40.1.1.

1 (2520)
Concerning the relation between performance and stress, which of the following 40.1.1.1 (2521)
statement(s) is (are) correct? Stress is a frequent aspect of the pilot's job. Under which of the following circumstances
A student will learn faster and better under severe stress. does it occur?1. Stress occurs whenever the pilot must revise his plan of action and does not
A moderate level of stress may improve performance. immediately have a solution2. Stress occurs with unexperienced pilots when the situational
Domestic stress will not affect the pilot's performance because he is able to leave this type of demands exceed their individual capabilities3. Stress occurs if a pilot is convinced that he
stress on the ground. will not be able to find a solution for the problem he just is confronted with
Only 1 is false
1, 2 and 3 are correct
1 and 2 are correct, 3 is false
1 is correct, 2 and 3 are false

40.1.1.1 (2522)
Divided attention is the ability :1. to execute several mental activities at almost the same time
(i.e. when switching attention from outside the aircraft to the airspeed indicator on the
instrument panel)2. to monitor the progress of a motor programme (i.e. flying or taxiing the
airplane) on a relatively subconscious level, while making a radio call at the same time
(requiring a rather conscious level)3 .to select information and check if it is relevant to the
task in hand. At the same time no other operation can be performed.4. to delegate tasks to
the copilot while concentrating on the procedures
1,2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false
1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false
1 and 3 are correct, 2 and 4 are false
Only 3 is false

40.1.1.1 (2523)
The physiology of stress is now well known:
stress promotes an increase in physical strength rather than promoting mental oerformance
the only stress hormone is adrenaline
stress develops in 2 stages: sublimation of performance and then acceleration of heart rate
and increase in vision
stress slows down the production of sugar by the organism and thereby slows down the
heart rate

40.1.1.1 (2524)
An overstressed pilot may show the following symptoms:1. mental blocks, confusion and
channelized attention2. resignation, frustration, rage3. deterioration in motor coordination4.
high pitch voice and fast speaking
1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct
1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false
1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false
1and 3 are correct, 2 and 4 are false

40.1.1.2 (2525)
In the initial phase of flight training the relationship between confidence and expertise
can be described as:
the pilot is competent enough to fly the aircraft at this stage, but does neither have a great 40.1.3.0 (2531)
deal of confidence in his/her abilities nor in the whole system Thinking on human reliability is changing.
the pilot is sufficiently competent to fly and knows at this stage what he can and cannot do Human errors can be avoided. All it takes is to be vigilant and to extend one's knowledge
during this learning stage, the pilot is very near to achieving full potential knowledge of the The individual view of safety has gradually replaced the systemic view of safety
machine It is thought that it will be possible to eliminate errors in the near future
the pilot has a sphere of expertise wich is reduced to daily use of his skills Human errors are now considered as being inherent to the cognitive function of human and
are generally inescapable
40.1.1.2 (2526)
A pilot is skilled when he :-1 : trains or practises regularly-2 : knows how to manage 40.1.3.0 (2532)
himself/herself-3 : possesses all the knowledge associated with his aircraft-4 : knows how to Between which components is an interface mismatch causing an error of
keep resources in reserve for coping with the unexpected interpretation by using an old three-point altimeter?
a) 1,2,3,4 Liveware – Software
b) 1,2 Liveware - Environment
c) 1,2,4 Liveware – Liveware
d) 2, 3,4 Liveware - Hardware

40.1.2.0 (2527) 40.1.3.0 (2533)

The rate of accidents in commercial aviation (excluding sabotage and acts of terrorism) Between which components is an interface mismatch responsible for deficiencies in
: conceptual aspects of warning systems?
Liveware - Hardware
has improved considerably over the last fifteen years Liveware - Environment
is a long way short of the safety level of road transport Liveware – Liveware
is approximatively 1 accident per million airport movements Liveware - Software
represents about fifty accidents around the world every year

40.1.3.0 (2534)
40.1.2.0 (2528) Between which components is an interface mismatch causing disturbance of the biological
As a cause of accidents, the human factor rhythm, thus leading to reduced human peformance?
has increased considerably since 1980 - the percentage of accident in which this factor has Liveware - Environment
been involved has more than tripled since this date. Liveware - Hardware
which is cited in current statistics, applies to the flight crew and ATC only. Liveware - Software
is cited in approximately 70 - 80 % of aviation accidents Liveware - Liveware
plays a negligible role in commercial aviation accidents. It is much more important in
general aviation
40.1.3.0 (2535)
The errors resulting from an irrational indexing system in an operations manual are related
40.1.2.0 (2529) to an interface mismatch between
What airplane equipment marked a subtantial decrease in hull loss rates in the eighties? Liveware – Hardware
DME Liveware - Software
SSR Liveware - Environment
GPWS Liveware - Liveware
TCAS

40.2.1.0 (2536)
40.1.2.0 (2530) Man possesses a system for maintaining his internal equilibrium in the face of variations
In civil air transport, linear accelerations (Gx):- 1 : do not exist- 2 : have slight brought about by external stimulations.This internal equilibrium is called :
physiological consequences- 3 : may, in the case of pull-out, lead to loss of Heterostasis
consciousness- 4 : cause sensory illusions on the pitch axis Isothermy
a) 1 Homeostasis
b) 3,4 Metastasis
c) 2,4
d) 3
40.2.1.1 (2537)
The earth's atmosphere consists of different gases in various concentration. Match
the following:1 nitrogen A 0,03%2 oxygen B 0,92%3 carbon dioxide C 20.95%4 rare gas D constant
78,10% first larger, then smaller
a) 1B, 2A, 3D, 4C
b) 1C, 2B, 3A, 4D
c) 1D, 2C, 3A, 4B 40.2.1.1 (2544)
d) 1D, 2C, 3B, 4A You can survive at any altitude, provided that
21% oxygen is available in the air you breath in
enough oxygen, pressure and heat is available
40.2.1.1 (2538) pressure respiration is guaranteed for that altitude
Gases of physiological importance to man are: the temperature in the cabin does not drop below 10"" C
nitrogen and carbon dioxide
oxygen and carbon monoxide
oxygen, nitrogen and water vapor 40.2.1.1 (2545)
oxygen and carbon dioxide Fatigue and permanent concentration
increase the tolerance to hypoxia
do not affect hypoxia at all
40.2.1.1 (2539) lower the tolerance to hypoxia
The volume percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere is 21% which will increase the tolerance to hypoxia when flying below 15 000 feet
decreases with increasing altitude
is constant for all altitudes conventional airplanes can reach
increases with increasing altitude 40.2.1.1 (2546)
is dependent on the present air pressure The atmosphere contains the following gases:
78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0,03% carbon dioxide, rest: rare gases
78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% carbon monoxide, rest: rare gases
40.2.1.1 (2540) 78% helium, 21% oxygen, 1% carbon monoxide, rest: rare gases
The following applies for the physical properties of gases: 78% helium, 21% oxygen, 0,03% carbon dioxide, rest: rare gases
at an altitude of 18 000 ft a gas volume is three times as large as it would be at sea-level
a water vapor saturated gas at 34 000 ft has 6 times its volume as it would have at sea-
level 40.2.1.1 (2547)
at sea-level a gas has 1/3 of the volume it would have at 27000 ft An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood leads to:
at an altitute of 63 000 ft water will boil at temperature of 65°C a decrease of acidity in the blood
a reduction of red blood cells
an improving resistance to hypoxia
40.2.1.1 (2541) shortness of breath
The percentage of oxygen in the air at an altitude of approximately 34 000 ft is :
a) 5%
b) 10,50% 40.2.1.1 (2548)
c) 42% The total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the
d) 21% gases which compose the mixture corresponds to:
Graham´s law
Henry`s law
40.2.1.1 (2542) Boyle Mariotte´s law
The atmospheric gas pressure Dalton´s law
rises with altitude
drops faster at lower altitudes in comparison to the same altitude changes at higher
altitudes 40.2.1.1 (2549)
decreases linear with altitude The chemical composition of the earth´s atmosphere (I C A O standard
decreases slower at lower altitudes compared with higher levels and equivalent altitude atmosphere) is
changes 78 % nitrogen, 21 % oxygen, 0,9 % carbon dioxide, 0,03 % argon
78 % nitrogen, 28 % oxygen, 0,9 % carbon dioxide, 0,03 % argon
78 % nitrogen, 21 % oxygen, 0,9 % argon, 0,03 % carbon dioxide
40.2.1.1 (2543) 71 % nitrogen, 28 % oxygen, 0,9 % argon, 0,03 % carbon dioxide
A certain amount of water vapor saturated air (i.e. intestinal gases) is transported from sea-
level up to 34 000 ft. In the same amount of dry air, the volume of this gas is :
larger 40.2.1.1 (2550)
smaller According to the I.C.A.O. standard atmosphere, the temperature lapse rate of the
troposphere is approximately
- 2 °C every 1000 feet 40.2.1.1 (2557)
10 °C every 100 feet Henry's Law explains the occurence of:
2 °C every 1000 metres diffusion
constant in the troposphere hyperventilation
decompression sickness
40.2.1.1 (2551) hypoxia
The barometric pressure has dropped to 1/2 of the pressure at sea level at
10 000 feet 40.2.1.1 (2558)
18 000 feet Oxygen, combined with hemoglobin in blood is transported by
25 000 feet platelets
30 000 feet blood plasma
red blood cells
40.2.1.1 (2552) white blood cells
The atmospheric pressure at 18,000 feet altitude is half the atmospheric pressure at sea
level.In accordance with this statement, 40.2.1.2 (2559)
the oxygen saturation of the blood at that altitude will drop by 50 % too The respiratory process consists mainly of
the oxygen percentage of the air at that altitude will drop by one half also the transportation of oxygen to the cell and the elimination of carbon monoxide
the partial oxygen pressure at that altitude will also drop to 1/2 of the pressure of oxygen at the transportation of oxygen to the cell and the elimination of nitrogen
sea level the transportation of carbon dioxide to the cell and elimination of oxygen
the partial oxygen pressure at that altitude will be doubled the diffusion of oxygen through the respiratory membranes into the blood,
transportation to the cells, diffusion into the cells and elimination of carbon dioxide
40.2.1.1 (2553) from the body
The volume percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere at 30.000 feet remains at 21
%, but the partial pressure of oxygen : 40.2.1.2 (2560)
remains constant, independent from altitude Inhaling carbon monoxide can be extremely dangerous during flying. Which of the following
increases by expansion statement(s) is/are correct?
decreases significantly with lower temperatures Carbon monoxide increases the oxygen saturation in the blood.
decreases with decreasing barometric pressure With increasing altitude the negative effects of carbon monoxide poisoning will be
compensated.
40.2.1.1 (2554) Carbon monoxide is odourless and cannot be smelled.
Which data compose the ICAO standard atmosphere ?1. Density2. Pressure3. Small amounts of carbon monoxide are harmless.
Temperature4. Humidity
a) 1, 2 ,4 40.2.1.2 (2561)
b) 1,2 ,3 Carbon monoxide poisoning
c) 2,3 ,4 is more likely to occur in aeroplanes where the cabin heat is technically supplied by coating
d) 3 , 4 the exhaust
is more likely to occur in aeroplanes with twin-engines because of high engine efficiency
40.2.1.1 (2555) only occurs in jet-driven aeroplanes
Boyle's law is directly applicable in case of: occurs only above 15 degrees OAT
the occurance of decompression sickness at high altitude
the occurance of hypoxia with increasing altitude 40.2.1.2 (2562)
the expansion of trapped gasses in the human body with increasing altitude In the following list you will find several symptoms listed for hypoxia and carbon monoxide
hyperventilation with increasing altitude poisoning. Please mark those referring to carbon monoxide poisoning. a) Headache,
increasing nausea, dizziness.
40.2.1.1 (2556) High levels of arousal, increased error proneness, lack of accuracy.
Dalton's law explains the occurance of : Euphoria, accomodation problems, blurred vision.
bends Muscular spasms, mental confusion, impairment of hearing.
decompression sickness
altitude hypoxia 40.2.1.2 (2563)
creeps A pilot, climbing in a non-pressurised aircraft and without using supplemental oxygen
will pass the ""critical threshold"" at approximately:
b) 16 000 ft
a) 22 000 ft
c) 18 000 ft
d) 38 000 ft

40.2.1.2 (2564)
Breathing 100% will lift the pilot's physiological safe altitude to approximately:
a) 38 000 ft
b) 10 000
c) 22 000 ft
d) 45 000 ft

40.2.1.2 (2565)
The most dangerous symptoms of hypoxia at altitude are
hyperventilation
sensation of heat and blurred vision
breathlessness and reduced night vision
euphoria and impairment of judgement

40.2.1.2 (2566)
When consciously breathing fast or hyperventilating due to high arousal or overstress, the carbon dioxide level in
the blood is lowered, resulting in:
a poor saturation of oxygen in the blood
a delay in the onset of hypoxia when flying at high altitudes
less oxygen to be diffused into the cells
the activation of the respiratory centre, which in turn causes hypoxia

40.2.1.2 (2567)
With hyperventilation, caused by high levels of arousal or overstress:
finger nails and lips will turn blue (""cyanosis"")
more oxygen will reach the brain
peripherical and scotopic vision will be improved
an increased amount of carbon dioxide is exhaled causing muscular spasms and even unconsciousness

40.2.1.2 (2568)
Breathing 100% oxygen at 38000 ft is equivalent to breathe ambient air at :
a) 8 000 ft
b) 14 000 ft
c) 10 000 ft
d) 18 000 ft

40.2.1.2 (2569)
At what altitude (breathing 100% oxygen without pressure) could symptoms of hypoxia be expected?
Approximately 10 - 12 000 ft.
Approximately 38 - 40 000 ft.
c) 22 000 ft
d) Approximately 35 000 ft.