Slotted waveguide array
    Array Antenna

    Used for very high gain


    applications with added
    advantage such as
    controllable radiation
    pattern
    • RADIATION PATTERN
    A mathematical function or a graphical
    representation of the radiation properties of the
    antenna as a function of space coordinates.

    o Isotropic
    o Directional
    o Omnidirectional
    Antenna Radiation Pattern
    Radiation pattern of dipole antenna
    • Normalized field pattern
    Eθ(θ, ɸ)n= E θ(θ,ɸ)/Eθ(θ,ɸ)max

    • Normalized power pattern


    Pn(θ, ɸ)n = S 𝜃, ∅ /S 𝜃, ∅ max

    Where S 𝜃, ∅ = Poynting vector


    S(θ, ɸ)=[E θ2(θ,ɸ) + E ɸ 2(θ,ɸ)]/Z0 ,Wm-2
    S 𝜃, ∅ max =maximum value of S(θ, ɸ) , Wm-2
    Z0 = intrinsic impedance of space= 376.7Ω
    Beam area[Beam solid angle]ΩA
    Radiation Intensity (U)
    • The power radiated from an antenna per unit
    solid angle.
    𝑈 𝜃, ∅ 𝑆 𝜃, ɸ
    𝑃𝑛 𝜃, ∅ = =
    𝑈 𝜃, ∅ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆(𝜃, ɸ)𝑚𝑎𝑥
    Beam Efficiency(εM)
    • Ratio of main beam area to the total beam
    area.
    𝛺𝑀
    𝜀𝑀 =
    𝛺𝐴
    Where , 𝛺𝐴 = 𝛺𝑀 + 𝛺𝑚
    𝛺𝑚
    Stray factor, 𝜀𝑚 =
    𝛺𝐴
    𝜀𝑀 + 𝜀𝑚 =1
    Directivity (D)
    • The ratio of maximum power density
    P 𝜃, ∅ max to its average value over a sphere
    as observed in the far field of an antenna
    𝑃 𝜃,∅ 𝑚𝑎𝑥
    𝐷=
    𝑃 𝜃,∅ 𝑎𝑣
    Monopole antenna
    Loop antennas
    Slot antennas
    Linear and planar antenna arrays
    Microstrip Antenna Array
    Helical Antennas
    Same amplitude and same phase λ/2
    spacing
    Same amplitude and opposite phase
    λ/2 spacing
    Same amplitude and in phase
    quadrature λ/2 spacing
    Same amplitude and λ/4
    Pattern multiplication
    Pattern multiplication

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