M132 SP08 E3 Sol

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Math 132 - Exam III - Spring 2008 1

This exam contains 15 multiple choice questions and 2 hand graded ques-
tions. The multiple choice questions are worth 5 points each and the hand
graded questions are worth a total of 25 points. The latter questions will be
evaluated not only for having the correct solutions but also for clarity. Points
may be taken for confusing and disorganized writing, even when the answer is
correct.

1. Evaluate the integral


5
2x − 1
Z
dx
4 x2 − 5x + 6

A) 3 ln(3/2)
B) 5 ln 2
C) ln(2/3) + 5 ln 3
D) 3 ln(3) + 4 ln 2
E) 5 ln(2) + 3 ln 5
F) ln(2) + 5
*G) 3 ln(2/3) + 5 ln 2
H) 3 + 5 ln 2
I) 3 ln(5)
J) 4 ln(2/3) + 7 ln 2

First note that x2 − 5x + 6 = (x − 2)(x − 3). We can expand the integrand into
partial fractions by solving for A and B:
2x − 1 A B
= + .
x2 − 5x + 6 x−2 x−3
Writing both sides over a common denominator and equating the numerators
gives:
2x − 1 = A(x − 3) + B(x − 2).
This is easily solved and gives: A = −3, B = 5. Therefore,
Z 5 Z 5„ «
2x − 1 −3 5
dx = + dx
4 x − 5x + 6
2 x−2 x−3
4

= [−3 ln |x − 2| + 5 ln |x − 3|]54
= 3 ln(2/3) + 5 ln 2.
Math 132 - Exam III - Spring 2008 2

2. Evaluate the integral Z 2


dx
dx
1 x(x2 + 1)
 
A) ln √2
5
 
B) ln √1
2
   
C) ln √3 − ln √5
2 2
 
D) ln √3
2
   
E) ln √7 − ln √1
3 5
  √ 
*F) ln √2 + ln 2
5
 
G) ln √5
5
 
H) ln √7
2
   
I) ln √2 + ln √3
7 2

J) ln 3

The partial fractions decomposition has the form


1 A Bx + C
= + 2 .
x(x2 + 1) x x +1
Equating the numerators after setting both sides over the same denominator:

A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C)x = 1.

Equivalently,
(A + B)x2 + Cx + A = 1.
This gives B = −A, C = 0 and A = 1. Therefore,
Z 2 Z 2„ «
1 1 x
2
dx = − dx
1 x(x + 1) 1 x x2 + 1
h p i2
= ln |x| − ln 1 + x2
1
√ √
= ln(2/ 5) + ln( 2).
Math 132 - Exam III - Spring 2008 3

3. Determine whether the following improper integrals converge or diverge:


Z ∞ Z 5 Z ∞ Z 1
dx dx dx dx
(a) 19/20
, (b) 20/19
, (c) 3/2
, (d) .
1 x 0 x −3 (x + 4) 0 x

(Below, c stands for ‘converges’ and d for ‘diverges.’)

A) c, c, c, c
B) d, c, d, d
*C) d, d, c, d
D) c, c, c, d
E) c, d, c, c
F) d, d, d, d
G) c, c, d, c
H) c, c, d, d
I) d, c, c, d
J) c, d, d, d

Ra
Recall that if a is a finite positive number, the integral 0 xdxp converges for p <
R∞
and diverges for p ≥ 1. Therefore, both (b) and (d) diverge. The integral a xdxp
converges for p > 1 and diverges for p ≤ 1. Therefore, (a) diverges. The integral
R∞
(c) is equal to 1 udu 3/2 (this is seen by doing a substitution u = x + 4), which
converges.
Math 132 - Exam III - Spring 2008 4

4. Determine whether the integral


Z 1
I= x ln x dx
0

is convergent or not. If it is convergent, evaluate it.

A) convergent, I = 1/8
B) convergent, I = 1/2
C) convergent, I = 1
D) convergent, I = −1/2
E) convergent, I = −1
F) convergent, I = 2
*G) convergent, I = −1/4
H) divergent
I) convergent, I = 4
J) convergent, I = −4

R1
I = lima→0+ a
x ln x dx. Integration by parts gives:
1 –1
x2
Z » Z
x
x ln x dx = ln x −
a 2 2 a
2 1
» 2 –
x x
= ln x −
2 4 a
1 a2 ln a a2
=− − + .
4 2 4
It can be shown using L’Hôspital’s rule that lima→0+ a ln a = 0. From this limit
it immediately follows that lima→0+ a2 ln a = 0. Therefore, the limit as a → 0
exists and is equal to −1/4.
Math 132 - Exam III - Spring 2008 5

5. Calculate the arc length of the graph of y = x3/2 over the interval [1, 2].

A) 2e + 7
h  5/2 i
7 5 5/2
B) 27 2 − 34
h   i
8 11 3/2 13 3/2
*C) 27 2 − 4
h   i
5/2 11 5/2
D) 83 11 2 − 4
h  i
1/2 1/2
E) 83 92 − 47

h  1/2 i
3/2
F) 14 13 2 − 15 4
h  1/2 i
3/2
G) 13 72 − 174
h   i
3 15 3/2 11 3/2
H) 19 2 − 4

8 13 3/2

I) 9 4
8 11 3/2

J) 27 2

The arclength I is given by


Z 2 Z 2
r
p 9
I= 1 + f 0 (x)2 dx = 1+ x dx.
1 1 4

The change of variables u = 1 + 9x/4 gives


Z 1+ 9
4 2 8 h 3/2 i11/2 8 h i
I= u1/2 du = u = (11/2)3/2 − (13/4)3/2 .
9 1+ 9 27 13/4 27
4
Math 132 - Exam III - Spring 2008 6

6. Compute the surface area of revolution defined by the function y = x + 1


over the interval [0, 1].

A) 2 2π

B) 5 2π

C) 7 2π

D) 3 5π

E) 7 5π

F) 2 5π

G) 8 2π

*H) 3 2π

I) 3 7π

J) 5 3π

The surface area is given by


Z 1 p Z 1 p
2π f (x) 1 + f 0 (x)2 dx = 2π (x + 1) 1 + 12 dx
0 0
√ Z 1
= 2 2π (x + 1)dx
0
–1

» 2
x
= 2 2π +x
2 0

= 2 2π3/2

= 3 2π.
Math 132 - Exam III - Spring 2008 7

7. Which of the following integrals correctly represents the surface area of


revolution obtained by rotating the graph of y = sin x about the x-axis
over the interval [0, π] ?
Rπ √
A) 0 sin x 1 + cos2 x dx
Rπ √
B) π 0 sin x 1 + cos2 x dx
Rπ p
C) 2π 0 cos x 1 + sin2 x dx
Rπ √
*D) 2π 0 sin x 1 + cos2 x dx
Rπ√
E) 2π 0 1 + cos2 x dx
Rπ√
F) π 0 1 + cos2 x dx
Rπ√
G) 0 1 + cos2 x dx
Rπ √
H) 2π 0 cos x 1 + cos2 x dx
Rπ p
I) 2π 0 sin x 1 + sin2 x dx
Rπ p
J) 4π 0 cos x 2 + sin2 x dx

TheR general
p integral expression for the area of a surface of revolution is I =
b
2π a f (x) 1 + f 0 (x)2 dx. Therefore, if f (x) = sin x, we have
Z π p
I = 2π sin x 1 + cos2 x dx.
0
Math 132 - Exam III - Spring 2008 8

8. If w denotes the weight density of water, find the fluid force on a submerged
vertical square plate of side 2 meters having its top side at a depth of 1
meter.

A) w
B) 2w
C) 4w
*D) 8w
E) 3w
F) 5w
G) 7w
H) 9w
I) w/2
J) w/4

We fix the y-axis with origin at a depth of 1 meter pointing down. Therefore,
the top side of the square is at y = 0 and the bottom side is at y = 2. The
width at level y is constant, equal to l(y) = 2, the depth of a point associated
to coordinate y is 1 + y, and the pressure at level y is p(y) = w(1 + y). So the
force is obtained by
Z 2 Z 2
F = p(y)l(y) dy = 2w (1 + y)dy = 2w[2 + 22 /2] = 8w.
0 0
Math 132 - Exam III - Spring 2008 9

9. Find the area and the x-coordinate of√the centroid of the region lying
between the graphs of y = x2 and y = x over the interval [0, 1].

A) A = 1/6, xCM = 5/9


*B) A = 1/3, xCM = 9/20
C) A = 1/6, xCM = 5/11
D) A = 1/3, xCM = 5/16
E) A = 1/6, xCM = 5/13
F) A = 1/6, xCM = 3/5
G) A = 1/3, xCM = 9/10
H) A = 1/6, xCM = 3/7
I) A = 1/6, xCM = 3/10
J) A = 1/3, xCM = 3/10

The area is –1
1 » 3/2
x3
Z
2x 1
x − x2 dx =
`√ ´
A= − = .
0 2 3 0 3

The x-coordinate of the centroid is


–1
1 1 `√
» 5/2
x4
Z » –
2x 2 1 9
x x − x2 dx = 3
´
xCM = − =3 − = .
A 0 5 4 0 5 4 20
Math 132 - Exam III - Spring 2008 10

10. Find the area and the x-coordinate of the centroid of the quarter of the
unit disc centered at the origin (0, 0) and lying in the first quadrant.
4
A) A = π/2, xCM = π
4
B) A = π/3, xCM = π
4
C) A = π/4, xCM = π
8
D) A = π/4, xCM = 3π
4
*E) A = π/4, xCM = 3π
2
F) A = π/2, xCM = π
3
G) A = π/2, xCM = π
8
H) A = π/4, xCM = π
7
I) A = π/4, xCM = 3π
3
J) A = π, xCM = π

The x-coordinate of the centroid equals, by symmetry, the y-coordinate, and


the latter is given by: of the region between y = 0 and
Z 1
1
xCM = f (y)2 dy
2A 0
p
where in this case f (y) = 1 − y 2 . The area of the quarter disc of radius 1 is
A = πr2 /4 = π/4. Therefore,
1 –1
y3
Z » » –
2 2 2 1 4
xCM = (1 − y 2 ) dy = y− = 1− = .
π 0 π 3 0 π 3 3π
Math 132 - Exam III - Spring 2008 11

11. Calculate the Taylor polynomial T2 (x) at a = 0 for the function


1
f (x) = .
1+x
A) T2 (x) = −x + 2x2
B) T2 (x) = 1 + x2
C) T2 (x) = 1 − x
D) T2 (x) = 2 − x + x2
E) T2 (x) = 1 − 2x + 3x2
F) T2 (x) = 3 − 2x + x2
G) T2 (x) = 1 − x + 6x2
H) T2 (x) = 6 − 3x + 2x2
*I) T2 (x) = 1 − x + x2
J) T2 (x) = 1 − 4x

The first two derivatives of f (x) = 1/(1 + x) are f 0 (x) = −1/(1 + x)2 and
f 00 (x) = 2/(1 + x)3 . At x = 0, f (0) = 1, f 0 (0) = −1 and f 00 (0) = 2. So the
coefficients of the Taylor polynomial T2 (x) are 1, −1, and 2/2! = 1. Therefore,

T2 (x) = 1 − x + x2 .
Math 132 - Exam III - Spring 2008 12

12. Find an error bound E for approximating sin x by the Maclaurin polyno-
mial T4 (x) = x − x3 /6 over the interval [−π, π]. I.e., find E so that

|sin x − T4 (x)| ≤ E

over the interval. (An error bound that is much bigger than the optimal
one will be considered wrong.)

*A) π 5 /120
B) π 4 /24
C) π 5 /24
D) 1/120
E) 0
F) 2π 5 /15
G) 4π 5 /15
H) 8π 5 /15
I) 1/24
J) 5π/120

The general expression for the error bound for R4 (x) is

K|x|5
|R4 (x)| ≤
5!
where K is an upper bound for the derivative of order 5 over the given interval.
The absolute value of the fifth derivative of sin x is less than or equal to 1 for
all x. So we can take K = 1. So |R4 (x)| is at most |x|5 /5! = |x|5 /120. Over the
interval [−π, π] the quantity |x| is at most π. Therefore, the error bound we are
looking for is π 5 /120.
Math 132 - Exam III - Spring 2008 13

13. Solve the initial value problem

y 0 = xy 2 , y(0) = −1.

A) y(x) = 1/(x3 − 2)
B) y(x) = −5/(x2 − 5)
C) y(x) = 2/(x − 2)
D) y(x) = −1/(x4 − 2)
E) y(x) = 2/(x4 − 4)
F) y(x) = 1/(x − 4)
G) y(x) = −6/(x3 − 3)
H) y(x) = 1/(x4 − 1)
I) y(x) = 1/(x − 5)
*J) y(x) = −2/(x2 + 2)

This is a separable equation, which we can solve by writing


Z Z
dy
= x dx.
y2
Therefore,
x2
−y −1 = + C.
2
The initial condition y(0) = −1 gives 1 = C, so −y −1 = 1 + x2 /2. We can now
solve for y in terms of x:
1 2
y(x) = − x2
=1 .
1+ x2 + 2
2
Math 132 - Exam III - Spring 2008 14

14. Find all values of a such that y = eax is a solution of

y 00 + 2y 0 − 8y = 0.

A) 1, 2
B) 2, −1
C) 1, 4
D) 2, 4
E) 1, 3
F) 2, 3
*G) 2, −4
H) 2, −3
I) 3, −3
J) 1, 0

Substituting eax for y into the differential equation gives:

eax (a2 + 2a − 8) = 0.

Therefore a must be a root of the algebraic equation x2 + 2x − 8. The two roots


are 2 and −4.
Math 132 - Exam III - Spring 2008 15

15. The velocity v of a skydiver can be determined using the differential equa-
tion
10  gm 
v0 = − v+
m 10
where m is the diver’s mass, g = 9.8 m/s2 is the acceleration due to
gravity. If a 60-kg skydiver jumps out of an airplane, what is her terminal
velocity in meters per second?

*A) −58.8 m/s


B) −49.9 m/s
C) −52.3 m/s
D) −38.8 m/s
E) −76.8 m/s
F) −34.9 m/s
G) −82.5 m/s
H) −35.8 m/s
I) −25.8 m/s
J) −39.1 m/s

The terminal velocity is obtained from the condition v 0 = 0, so v = −gm/10.


Therefore,
9.8 × 60
v=− = −58.8
10
Math 132 - Exam III - Spring 2008 16

16. (12 points) The following two question refer to the improper integral
Z ∞
1
I= √ dx.
5
x +2
1

(a) Does the integral converge or diverge?


(b) Explain how the Comparison Test for improper integrals is used to
answer the first question.

(a) The integral converges.


(b) We can use the comparison test as follows. First note that
1 1
0≤ √ ≤ 5/2 .
5
x +2 x

But as p = 5/2 > 1, the integral


Z ∞
1
dx
1 x5/2
converges. Therefore, the integral I must also converge.
Math 132 - Exam III - Spring 2008 17

17. (13 points) (Rogawski 8.4 # 37) Let Tn (x) denote the Taylor polynomial
of the function f (x) = ln x at a = 1.

(a) Find T3 (x).


(b) Using the error bound for R3 (x), show that

| ln(1.3) − T3 (1.3)| ≤ 2 × 10−3 .

(a) The derivatives of f (x) = ln x are

f (1) (x) = x−1 , f (2) (x) = −x−2 , f (3) (x) = 2x−3 .

Evaluated at a = 1, gives

f (1) = 0, f (1) (1) = 1, f (2) (1) = −1, f (3) (1) = 2.

Therefore,
(x − 1)2 (x − 1)3
T3 (x) = (x − 1) − + .
2 3
(b) The fourth derivative of f (x) is f (4) (x) = −6x−4 . The constant K = 6 is an
upper-bound for |f (4) (x)| for all x in the interval [1, 1.3]. Therefore,

K × 0.35
|R4 (1.3)| ≤ = 6 × 0.0081/24 = 0.002
4!

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