Second Assessment Test for MAT202, G2 (Calculus II) with

solution hints
Gideon A. Ngwa∗
June 15, 2024 ?

TIME: 1.5 hours. ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS. Show all steps in your answers
 1 1 1

−2
R
1. (4 mark.) Since the integral is additive, evaluate x (2x) 2 − (3x) 3 + (4x) 4
R −2  1 1 1

Solution: Let I = x (2x) 2 − (3x) 3 + (4x) 4 dx. Then because
of additivity we have;
Z  
−2 1 1 1
I = x (2x) 2 − (3x) 3 + (4x) 4 dx
Z  
1 1 1
= x (2x) 2 − x (3x) 3 + x (4x) 4 dx (distributing the x−2 term)
−2 −2 −2

Z √ √ √
3
!
2 2 3
= 3/2
+ 7/4
+ 5/3
dx
x x x
√ √3
√
4 2 3 3 2 2
= − 3/4 + 2/3 − √ + C (integrating each term and adding)
3x 2x x
2. (4 mark.) Use the chain rule for anti-differentiation to evaluate
Z  √  Z
cos( x)
(a) √ dx, (b) (ln(cos(x)) sin(x)) dx
x
Solution: We take each in turn
R  cos(√x)  R √ √ √
(a) √
x
dx = (cos( x)) d(2 x) = 2 sin( x) + C
R
(b) Let I = (ln(cos(x)) sin(x)) dx, then we have,
Z
I = (ln(cos(x))) d(− cos(x))
= −(cos(x) ln(cos(x)) − cos(x)) + C
= cos(x) − cos(x) ln(cos(x)) + C.
∗
Professor of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P. O. Box 63, Buea.

1
3. (4 marks.)
R Use the first Euler substitution method to evaluate the
1
integral x√x2+x+2 dx
√ √
Solution: The first Euler substitution is ax 2 + bx + c = ± ax+t.
√
For this particular question, we have x2 + x + 2 = x + t ⇒ x2 + x +
2 −2)
t2 −2
2 = x2 + 2xt + t2 ⇒ x = 1−2t and so dx = 2(t−t
(1−2t)2
dt. The integral
gets transformed as well and we have
 
2
− − 1) 
Z Z
1 1 2(t t
√ dx =    2
dt
x x2 + x + 2 t2 −1 t2 −1 (1 − 2t)
1−2t 1−2t + t
Z   Z  
2 1 1 1
= dt = √ √ − √ dt
t2 − 2 2 t − 2 t + 2
√ !
1 t− 2 √
= √ ln √ + C, t = x2 + x + 2 − x.
2 t+ 2

4. (5
R marks.) State the integration by parts formula and use it to evaluate
x3 ln(x2)dx
Solution: Theorem (IntegrationR by parts)R If u and v are differen-
tiable functions of x, then u(x)dv(x) + v(x)du(x) = u(x)v(x),
0 0
where it is known that dv(x) = v (x)dx and du(x) = u (x)dx. Now,
x ln(x2)dx = ln(x2)d( 41 x4) and by the integration by parts for-
R 3 R

mula, we have
Z Z
1 1 1
ln(x2)d( x4) + ( x4)d(ln(x2)) = ln(x2)( x4).
4 4 4
But d(ln(x2)) = x12 2xdx = x2 dx and so
Z Z Z
1 4 1 2 1 1
( x )d(ln(x2)) = ( x4) dx = ( x3)dx = x4
4 4 x 2 8
Therefore, we have
Z Z
1 1 1
ln(x2)d( x4) = − ( x4)d(ln(x2)) + ln(x2)( x4)
4 4 4
1 1
= − x4 + ln(x2)( x4) + C
8 4

2
5. (4 marks.) Suppose that y(x) satisfies the differential equation
sin(x)y(x) + sin(x)y 00(x) = cos(x), (1)
d y 2
where y 00(x) = dx 2 , is the second derivative of y. By integrating both
sides of the equation with respect to x, evaluating all definite integrals
from x = 0 to x = π, using integration by parts as appropriate, show
that y(0) + y(π) = 0.
Solution: We integrate both sides as follows:
Z π Z π
(sin(x)y(x) + sin(x)y 00(x)) dx = cos(x)dx. (2)
0 0

then we take each term in (2) and calculate its integral

Z π Z π
π
(sin(x)y 00(x)) dx = (sin(x)y 0(x) − cos(x)y(x))|0 − sin(x)y(x)dx
0 0
Z π
= −(cos(π)y(π) − cos(0)y(0)) − sin(x)y(x)dx
Z π 0

cos(x)dx = sin(x)|π0 = sin(π) − sin(0) = 0.

0

Note that we have applied the integration by parts formula. We start

with the fact that
Z Z
sin(x)y 00(x)dx = sin(x)d(y 0(x)),

since y 00(x)dx = d(y 0(x)) by the differential notation. Then we have

by the integration by parts formula,
Z Z
sin(x)d(y 0(x)) + y 0(x)d(sin(x)) = sin(x)y 0(x).

Also,
Z Z Z
y 0(x)d(sin(x)) = y 0(x) cos(x)dx = cos(x)d(y(x)).

We again apply integration by parts to have

Z Z
cos(x)d(y(x)) + y(x)d(cos(x)) = cos(x)y(x).

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 R R
Finally, y(x)d(cos(x)) = − sin(x)y(x)dx. Put all together to get
the result.
Therefore the equation (2) becomes
Z π Z π
(sin(x)y(x)) dx + y(π) + y(0)) − sin(x)y(x)dx = 0 (3)
0 0

Therefore y(π) + y(0)) = 0 as required.

6. (5 marks.) By using the substitution u = Rb + a − x, or otherwise,
b
show that, for any integrable function f (x), a f (x)+ff (x)
(b+a−x) dx = b−a
2 .
R 10 √
Hence evaluate 2 √x+1+x+1 √
13−x
dx.
Solution: We are given the substitution u = b + a − x ⇒ dx = −du.
When x = a, u = b and when x = b, u = a, and so let the integral be
I, so that we have
Z b
f (x)
I = dx
a f (x) + f (b + a − x)
Z a
f (b + a − u)
= (−du) (substituting and changing limits)
f (b + a − u) + f (u)
Zb b
f (b + a − u)
= du
a f (b + a − u) + f (u)

after flipping the integral limits to get the positive sign for the integral.
We the have two possible ways of wring the integral
Z b
f (x)
I = dx (4)
a f (x) + f (b + a − x)
Also,
Z b
f (b + a − u)
I = du (5)
a f (b + a − u) + f (u)
In the second integral (5), u is a dummy variable and the domain of
integration is the same. So, we can write (5) in terms of x instead of

4
 u and the Adding the two integrals ((4) and (5)) we have
Z b Z b
f (x) f (b + a − x)
2I = dx + dx
f (x) + f (b + a − x) f (b + a − x) + f (x)
Za b Za b
f (x) + f (b + a − x)
= dx = dx = b − a
a f (x) + f (b + a − x) a
b−a
∴I = , as required.
2
√
The hence part follows by just observing that f (x) = x + 1 and
a = 2, b = 10 so that the value of the integral is read of as 4. That is
Z 10 √ Z 10 √
x+1 x+1
√ √ dx = √ √ dx
2 x + 1 + 13 − x 2 x + 1 + 10 + 2 + 1 − x
10 − 2
= = 4.
2
2
x +2
7. (5 marks.) Let f (x) = (x−1)(x 2 +x+1) . Express f (x) in partial fractions
R
and hence evaluate f (x)dx. Note: Only the method taught in
class will earn full marks
Solution. To write down the partial fraction decomposition of f , we
proceed as follows:
x2 + 2 A x2 + 2 A
= + −
(x − 1)(x2 + x + 1) (x − 1) (x − 1)(x2 + x + 1) (x − 1)
A x2 + 2 − A(x2 + x + 1)
= +
(x − 1) (x − 1)(x2 + x + 1)
We choose A such that the numerator in the last term is divisible by
(x − 1). That it x = 1 is a zero of that numerator function. We find
that 3 − 3A = 0, yields A = 1, obtained by simply substituting x = 1
in that numerator function. Thus when A = 1, the last expression
becomes
x2 + 2 − (x2 + x + 1) x−1 1
= − = −
(x − 1)(x2 + x + 1) (x − 1)(x2 + x + 1) (x2 + x + 1)
Therefore the partial fraction decomposition is
x2 + 2 1 1
= − (6)
(x − 1)(x2 + x + 1) (x − 1) x2 + x + 1
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 Notice that it is possible to do this problem by inspection as follows
x2 + 2 x2 + x + 1 + 1 − x
=
(x − 1)(x2 + x + 1) (x − 1)(x2 + x + 1)
x2 + x + 1 1−x
= +
(x − 1)(x2 + x + 1) (x − 1)(x2 + x + 1)
1 1
= − 2 (7)
(x − 1) (x + x + 1)
which agrees with (6). But this inspection method would have
earned no marks because we were expected to us the method taught
in class. It is however useful in verifying our answers.
To evaluate the integral, let
x2 + 2
Z  
I= dx
(x − 1)(x2 + x + 1)
then we have
Z  
1 1
I = − dx
(x − 1) x2 + x + 1
Z   Z  
1 1
= dx − dx
(x − 1) x2 + x + 1
Z   Z  
1 1
= dx − dx
(x − 1) (x + 21 )2 + 34
 
2 2x + 1
= ln(x − 1) − √ tan−1 √ +C
3 3
8. (6 marks.) Let a, b, c be non-zero real numbers satisfying the inequality
b2 − 4ac < 0. Apart from the use of Euler substitutions, explain
carefully how you would set out to evaluate the integral of the form
x
R
√
ax2 +bx+c
dx. Give an example to illustrate your method.
Solution: See notes from class lectures. But we must mention (1)
completing the square of the quadratic in the denominator (2) Sub-
stitution depending on the type, followed by direct integration. Use
ot trigonometric substitution. In fact, many methods and examples
abound.

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Teaser: √ Did you know that the number φ given by
φ = 1+2 5 = 1.61803398874989484820458683436563811772 · · · , is the most irrational
of all real numbers? Do you know why φ is called the golden ratio? Do you know
how Euclid 365-325 BC first defined φ as a ratio on a line segment? Hence, the
name golden ratio! Yes: Euclid found φ by observing that if the greater part
of a line segment is of length φ and the lesser part has length 1, then the
entire line segment has length φ + 1 and we have φ+1 φ 2
φ = 1 ⇒ φ = φ + 1 or
1
φ = φ − 1. We have here a very interesting number who square is obtained
by just adding 1 to the number and its reciprocal is obtain by subtracting
one from the number. φ is the positive solution of the quadratic φ2 = φ+1