Kanishka Sharma - Photoelectric Effect

lOMoAR cPSD| 15082254
Affiliation No. 1730992
Session: 2023-2024
A
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
REPORT
ON
“Photoelectric Effect”
Submitted To:- Submitted By:-

MR. DEEPAK KR. SHARMA KANISHKA SHARMA
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS CLASS: XII-A
AIS, JAIPUR, ROLL NO.: 11665596
1
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS,
AIS, JAIPUR (RAJ.)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that KANISHKA SHARMA bearing Roll Number
11665596 is a student of Class XII-A. She has successfully completed her
Physics Investigatory project titled “Experimental Study of Photoelectric
Effect.” as per the guidelines of Central Board of Secondary Education for the
academic year 2023-2024.
It is further certified that this project is the individual and bonafide work of
the candidate.
Signature of Physics Teacher : ______________
Signature of External Examiner: ______________
Signature of Principal : ______________
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me immense pleasure to present the Project on ““Experimental

Study of Photoelectric Effect.” I would like to express my gratitude towards
my I express my special gratitude to my principal, Ms. Karuna Nagpal for
allowing me to do this project.
I give my special thanks to my Physics Teacher Mr. Deepak Kumar

Sharma for helping me in every regard. Under whose guidance and constant
Supervision the project has been completed. The instruction and Suggestions
given by him have been a major contributor forwards the completion of the
project.
At the same time, I am very thankful to my parents who provided all

necessary things and my friends helping me a lot. I am thankful to CBSE for
giving me this opportunity.
Overall, without the support of all these people this project could not be
successful.
3
Table of Contents
CERTIFICATE .................................................................................................. 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................. 3
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT............................................................................... 5
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT SET UP ........... 6
APPARATUS DESCRIPTION ........................................................................... 7
LAWS OF PHOTOELECTRIC EMISSION ......................................................... 8
EXPLANATION OF PHOTOELECTRICEFFECT ............................................. 9
THE LINEAR EQUATION ............................................................................... 12
APPLICATIONS OF THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT ............................. 13
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................ 14
4
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
Photoelectric effect is the process of emitting the electrons from the

metal surface when the metal surface is exposed to an electromagnetic
radiation of sufficiently high frequency. For example, ultraviolet light is
requiredin the case of ejection of electrons from an alkali metal.
5
Schematic Diagram of Photoelectric Effect Set Up
6
APPARATUS DESCRIPTION
• An evacuated tube has two electrodes connected to an external

circuit.
• The metal plate whose surface is to be irradiated acts as the
anode.
• Some of the photoelectrons that emerge from the radiated
surface have sufficient energy to reach the cathode despite its
negativepolarity and they constitute thecurrent.
• As the retarding potential is increased fewer and fewerelectrons
are able to reach the cathode and the current drops. When V
exceeds a certain value V0 no further electrons are able to strike
the cathode and the current drops to zero.
7
LAWS OF PHOTOELECTRIC EMISSION
• There is no time lag between the irradiation of the surface and

the ejection of the electrons.
• At a particular fixed frequency of incident radiation the rate of
the emission of photo electrons i.e. the photocurrent
increases with increase in the intensity of the incident light.
• Photo electric effect does not occur at frequency less than
threshold frequency.
• At the frequency above the threshold frequency, the kinetic
energy of the ejected electrons depends only on the frequency
of the exposed radiation andnot on its intensity.
8
EXPLANATION OF PHOTOELECTRICEFFECT
i. The photoelectric effect cannot be explained on the basis of
electromagnetic theory.
ii. In 1905 Einstein proposed that the photoelectric effect could
be understood through the idea proposed by the German
theoretical physicist Max Planck in 2000.
iii. Planck was seeking to explain the characteristics of the
radiation emitted by hot bodies.
iv. Plank assumed that while the radiation is emitted continuously
as little bursts of energy called quanta but propagated
continuously inspace as electromagnetic waves.
v. Einstein proposed that light not only was emitted as quanta at a
time but also propagated as individual quanta, sufficiently
small to be absorbed by the electron.
VII. Planck found that the quantity associated with a
particular frequency ν of light all had the same energy and
that this energy was proportional to ν thatis
E=hν
a. Photoelectric effect can be explained by the following
equation
b. E(=hν) = hν0 + Tmax

c. Here E is the total energy of the
d. Photon incident on the metallicsurface,
b. ν is the frequency of the incident rdiation,
c. ν0 is the threshold frequency of the metal and
d. Tmax is the maximum kinetic Energy withwhich the
electron moves after ejection from thesurface
9
In wave mechanics the intensity of radiation is defined as the total

continuous energy falling normal to a surface per second per unit area. In
quantum mechanics intensity should be considered to be related to the
number of photons falling per second per unit area. In this way,
increase in intensity implies increasing the number of photons leading to
increase in number of collisions with the electrons and their subsequent
ejection from the surface. This then should increase the photocurrent.
Thus increase in intensityshould increase the photocurrent.
When frequency is increased the energy of individual photons increases.

The work function is fixed. Hence, the any increase in the energy of
individual photons results in increase in maximum kinetic energy of the
ejected electrons.
Even when V is zero there

is some current. This is due to some
of the electrons coming out have
sufficient energy to reach the cathode
all by themselves. When V is increased
the electrons not having sufficient KE
are also pulled by the cathode and
hence Current increases. For a given
intensity when all the ejected electrons
are pulled by the cathode there are
no more electronsleft to reach the
cathode.This is the saturation current.
When V is made negative and increased
the electrons are repelled. However,
some electrons having sufficient
energy are still able to reach the
cathode and constitute the current. The
value of V when even the most energetic
electron is not allowed to reach the
cathode is known as stopping potential
and the current now becomes zero.
10
If the frequency of the incident radiation is fixed Tmax will not change.
Hence, the stoppingpotential will remain the same even if the intensity is
increasedor decreased.
If the intensity of radiation is increased, keeping the frequency fixed, the
number of photons per second will increase leading to more collisions per
second and transfer of photon energy to more electrons. Thus the number of
electrons coming out per second will increase leading to increase in
photocurrent.
11
THE LINEAR EQUATION

The photoelectric equation may
be written as follows
hν = hν0 + Tmax
hν = hν0 + eV
V= (h/e)ν –(h/e)ν0
Compare this to the standardlinear equation

y= mx + c
The intercept on the X-axiswill give the threshold frequency.

Theslope of the curve will give h/e.
EINSTEIN EQUATION
E = hν …(1)
K.E. = hν – Φ … (2)
hν0 – Φ = 0 or hν0 = Φ ….(3)
eV0 = h(ν – ν0) ……(4)
12
Applications of the Photoelectric Effect

 Used to generate electricity in solar panels. These panels contain metal
combinations that allow electricity generation from a wide range of
wavelengths.
 Motion and Position Sensors: In this case, a photoelectric material is
placed in front of a UV or IR LED. When an object is placed in between
the Light-emitting diode (LED) and sensor, light is cut off, and the
electronic circuit registers a change in potential difference
 Lighting sensors, such as the ones used in smartphones, enable automatic
adjustment of screen brightness according to the lighting. This is because
the amount of current generated via the photoelectric effect is dependent
on the intensity of light hitting the sensor.
 Digital cameras can detect and record light because they have
photoelectric sensors that respond to different colours of light.
 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): This technique uses X-rays
to irradiate a surface and measure the kinetic energies of the emitted
electrons. Important aspects of the chemistry of a surface can be
obtained, such as elemental composition, chemical composition, the
empirical formula of compounds and chemical state.
 Photoelectric cells are used in burglar alarms.
 Used in photomultipliers to detect low levels of light.
 Used in video camera tubes in the early days of television.
 Night vision devices are based on this effect.
 The photoelectric effect also contributes to the study of certain nuclear
processes. It takes part in the chemical analysis of materials since emitted
electrons tend to carry specific energy that is characteristic of the atomic
source.
13
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 NIST Physics Laboratory - X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS).

(https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/x-ray-photoelectron-
spectroscopy-xps)
 Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells.

(https://www.journals.elsevier.com/solar-energy-materials-and-solar-
cells)
 Einstein, A. (1917). Über die Quantentheorie der Strahlung.

Physikalische Zeitschrift, 18, 121–128.
14

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lOMoAR cPSD| 15082254

Affiliation No. 1730992

Submitted To:- Submitted By:-

Signature of Physics Teacher : ______________

Signature of External Examiner: ______________

Signature of Principal : ______________

It gives me immense pleasure to present the Project on ““Experimental

I give my special thanks to my Physics Teacher Mr. Deepak Kumar

At the same time, I am very thankful to my parents who provided all

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT SET UP ........... 6

APPARATUS DESCRIPTION ........................................................................... 7

LAWS OF PHOTOELECTRIC EMISSION ......................................................... 8

EXPLANATION OF PHOTOELECTRICEFFECT ............................................. 9

THE LINEAR EQUATION ............................................................................... 12

APPLICATIONS OF THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT ............................. 13

Photoelectric effect is the process of emitting the electrons from the

Schematic Diagram of Photoelectric Effect Set Up

• An evacuated tube has two electrodes connected to an external

LAWS OF PHOTOELECTRIC EMISSION

• There is no time lag between the irradiation of the surface and

b. E(=hν) = hν0 + Tmax

In wave mechanics the intensity of radiation is defined as the total

When frequency is increased the energy of individual photons increases.

Even when V is zero there

THE LINEAR EQUATION

Compare this to the standardlinear equation

The intercept on the X-axiswill give the threshold frequency.

eV0 = h(ν – ν0) ……(4)

Applications of the Photoelectric Effect

 NIST Physics Laboratory - X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS).

 Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells.

 Einstein, A. (1917). Über die Quantentheorie der Strahlung.

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