(Environment) S3U1&2P

phHJ/$ phHekw$phHphHJ/$ phH;hHJ/ Gkr-d{ i k
tksktoD ns/ ;Ve ;[oZfynk ikro{esk

;w? ; No-shik
:{fBN Bzpo L 1 ns/ 2
gkm Bz L :{fBN BzH 1

1H1 L pj[y /soh tksktoD f;Zfynk dh w[ Y bh ikD-gSkD
1H2 L e[ dosh ;kXB ns/ T[B Q K Bkb ;zpzfXs ;wZf ;nktK
(izrb, yfDi ns/ G{wh)
1H3 L e[ dosh ;kXB ns/ T[B Q K Bkb ;zpzfXs ;wZf ;nktK
(ib, T{oik ns/ ykd: ;kXB)
1H4 L e[dosh ;z;kXBK dh ;[ofZ ynk ftu ftnesh dh G{fwek
1H5 L gfo;fEfse sz s o
1H6 L gfo;fEfse szs o dhnK fe;wK
1H7 L i?fte ftfGzB sk ns T[; dh ;[o Zfynk
1H8 L i? f te ftfGzB sk
1H9 L tksktoDh gqd {FD L noE, gfoGkFk ns/ fe;wK
1H10 L gqd{FD L o'eEkw ns/ e/; nfXn?B
:{fBN BzH 2
2H1 L nkgdk gq pzX B
2H2 L ;wkfie w[Zd/ ns/ tksktoD
2H3 L tksktoD ;[ o Zf ynk nfXfB:w ns/ b'e K ftu
ikro{ e sk
2H4 L wB[ Zy h iB;zfynk ns/ tksktoD-I
2H5 L wB[ Zy h iB;zf ynk ns/ tksktoD-II
2H6 L ;Ve ;[ o Zf ynk ikro{e sk
2H7 L tksktoD ;zGkb ftZu Gkosh ns/ j'o XowK ns/
;fGnkukoK dh G{f wek
2H8 L gokbh ;kVB d/ gqp zXB ns/ ftebfge tos'I
B'N L ftfdnkoEh f;b/p; ftGkr dh t?p;kJhN

www.dccpbi.com s'I vkT{Bb'v eoB.
phHJ/$phHekw$phHphHJ/$phH;hHJ/H Gkr d{ik tksktoD ns/ ;Ve ;[oZfynk
;w?;No^shik ikro{esk
gkm BzL 1H1 b/fyek ^ Pqhwsh nfwsk ek:;Ek
pj[y/soh tksktoD f;Zfynk dh w[ZYbh ikD^gSkD

pDso
1H1H1 T[d/P
1H1H2 G{fwek
1H1H3 tksktoD dk noE
1H1H4 f;Zfynk dk noE
1H1H4H1 f;Zfynk dhnK ftP/PsktK
1H1H5 tksktoD f;Zfynk
1H1H5H1 tksktoD f;Zfynk dhnK ftP/PsktK
1H1H6 tksktoD f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P
1H1H7 tksktoD f;Zfynk dh b'V$Io{os
1H1H8 tksktoD f;Zfynk d/ f;XKs
1H1H9 ;ko
1H1H10 Ppdktbh
1H1H11;[MkJh g[;se ;{uh
1H1H12 ;[MkJ/ gqPB
1H1H13 ;t? w[bKeD nfGnk;
1H1H1 T[d/P
fJ; gkm B{z gVB T[gozs ftfdnkoEh j/m fbZyhnK rZbK s'A ikD{ j' ikDr/L
1. tksktoD f;Zfynk dh gfoGkPk
2. tksktoD f;Zfynk dhnK ftP/PsktK dk nkb'uBkswe ftPb/PD eo ;eDr/.
3. tksktoD f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK B{z ;{uhpd eoB d/ :'r j'Dr/.
4. ;e{b d/ gkmeqw ftZu tksktoD f;Zfynk dh G{fwek dk ;woEB eoB d/ :'r
j'Dr/.
5. tksktoD f;Zfynk d/ f;XKsK dk toDB eoBr/.
1H1H2 G{fwek
tksktoD f;Zfynk, f;Zfynk d/ y/so dk fJZe nyzv Gkr j?. fJj ftPk ftfdnkoEhnK
B{z tksktoD dhnK ;wf;nktK s'A ikD{ eotkT[Adk j? ns/ fJBKQ ;wZf;nktK B{z jb eoB
bJh eJh okj th ;[MkT[Adk j?. fJj pZfunK ftZu ;ekokswe tsho/ dk ftek; eodk j?
ns/ T[BKQ ftZu tksktoD gqsh d';sh tkbhnK nkdsK dk ftek; eodk j?.
phHJ/H$phHekw$phHphHJ/H$phH;hHJ/ Gkr^d{ik 2 gouk L tksktoD f;Zfynk
fe;/ ftnZesh d/ ftnZefsst d/ ftek; d/ ftZu ftok;s ns/ wkj"b d/ ftfPnK tkb/
ekoeK d/ gqGkt *s/ ne;o jh pfj; ubdh ofjzdh j?. jo/e ;iht gqkDh gdkoEK ns/
skesK d/ ftueko fxfonk j'fJnk j?, i' fe tksktoD dk jh nzr jB ns/ fiBKQ d/
ftZu'A fJ; Bz{ nkgDhnK b'VK dh g{osh eoBh j[zdh j?.
f;Zfynk gqfeqnk dk w"i{dk Nhuk fe;/ th pZu/ d/ ftnZefsst dk ;otgZyh ftek; eoBk
j? ns/ fJ; bJh f;Zfynk dk w[Zy ezw pZu/ d/ bJh f;Zfyne ;z;EktK d/ ftZu nB{e{b
wkj"b g?dk eoBk j?. ;otgZyh ftek; d/ ftZu ;ohoe, ;wkfie, wkBf;e,
;zt/dBkswe ns/ p"fXe gZyK dk ;zs[bs ftek; Pkwb j?, fi; d/ bJh ;jh ns/ b'VhAdk
tksktoD Io{oh j?.
fJ; Xosh dh T[j jo/e uhI i' ;ihtK Bkb go;go gqGkt gkT[Adh j? tksktoD*
ejkT[Adh j?. ftfrnkB ns/ seBkb'ih d/ ftek; Bkb wB[Zy nkgDhnK :'rsktK ftZu
fJZe BtK ftPtkP wfj;{; eo fojk j? fe T[j okj ftZu nkT[D tkbh fe;/ th o[ektN
B{z n;kBh Bkb d{o eo ;edk j? iK jok ;edk j?. wB[Zy d[nkok e[dos dk ftBkP
wB[Zy dh nkgDh j'Ad B{z jh B[e;kB gj[zuk fojk j?. nkgDh T[soihftsk B{z fBPfus
eoB bJh wB[Zy dk tksktoD Bkb ;[w/b Io{oh j?. fJ; bJh wB[Zy B{z tksktoD dh
;[oZfynk eoBh ukjhdh j?.
tksktoD f;Zfynk d/ ;zebg B{z ;jh Yzr Bkb ;wMD bJh gfjbK n;hA fJ; Bkb i[V/
j'J/ e[ZM w[Yb/ ;zebgK pko/ uouk eoKr/. fJj w[Yb/ ;ezbg jB, ‘tksktoD* ns/
‘f;Zfynk*.
1H1H3 tksktoDL
tksktoD fJe rshPhb rz[Mbdko ns/ nkg; d/ ftZu i[Vh gqDkbh j? fi; d/ fe;/ th
Gkr d/ ftu feqnk d{i/ B{z gqGkfts eodh j?. jtk, gkDh, G{wh, g"d/ ns/ ikBto fJ;
tksktoD d/ jh tZy tZy nzP jB. fJj ;G nzP fJZe nkg;h ;[o^skb ekfJw oZyd/
jB fi; B{z e[dos d/ ftZu ‘gfo;fEe ;zs[bB* ti'A ikfDnk iKdk j?.
popZoN (1985) d/ nB[;ko Xosh d/ tksktoD ns/ gqkDh dh fIzdrh d/ ftueko
fJZe v{zxk foPsk iK ;zpzX j?. tksktoD d/ nzPK B{z d' fe;wK d/ ftZu tZfvnk
frnk j? ns/ fJj jBL G"fse fe;w ns/ i?fte fe;w. i?fte tksktoD d/ ftZu
g"d/ s/ gqkDh Pkwb jB ns/ G"fse u"frod/ ftZu G{wh, gkDh ns/ tk:{ Pkwb jB.
;zg{oB tksktoD fe;/ th gqkDh dh j'Ad ns/ fiT[Ad/ ofjD bJh Io{oh nB[e{fbs
PosK dh g{osh eodk j?.
gq'L fgqnk oziB (1986) B/ nkgD/ y'i gZso d/ ftZu fJ; sZE d/ tZb fJPkok ehsk j?
fe tksktoD d/ nzPK B{z fJ; soKQ th torhfeqs ehsk ik ;edk j?L
1. G"fse nzPL fJ; d/ ftZu gkDh, tk:{, G{wh, yfDi ns/ gEokN pkbD,
itkoGkNkJh gqshfeqnktK, o;kfJfDe ns/ G{^;zpzfXs feqnktK w"i{d jB.
2. i?fte nzPL ikBto, izrbh fIzdrh, pB;gsh, g"d/, ykX^bVh, ns/ ftP/P
gfo;fEse gqDkbhnK.
3. fJB;kB^fBows nzPL Pfjo, ;VeK, y/s, Pfjoh ;ki' ;kwkB ns/ ;{uBk
gqDkbh, y/sh ;pzXh nkfd.
4. ;wkfie nzPL ;wkfie ;w{j, oki;h ;w{j, ;z;feqse ;w{j, ;wkfie ns/
oki;h pDso, ekB{zBh pDso nkfd.
‘tksktoD* Ppd dk Ppde'Ph noE j? ‘u"frodk* iK ‘nkbk^d[nkbk*l b'eK,
ikBtoK iK g"fdnK d/ ftek; iK tkX/ B{z gqGkfts eoB tkbhnK pkjoh PosKl ;iht iK
ezw eoB tkbhnK nt;EktK j?.
tksktoD dk Gkt ;kvk nkbk d[nkbk j? i' fe ;kvh Xosh ns/ iht wzvb dhnK pkjoh
ns/ nzdo{Bh nt;EktK dk ;w[ZukgD j?. ;XkoD o{g d/ ftZu, fJ; B{z d' nzPK d/ ftZu
tzv ;ed/ jKL
ni?fte tksktoDe nzPL ni?fte tksktoDe nzPK d/ ftZu fBoiht t;sK fit/A w{b
nekopfBe sZs ns/ :"fre fit/A gkDh, ekopBvkJhnke;kJhv, e?bPhnw iK
nke;hiB, ekop'B/N ns/ ck;c/N, IwhB, toyk, skgwkB, f;ZbkgD, jtktK, XkoktK
ns/ P"o^fteoDK ^fi; ftZu o'PBh ns/ skg d/ ;wtosh iK ;fjrkwh Pkwb jB.
i?fte tksktoDe nzPL i?fte tksktoDe nzPK d/ ftZu g"d/, ikBto ns/ wkJheq'p
Pkwb jB i' fe fJZe w{b o{g d/ ftZu T{oik^nkXkos Yzr d/ Bkb fJZe d{i/ d/ Bkb
nzso^;zpzX ekfJw eod/ jB.
fJ; bJh, tkskotD d/ nfXn?B d/ ftZu G"fse ns/ i?fte ftP/PsktK, ;wkie ns/
;z;feqse ekoe ns/ tksktoD s/ fJB;kBh n;o Pkwb j?. fJB;kB tkstoD dk
iBwdksk ns/ pdbD tkbk j?. fJB;kB dhnK tksktoD s/ fB:zsoD eoB dhnK
e'fPPK B/ nB/e ;zeNK B{z iBw fdZsk j?. fJB;kB e[dos iK tksktoD d/ ftZu
n;zs[bB g?dk eo fojk j?.
1H1H3H1 G" f se tksktoD L
G" f se gk;ko tksktoD dk w[ Z y wz f Bnk frnk j? fi; d/ fsz B nz r jB. tk:{ wz v b, ib
wz v b ns/ Eb-wz v b. tk:{ wz v b Xosh d[ n kb/ g;fonk j' f Jnk frbkc j? , fi; ftu
nke;hiB ns/ ekopB vkfJnke;kfJv fijhnK ihtB oZ f yne r? ; K w" i { d jB. wB[ Z y iht
s/ pB;gsh dk ihtB fJBQ K r? ; K Bkb fJe d{ i / d/ ;jko/ ubdk j? . fJ; eVh d/ N[ Z N
ikD ekoD tksktoD th ftrV iKdk j? .
d{ ; ok fjZ ; k ib wz v b j? i' MhbK BdhnK s/ ;kroK s/ poc d/ o{ g ftu j[ z d k j? . Xosh

d/ j/ m K th gkDh w" i { d j? . gkDh s' I fpBQ K th ihtB ;z G t BjhI j? . ihtK s/ g" f dnK bJh
gkDh nfs io{ o h j? .
shik fjZ ; k Eb wz v b j? i' g" d / s/ gq k Dhnk d/ ftek; bJh nz B , yfDi gdkoE s/ G{ w h
gq d kB eodh j? . fwZ N h dk G" f se tksktoD ftu ftF/ ; ;EkB j? .
1H1H3H2 ;fGnkuko s/ ;wkfie tksktoD L
wB[ Z y h ;fGnkuko u" f rod/ d/ G" f se tksktoD d/ gq G ktK B{ z ep{ b eodk j' f Jnk eJh
gVktK ftu bz x fdnK ftef;s j' f Jnk. G" f se tksktoD d/ d' t / I w[ Z y sZ s Xosh s/ ibtk:{
;fGnkuko B{ z pj[ s gq G kfts eod/ jB. ibtk:{ B/ e/ t b wB[ Z y dhnK o' N h, eZ g Vk s/
wekB dhnK b' V K B{ z jh nkgD/ nB[ e { b BjhA Ykfbnk, ;r' A T[ ; dhnK oj[ - ohsK s/ T[ B Q K
Bkb ;pz f Xs ft;tkFK B{ z th gq G kfts ehsk j? .
1H1H3H3 wB' f tfrnkBe tksktoD L
jo/ e ftnesh dk nkgDk tksktoD j[ z d k j? fi; ftu T[ j ftuodk j? . fJ; ftu T[ ;
dhnK nkdsK, i}p/ s/ ftuko Fkwb j[ z d / jB. wB' f tfrnkBe tksktoD wB[ Z y dh Fy;hns
ftu ;z t / d BFhbsk B{ z gZ q c [ f bs eodk j? ns/ T[ ; nz d ob/ r[ D K B[ z pkjo eZ Y dk j? .
e[ d os B/ sK fJe soQ K s' A g{ o h soQ K tksktoDh ;z s [ b B pDkJh oZ y D dk gq p z X ehsk j?
go wB[ Z y bkbu t; nz B Q k j' e/ fBoz s o tksktoD d/ ;z s [ b B B{ z ftrkV fojk j? . fi; d/
Bshi/ ti' A I jok rq f j gq G kt (Green House Effect) ns/ T[ i ' B gos ftu S/ e
torhnK ;wZ f ;nktK ;kB{ z x/ o ojhnK jB. tZ X dh j' J h nkpkdh, xNd/ iz r b, (o[ Z y ), pz i o
j[ z d h Xosh, ftFt d/ skgwkB ftZ u tkXk (rb' p b tkofwz r ), BdhnK, n;z s [ f bs toyk
nkfd e[ d osh n;z s [ b B dh jh T[ g iK jB. e[ d osh tksktoD d/ Bkb-Bkb ;wkfie t? o -
fto' X , nkg;h Jhoyk, ;fj:' r dh GktBk dh xkN ns/ B? f se edoK-ehwsK dh froktN
;kv/ ;wkfie tksktoD B{ z d{ f Fs eo ojhnKL jB. fJz B K jh BjhI e[ d osh s/ ;wkfie
n;z [ s bB B/ wB[ Z y dh wkBf;esk T[ Z s / th gq G kt gkfJnk j? . wB[ Z y fJeZ b kgB, sDkU ns/
GktBkswe n;[ o Z f ynk torhnK fpwkohnK Bkb fxo frnk j? . e[ d os tb' a f;ois
tksktoD Bkb wB[ Z y dk ;kE pj[ s g[ o kDk j? , wB[ Z y ftfrnkB s/ seB' b ' i h dh tos' A Bkb
e[ d osh ;o' s K dh tos' _ eodk nkfJnk j? . id' A se e[ d osh ;o' s s/ seB' b ' i h fJe
;ws' b ftu ubd/ jB sd se fJj ftek; mhe ubdk j? go id' a wB[ Z y B/ nkgDh ;[ Z y
;[ f tXk bJh e[ d osh ;o' s K dh nz B Q / t kj tosI ' A ehsh sK nkg;h fBoGosk dk e[ d osh f;XKs
N[ Z N frnk. wB[ Z y h fefonktK d/ gq G ktK ekoB tksktoD J/ B k ftrV frnk fe wB[ Z y h j' I d
bJh rz G ho fuz s k dk ftFk pD frnk.
1H1H4 tksktoD f;fynk dk noE ns/ gfoGkFk
tksktoD f;Z f ynk BtK TZ [ G odk y/ s o j? , fi; okjhI A wB[ Z y Bz { tksktoD dk frnkB gq k gs
j[ z d k j? . tksktoD f;Z f ynk okjhI wB[ Z y d/ nz d obh ;z t / d BFhbsk s/ ;kekoswe fdq F Nhe' D
ftu tkXk j[ z d k j? . fJ; f;Z f ynk okjhI A wB[ Z y s/ tksktoD d/ nkg;h ;z p z X K ns/ wB[ Z y
fet/ A tksktoD f;oidk j? ns/ fe; soQ K tksktoD dh ;[ o Z f ynk ftu nkgDh G{ f wek fBGk
;edk j? nkfd dk frnkB gq k gs j[ z d k j? .
tksktoD f;Z f ynk wB[ Z y B{ z tksktoD d/ sZ s K ns/ fe;wK d/ frnkB d[ n kok tksktoD
Bkb ;z p fXs ;wf;nktK B{ z ;wMD ns/ T[ [ B Q K d/ jZ b bJh ikro{ e sk g? d k eodh j? sK fe
nkT[ D tkbhnK ghVQ h nK sZ e tksktoD B{ [ z ;[ o Z f yns oZ f ynk ik ;e/ . tksktoD f;Z f ynk
pj[ s ;kohnK tksktoDh gq d { F D ;z p z X h ;wf;nktK d/ ekoB ns/ T[ B Q K d/ o' e Ekw ;z p z X h
frnkB fdz d h j? . tksktoD f;Z f ynk tksktoD ;[ o Z f ynk bJh pDkJ/ rJ/ ekB{ z B ns/ j' o
ez w eo ojhnK ;z ; EktK dk frnkB th fdz d h j? .
;' , tksktoD f;Z f ynk B{ z ;wMD bJh wB[ Z y ns/ tksktoD d/ nkg;h ;pz X K dk nfXn? B
ehsk iKdk j? . tksktoD f;Z f ynk tksktoD d/ n;z s [ f bs j' D dh f;Z f ynk d/ D bJh jI ' A d
ftZ u nkJh fi; ftu fJZ e sK tksktoD pko/ ikDekoh fdZ s h iKdh j? , d{ i k wB[ Z y B{ z
tksktoD ftu ofjz d / j' J / fJj gsk brdk j? fe tksktoD eh j? , T[ ; dk tksktoD
Bkb eh ;z p z X j? ns/ fJ; ftu ftrkV fet/ A nk fojk j? . shi/ gZ y ftZ u tksktoD
f;Z f ynk B{ z ;wMD bJh tksktoD dh ;[ o Z f ynk dh f;Z f ynk fdZ s h iKdh j? fe fe; soQ K
wB[ Z y d[ n kok tksktoD B[ { z ;kc ;[ E ok oZ f ynk ik ;edk j? .
T[ g o' e s noEK sI ' A pknd tksktoD f;fynk dhnK e[ M gfoGkFktK j/ m fby/ nB[ ; ko jB L
;z : [ z e s okFNo tksktoD f;Z f ynk n? e N (1970) nB[ ; ko, @@tksktoD f;fynk dk noE T[ ;
f;fynk gq f efonk s' A j? , fijVh wB[ Z y d/ e[ d osh ns/ T[ ; d[ n kok f;oi/ nkb/ - d[ n kb/ d/
;z p z X Bkb i[ V h j' t / ns/ T[ ; ftu iB-;z f ynk, gq d { F D ;o' s K, nktkikJh d/ ;kXB, seBhe
ns/ ;z g { o B wB[ Z y h tksktoD d/ bJh Ffjoh s/ gI / v { :' i BktK Fkwb j' D .##
N.C.E.R.T. nB[ ; ko, @@tksktoD f;Z f ynk dk noE pZ f unK ftZ u T[ B Q K bJh B/ V / ns/
d{ o tosh ;w/ A d/ ;EkB Bkb ;pz f Xs ;z g { o B G" f se ns/ ;wkfie tksktoD d/ pko/ u/ s Bk
g? d k eoBk j? . ##
oki f;Z f ynk ;z ; Ek fJbkjkpkd d[ n kok gq e kfFs g[ ; se (1980) nB[ ; ko,@@tksktoD f;Z f ynk
dk noE tksktoD d/ sZ s , T[ B Q K dk nkg;h ;z p z X , wB[ Z y h ihtB s/ T[ ; dk gq G kt, T[ ; d/
ez N o' b ns/ ;z g { o B nkb/ - d[ n kb/ B{ z ;z s [ f bs oZ y D ftZ u wB[ Z y d/ fttjko dk nfXn? B
eodh j? . ##
nyho ftZ u fejk ik ;edk j? fe tksktoD f;Z f ynk wB[ Z y B{ z tksktoD ;z p z X h ;wf;nktK
s' A ;[ u / s eodh j? sK fe T[ B Q K ;wf;nktK dk jZ b wB[ Z y fiz w / t koh Bkb fBGk ;e/ .
tksktoD dhnK gfoGkPktKL
vrb; ns/ jkb?Av d/ nB[;ko, “;w[Zu/ o{g d/ ftZu, tksktoD Ppd dh tos'A T[BKQ
pkjoh skesK, gqGktK ns/ ;fEshnK, nt;EktK B{z toDB eoB d/ bJh ehsh iKdh j?
i' fe ;iht gqkDhnK dh fIzdrh, ;[Gkn, fttjko ns/ tkX/, ftek; ns/ gqgZesk B{z
gqGkfts eod/ jB.”
nBk;s;h d/ nB[;ko, “tksktoD, T[;d/ ihBK s'A fpBKQ, T[j ;G e[M j? i' fe;/ th
ftnZesh B{z gqGkfts eodk j?.”
;' fJzi n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe tksktoD ;z;ko dk fJZe ;zg{oB fdqPNhe'D j? feT[Afe
fJj fe;/ ;w/A s/ fezBhnK jh tZy tZy nkeko dhnK ;fEshnK, ;wkfie^nkofEe
gqDbkJhnK d/ Bkb ezw eo ;edk j? i' fe G"fse ns/ i?fte pDsoK dh EK ns/
ftjko^Yzr d/ r[DK ns/ ftP/PsktK d/ d[nkok tyokJ/ ik ;ed/ jB.
1H1H4 f;~fynk dk noEL
f;Zfynk fJZe ;[szso nfXn?B dk y/so j? i' fe ftek; dh gqfeqnk d/ Bkb ;zpzX oZydk
j?. Gkt f;ZyD ns/ f;ybkJh ns/ jdkfJs d/D d/ Bkb ;zpzXs j?. fJj fe;/ pZu/ d/
;ohoe, ;wkfie, wkBf;e, ns/ GktBkswe ftek; Gkt ;otgZyh ftek; s/ fXnkB
e/Ados eodk j?. fi; soKQ fJZe wkbh fe;/ th phI B{z g[zroD ns/ g{o/ soKQ f;jswzd
g"d/ d/ ftZu fte;s j'D d/ bJh b'VhAdk tXhnk s'A tXhnk wkj"b gqdkB eodk j?, T[;/
soKQ jh nfXnkge dk ezw pZu/ B{z nfijk f;ZyD wkj"b gqdkB eoBk j? fi; d/ d[nkok
pZu/ d/ ftZuA' ;G s'A tXhnk uhIK pkjo eZYhnK ik ;eD. fJZe pZuk ;e{b d/ (G"fse
ns/ ;wkfie) u"frod/ ftZu'A ns/ Pq/Dh ewo/ d/ (;wkfie ns/ GktBkswe) wkj"b ftZu'A
pj[s nB[Gt jk;b eodk j?.
f;~fynk dhnK gfoGkPktKL
f;Zfynk Ppd d/ noE pj[s jh ftPkb jB. fJ;/ bJh fJ; B{z ;zg{oB o{g d/ ftZu
gfoGkPs eoBk pj[s jh n"yk j?. wjkswk rKXh d/ nB[;ko, “w/o/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk
pZuk ns/ ftnZesh d/ sB, wB ns/ nkswk d/ ftZu'A T[j ;G e[M pkjo eZYDk j?, i'
pj[s tXhnk j?.”
r[ZvI d/ f;Zfynk Ppd e'P (1959) d/ w[skfpe, “f;Zfynk T[BKQ ;G gqfeqnktK dk
;w{j j? i' fe fJZe ftnZesh ftZu :'rsktK, fdqPNhe'D ns/ T[; ftnZesh d/ ;wki
(fi; d/ ftZu T[j ofjzdk j?) ;ekokswe w[ZbK tkb/ ftjko d/ j'o o{g fte;s eodk
j?.”
1H1H4H1 f;~fynk d/ noE ns/ ftP/PsktKL
f;Zfynk Ppd dh ftnkfynk eoB d/ bJh fBwBfbys ;soK B{z fXnkB d/ Bkb gV'QL
1. f;~fynk fJ~e ftek; ftXh ti'AL fJ; ;zdoG d/ ftZu f;Zfynk dk noE
fJZe gqfeqnk s'A j? i' fe frnkB gqdkB eoe/ pZu/ dhnK :'rsktK dk ftek;
eodh j?.
2. f;~fynk nfXnkge ^f;ybkJh ti'AL ;G f;Zfynk f;ybkJh ;z;EktK B{z
f;Zfynk d/ ekbi nkfynk iKdk j?. fJBKQ f;Zfyne ekbiK B{z gfjbK
f;ybkJh ekbi fejk iKdk ;h go j[D fJBKQ bJh ‘f;Zfynk* dh EK s/
‘f;ybkJh* Ppd dh tos'A ehsh iKdh j?. fJ; soKQ f;Zfynk nfXnkgeK d/
bJh f;ybkJh j?.
3. f;~fynk nfXn?B iK ;kwroh dk ;[szso y/so ti'AL ‘f;Zfynk* Ppd dk
Gkt fJZe ;[szso nfXn?B y/so j? fit/A fJfsjk;, G{r'b, wB'ftfrnkB ns/
;wki PkPso nkfd.
4. f;~fynk fJ~e fBt/P ti'AL uzr/ fBt/P B{z r[DtZsk ns/ frDsh d/ fBt/P s'A
tZX j'D dh ;fEsh d/ ftZu, T[sgkd iK bkG fejk iKdk j?. ehws fJZe yk;
gZy j?. fJ;/ soKQ jh f;Zfynk d/ Bshi/ th r[Dkswe ns/ frDkswe d't/A j'
;ed/ jB ns/ f;Zfynk d/ ftZu ehs/ fBt/P s'A tZX j[d/ jB.
5. f;~fynk ;[w/b ti'AL f;Zfynk Bk f;oc ;{uBk gqdkB eodh j? go fJj
e[dos Bkb wB[Zy dh j'Ad dk ;[w/b th eotkT[Adh j?.
6. f;~fynk, ;wkfie spdhbh ns/ ;wkfie fB:zsoD d/ fJ~e n"Iko ti'AL
;wkfie spdhbh ns/ ;wkfie fB:zsoD, f;Zfynk d/ ftZu spdhbh fbnk e/
jh PKsh d/ Bkb ;zGt j?. f;Zfynk ;wki dhnK p[okJhnK ftZu ;[Xko fbnk
;edh j?, fit/A nS{ssk, dki gqEk, rohph nkfd s/ o'e brkT[D d/ bJh
;e{b d/ ftZu fJZe' fijh f;Zfynk gqDkbh nkozG ehsh ik ;edh j?.
7. f;~fynk ;wki B{z g?dk eoB tkbh ns/ g?dkto ti'AL ;wki jh f;Zfynk ;z;EktK
dh ;EkgBk eodk j? sK i' fJ;d/ nkdoPK d/ nB[;ko Bt/A ;wki B{z g?dk ehsk ik
;e/. fJzi ;wki f;Zfynk B{z g?dk eodk j? ns/ f;Zfynk Bt/A ;wki dh BhAj oZydh
j?, B{z g?dk eodh j?.
8. f;~fynk fJZe u[DB$SkDB gqfeqnk d/ ti'AL b'eszso dk noE j?, ;oeko
b'eK dh, b'eK d/ d[nkok ns/ b'eK d/ bJh j?. fi; dk Gkt j? fe b'eK B{z
f;Zfynk d/ bJh fsnko ehsk ikt/ sK i' T[j b'eK B{z jh nrtkJh gqdkB
eoB d/ :'r j' ;eD. f;Zfynk gqDkbh d/ ftZu jo gZXo *s/ gqhfynktK
j[zdhnK jB ^gqkfJwoh, ;?ezvoh ns/ ekbi ns/ :{Bhtof;Nh gZXo s/.
gqhfynk dk ekoi nfij/ b'eK B{z SkDB Gkt u[DB dk j? i' fe ;G s'A T[gob/
gZXo s/ g[Zi ;eD ns/ b'eK B{z ofjB[wkJh ns/ nrtkJh gqdkB eo ;eD.
fJzi b'eszso d/ ftZu f;Zfynk fJZe SkDB iK u'D gqfefonk th j?.
9. f;~fynk Gft~y d/ bJh j?L f;Zfynk dk wzso b'eK B{z nZi iK toswkB d/
bJh BjhA ;r'A GftZy d/ bJh fsnko eoBk j?. f;Zfynk fJZe ftnZesh Bz{
;wk:'is j'D, ;EkB rqfjD eoB d/ :'r pDkT[Adh j? ns/ T[BKQ B{z ;woE
pDkT[Adh j? sK i' T[j d[BhnK d/ Bkb edw Bkb edw fwbk e/ uZb ;eD.
10. f;~fynk ebk th j? ns/ ftfrnkB thL ebk fe;/ th tosko/ d/ ekoiekoh
gZy iK gfjb{ d/ Bkb ;zpzX oZydh j? id'A fe ftfrnkB fJ;dh gqfeosh ns/
pDso B{z ;wMD dh e'fPP eodk j?. ftfrnkB d/ ftZu fe;/ th tosko/ d/
pko/ ntb'eD ns/ nB[Gt Pkwb jB. f;Zfynk dk ekoiekoh gfjb{ pZu/ dk
;ot gZyh ftek; ukj[zdk j? ns/ T[;B{z fJZe ;zg{oB fJB;kB pDkT[Dk ukj[zdk
j?.
11. f;~fynk fJ~e ;ekokswe ftfrnkB j?L f;Zfyne ftXh fJZe ;jkfJe
wkj"b okjhA fttjko ftZu ;[Xko eoe/ fJ; B{z nfijk pDkT[Adh j? fe fJj
;ekokswe ns/ ;wkfie s"o s/ ;thfeqs pD ikt/. wB'ftfrnkB d/ ftZu
d't/A soKQ dk f;ZyD Pkwb j?, ;ekokswe th ns/ Bekokswe th, id'A fe
f;Zfynk jw/PK jh ;ekokswe f;ZyD d/ Bkb ;zpzXs j[zdh j?. pZu/ d/ ftjko
d/ ftZu b'VhAdk gfotosB fbnkT[D d/ bJh f;Zfynk dk ;[Xkokswe T[g:"r
j[zdk j?. f;Zfynk dk Gkt fIzdrh dk tZv/ s'A tZvk Nhuk gqkgs eoBk j[zdk j?
ns/ fJj ;fs:w, fPtw ns/ ;[zdow j[zdk j? ^Gkt ;ZukJh, uzfrnkJh ns/
;z[dosk dh gqkgsh. fJ; ;zdoG iK gq;zr d/ ftu, tksktoD f;Zfynk dk
Gkt fe;/ j'o ftP/ iK ftPk y/so d/ tKr nfXn?B dk fJZe ;[szso y/so j?.
1H1H5 tksktoD f;Zfynk
tksktoD f;Zfynk, f;Zfynk d/ ftPk^y/so d/ nfXn?B dk fJZe BtK y/so j?. fJj
f;Zfynk dk fJZy nyzv Gkr j?. n;hA ‘f;Zfynk* ns/ ‘tksktoD* PpdK d/ noEK d/
pko/ gfjbK jh ekch gVQ u[Ze/ jK. fJj ;gPN j? jh fe ‘ftek;* dh gqfeqnk d'jK jh
;zebgK d/ ftZu ;KMh j?. f;Zfynk B{z ftek; dh gqfefonk d/ ti'A gfoGkPs ehsk ik
;edk j? ns/ tksktoD B{z ;G pkjoh nt;EktK ns/ fJB;kB ns/ j'o ihts gqkDhnK
d/ ftek; ns/ fIzdrh B{z gqGkfts eoB tkb/ n;oK d/ ;w{j ti'A gfoGkPs ehsk ik
;edk j?. fJB;kB dk tksktoD e[dosh ns/ ;wkfie ;z;feqse wkj"b dk pfDnk
j'fJnk jz[dk j?. fJB;kB d/ ftjko d/ ftZu b'VhAdh spdhbh bJh f;Zfynk fJB;kB d/
wkj"b dh r[DtZsk ;[Xko th ;edh j? ns/ pdb th ;edh j?.
f;Zfynk tZy tZy ;wZf;nktK ns/ f;XKsK d/ Bkb ;zpzX oZydh j? i' fe ftfdnkoEhnK
ns/ T[BKQ d/ nkb/^d[nkb/ î' fe T[;d/ ;e{b ns/ nfXnkgeK d/ d[nkok o;wh ns/
no;wh s"o s/ fsnko ehsk iKdk j? ^d/ ftueko ;zpzXK s/ fB:zsoD oZydh j?. ftek;
dh f;Zfyne gqfeqnk G"fse, ;wkfie ns/ wB'ftfrnkBe wkj"b d/ ftZu tkgodh j?.
tksktoD f;Zfynk tksktoD d/ d[nkok, tksktoD d/ pko/ ns/ tksktoD d/ bJh
f;Zfynk j?.
tksktoD d/ pko/ dk Gkt ;zg{oB tksktoD B{z ;wMDk j?.
tksktoD s'A Gkt yk; nekdfwe ftPk y/so d/ Bkb ;zpzXs ;zebg, frnkB ns/ j[BoK
B{z fJeZso eoBk j?.
tksktoD d/ bJh ^ dk Gkt tksktoD dh ;jh tos'A ns/ fJ;d/ ftek; d/ bJh
otZJhJ/, j[Bo ns/ w[bKeD :'rsktK dk ftek; j?.
:{B/;e' (1970) ekoiekoh ew/Nh d/ nB[;ko, “tksktoD f;Zfynk, fJB;kB T[;dh

;z;feqsh ;ZfGnkuko ns/ T[;d/ iht G"fseh nkb/ d[nkb/ ftueko go;go ;zpzXK B{z
;wMD ns/ edo gkT[D d/ bJh Io{oh j[Bo ns/ fdqPNhe'D fte;s eoB bJh edoK
ehwsK B{z gSkBD ns/ ;zebgK B{z ;gPN eoB dh gqfeqnk j?. fJ; d/ bJh r[DtZsk d/
Bkb ;zpzXs ;wZf;nktK ns/ wkwfbnK$w[ZfdnK d/ pko/ fBoDk b?D dk nB[Gt j'Dk ns/
fJ;d/ ftjko Ikps/ d/ ;t? fBowkD pko/ gsk j't/.”
nkoHJ/HPowk (1996) B/ nkfynk j?, “tksktoD f;Zfynk G"fse wkj"b dh u/sBk d/
Bkb ;zpzfXs j? ns/ fJj n;bh ihtB ;fEshnK gqsh nB[;kosk$nB[e{bsk B{z wfj;{;
eodh j?. ;wZf;nktK ns/ w[ZfdnK dh gSkD eoBh g?Adh j?. fBozso ubd/ ofjD tkb/
ftek; d/ bJh tksktoD ftub/ n;zs[bB ftZu ;[Xko eoB dh b'V j?.”
fwPok (1993) d/ nB[;koL “tksktoD f;Zfynk fJZe gqfefonk j? fi; okjhA wB[Zy B{z
tksktoD d/ gqsh ikro[esk, frnkB, e"Pb, wB'fposhnK, ns/ w[ZbK B{z ftef;s ehsk
iKdk j?, fi; Bkb tksktoD dk ;[Xko ehsk ik ;e/.”
e[Ze ns/ j/noB (1971) d/ nB[;ko, “tksktoD f;Zfynk ;wZf;nk e/Adfos,
nzso^nB[Pk;B, w[Zbê/Ados, ;w[dkfJ e/Ados j? ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK d[nkok P[o{
ehshnK rshftXhnK d/ nkXko s/ fJB;kB dh fJZe gqkDh d/ ti'A j'Ad d/ Bkb ;zpzXs j?
ns/ GftZy ;/Xs th.”
fcfBP e"wh ew/Nh B/ 1974 ftZu fJe ;?whBko nk:'is eoe/ fJj nkfynk ;h fe
“tksktoD f;Zfynk tksktoD ;zGk d/ NhfunK B{z bkr{ eoB dk fJZe sohek j?.
tksktoD f;Zfynk ftfrnkB dh fJZe tZyoh Pkyk iK gVQkJh dk ftPk BjhA j?. fJj sK
ihtB Go ubD tkbh ;w[Zuh f;Zfynk d/ f;XKsK d/ nB[;ko ubkJh iKdh j?.”
“tksktoD f;Zfynk fJZe ftnkge, ihtB Go ubD tkbh f;Zfynk j? i' fe fJ;
s/Ih d/ Bkb pdb oj/ ;z;ko d/ ftZu j' ojhnK spdhbhnK gqsh T[~sodkJh j?. fJj
fJB;kB ns/ ;w[dktK B{z T[BKQ d/ i?fte, G"fse, ;wkfie, ftZsh ns/ ;fGnkukoe gZyK
d/ Bkb nzso;zpzXK dhnK w[Zy ;wZf;nktK dh ;wM d/ d[nkok ihtB d/ bJh fsnko
eodh j?. fJj ihtB ns/ edoKêhwsK d/ ftZu ;[Xko d/ bJh bkj/tzd G{fwek fBGkT[D
d/ bJh Io{oh j[Bo ns/ fdqPNhe'D gqdkB eodh j?, sK i' b'eK B{z uzrh f;js ns/
ihtB r[DtZsk wkBD d/ :'r pDkfJnk ik ;e/.”
fiZE'A sZe tksktoD d/ bJh f;Zfynk dk ;tkb j?, fJ; dk Gkt tksktoD s/ fB:zsoD
oZyDk j? fi; d/ Bkb ;'fwnK dh ;jh tos'A ns/ ;zGkb j' ;e/ ns/ tksktoD gqd{PD s/
th fB:zsoD ekfJw oj/. fJ; d/ ftZu ;jh tksktoD :'iBkpzdh th Pkwb j? sK i'
tksktoD ekoiekoh s"o s/ jh bkGekoh jh ;kps Bk j' ;e/ ;r'A ;'ji gZy s'A th
wkDB:'r pD/. fJ; gZy d/ ftZu c[ZbK dh y/sh d/ Bkb ;zpzfXs :'iBkpkdh, g/Av{
:'iBkpzdh ns/ Pfjoh :'iBkpzdh th Pkwb j?.
tksktoD f;Zfynk dh fJj gfoGkPk gfjbh gqshfeqnk d/ ti'A sK ;obkswe ns/ ;soh
gZXo dh ikgdh j? go n;b d/ ftZu fJj pj[s jh ftnkge ns/ v[{zxh j? feT[Afe fJj
;ze/s fdzdh j? fe tksktoD f;Zfynk fJZe wkfXnw ns/ f;Zfynk ftXh j? i' fe fJB;kB
dk nkgD/ e[dosh ns/ ;wkfie ns/ fJB;kB fBofws nkb/^d[nkb/ nkfd B{z nkgD/
ftZu ;w' b?Adh j? ns/ fJ; d/ ftZu tZ;'A, T[d:'rheoB, gqd{PB, ;o's w[jZJhnk eoB
ns/ ykswk, ;zGkb, Y'nk Y[nkJh, seBkb'ih, T{oik ns/ Pfjoh ns/ g/Av{ :'iBkpzdh dk
;zg{oB i?fte wzvb d/ Bkb ;zpzX th Pkwb j?.
tksktoD e/tb fJe jh ftPk BjhA j[zdk. fJj eJh ftfPnK dk J/eheoD j?. fi; ftu
ftfrnkB ns/ ;wkfie nfXn?B d't/A Pkwb j[zd/ jB. nkgD/ tksktoD d/ tZy^tZy
gfjb{nK B{z ;wMD bJh ;kB{z iht ftfrnkB, o;kfJD ftfrnkB, G"fse ftfrnkB,
G{r'b, ;o's gqpzXB, noE Pk;so ns/ nkpkdh d/ w[ZfdnK B{z ;wMD dh b'V j?. fJ;
soQK tksktoD nfXn?B dk x/ok nfs ftnkge j? ns/ brGr jo tZv/ nB[Pk;B d/ e[M
gfjb{nK B{z Pkfwb eodk j?.
1H1H5H1 tksktoD f;~fynk dhnK ftP/PsktKL
tksktoD f;Zfynk dhnK gfoGkPktK d/ ftPb/PD s'A fBwBfbys gqw[Zy ftP/PsktK
;kjwD/ nkT[AdhnK jBL
1. fJj fJB;kB, T[;d/ ;z;feqse ns/ i?fte wkj"b d/ ftueko nzso^;zpzXK B{z
gSkDB dh gqfeqnk j?.
2. fJj fJe nfijh gqfeqnk j? i' fe tksktoD B{z ;[XkoB d/ bJh wB[ZyK d/
ftZu u/sBk, e"Pbsk, j[Bo, fdqPNhe'D, edoKêhwsK ns/ gqshpZXsktK d/
Bkb b?; eodh j?.
3. fJj G"fse, i?fte, ;z;feqfse ns/ wB'ftfrnkBe tksktoD dh T[j frnkB
ns/ ;wM jh BjhA, fJ;dh n;bh ihtB dhnK ;fEshnK d/ ftZu T[BKQ dh
nB[e{bsk B{z t/yDk th j?.
4. fJj wkj"b iK tksktoD d/ ftub/ n;zs[bB dh gSkD eodk j? ns/ fJ; B{z
fuoziht (jw/PK ofjD tkb/) ftek; bJh ;[XkoD bJh :sBPhb ofjzdk j?.
5. fJ; d/ ftZu fBoDk b?D gqfeqnk dk sIopk ns/ tksktoDe r[DtZsk d/ Bkb
;zpzXs ;wZf;nktK ns/ wkwfbnK d/ pko/ fJe ftjko wfo:kdk dk ;t?^
fBowkD Pkwb j?.
6. fJ; d/ ftZu pZu/ dh gSkD ns/ T[;d/ d[nkok y[d nkgD/ e[dosh ns/
;wkfie nkb/ d[nkb/ dh x'y^gVskb Pkwb j? fi; d/ d[nkok T[j nkgDh
fIzdrh B{z ;[Xko ;edk j? ns/ nkgDhnK ;wZf;nktK jZb eo ;edk j?.
7. fJ; ;wZf;nkê/Ados, nzso^nB[Pk;s, w[ZbK ns/ ;w[dkfJ tZb fBod/Ps j? ns/
fJB;kB dh j'Ad ns/ ftek; Bkb ;zpzX oZydh j?. fJj tksktoD jh BjhA, GftZy d/
Bkb th ;zpzX oZydh j?.
8. fJj f;jswzd ihtB ngDkT[D ns/ fJ; ftu ;[Xko d/ bJh f;oiBkswe
j[BoK dh pDso d/ bJh nkXko gqdkB eodk j?.
9. fJ; d/ ftZu n;zs[bB d/ ftZu ;[Xko fbnkT[D ns/ gqd{PD dh ;wZf;nk
ftrVB s'A o'eD bJh tksktoD d/ feskph ns/ nwbh d't/A gZy Pkwb jB.
10. fJj tksktoDe ;wZf;nktK d/ n;bh ekoDK dh gSkD eoB ns/ o;wh
ns/ r?oô;wh ;fEshnK d/ ftZu ;wZf;nk^;wkXkB j[BoK dh nwbh tos'A
eoB d/ bJh f;Zfyne gj[zuK, Yzr^sohe/ ns/ gVkT[D dhnK seBheK dk
ckfJdk T[mkT[Adh j?.
S'N/ T[~soK tkb/ gqPBL
1H tksktoD dhnK ftP/PsktK pko/ dZ;'<
2H f;Zfynk s'A eh Gkt j?<
1H1H6 tksktoD f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PL
tksktoD f;Zfynk d/ ftZu wkBth fIzdrh d/ ;G gZy fit/A ;wkfie^nkoEe, oki;h,
e[dosh, fJB;kB^fBofws, i?fte, ns/ ;z;feqfse gZy Pkwb jB ns/ fJ; B{z fJBKQ
T[g^gqDkbhnK d/ ;zpzXK ns/ rshPhb ;[Gkn s/ I'o d/Dk ukjhdk j?.
eJh ;oekoh ns/ r?o^;oekoh ;z;EktK b'eK B{z f;Zfynk gqdkB eo ojhnK jB ns/
T[BKQ B{z tksktoD pko/ ikro[e eo ojhnK jB. 1982 ftZu tksktoD ;{uBk gqDkbh
pko/ fJZe tksktoD ftGkr fsnko ehsk frnk. n?jwdkpkd ftZu tksktoD f;Zfynk dk
e/Ado (CEC - Centre for Environmental Education) j?. e'mkoh efwPB (1966) B/
Gkos d/ ;e{bK ftZu P[o{nksh ebk;K d/ gkmeqw ftZu tksktoD f;Zfynk, fJZe ftP/ d/
s"o s/ nkozG eoB dh f;ckfoP ehsh. 1970 ftZu tksktoD f;Zfynk n?eN th
pDkfJnk frnk.
fNqbhI d/ ftZu 1977 d/ ftZu :{B?;e' d/ tZb'A eotkJh rJh nzsookPNoh ekBcoz; d/
ftZu ;G gZXoK s/ tksktoD f;Zfynk o;wh ns/ r?o o;wh f;Zfynk d/ nB/eK Nhu/
fsnko ehs/ rJ/ jB, fiBKQ dk fpUok fBwBfbys j?L
1. u/sBskL ;wkfie ;w{jK ns/ ftneshnK B{z ;zg{oB tksktoD ns/ fJ; d/
Bkb ;pzXs ;wZf;nktK dh u/sBk ns/ ;zt/dBPhbsk jk;b eoB d/ ftZu
;jkfJsk eoBk.
2. frnkBL ;wkfie ;w{jK ns/ ftneshnK B[z ftfGzB soKQ d/ nB[Gt ns/
tksktoD ns/ fJ; d/ Bkb ;zpzXs ;wZf;nktK dh w{b ;wM jk;b eoB d/
ftZu ;jkfJsk eoBk.
3. otZJhnkL ;wkfie ;w{jK ns/ ftneshnK B{z tksktoD gqsh fuzsk bJh
edoK ehwsK ns/ GktBktK dk ;w{j jk;b eoB d/ ftZu ;jkfJsk eoBk
ns/ tksktoD ;[Xko ns/ ;zGkb d/ ftZu ;orowh d/ Bkb Gkr b?D ns/ fJ;
d/ Bkb ;zpzXs ;wZf;nktK dh u/sBk ns/ ;zt/dBPhbsk bJh T[sPkj d/Dk.
4. j[BoL ;wkfie ;w{jK ns/ ftnZeshnK B{z tksktoD Bkb ;zpzXs ;wZf;nktK
B{z gSkDB ns/ jZb eoB d/ bJh b'VhAd/ j[Bo jk;b eoB d/ w"e/ gqdkB
eoBk.
5. GkrhdkohL tksktoD d/ Bkb ;zpzXs ;wZf;nktK d/ jZb d/ bJh ;G gZXoK s/
;orow Gkrhdkoh s/ nB[Gt jk;b eoB d/ w"e/ gqdkB eoBk.
6. w[bKeDL gfo;fEfse, ftZsh, ;wkfie, ;z;feqse, ;Zdo: ns/ f;Zfyne
ekoeK$sZsK d/ o{g d/ ftZu tksktoD d/ nzPK ns/ f;Zfyne gq'rokwK dk w[bKeD
eoB dh :'rsk fte;s eoBk.
Gkos ftZu tksktoD f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P j/m fby/ nB[;ko jBL
1. tksktoD dh r[DtZsk B{z ;[XkoBk.
2. tksktoD ;zpzXh ;wf;nktK ns/ tksktoD ;[oZfynk pko/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ikro[e
eoBk.
3. iwks ns/ ;e{b ftZu fJ; soKQ dk wkj"b g?dk eoBk fi; Bkb ftfdnkoEh
fBoDk b? ;eD ns/ ;wZf;nktK jb eoB tkbhnK :'iBktK ns/ gqfeqnktK
ftZu fjZ;k b? ;eD.
4. ftek;Phb gq'rqkwK dh gqGkt g{oDsk ns/ ezw eoB dh :'rsk dk w[bKeD
eoB dh :'rsk dk ftek; eoBk.
nfXnkgB gZXo dh fdqPNh Bkb T[d/PK dk torheoD j/m fby/ nB[;ko j?L
f;Zfynk dk gZXo tksktoD f;Zfynk dk T[d/P

1H gqkEfwe f;Zfynk 1. tksktoD ;u/sBk ns/ tk;sfte
nB[Gt ns/ frnkB gqdkB eoBk
2H wkXfwe f;Zfynk 2. tksktoD d/ xNeK ns/ ;wZf;nktK dk

tk;sfte ihtB ftZu ;koEesk dk p'X
eoBk.
3H T[~u wkXfwe f;Zfynk 3. tksktoD ;o'sK dk T[g:'r ns/
;wZf;nktK d/ jb bJh e"Pb dk
ftek; eoBk.
4H T[~u f;Zfynk 4. tksktofDe ;wZf;nktK dk jZb eoe/
b'VhAdk ftek; eoBk ns/ GktBk,
wB'fposhnK ns/ w[bK dk ftek;
eoBk.
tksktoD f;Zfynk d/ gq'rqkw d/ ;cbsk g{ote fBowkD, bkr{ eoB ns/ w[bKeD d/ bJh
fJ;d/ NhfunK dh ;wM pj[s Io{oh j?. fJ; bJh ;kB{z nkgD/ tksktoD B{z ;wMDk
ukjhdk j? ns/ ikDBk ukjhdk j? fe fJ;B{z n;hA nkgD/ ftnZeshrs ;zGkb, ;wki d/
efbnkD ns/ GftZy dhnK ghfVnK d/ bJh fet/A ;cbsk ;fjs tos ;ed/ jK. fJ;
soKQ ‘tksktoD f;Zfynk* j[D sZe ;kv/ d[nkok gVQ/ rJ/ ;G ftPk^y/soK s'A tZX
feqnkswe j?.
1H1H7 tksktoD f;Zfynk dh b'VL
e[dos pj[s jh nkeoPe j?. wB[Zy e[dos d[nkok fdZs/ rJ/ ;kXBK dh tos'A eoe/
e[dos dk gq:'r eo ;edk j?, go nZi d/ wB[Zy B{z nkT[D tkbh ghVhnK dh Io{osK dk
th fXnkB oZyDk ukjhdk j?. d/P dk nkofEe ftek; jh ;G e[M BjhA j? e[dosh
;kXBK dk d[oT[g:'r tksktoD B{z pj[s gqGkfts eodk j?.
id fJB;kB B/ y/sh dh y'i ehsh ns/ ;kg/ye s"o s/ ekch y[oke fJeZso eo bJh sK
T[BKQ B/ fJZXo^T[~Xo x[zwDk P[o{ eo fdZsk ns/ fgzvK d/ ftZu ;fEo j' rJ/ ns/ j"bh
j"bh Pfjo pD rJ/ ns/ ;ZfGnsk, seBkb'ih d/ ftek; d/ Bkb, tkX{ y[oke ns/
w[ekpbsB tZX ;[oZfynk d/ ekoD fJB;kBK dh frDsh ns/ gqGkt tXD bZrk ns/ T[BKQ
B/ nkgD/ tksktoD B{z j'o s/Ih, T[; do s'A fi; d/ Bkb e[dos fJ; B{z fsnko eodh
j?, d/ Bkb pdbDk P[o{ eo fdZsk. Gkt/A fe ;kv/ e'b nB/eK tksktoD d/ Bkb ;zpzXs
;wZf;nktK ;[bMkT[D d/ bJh nZi b'VhAdh ftfrnkBe ns/ seBheh ikDekoh j?, go
noE PkPso, okiBhsh PkPso, ;wki PkPso, fJfsjk; ns/ wkBth ftfPnK d/ Bkb
Bkb e[dosh ns/ G"fse ftfrnkBK d/ po/ uzrh ;wM s'A fpBKQ ;j ns/ f;nkD/ fBoD//
iK c?;b/ b?D/ n;zGt jB.
tksktoD f;Zfynk fJZe BthA y'i j?, gozs{ fJ; dhnK iVQK pj[s gqkuhB jB. fort/d
;ko/ t/dK s'A gqkuhB j? fJ; ftZu tksktoD f;Zfynk dh b'V dk toDB fwbdk j?.
fort/d dhnK ouBktK ftZu ekwBk ehsh rJh j? fe “fgqEth wksk dh X{V ns/ fgsk
;wkB nkekP dk gqekP wzrbwJh j't/, ;{oi nkgD/ g{oD s/i Bkb nkgD/ nzP Bkb
i[fVnk oj/.” jo/e gqkDh gqG[ dh ftokN ;Zsk d/ ;kjwD/ nkgD/ nkg B{z ;wofgs eo
d/t/ sK T[j ;Zsk T[; ftZu ;wk ikt/rh. ;zg{oD ftPt nfyb pqfjwzv gqG{wJh j't/rk.
nkBzd ns/ PKsh dk T[d? j't/rk.
gozs{ toswkB gfo;fEsh ftZu ;zg{oD pqfjwzv ftZu nkBzd ns/ PKsh dh EK eqwtko
P'e ns/ nPKsh B/ b? bJh j?. fi; dk w[Zy ekoD j? Xosh wksk dh X{V ns/ fgsk
;wkB nkekP d/ gqekP dk nwzrbwJh j' ikDk, gqd{fPs j' ikDk. Xosh wksk dh X{V
ns/ fgsk nkekP d/ gqekP B{z pDkJh oZyD bJh pj[s Io{oh j? fe wB[Zy B{z ikro[e
ehsk ikt/. ikro[esk f;Zfynk d/ Bkb jh g?dk jz[dh j?. nkw b'eK dh pikfJ f;Zfyns
wB[Zy nkgD/ tksktoD gqsh fInkdk ;[u/s j't/rk.
ikro[eskL tksktoD d/ gqsh ikro[esk fbnkT[D bJh nZi b'V j? tksktofDe f;Zfynk
dh. fJ;/ T[d/P d/ sfjs 5 i{B B{z g{o/ ftPt ftZu ‘ftPt tksktoD fdt;* wBkfJnk
iKdk j?. ftPt d/ ;ko/ d/P nZi fe;/ Bk fe;/ soKQ d/ tksktofDe ;zeN s'A ghfVs
jB. tksktofDe ;zeN B{z f;Zfynk d/ wkfXnw Bkb e[ZM xZN ehsk ik ;edk j?, gozs{
T[; dk g{ot o{g gqkgs BjhA ehsk ik ;edk.
iB^;zfynk d/ p[o/ gqGkt, T[d:'fre eqKsh, e[dosh ;kXBK dh d[otos'A wB[Zy d/
nd{odofPsk^g{oD ezw Bkb ib, jtk ns/ G{wh dk T[g:'r jh tksktoD B{z n;zs[fbs
eod/ jB.
fInkdk so b'e ‘tksktoD f;Zfynk* dh pj[s jh Io{oh b'V wfj;{; eod/ jB, go
f;oc w[Zmh Go b'eK d/ e'b fJj ftuko jB fe fJ; d/ bJh eh eoD dh b'V j?, ns/
nfij/ b'e ^fiBKQ B{z T[BKQ e'o;K d/ pko/ ;Zuw[Zu e'Jh nB[Gt iK ikDekoh j't/, fijV/
fe gVkJ/ ikD dh b'V j? ^dh frDsh sK fJZe T[Arb dhnK behoK s/ ehsh ik ;edh
j?. ‘tksktoD f;Zfynk* dk w[Zy T[d/P sK fJj j? fe ftnZeshrs iK ;wkfie gZXo s/
b'eK B{z fJ; pko/ u/sBk s/ frnkB j't/, ns/ n;bh fIzdrh dhnK tksktoD ;wZf;nktK
jZb eoB tkbk nfijk otZJhnk ns/ :'rsktK fte;s j'D. fJ; d/ bJh nkg; d/ ftZu
i[fVnk j'fJnk, nzso^nB[PkPB BIohnk ns/ ;w[Zu/gD B{z gSkDB tkbk BIohnk
fte;s eoB dh b'V j?.
pZu/ ns/ pkbr d/ ;t?^b'V g{osh ns/ ;t? ftek; d/ bJh ‘tksktoD f;Zfynk* pj[s jh
Io{oh j?. fJj fIzdrh ns/ f;js dh poeokoh d/ bJh ns/ ;t?^;zGkb ns/ wkBth
iks dh ;zGkb d/ bJh pj[s jh bkGekoh f;ZX j[zdk j?. fJj e[dos d/ ftZu tZy^tZy
y[oke bVhnK ns/ gfo;fEse ;zs[bBK B{z ;wMD d/ ftZu ;jkfJe f;ZX j[zdh j?.
tksktoD f;Zfynk, fJj ;wMD ftZu wdd eodh j? fe tksktoD B{z ewkJh eoB d/
bJh fet/A tofsnk ik ;edk j?, wkdk ;z;feqsh fet/A T[sPkfjs ehsh ik ;edh j? ns/
fJj e[dos ns/ ;wki B{z wkBD d/ ftZu th ;jkfJsk eodh j?. fJj tZ;'A ft;c'N,
e[dosh ;o'sK dh ygs, gqd{PB dh ;wZf;nk d/ tZb ;kvk fXnkB nkeoPs eodh j?
ns/ T[BKQ Yzr sohfenK s/ o'PBh gkT[Adh j? fiBKQ d/ d[nkok, fJBKQ ;wZf;nktK B{z
;[bMkfJnk ik ;edk j?.
g/Av{, ephbJh, ykBkpd'Ph (M[Zrh^M'AgVh fJbkek) ns/ Pfjoh y/soK d/ ftZu, wfjbktK,
pZfunK ns/ ;e{bK, ekbiK ns/ ftPtftfdnkfbnK d/ ftZu nfXnkgeK Bz{ ns/
:'iBkekoK, fBoDk b?D tkfbnK ns/ Bhsh xkVsK, gq'rokw bkr{ eoB tkfbnK ns/
ekfwnK B{z th tksktoD d/ pko/ f;Zfyns eoB dh b'V j?.
‘tksktoD f;Zfynk* dk y/so pj[s jh ftPkb j?. fJ; B{z fBwBfbys eEBK d/ d[nkok
tXhnk Yzr d/ Bkb ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?L
“i/eo s[;hA e'Jh c;b T[rkT[Dk ukj[zd/ j', sK s[jkB{z fJZe ;kb d/ bJh :'iBk pDkT[Dh
gt/rh. fJj y/sh ftfrnkBhnK dk ezw j?. i/eo s[;hA e'Jh g"dk brkT[Dk ukj[zd/ j', sK
s[kB{z d; ;kb d/ bJh :'iBk pDkT[Dh gt/rh. fJj g"dk ftfrnkBhnK dk ezw j?. i/eo
s[;hA e'Jh fJB;kB B{z fte;s iK f;Zfyns eoBk ukj[zd/ j', sK s[jkB{z jIkoK ;kbK d/
bJh :'iBk pDkT[dh gt/rh. fJj' fIzw/tkoh f;Zfynk Pk;sohnK dh j?.”
n;b d/ ftZu G"fse ftfrnkB, o;kfJD ftfrnkB, iht ftfrnkB, g"dk ftfrnkB,
G{r'b, fJfsjk; nkfd ftP/ fJB;kBhns Gkt wkBtsk dh toswkB ns/ GftZyh
efbnkD fte;s eoB d/ bJh ;kXB jB. pZu/ fJBKQ ftfPnK B{z f;yd/ jB, nkgD/
nkb/ d[nkb/ d/ pko/ sZE u/s/ eod/ jB, go fJ; rZb d/ :'r BjhA pDd/ fe fJBKQ sZsK
ns/ sZEK B{z nkT[D tkb/ ihtB d/ ftZu fet/A tos'A eoBr/. fw;kb d/ s'o s/ T[j rfDs
dhnK gfoGkPktK sK :kd eo b?Ad/ jB, bzw/ bzw/ pDso ns/ nDthA ckow{b/ oZN b?Ad/
jB, n"y/ ns/ r[zMbdko :'reK B{z gq:'rPkbk d/ ftZu fsnko eoB f;Zy b?Ad/ jB go
T[BKQ B{z nkgD/ nkb/ d[nkb/ iK r[nKY d/ ftub/ doysK d/ Bkw BjhA gsk j[zd/, T[BKQ
doysK d/ pko/ BjhA gsk j[zdk, i' T[j nkgD/ ;e{b d/ ftjV/ B{z j'o \{p;{os pDkT[D d/
bJh tos ;ed/ jB. fiBKQ B{z pkbD iK fJwkosh bZeVh fsnko eoB d/ bJh T[rk
;ed/ jB, bZeV dk xo pDkT[D d/ bJh tos ;ed/ jB ns/ nkgD/ ;EkBe fyZs/ d/
ftZu S'N/ iK tZv/ gZXo s/ T[d:'rK dh ;EkgBk eo ;ed/ jB.
fJ; s'A gsk bZrdk j? fe ;e{bK ftZu gVkJh ikD tkbh ;wroh fIzdrh ns/ tksktoD
d/ Bkb ;zpzXs BjhA j[zdh. fJ; s'A gkmeqw d/ ftZu ‘tksktoD f;Zfynk* d/ ‘feUA* ;tkb
dk itkp fwbdk j?.
1H1H8 tksktofDe f;Zfynk d/ f;ZXKs L
ftfdnkoEhnK bJh tksktoD f;Zfynk dk wjZstg{oD :'rdkB j?. pZfunK *s/ tksktoD dk
f;ZX/ iK nf;ZX/ o{g ftZu gqGkt g?Adk j?. T[j tksktoD s'A pj[s e[M f;Zyd/ jB. gkmeqw th
tksktoD *s/ nkXkfos j'Dk ukjhdk j?. jo/e iwks bJh gkmeqw fsnko eoB bJh pj[s
;kohnK rZbK dk fXnkB oZyDk ukjhdk j?. fJj e[M f;XKsK s/ nkXkfos j'D/ ukjhd/ jB fiBKQ
ftZu'a e[M j/m fby/ nB[;ko jBL
(1) ;wkfie ns/ G"fse tksktoD dk f;XKsL
ftfdnkoEh e[dosh ns/ ;wkfie u"frod/ ftZu ftuodk j?. fJ; ;zpzX ftZu
Io{oh j? fe T[; B{z ftneshrs s"o s/ th jo gZy'A ikrfos ehsk ikt/. fJ;
f;ZXKs d/ sfjs ;ohoe ;ckJh, ;zs[fbs G'iB, nktkikJh d/ ;kXBK pko/
frnkB fdZsk ikt/. fJ; s'A fJbktk nkgD/ ;wkfie ns/ G"fse tksktoD dh
;ckJh bJh tZy^tZy fefonktK eotkT[D *s/ I'o fdZsk ikt/.
(2) Bkrfoesk dk f;ZXKsL
uzr/ Bkrfoe d/P dk ;owkfJnk j[zd/ jB. fJ; bJh Bkrfoesk pko/ pZu/ B{z P[o{
s'A jh frnkB fdZsk ikt/. T[; B{z nkgD/ gfotko ns/ gfotko d/ w?ApoK pko/
ns/ T[BKQ d/ nkg;h ;zpzXK pko/ ikDekoh fdZsh ikt/. ;e{b d/ wkwfbnK ns/
;EkBe wkwfbnK pko/ ikDekoh fdZsh ikt/. fJ; s'A fJbktk nkgD/ tksktoD
gqsh pZfunK B{z ikfrqs eoBk ukjhdk j?.
(3) ftfdnkoEh e/Adfos dk f;XKs L
tksktofDe f;Zfynk dh ;wZroh dh u'D ftfdnkoEh e/Adfos j'Dh ukjhdh j?.
gkm ;wZroh dk ;zrmB ftfdnkoEh dhnK :'rsktK, o[uhnK ns/ b'VK nB[;ko
j'Dk ukjhdk j?.
(4) fefonktK nkXkfos f;ZyD dk f;ZXKsL
ftfdnkoEh tZy^tZy fefonktK eoB Bkb fInkdk f;Zyd/ jB. gkmêqw fJ; soKQ
j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe T[; ftZu tZX s'A tZX f;ZyD fefonktK Pkwb ehshnK ikD.
(5) ikro{eskL
tksktofDe f;Zfynk ftneshnK ns/ ;w{jK ftZu tksktoD ns/ T[; dhnK
;wZf;nktK d/ gqsh ;zt/dBPhbsk ns/ ikro[esk ftef;s eoB ftZu ;jkfJsk
gqdkB eodh j?.
(6) tksktofDe f;Zfynk ftnZeshnK ns/ ;wkfie ;w{jK ftZu ;zg{oD tksktoD
ns/ T[jBK dhnK ;wZf;nktK pko/ ;wM ftef;s eoB ftZu ;jkfJsk gqdkB
eodh j?.
(7) tksktoD B{z fJ; d/ o{g ftZu t/fynk ikt/L
e[dosh ns/ fJB;kB^fBows, fJ;d/ gfo;fEse, oki;h, ftZsh, seBheh,
;wkfie, ekB{zBh, ;ZfGnkukoe ns/ ;"Ado: gZyK nkfd ;G d/ nkXko s/.
(8) fJj brksko fIzdrh Go uZbD tkbh feqnk j? ns/ g{ot^;e{b gZXo s'A jh P[o{
j' e/, ;G o;wh ns/ r?oô;wh gVktK *u'A bzxDh ukjhdh j?.
(9) fJ;dh gj[zu nzso^ftPkrs j'Dh ukjhdh j?, ns/ jo/e ftPk y/so dh ftP/P
;wZroh d/ nkXko s/, fiZE'A sZe j' ;e/, fJ; dk fJZe ;zg{oB ns/ ;w[Zuk
fdqPNhe'D t/fynk ikt/.
(10) tksktoD ;wZf;nk B{z Be/b gkT[D d/ ekoi ns/ fJBKQ ;wZf;nktK d/ jZb bZGD
d/ ftZu rshPhb Gkrhdkoh s/ I'o fdZsk ikt/.
(11) f;fynkoEhnK B{z nkgd/ f;ZyD nB[GtK dh :'iBkpzdh eoB d/ ftZu nfjw
G{fwek fBGkT[D d/ :'r pDkfJnk ikt/ ns/ T[BKQ B{z c?;b/ b?D ns/ f;ZN/ ;theko
eoB d/ w"e/ gqdkB ehs/ ikD.
(12) w"i{dk ns/ ;zGkfts tksktoDe ;fEshnK s/ fXnkB e/Ados eoBk.
(13) tkX/ ns/ ftek; dhnK :'iBktK d/ bJh :'iBktK d/ tksktoDe gZyK B{z f;ZX/ o{g d/ ftZu
t/yDk.
(14) b'eK ns/ tksktoD d/ ftZu nzso^;zpzX T[sPkfjs eoBk.
(15) ;EkBe, e"wh ns// nzsoôkPNoh fdqPNhe'DK s'A tksktoDe wkwfbnK dk
w[bKeD eoBk sK i' f;fynkoEh B{z d{i/ G{r'fbe iK y/soK d/ ftZu tksktoDe
;fEshnK ns/ nt;EktK d/ pko/ ;{M gqkgs j' ;e/.
(16) f;fynkoEh dk nkgD/ ;w[dkfJ s/ fXnkB e/Ados eoBk, ns/ pfj; nXhB
ftuko/ rJ/ ftfPnK B{z e"wh, y/soh ns/ nzsookPNoh wkwfbnK ns/ fdqPNhe'DK
d/ Bkb i'VBk.
(17) tksktoD ;zt/dBPhbsk, ikDekoh, ;wZf;nk^;wkXkB ns/ edoK ehwsK B{z jo/e
ro/v gZXo s/ fJZe d{i/ Bkb i'VBk, go gfjb/ ;kbK d/ d"okB tksktoDe
;zt/dBPhbsk s/ ftP/P i'o d/Dk.
(18) tksktoDe f;Zfynk dh r[zMbsk, nkb'uBkswe ;'u^Pesh fte;s eoB dh b'V
ns/ ;wZf;nk jZb eoB d/ j[BoK s/ I'o d/Dk.
(19) ftPkb f;ZyD tksktoDK ns/ f;Zfyne gj[zuK dh fJZe bzwhû"Vh bVh dh tos'A
tksktoD d/ pko/ ns/ fJ; s'A f;ZyD^f;ePD d/ bJh tosDk, fi; d/ Bkb Bkb
nwbh rshftXhnK ns/ ftnZeshrs nB[GtK s/ th b'VhAdk I'o d/Dk.
;w[Zu/ o{g d/ ftZu n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe ‘tksktoD f;Zfynk* dk gqw[Zy Nhuk sK
BkrfoeK B{z tksktoD ns/ ftZsh ftek; d/ ftZu fJZe ;jh Yzr d/ Bkb ;zGkb/ tksktoD
d[nkok fBGkJh G{fwek dh r[zMbdko gqfeosh B{z ;wMD ns/ edo eoB d/ ;woE$:'r
pDkT[Dk j?. f;Zfynk dk ekoi sK tksktoD d/ nfXn?B d/ bJh fJZe soewJh nkXko
fte;s eoBk j? ns/ fJ; soKQ b'eK B{z nkgD/ wBK B{z fJZe ;{fus ns/ ikDeko Yzr d/
Bkb fsnko eoB dh :'rsk d/ Bkb b?; eoBk j?.
1H :{B?;e' dh nzsoôkPNoh ekBcoz; d/ ftZu fdZs/ rJ/ T[d/PK B{z ;{uhpZX
eo'.
2H nfXnkgB gZXo dh fdqPNh Bkb T[d/PK dk torheoB eo'.
1H1H9 ;koL
pZu/ tksktoD s'A pj[s e[ZM f;yd/ jB. fJ; bJh fJ; dk gkmeqw ftfdnkoEh e/Adfos
fefonktK e/Adfos ns/ ikro{esk g?dk eoB tkbk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. tksktoD f;Zfynk
d' tZy^tZy ftPk y/soK dk i'V j?, tksktoD ns/ f;Zfynk. tksktoD f;Zfynk
tksktoD d[nkok, tkstoD d/ pko/ ns/ tksktoD d/ bJh f;Zfynk j?. tksktoD
f;Zfynk fJB;kB, T[;d/ ;z;feqse ns/ i?fte wkj"b d/ ftueko nzso^;zpzXK B{z gSkDB
dh gqfeqnk j?. 1977 ftZu :{B?;e' tZb'A eotkJh rJh nzsookPNoh ekBcoz; ftZu
tksktoD f;Zfynk d/ S/ T[d/P fBoXkfos ehs/ rJ/L (1) u/sBsk, (2) frnkB,
(3) otZJhnk, (4) j[Bo, (5) Gkrhdkoh, (6) w[bKeD.
tksktoD f;Zfynk dk frnkB wB[Zy dh ;t?^;zs[PNh ns/ ;wkfie ftek; bJh Io{oh j?. fJj
fIzdrh ns/ f;js dh poeokoh d/ bJh ns/ ;t?^;zGkb ns/ wkBth iks dh ;zGkb d/ bJh pj[s
jh bkGekoh f;ZX j[zdk j?.
1H1H10 PpdktbhL
1H tksktoD ^ nkbk^d[nkbk, u[frodk, fe;/ ;iht B{z gqGkfts eoB
tkbhnK pkjoh skesK
2H f;Zfynk ^ skbhw, ftZfdnk
3H tksktoD f;Zfynk ^ T[j f;Zfynk fi; okjhA wB[Zy ftu tksktoD d/ gqsh
ikro{esk, frnkB, e"Pb, wB'fposhnK ns/ w[ZbK Bz{
ftef;s ehsk iKdk j? fi; Bkb tksktoD dk ;[Xko ehsk

ik ;e/.
4H gqfeqsh ^ ;kok pqfjwzv, f;qPNh
1H1H11 ;[MkJh g[;seK ns/ t?p ;'w/ L
1H tksktoD f;Zfynk ^ thH e/H gqGkeo
2H tksktoD f;Zfynk ^ nkoH J/H Powk
3H tksktoD f;Zfynk ^ n?uH J/H dkBh
4H tksktoD f;Zfynk ^ f;Zfynk ftZu y'i (1995) d/ gzit/A ;ot/ d/ ftZu'A,
n?BH;hH JhH nkoH NhH BthA fdZbh
5H tksktoD f;Zfynk ^ nkoH;hH Powk
6H ‘w[Zb'A eh f;Zfynk* (fjzdh d/ ftZu) ^ nkoHn?;HgKv/ ns/ e/Hn?;H fwPok
7H tksktoD L dog/P ;wZf;nktK, fsqb'uB f;zx, gpfbe/PB fpT{o', gzikph
:{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk.
8H tksktoD u/sBk L ;shP e[wko towk (;zgkde) gpfbe/PB fpT{o', gzikph
:{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk.
9H tksktoD u/sBk L nkoH;hH uzdBk, efbnkDh gpfbPoI, BthA fdZbh
t?p ;'w/ L
1. india.gov.in
2. www.coeindia.org
3. tnteu.in
1H1H12 ;[MkJ/ gqPB
1H tksktoD f;Zfynk dh gfoGkPk fdU ns/ fJ;dhnK ftP/PsktK frDkU.
2H tksktoD f;Zfynk dhnK w[Zy ftP/PsktK ns/ fJ;dh b'V s/ o'PBh gkU.
3H tksktoD f;Zfynk d/ w[Zy Nhu/ ns/ fJ;B{z fBod/Ps eoB tkb/ f;XKs dZ;'.
1H1H13 ;t? w[bKeD nfGnk;
1H tksktoD f;Zfynk dh gqfeqsh HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH j?.
2H tksktoD f;Zfynk dk e/Ado HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ftZu ;fEs j?.
3H HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH B/ Gkos d/ ;e{bK d/ gkmeqw ftZu tksktoD f;Zfynk ftPk d/ s"o
s/ nkozG eoB dh f;ckfoP ehsh.
4H gqkEfwe gZXo s/ tksktoD f;Zfynk dk w[Zy T[d/P pZfunK ftZuHHHHHHHHHHHHHg?dk
eoBk j?.
5H tksktoD f;Zfynk n?eN HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ftZu pfDnk ;h.
6H tksktoD f;Zfynk *s/ gfjbh nzsookPNoh ekBcoz; HHHHHHHHHHHH ftZu HHHHHHHHHHHHHH
ftZu j'Jh.
7H tksktoD s'A Gkt j? ;kvk HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.

8H tksktoD d/ d' w[Zy sZs jB HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ns/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.
9H HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ns/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ftnesh d/ ftnZefsst B{z gqGkfts
eod/ jB.
10H tksktoD wB[Zy d/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH s'A fpBKQ, T[j ;G e[M j? i' fe T[; B{z
gqGkfts eodk j?.
T[~soL 1Hnzso ftPkrs, 2H njwdkpkd, 3H e'mkoh efwPB 4H ikro{esk,

(1964^66),
5H 1970, 6H 1977, 7H nkbk^d[nkbk, 8H i?fte,
fNpfb;h, ni?fte,
9Hftok;s, 10H ihBK
tksktoD, (r[D;{so)
phHJ/H$phHekwH$phHphHJ/H$phH;hHJ/ Gkr d{ik gouk L tksktoD f;Zfynk
(;w?;No^shik)
gkm BzL 1H2 b/fyekL nfwsk ek:;Ek
e[dosh ;kXB ns/ T[BQK Bkb ;pzfXs ;wf;nktK

(izrb, yfDi ns/ G{wh)
pDsoL
1H2H1 G{fwek
1H2H2 T[d/P
1H2H3 e[dosh ;kXB
1H2H3H1 e[dosh ;kXBK dk torheoD
1H2H4 izrb
1H2H4H1 izrbK d/ bkG
1H2H4H2 izrb d/ ;kXBK dk P'PD
1H2H4H3 izrbK dk ftBkP
1H2H4H4 xNBk nfXn?B^ fuge' nzd'bB
1H2H4H5 yfDi g[ZNDK
1H2H4H6 v?w fBowkD (Construction of Dams)
1H2H4H7 tDêNkJh, ydkB y[dkJh ns/ v?w fBowkD dk izrbK ns/ nkfdtk;h b'eK *s/
gqGkt
1H2H5 G{wh ;kXB
1H2H5H1 G{wh fBxko$froktN
1H2H5H2 G[wh fy;eD
1H2H5H3 G{^y'o
1H2H5H4 wko{EbheoD
1H2H6 ;koKP
1H2H7 Ppdktbh
1H2H8 nfGnk; bJh gqPB
1H2H9 ;[MkJh g[;se ;{uh ns/ t?p ;'w/
1H2H10 ;t?^w[bKeD nfGnk;
1H2H1 G{fwek
wB[Zyh tZ;'A gqshfdB tZXdh ik ojh j? fi; ;dek wB[Zyh ihtB dhnK b'VK th jw/PK tZX
ojhnK jB. wB[Zy d[nkok tosh iKdh jo t;s{, G'iB, bZeVh iK dtkJhnK fJ; rqfj,
phHJ/H$phHekwH $phHphHJ/H$phH;hHJ/ Gkr d{ik 22 gouk L tksktoD f;Zfynk
fi; T[~go wB[Zy ofj fojk j?, d/ gdkoE s'A gqkgs j[zdh j?. wB[Zy ;fGne ns/ ;fGnkukoh
ejkT[D eoe/ eJh tko fJjBK gdkoEK iK gqDkbhnK B{z wB'oziB iK eJh nfXnksfwe YzrK
iK e[ZM r?o Io{oh (T[g:'rh) T[d/PK dh g{osh bJh tosdk j?. tksktoD d/ ;[uZi/ gqpzX s'A
fpBKQ e'Jh ftnesh ihfts BjhA ofj ;edk. wB[Zy f;oc fJZe ygseko jh BjhA j? go
brksko tZXdhnK ykfjPK ns/ Io{osK ekoB T[j e[dosh ;kXBK dh tZX s'A tZX tos'A
eoBh ukj[zdk j?. ;ohoe ftP/PsktK ns/ wkBf;e :'rsktK d/ ;[w/b ekoB wB[Zy e'b d{;o/
ihtK Bkb'A tZX Pesh j?. wB[Zy B/ iht wzvb dh ;t?^;zg{oB gqDkbh B{z e[dosh ;kXBK dh
gqDkbh ftZu pdb e/ oZy fdZsk j?.
1H2H2 T[d/P
fJ; gkm B{z gVQB T[gozs ftfdnkoEh L
1. e[dosh ;kXBK dh gfoGkPk ns/ torheoD pko/ dZ;D d/ :'r j't/rk.
2. izrbK d/ T[g:'rK dh ftnkfynk eo ;e/rk.
3. izrb d/ ;kXBK d/ P'PD ns/ tB^ftBkP pko/ uouk eoD d/ :'r j't/rk.
4. yfDi ;kXBK d/ T[g:'rK ns/ P'PD pko/ uouk eo ;e/rk.
5. yfDi g[ZND$eZYD d/ tksktoD s/ g? oj/ gqGktK B{z ;wM ;e/rk.
6. G{wh ;kXBK dh tos'A ns/ G{wh froktN, G{^y'o pko/ uouk eo ;e/rk.
7. wko{EbheoD d/ ;zebg s'A ikD{ j't/rk.
1H2H3 e[dosh ;kXB
;kXB s'A Gkt j?, fwZE/ rJ/ T[d/P B{z gqkgs eoB dk Yzr iK nkw s"o s/ iwKQ eoe/ oZfynk
j'fJnk g{osh dk ;XkB iK ;jkfJsk.
;kXB wBZ[y dhnK Io{osK ns/ fJZSktK dh g{osh eodk j?. gkDh, jtk, X[Zg, G{wh, fwZNh,
izrb ihtB, wZShnK, yfDi ns/ Pesh ;kXB wB[Zy bJh pj[s bkj/tzd jB. wB[Zy dhnK
p[fBnkdh b'VK o'Nh, eZgVk ns/ wekB ;ko/ Xosh T[go fwbD tkb/ e[dosh ;kXBK d[nkok
jh g{ohnK j[zdhnK jB.
gfjbK ;kXB dk wsbp f;oc ehwsh ns/ bkGdkfJe t;s{nK s'A fbnk iKdk ;h. go j[D
e[dosh ;kXBK ftZu ;zg{oB e[dosh tksktoD, fi; ftZu Xosh dk ;w[Zuk sb nkT[Adk j?,
Pkfwb ehsk iKdk j? feT[Afe Xosh sb d/ ;ko/ nzr wB[Zy bJh fes/ Bk fes/ Io{o ezw
nkT[Ad/ jB fi; ftZu fJj Io{osK dh g?dktko ns/ wB[Zy dhnK ;[Zy^;[ftXktK bJh tos/
iKd/ jB. fJ; bJh e[dosh ;kXB tk:{wzvb (atmosphere), ib wzvb (hydrosphere)
ns/ gZEo (EZb) wzvb (lithosphere) d/ nzP jB.
1H2H3H1 e[dosh ;kXBK dk torheoD (Classification of Natural Resources)L
e[dosh ;kXBK dk torheoD j/m fby/ tZy^tZy YzrK Bkb ehsk ik ;edk j?L
1H ;[Gkn (nature) d/ nkXko s/ e[dosh ;kXBK dhnK w[Zy fe;wK j/mK fdZshnK jBL
(T) nekopfBe (inorganic) ;kXB fit/A jtk, r?;, gkDh, eZuhnK XksK nkfd.
(n) ekopfBe (organic) ;kXB fit/A g"d/, ikBto (fi; ftZu wB[Zy th Pkfwb j?), ;{yw
iht, gEokN, JhAXD, e'bk, bZeV nkfd.
(J) nekopfBe ns/ ekopfBe ;kXBK dk fwPoD fit/A G"A iK fwZNh.
2H tos'A (utilization) d/ nkXko s/ e[dosh ;kXBK dk torheoD fJ; soKQ ehsk ik ;edk
j?L
(T) okPNoh î' fe okPNo dhnK jZdK d/ nzdo gkJ/ iKd/ jB fit/A fe yfDi ns/
IwhB.
(n) pj[okPNoh ^fijV/ pj[s ;ko/ d/PK d[nkok tos/ iKd/ jB fit/A e[ZM dfonk iK
BdhnK, MhbK, gqtk;h iht nfd.
(J) nzsoôkPNoh ;kXB fijV/ Xosh T[go ofjD tkb/ ;ko/ ihtK d[nkok tos/ iKd/
jB.
3H pj[s~sk ns/ T[gbZpXsk d/ nkXko s/ e[dosh ;kXB d' soKQ d/ jz[d/ jBL
(T) n;hws (inexhaustible) ;kXB L fJj e[dosh ;kXB ek|h wksok ftZu e[dos
e'b w"i{d jB ns/ wB[Zy d[nkok fJBKQ dh ygs d/ pkti{d th ysw BjhA j' ;ed/ fit/A
jtk, o/s, fwZNh nkfd. Gkt/A jtk dh wksok edh th xZN BjhA ;edh go fJ; dh P[ZXsk
brksko tZXdh tZ;'A ns/ gqd{PD ekoB gqGkfts Io{o j' ojh j?.
(n) ;hws (exhaustible) ;kXB L nfij/ ;kXB fijV/ ysw j'D :'r j'D. fJBQK
B{z nZr/ d' fjZf;nK ftZu tzfvnk iKdk j? L
1H BftnkT[D:'r (renewable) ;kXB
2H r?o^BftnkT[D:'r (non-renewable) ;kXB
1H BftnkT[D:'r (renewable) ;kXBL T[j j[zd/ jB fijV/ brksko wB[Zy
d[nkok tos/ ik oj/ jB gqzs{ e[dos d[nkok c/o s'A BftnkJ/ iKd/ jB fit/A gkDh, bZeV,
e[dsh uokrkjK (pastures), fwZNh ns/ ;iht t;s{nK nkfd. fJj ;kXB e[ZM ftP/P ;wK
gk e/ g[Bo^T[sgkdB iK pdb o{g ftZu gqrN j' iKd/ jB.
2H r?o^BftnkT[D:'r (non-renewable) ;kXBL fJZe tko tos/ ikD s'A pknd fco
BftnkJ/ BjhA ik ;ed/ ns/ Bk jh e[dos d[nkok fJBKQ dh g{osh ehsh iKdh j?. T[dkjoD
ti'A gEokN JhAXD, eZuhnK XksK fit/A ekgo, b'jk nkfd. gEokN JhAXD ftZu e'bk,
g?No'bhnw nkfd Pkfwb ehs/ iKd/ jB.
1H2H4 izrb (Forests)L
izrb, nzro/Ih d/ Ppd cko?;N dk nB[tkd j?. fJj cko?;N Ppd bkshBh Ppd “c'fo;”
s'A fbnk frnk j? fi; dk noE ‘nkT[N ;kJhv dk v'o’ j[zdk j?. izrb fJZe i?fte ;wki
j? fi; ftZu do\s, MkVhnK ns/ bZeVh T[s/ uVQB tkb/ (Lianas) dk nfXeko j[zdk j?.
fJj ;ko/ fJZe Sso^ SkfJnk j/m nkws"o s/ ofjzd/ jB. izrb fi; ftZu o[Zy, MkVhnK,
iVhnK^p{NhnK, wk;kjkoh, ezd^w{b iK iVh p{NhnK ykD tkb/, goihth, rb/^;V/ gZfsnK
T[s/ gbD tkb/ e[dos dk ;zs[bB pDkJh oZyD bJh fJeZm/ ofjzd/ jB. fJj nDtkjh IwhB
dk ;G s'A tZvk Yfenk j'fJnk ns/ ;[oZfyns fJbkek j?. ekB{zBh s"o s/ izrb T[j y/so j?
i' ekB{zB d[nkok ;hws ns/ j'o ;[oZfyns oZfynk j'fJnk j?. seBheh s"o s/ fJ; dk
noE fJwkosh bZeVh, g"D^gkDh ns/ jo ;[oZfynk T[d/PK bJh tofsnk ikD tkbk y/so
j?. Gkos ftZu 22H8# G{wh izrbK Bkb YZeh j'Jh j?.
e[dos d/ ib uZeo B{z ;fEo oZyD bJh izrbh doys wjZstg{oB G{fwek fBGkT[Ad/ jB.
izrb gZfsnK d[nkok tkPgheoD dh fefonk d[nkok tk:{wzvb ftZu, tZvh wksok ftZu gkDh
d/ tkPg fwbkT[Ad/ jB. fJj gkDh pZdbK B{z pDkT[D ftZu ;jkJh j[zdk j?. fJ; soKQ do\s
Xosh T[s/ T[fus toyk fbnkT[D ftZu wdd eod/ jB fi; Bkb j'o do\s T[~rd/ jB.
izrbK$tDK s'A j'D tkb/ bkGK B{z d' GkrK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?L
(1) gqsZy bkG (2) ngqsZy bkG
(1) tDK d/ gqs~y bkGL
(T) b~eVh (Wood) L tDK s'A gqkgs ;krtkB, d/tdko, ;kb, uhV, Nkjbh, nkpB{;,
uzdB, fBzw, feZeo nkfd GtB fBowkD coBhuo, vZp/ ijkI nkfd d/ fBowkD ftZu tosh
iKdh j?.
(n) T[d:'rK B{z bkG (advantage to industry)L izrbK T[~go nB/e T[d:'r fit/A fe
ekrI T[d:'r, dhnkf;bkJh T[d:'r, opV, o/Pw ns/ bky nkfd nkXkfos jB.
(J) o'Irko ft~u tkXk (increase in employment) L izrbK s/ nkXkfos T[d:'rK ftZu
bZrGr 10 bZy ftnZeshnK B{z o'Irko fwbdk j?.
(;) gP{nK bJh ukok (fodder for cattles) L izrbK ftZu xkj tr?ok pj[s fInkdk
wksok ftZu j[zdk j? fijVk fe gP{nK d/ uko/ d/ ezw nkT[Adk j?.
(j) pkbQD (fuel)L tDK s'A ;kB{z pkbQD th fwbdk j?.
(e) ;oeko bJh nkwdB dk ;q's (source of income to Government) L ;oeko B{z
tDK s'A eJh eo'V o[fgnK dh nkwdB j[zdh j?.
(2) tDK d/ ngqs~y bkGL
(T) ibtk:{ (climate) L izrbK dk d/P dh ibtk:{ T[go f;jswzd n;o g?Adk j?.
(n) toyk (rains) L izrb toyk fbnkT[D ftZu wddrko j[zd/ jB.
(J) G{wh dh ;[o~fynk (soil conservation) L izrb gjkVh fJbkfenK ftZu toyk d/
gkDh s'A j'D tkb/ fwZNh d/ eNkU s'A G{wh dh oZfynk eod/ jB ns/ ;wsb G{wh T[go jtk
s'A j'D tkb/ G{^y'o B{z o'ed/ jB.
(;) jVQK s'A ezNo'b (control on floods) L izrb jVQ o'eD ftZu th ;jkfJe j[zd/ jB.
1H2H4H2 izrb d/ ;kXBK dk P'PD
nkU n;hA t/yhJ/ fe izrbK dk P'PD feT[A j' fojk j?<
1H izrbh bZeV pkbD d/ s"o *s/ tosh iKdh j?.
2H wekBK dhnK fyVehnK, dotkI/ ns/ coBhuo nkfd pDkT[D bJh izrbh bZeVh
tosh iKdh j?.
3H ekrI ns/ rZsk nkfd pDkT[D bJh T[d:'rK ftZu izrbh bZeV jh ezw nkT[Adh j?.
fJj :kd oZyDk ukjhdk j? fe e[dosh gqfefonk d[nkok izrbK ftZu do\s jw/PK T[~rd/
ofjzd/ jB. nkw s"o s/ do\s fJZe \k; e[dosh do Bkb tkXk eod/ jB. fJj tkXk do
T[; EK dh IwhB (fwZNh) ns/ d{i/ ibtk:{ ;zpzXh jkbsK *s/ fBoGo eodh j?. i/eo
doysK dh tkXk do Bkb'A fInkdk do Bkb fJj eZN fdZs/ ikD sK j'bh j'bh doysK dh
frDsh xZN ikt/rh fi; Bkb gfo;fEfse n;zs[bB g?dk j' ikt/rk. izrbK s'A ehwsh
gdkoE fJwosh bZeVh, ekrI, r{zd, opV nkfd fwbd/ jB. Gkt/A Io{osK dh g{osh ykso
izrb eZNDk rbs BjhA go e[dos dk gfo;fEfse ;zs[bB ekfJw oZyD bJh T[jBK d/
pdb/ ftZu Bt/A do\s brkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB. ib uZeo ;fEo oZyD ns/ T[fus toyk bJh,
o[Zy brk e/ ;k| ehs/ rJ/ izrbK dh g{osh eoBh Io{oh j?. jtk d/ ngodB ns/ gkDh d/
tjkU, G{fw dh T[gikT{ gos BPN j'D s'A pukT[D, jVQ o'eD ns/ izrbh ihtK dh oZfynk
bJh th izrb brkT[D/ pj[s Io{oh jB.
;z;ko ftZu ekrI dk tZX s'A tZX T[sgkdB gfo;fEfse n;zs[bB ftZu :'rdkB gkT[Adk j?.
ekrI T[sgkdB bJh eZuk wkb doysK ns/ g"fdnK s'A fwbdk j? fi; ekoB izrbh do\s
eZND/ g?Ad/ jB. tZX s'A tZX ekrI T[sgkdB bJh tZX s'A tZX do\s frokJ/ ik oj/ jB.
izrbh do\sK dh nzXk^X[zd eNkJh ekoB toyk xZN j't/rh, Bt/A doys xZN T[rDr/ (xZN
toyk ekoB), G{^ngodB ekoB T[gikT{ gos ysw j' ikt/rh, izrbh ikBto xZN ikDr/
(izrbh ihtK d/ fBtk; ;EkB BPN j'D ekoB), ns/ fJ; ;G eoe/ e[dos dk gfo;fEfse
;zs[bB Gzr j' ikt/rk, fJ; s'A fJbktk ekrI T[d:'r jtk gqd{PD ns/ ib gqd{PD
tXkT[Dr/.
1H2H4H3 izrbK dk ftBkP
izrb fJZe ;t?^nkXkfos, iK ;t?^g'Pe bZeVh dk fJZe fJbkek j?. izrb fe;/ th d/P dh
nw[Zb XB^;zgsh j? ns/ fJZe fBtkT[D :'r e[dosh ;kXB j?. izrbK s'A ehwsh gdkoE
ekrI, r{zd, opV nkfd fwbd/ jB.
fJ; s'A fJbktk izrbh ikBtoK ns/ gzShnK d/ bJh izrb Y[ZetK tksktoD ns/ fiT[Ad/
ofjD bJh b'VhAdk ;EkB gqdkB eod/ jB. go s/Ih Bkb j' oj/ ftek; ;dek wB[Zy B/
izrbK nXhB nkT[Adh G{wh B{z nkgDh ;[ftXk d/ nB[;ko fpBKQ ;'u/ ;wM/ BPN eoBk P[o{
eo fdZsk j?. wB[Zy d[nkok nkgD/ n?P^gq;s ihtB bJh fJ; soKQ izrbK dk P'PD eoBk
gfo;fEfse gqpzX (eco-system) ftub/ ;ws'b ftZu ftrkV g?dk eodk j?.
izrbK d/ ftBkP dk Gkt wB[Zy d[nkok ;tkoE fjZs doysK B{z eZNDk j?. izrbK d/ ftBkP
ekoB izrbh y/so brksko xZNdk ik fojk j? ns/ fi; ;dek tksktoD dh nX'rsh j'
ojh j?. ;z:[es okPNo gq'rokw, :{Hn?BHJhHghH (United Nations Environment
Programme) 1987 nB[;ko seohpB 29 eo'V J/eV IwhB izrb ofjs ehsh ik u[eh j?.
d{;o/ ftPt :[ZX s'A pknd tZv/ gZXo s/ doys eZN/ rJ/ jB. :kd oZy' fe doys B{z g{ok
nkeko gqkgs eoB ftZu eJh djke/ bZe iKd/ jB gqzs{ fJ; B{z eZND iK g[ZND bJh e/tb
e[ZM e[ gbK dh b'V g?Adh j?. i/eo izrbK d/ ftBkP dh do fJ;/ soKQ tZXdh rJh sK
tksktoD ftZu T[Eb^g[Eb j' ikt/rh.
izrbK d/ ftBkP d/ ekoB (Causes)
izrbK d/ ftBkP d/ j/m fby/ ekoB jBL
1H t~;'A ft~u brksko tkXkL
tZXdh tZ;'A dhnK n;hws b'VK fit/A fe y/shpkVh, T[d:'r ns/ Pfjoh y/soK ftZu fBtk;
;EkB pDkT[Dk nkfd dh ykso izrbh y/so brksko ;k| ehs/ ik oj/ jB.
2H T[d:'fre ftek;L
Gkt/A d/P dh nkofEesk wIp{s eoB bJh T[d:'fre ftek; wjZstg{oB ;EkB oZydk j?
ns/ fJ; bJh b'VhAdk eZuk wkb tX/o/ eoe/ ;kB{z izrbK s'A jh T[gbpX jz[dk j? fi; ekoB
tZX oj/ T[d:'r nkgDhnK Io{osK dh g{osh bJh izrbK dk tZX s'A tZX P'PD eo oj/ jB.
3H y/sh ezwK *u ft;EkoL
fJ; s'A Gkt izrbK nXhB nkT[Adh IwhB (fijVh pj[s fInkdk Ioy/I j[zdh j?) B{z d/P d/
b'eK dhnK nBki ;zpzXh Io{osK B{z g{ok eoB bJh y/sh :'r G{wh ftZu spdhb eoBk j?.
pdbthA ekPsekoh (shifting cultivation) th izrbK B{z BPN eoB bJh gq's;kfjs eodh
j?.
4H izrbK ;pzXh BhshL
izrbK ;pzXh tZy^tZy ;oekoh BhshnK eJh tko skb^w/b dh xkN ekoB bkG dh EK fJBKQ
dh popkdh dk ekoB pDdhnK jB.
5H ikro{esk dh xkNL
tksktoD d/ g[Bo^;EkgB (restoration) bJh nBgVQ tor d/ Bkb ;kyfos tor ftZu th
b'VhAdh ikro{esk g?dk eoe/ e[ZM uzr/o/ bkGdkfJe Bshi/ fbnkT[D ftZu wdd ehsh ik
;edh j?.
fJ; soKQ n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe wB[Zy B/ izrbK dk P'PD eoe/ y[d g?dk ehshnK w[;hpsK
ns/ spkjhnK tZb edw g[ZN/ jB fi; ekoB ;kB{z G{wh dk fy;eDk (landslides), G"A dk
y[oBk, dfonktK ns/ ;w[zdoK ftZu pj[s fInkdk jVQ nkT[Dk iK fco ;'ek g?Dk nkfd
torhnK fuzskiBe ;wZf;nktK ns/ j'o e[dosh nkcsK dk ;kjwDk eoBk g? fojk j?.
1H2H4H4 xNBk nfXn?B (Case study) ^ fuge' nzd'bB (Chipko Movement)
doysK dh oZfynk bJh fJj fJZe ftbZyD fe;w dk nzd'bB ;h i' wkou 1973 ftZu
r'g/Pto e;pk, d;{jh rqkw, Nhjoh d/ ;toki wzvb, T[~so gqd/P d/ fibkQ rVQtkb ftZu
P[o{ j'fJnk. ;qh ;[zdo bkb pj[r[Dk dh nrtkJh nXhB fJ; fib/Q dhnK n"osK :EkoE
ftZu doysK B{z m/e/dkoK d/ e[jkfVnK s'A pukT[D bJh doysK d/ Bkb fuge rJhnK. j'bh
j'bh fJj nzd'bB I'o geV frnk ns/ d{;o/ okiK ftZu th c?b frnk. fjzdh Ppd fuge'
dk noE j[zdk j? iZch gkT[Dk iK fuzpVBk. fJ; nzd'bB dk w[Zy T[d/P ;h fe doys e/tb
fJwkosh bZeVh jh gqdkB BjhA eod/ ;r'A G{wh B{z G"A y'o s'A pukT[Ad/ jB, nke;hiB SZvd/
jB ns/ 5 n?| (fuel, food, fibre, fodder, and fertilizer) fi; ftZu JhAXD, G'iB, o/P/,
ukok ns/ ykd Pkwb jB, th gqdkB eod/ jB. ;qh pj[r[Dk B/ b'eK B{z izrbK d/ yksw/ gqsh
ikro{e ehsk. T[BKQ B/ b'eK B{z doysK d/ wjZst pko/ dZf;nk fe fJj tksktoD dh ihtB
o/yk jB. cotoh 1978 ftZu fJj nzd'bB fJzBk I'o geV frnk fe b'eK B/ g[b; dh r'bh
dk ;kjwDk eod/ j'J/ frqcskohnK fdZshnK ns/ doysK B{z eZND s'A pukfJnk. doysK dh
;[oZfynk ns/ ;zGkb gqsh ;woEB fJZE'A sZe gj[zu frnk fe Nhjoh rVtkb d/ nvtkBh
fgzv dhnK n"osK ns/ pZfunK B/ doysK d/ skfDnK Bkb yzwQDh (sacred thread) pzBhQ ns/
tk;sfte o{g ftZu T[jBK B{z nkgDhnK pkjK Bkb pzfBQnk. r"Vk d/th B/ doysK d/ Bkb
fuge e/ doys dh eNkJh d/ fto[ZX n"osK dh nrtkJh ehsh ns/ ;|bsk jk;b ehsh.
fJ; s'A pknd T[~soekPh d/ rzr'soh rqkw ;toki ;zx ns/ r'g/Pgo e;p/ ftZu d;'jh rqkw
;toki wzvb B/ fJ; nzd'bB B{z I'o^P'o Bkb nZr/ tXkfJnk. fJ; B/ ;ko/ ;z;ko d/
gZsoekoK ns/ ;kXkoB iBsk dk fXnkB nkgD/ tZb fyZfunk.
1H2H4H5 yfDi g[N ~ Dk (Mining)
e[ZM yfDi Xosh dh ;skQ T[~go fwb iKd/ jB fit/A fe e'bk ns/ b'jk. ;'Bk ns/ s/b Xosh
d/ nzdo v{zx/ dZp/ gJ/ fwbd/ jB. Xosh d/ T[~go yfDi g[ZND d/ ezw B{z y[bhnK ykDK efjzd/
jB.
ydkB g[~NDk (Mining)L T[d:'fre ftek; yfDi ns/ Pesh d/ ;kXBK *s/ fBoGo j?.
yfDi g[ZNDk ysoBke ezw j?. ydkB dh SZs j/mK Yfj ikD Bkb, gkDh GoB Bkb,nZr
bZrD Bkb iK ;kj x[ZND Bkb ekfwnK dh ikB th ik ;edh j?. G{whrs ydkBK ftZu ysok
tZX j[zdk j?. e'bk ykBK ftZu wId{o wo th iKd/ jB.
1H2H4H6 v?w fBowkD (Construction of Dams)
gkDh dh T[gbpXh g{ok ;kb p/o'e rsh Bkb j[zdh oj/, fJ; bJh ;[szsosk gqkgsh s'A pknd
d/P ftZu pzBQ (Dam) d/ fBowkD dk ezw P[o{ j'fJnk. tZv/^tZv/ izrb ;k| eoe/ pzBQ pDkJ/
rJ/ ns/ fco BdhnK d/ gkDh B{z fJ; ftZu ;zrqfjs eoB dk :sB ehsk frnk. nkozG ftZu
jh fJBKQ dh uzrh T[g:'frsk fdykJh fdZsh, feT[Afe y/sh ekoiK bJh fJBKQ ib^GzvkoK dk
uzrk T[g:'r j'D bZrk ;h. go pknd ftZu eJh ;wZf;nktK nk rJhnK. pzBKQ ftZu fwZNh
dh GogkJh d/ ekoB T[BKQ dh GogkJh ;woZEk xZN j' rJh ns/ d{;ohnK BdhnK dk gkDh,
i' pzB fBowkD s'A gfjbK b'eK d/ f;ZXk ezw nkT[Adk ;h, T[; *s/ o'e bZr rJh. pzBQ j[D ed/
ed/ N[ZND th bZr/ ns/ gkDh d/ fJ; Gzvko B/ ftBkP bhbk th oukJh ns/ gkDh d/ tfj ikD
d/ ekoB fJj T[sB/ T[g:'r ftZu th BjhA nkJ/. eJh jIko pzBQ jkb dh xVh ftZu th
fBowkD nXhB jB. ;ko/ jh tZv/ pzBQ (dam) tZX toyk tkb/ gjkVh fJbkfenK ftZu pDkJ/
rJ/ jB. fJBKQ izrbK ftZu tX/o/ xkj ns/ o[Zy jB. gozs{ pzBKQ dh EK s'A fJbktk,
fJziBhnoK d/ xo, ;jkfJeK ns/ wId{oK d/ xo, wPhBoh ns/ o;s/ (roads) th izrb d/
y/so ftZu jh pDkJ/ rJ/ jB. fJj ;G eoB bJh o[Zy, g"d/, xkj nkfd B{z eZN e/ izrbh
ikBtoK B{z go/ Xe/b fdZsk iKdk fojk j?.
1H2H4H7 tDêNkJh, ydkB y[dkJh ns/ v?w fBowkD dk izrbK ns/ nkfdtk;h
b'eK *s/ gqGkt
1H nkfdtk;h ns/ nkw b'eK B{z d{otosh fJbkfenK ftZu G/i fdZsk iKdk j?.
2H ;oeko d[nkok fJBKQ b'eK d/ g[Bo fBotk; dk ;jh fJzsIkw th BjhA ehsk ikDk.
3H nkfdtk;h b'eK B/ Bk f;oc nkgDk fBtk; y'fJnk, ;r'A T[BKQ dk o'Irko ns/
nkihftek th T[BKQ s'A y'j bJh rJh.
4H G{wh *s/ BdhB T[~r rJ/ fiBKQ B/ G{wh dh T[g:'rsk yokp eo fdZsh.
5H ft;Ekfgs ehsh iBsk d/ nktk; ns/ o'Irko dk fXnkB Bk oZfynk frnk.
6H ft;Ekfgs ehs/ nkw b'eK ns/ nkfdtk;h b'eK d/ nfXekoK d/ jBB B/ b'eK ftZu
o'; g?dk ehsk fi; d/ Bshi/ tZi'A eJh nzd'bB th j'J/. T[dkjoB ti'AL Bowdk
xkNh gq'i?eN ftZu b'eK B/ nzd'bB ehsk. T[~so gqd/P ftZu fuge' nzd'bB ns/
eoBkne ftZu nghe' nzd'bB fJ; d/ T[dkjoD jB.
7H yfDi g[ZNDk pj[s jh ysoBke ezw j?. fJ; Bkb X{V, fwZNh s'A ;kj dhnK
fpwkohnK j[zdhnK jB.
8H ft;c'Ne gdkoEK d/ X{J/A s'A Ifjo uVQdh j?.
9H e'bk ykBK ftZu Ifjohbh fwE/B r?; fBebdh j?.
1H2H5 G{wh ;kXB (Land Resources)
Gkos ftZu G{wh sb dk 43# fjZ;k w?dkBK d[nkok Yfenk j'fJnk j?. fJ; d/ 27# fjZ;/
T[~s/ gmko jB ns/ 30# s'A th xZN fjZ;/ T[~s/ gops ns/ gjkV jB. G{wh dh T[gobh
sfj fwZNh (soil) ejkT[Adh j?. fJj fwZNh uNkBK d/ N[ZND^GZiD iK y[oB s'A pDdh j?.
n;b ftZu pj[s ;ko/ g"fdnK bJh fwZNh fJZe ;jkfJe dk ezw eodh j?. tZy^tZy gqeko
dhnK uNkBK d/ nzPK dk nB[gks fwbe/ fwZNh dh pDso B{z fBoXkos eodk j?. fwZNh dh
fJj pDso jh, gkDh B{z ;wk ;eD dh ;woEk ns/ tk:{ gqtkjB (aeration) bJh fIzw/tko
wzBh iKdh j?. fwZNh ftZu Pkfwb ;[Ze/ gZs/, NfjDhnK, wo/ j'J/ iht ns/ g"d/ (ekopfBe
gdkoE) fjT{w; ejkT[Adk j? ns/ gkDh B{z nkgD/ ftZu ;wkT[D dh ;woZEk oZydk j?.
gkDh bJh fJ; T[~gobh ;sQk dk w[Zy ;q's toyk j?. gkDh dh ewh ekoD g"fdnK dh
nftef;s ftqXh j[zdh j?. fwZNh d[nkok gkDh B{z nkgD/ ftZu iIp eoB bJh G{wh dk tk:{
gqtjB pj[s Io{oh j?.
1H fwZNh d/ T[gikT{gB s/ y/sh dh T[gi fBoGo eodh j?.
2H fwZNh ns/ pB;gsh dk r{VQk foPsk j?.
3H fwZNh T[~go eJh T[d:'r fBoGo jB fit/A fe fwZNh d/ posB, fyv"D/, ;iktNh
;kwkB, fJZNK, PhP/ dk ;kwkB, nkfd ns/ y/s s'A fwfbnk T[d:'fre eZuk wkb fit/A
fe rzBk, egkj, gN;B nkfd.
4H fwZNh T[~go nkpkdh xDsk fBoGo j?. T[g:[es ;kXBK tkbh fwZNh tkb/ y/so fiZE/
gkDh nk;kBh Bkb fwb/, ;zxDh npkdh j[zdh j?.
5H fwZNh dk b'eK d/ ;wkfie ihtB s/ th gqGkt g?Adk j?.
6H fwZNh ns/ fBowkD ebk dk r{VQk ;zpzX j?.
7H wB[Zyh ;fGnsk ns/ f;Zfynk th fwZNh s'A jh P[o{ j[zdh j?.
1H2H5H1 G{wh fBxko$froktN (Land degradation)
Gkos ftu 130 fwbhnB j?eN/no G{wh yokp j'Jh j?. fJ; ftZu'A 56# gkDh d[nkok yokp
j'fJnk y/so, 28# izrb dk fBxko tkbk y/so, 6# ykok ns/ ykoh iwQk y/so ns/ 10#
jtk d[nkok ysw j' frnk y/so j?. gqsh ;kb bZyK j?eN/no G{wh *s/ T[gobh ;skQ
(topsoil) Bdh ns/ toyk d/ gkDh iK jVQ Bkb tfj iKdh j?. G{wh dh gqkfeqfse r[DtZsk
ns/ T[g:'rsk BPN j'D B{z G{wh froktN fejk iKdk j?. id'A G{wh d/ G"fse, o;kfJfDe iK
i?fte r[DK ftZu nDukfjn gfotosB nk iKdk j? fi;dk wB[Zy ns/ d{i/ iht izs{nK ns/
g/V^g"fdnK T[~go p[ok gqGkt g?Adk j? sK fJ; B{z G{wh dh froktN fejk iKdk j?.
1H o;kfJfDe ykdK ns/ ehNkD{BkPe dtkJhnK Bkb G{wh gqd{fPs j' ojh j?.
2H wt/Ph ns/ d{i/ ikBtoK B{z uokT[D bJh G{wh y/so ftZu uokrkjK dk ftek;.
3H ib ns/ tk:{ Bkb G{^y'o brksko j' fojk j?.
4H wekBK bJh fJZNK pDkT[D ftZu fwZNh dk T[g:'r.
5H xo/b{ e{VkêoeN th G{wh froktN dk ekoD j? .
6H Brogkfbek jo fe;w dk Pfjoh e{Vk eoeN, wB[Zyh wb, wo/ wt/Ph nkfd d/
p/b'V/ gdkoEK B{z fJZe EK *s/ Pfjo s'A pkjo ;[ZNdh ofjzdh j?. fijVk fe G{wh dh
froktN dk ekoD pDdk j?.
7H T[d:'fre ofjzd^y{zjd th G{wh dh r[DtZsk ftZu froktN dk ekoD j?.
8H y/shpkVh ftZu gq:'r j'D tkbhnK ykdK, ehNBkPe, ns/ nDukj/ g"d/ th G{wh
froktN ftZu :'rdkB gkT[Ad/ jB.
9H fwZNh dk s/IkpheoBL id'A Bwh d/ ekoD fwZNh ftZu jkJhvq'iB (H2) d/ nkfJBI
(ions) dh wksok tZX iKdh j? ns/ jkJhvq'eb'foe (HCl) nkfJBI (ions) dh
wksok xZN iKdh j? sK s/Ikph fteko g?dk j[zdk j?.
1H2H5H2 G[wh fy;eD (Landslide)
G{^fy;eD ne;o fInkdk toyk iK G{ukb ekoB gopsh y/soK ftZu j[zdk j?. toyk dk
gkDh uNkBK ftZu Go e/ rqh; dk ezw eodk j?. fJ; Bkb Gkoh uNkBK, YbkBK s'A fy;e e/
xkNh ftZu nk fvZrdhnK jB. r[o{sk nkeoPB (gravity) pZb d/ ekoB wbtk YbkB s'A
fy;e e/ j/mK xkNh ftZu nk iKdk j?. YbkB, G{ukb ns/ toyk, uNkBK d/ fy;eD d/
e[dosh ekoB jB.
G{^fy;eD d/ wkBth ekoD j/m fby/ nB[;ko jBL
1H doys eZNDk ns/ YbkB tkb/ fJbkfenK ftZu doys eZNDk ns/ j'o tB;gsh B{z
BPN eoBk.
2H gjkVh y/soK ftZu ;VeK pDkT[D d/ ekoB gopsh YbkBK s/ dpkU g?Adk j? i' fe
G{^fy;eD dk ekoD pDdk j?.
3H fInkdkso G{^fy;eD, gopsh y/soK ftZu ;VeK, fJwkosK nkfd d/ fBowkD d/
ekoD th j[zd/ jB.
1H2H5H3 G{wh^y'o (Soil Erosion)
id'A fe;/ ekoB fwZNh dh T[g:'rh T[gobh gos Xosh s'A jZN ikt/ iK fJ; dh T[gikT{
Pesh BPN j' ikt/ sK fJ; B{z G"A^y'o iK G"A^ngodB fejk iKdk j?. G"A^y'o eJh e[dosh
iK G"fse ns/ wB[Zyh iK ;fGnkukoe ekoBK eoe/ j' ;edk j?. g"DK, toyk, Xosh dh
YbkB, fjwgks, ;kroh bfjoK, ns/ jVQ ngodB d/ G"fse ekoB jB.
tDK dh eNkJh, gP{ ukoB, fInkdk y/sh, yfDi eZYDk, ns/ YbkBK T[~go y/sh eoBk,
nkfd wB[Zyh ekoB jB.
G{^y'o d/ ekoD T[gikT{ fwZNh tfj iKdh j?. fwZNh d/ T[gikT{ nzP popkd j' iKd/ jB.
y/sh eoB bJh o;kfJfDe ykdK dh tos'A eoBh g?Adh j? fi; eoe/ G{wh^gqd{PD th j[zdk
j?.
G"A dh ;[oZfynk bJh g"Vhdko y/s pDk e/, tZNK pDke/, y/sh ehsh ik ;edh j?. pzBQ
pDkT[Dk, g"DK dh o'e bJh doys brkT[Dk, doysK dh eNkJh o'eDk, M[fwzr (shift
cultivation) B{z o'eDk, c;bK dk c/o pdb eoBk, fwbhî[bh |;bK brkT[Dk, e[M ;w/A
bJh Xosh ykbh oZyDk, gP{nK d/ ukoB s/ ezNo'b oZyDk, y[Pe y/sh dk sohek, ns/ gkDh
dh ;jh tos'A nkfd sohe/ ngDkJ/ ik ;ed/ jB.
1H2H5H4 wko{EbheoD (Desertification)
wko{EbheoD dk noE ‘wko{Eb dk tZXDk’ BjhA j? pbfe fJ; dk ;zpzX ibtk:{ ftZu
pdbkn ns/ wB[Zyh fefonktK ekoD ;'e/, noX^;'e/, ns/ pzio G{wh tkb/ y/soK ftZu fwNh
ns/ fwZNh dh T[~goh gos dh jkbs ftZu froktN Bkb j?. fJ; G{wh B{z nkw s"o s/ P/eh
iK pzio G{wh fejk iKdk j?. G{^y'o B{z tXkT[D tkbhnK ;kohnK fefonktK nzs ftZu
wko{EbheoD B{z iBw fdzdhnK jB. fit/A fe tZX y/sh, tDK dh eNkJh, gP{ ukoB, G{wh dk
ykokgB, ns/ izrbK dh eNkJh nkfd.
xkj ns/ g/V^g"d/ G{^y'o B{z o'eD ftZu ;jkJh j[zd/ jB. go id'A doysK dh eNkJh ns/
gP{nK d/ uoB d/ ekoD fwZNh dh geV fYZbh j' iKdh j? ns/ fwZNh dh T[goh gos s/I jtk
iK s/I gkDh d/ pjkt Bkb pfj iKdh j? ns/ toyk dhnK p{zdK th fJ; fwZNh dh T[goh
gos B{z fYZbk eo fdzdhnK jB ns/ fwZNh dh ;'yD Pesh xZN iKdh j?. fJj fwZNh jtk iK
gkDh Bkb tfj ikD eoe/ T[j irQk pzio j' iKdh j? ns/ T[; dk wko{EbheoD j' iKdk j?.
1H2H6 ;koKP
fJ; gkm ftZu n;hA e[dosh ;kXBK pko/ uouk ehsh. e[dosh ;kXB T[j ;kXB jB fijV/
e[dos okjhA gqdkB ehs/ iKd/ jB ns/ fijV/ wB[Zy bJh T[g:'rh j[zd/ jB. izrb, yfDi,
G{wh, gkDh, ykd ns/ T{oik nkfd w[Zy e[dosh ;kXB jB. izrbK s'A ;kvhnK p[fBnkdh
b'VK fit/A fe egVk, wekB nkfd g{ohnK j[zdhnK jB. b/feB izrbK dh b'V s'A tZX tos'A
d/ ekoD izrb BPN j' rJ/ jB ns/ fJ; dk ;kv/ tksktoD T[~go p[ok gqGkt fgnk j?.
tD^ftBkP d/ ekoD gfo;fEfse n;zs[bB tZX frnk j?. pzBKQ d/ fBowkD d/ ekoD eJh
nkdhtk;h ikshnK ft;Ekfgs j' rJhnK jB. yfDi gdkoEK dh tZX tos'A d/ ekoD T[j
ysw j'D dh erko s/ jB ns/ ykBK dh y[dkJh d/ ekoD tk:{ gqd{PD tZX frnk j?. G{wh
th fJZe pj[s njw e[dosh ;kXB j? fi; s/ ;kok dk ;kok wB[Zyh ihtB fBoGo eodk j?.
fwZNh ftZu y/sh ns/ tB;gsh T[~rd/ jB. G{wh *s/ eJh soK d/ T[d:'r brkJ/ iKd/ jB.
wB[Zy dk fBtk; ns/ nkihftek fJ; s/ jh fBoGo j? gozs{ fwZNh dh d[otos'A ns/ tZX
tos'A eoe/ G{^;ybB ns/ G{^y'o torhnK ;wZf;nktK tZX rJhnK jB. fJBKQ ;wZf;nktK
B{z d{o eoe/, ns/ e[dosh ;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk eoe/ jh tksktoD B{z pukfJnk ik ;edk
j?.
1H2H7 Ppdktbh
izrb eZN e/ y/sh eoBk ns/ fJZe ;kb pknd T[;
1H M{fwzr (Shift Cultivation) irkQ B{z pzio iK nD^tkfjnk SZv e/ d{ih EK s/
izrb eZN e/ y/sh eoBk.
g"DK, rb/PhnoK iK BdhnK (trd/ gkDh) dh feqnk
Bkb fwZNh dhnK T[~gobhnK gosK dk N[ZNDk, fYZbk
2H G"A^ngodB (soil erosion)
j'Dk, gfotfjD eo e/ b? ikDk ns/ d{;oh EK fBy/g
eoB dh gqfeqnk B{z G"A^ngodB fejk iKdk j?.
tB;gsh T[rD tkbh T[j ;koh Xosh fi; ftZu fe;/
3H izrb (Forests)
th nkeko d/ doysK dk gqw[Zy ;kXB j't/
izrb eNkJh
4H o[ZyK dh eNkJh
(Deforestation)
1H2H8 nfGnk; bJh gqPB

1H tDK dk wjZst fpnkB eo'.
2H tksktofDe fBxko (froktN) dk ekoB izrbK dh eNkJh j?. toDB eo'.
3H tDêNkJh, ydkB y[dkJh ns/ v?w fBowkD dk izrbK ns/ nkfdtk;h b'eK s/ g?D
tkb/ gqGktK pko/ uouk eo'.
4H fwZNh d/ y[oB ns/ wko{EbheoD s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< G{wh froktN (fBxko) bJh
fIzw/tko wjZstg{oB ekoBK dh ;{uh pDkU.
1H tksktoD f;Zfynk ^;o'i ;'psh cotkjk ns/ ;[oihs f;zx
2. Environmental Studies - R.R. Dass
3. A Text Book of Environmental Studies - Dr. K. Raghavan Nambiar
4. Environmental Education - R.A. Sharma
Web Sources:
1. www.globalissues.org 2. edugreen.teri.res.in
3. en.wikipedia.org
1H ;[Gkn d/ nkXko s/ e[dosh ;kXBK dhnK w[Zy fe;wK fejVhnK jB<
2H c'o?;N Ppd fe; bkshBh Ppd s'A pfDnk j?<
3H ;zB 1973 ftZu tDK Bkb ;pzXs :{HghH ftZu fejVk nzdb'B P[o{ j'fJnk ;h<
4H e'bk ykBK ftZu fejVh Ifjohbh r?; j[zdh j?<
5H id'A fwZNh ftZu H2 d/ nkfJBI tZX iKd/ jB ns/ HCl d/ xZN iKd/ jB sK fJ;
gqfeqnk B{z eh nkfynk iKdk j?<
6H fwZNh dh T[goh T[gikT{ gos d/ BPN j'D ns/ tfj ikD dh gqfeqnk B{z eh fejk
iKdk j?<
T[~soL 1H ekopfBe, nekopfBe ns/ fwPoD (ekopfBe O nekopfBe)l
2H c'fo;l 3H fuge' nzd'bBl 4H whE/Bl
5H fwZNh dk s/IkpheoD 6H G{^y'o
phHJ/H$phHekwH$phHphHJ/H$phH;hHJ/ Gkr d{ik gouk LtksktoD f;Zfynk
;w?;No^shik
________________________________________________________________
gkm BzL 1H3 b/fyekL nfwsk ek:;Ek
e[dosh ;kXB ns/ T[BQK Bkb ;pzfXs ;wf;nktK (ib ns/ T{oik)
pDsoL
1H3H1 G{fwek
1H3H2 T[d/P
1H3H3 ib ;kXB
1H3H3H1 ib ;kXBK dk T[g:'r
1H3H3H2 ib ;kXBK dh p/b'Vh tos'A
1H3H3H3 ;'ek ns/ jVQ
1H3H3H4 ib ns/ wsG/d
1H3H3H5 v?w d/ bkG ns/ ;wZf;nktK
1H3H4 T{oik ;kXB
1H3H4H1 T{oik dh tXdh j'Jh b'V
1H3H4H2 T{oik d/ BftnkT[d :'r ns/ Bk^BftnktT[D:'r ;'w/
1H3H4H3 ftebfge T{oik ;kXB
1H3H4H4 xNBk nfXn?B
1H3H5 y/sh^pkVh ns/ tZX gP{ ukoB d/ ekoD tksktoD ftZu nkJ/ pdbkn
1H3H6 ;koKP
1H3H7 Ppdktbh
1H3H8 ;[MkJ/ gqPB
1H3H1 G{fwek
wB[Zy dhnK w[ZYbhnK b'VK sK fwZNh, izrb ns/ IwhB tor/ e[dosh ;kXBK s'A g{ohnK j'
iKdhnK jB. gkDh, eZgVk, wekB, Y'nk^Y[nkJh, T[d:'rK ns/ ekoykfBnK torhnK tZX
ojhnK Io{osK B{z g{ok eoB ykso wB[Zy B/ e[dosh ;kXBK dk fJZE'A sZe P'PD eoBk P[o{
eo fdZsk j? fe e[dos dk gfo;fEe ;zs[bB (ecological balance) brksko ftrVdk ik
fojk j?. j[D n;hA ftuko eoKr/ fe tZy^tZy e[dosh ;kXB brksko xZNd/ feT[A ik oj/
jB ns/ fJjBK d/ Bkb i[VhnK j'JhnK ;wZf;nktK pko/ uouk eoKr/.
phHJ/H$phHekwH$phHphHJ/H$phH;hHJ/ Gkr d{ik 34 gouk LtksktoD f;Zfynk
1H3H2 T[d/P
fJ; gkm B{z gVQB T[gozs ftfdnkoEh j/m fby/ sZEK s'A ikD{ j't/rk.
1H ib ;kXBK d/ T[g:'rK ns/ ;wZf;nktK pko/ uouk eo ;e/rk.
2H T{oik ;kXBK dh gfoGkPk d/ ;e/rk.
3H T{oik d/ tZy^tZy ;q'sK pko/ ft;Eko g{ote dZ;D d/ :'r j't/rk.
1H3H3 ib ;kXB (Water Resources)
Xosh d/ sb dk 70# Gkr gkDh Bkb YZfenk j'fJnk j?. go Xosh d/ sb s/ gkDh dh tzv
pokpo BjhA j?. n;hA d/yd/ jK fe eJh irQk Gkoh jVQ nkT[Ad/ jB, dbdb j?, fes/ ;'ek
ns/ fes/ wo{Eb fJbke/. gkDh ^f;zikJh, fpibh T[sgkdB, ghD ns/ eZgV/ X'D bJh ns/
gfotosB d/ ;kXB d/ o{g ftZu tofsnk ikD eoe/, ;kv/ ihtB bJh bkIwh j?. fJ; dh
tos'A tZy^tZy iht o;kfJfDe gqshfefonktK, yfDiK d/ nkdkB gqdkB ns/ fGzB^fGzB nD{
iK gowkD{ d/ ezw eoB bJh ehsh iKdh j?. gkDh fJZe BftnkT[D:'r ;kXB j?.
gkDh dhnK fszB fe;wK j[zdhnK jB ^skIk gkDh (fresh water), ykok gkDh (brackish
water), ns/ ;w[zdoh gkDh (marine water). skIk gkDh w[Zy s"o s/ Xosh j/mbk gkDh j[zdk
j?. fJ; ftZu btDK dh wksok 0H5# s'A th xZN j[zdh j?. fJj fjw ukdoK, fjw BdhnK
(Glaciers) s'A fwbdk j?. IwhB ftubk gkDh, N'fGnK, SZgVK, dfonktK ns/ BdhnK nkfd
ftZu fwbdk j?. fJ; ftZu btDK dh wksok 0H5# s'A 3H5# d/ ftueko j[zdh j?. fJj gkDh
f;zikJh, ghD iK j'o irkQ tosD bJh nDT[g:'rh j[zdk j?. nfijk gkDh gzikp d/
cohde'N, pfmzvk, ;zro{o d/ fjZf;nK nkfd fIfbQnK ftZu fwbdk j?. ;w[zdoh gkDh ;ko/
;kroK, wjK;kroK ftZu gkfJnk iKdk j?. fJ; ftu btDK dh wksok 3H5# s'A fInkdk
j[zdh j?.
1H3H3H1 ib ;kXBK dk T[g:'r
wB[Zy bJh ib d/ j/m fby/ T[g:'r jBL
1. xo/b{ T[g:'rL G'iB gekT[D, eZgV/ X'V, BjkT[D, ghD ftZu i' gkDh T[g:'r ftZu
nkT[Adk j?, T[; B{z ib dk xo/b{ T[g:'r efjzd/ jB. fJZe ftnZesh B{z ihts ofjD bJh
gqsh fdB 2 s'A 2H5 bhNo gkDh dh Io{os j[zdh j?.
2. iBse ekoiK ft~u ib dk gq:'rL iBse ;EkBK ftZu ;e{b, gzukfJs GtB,
wzdo, w;fid iK j'o Xkofwe ;EkB, j;gskb, p;^;N?Av, o/bt/ ;N/PB nkfd dh frDsh
ehsh iKdh j?. fJBKQ EktK *s/ pD/ gykBK xoK, fJPBkB xoK ns/ gkoeK ftZu jfonkbh
oZyD bJh gkDh dh Io{os j[zdh j?.
3. T[d:'fre ezwK ft~u gkDh dh tos'A L tZy^tZy T[d:'rK ftZu gkDh dh tos'A
tZy^tZy wksok ftZu j[zdh j?. eZgVk T[d:'r ftZu eZgV/ dh X[bkJh, ozrkJh, SgkJh bJh
pj[s fInkdk wksok ftZu gkDh dh Io{os j[zdh j?. ekrI, fBeb, ;Nhb, Pokp nkfd
T[d:'r gkDh fpBKQ BjhA ub ;ed/ jB. fJj' ekoB j? fe fInkdkso T[d:'r BdhnK iK
ib^xoK d/ feBko/ ;Ekfgs ehs/ iKd/ jB.
4. ib gfotjB iK ib nktkikJhL nktkikJh d/ ;kXBK ftZu'A ;G Bkb'A ;;sh ib

nktkikJh j?. fJj nZieZbQ Y'nk^Y[nkJh dk wjZstg{oD nzsoôkPNoh ;kXB pD frnk
j?.
5. T{oik T[sgkdB ft~u ib dk T[g:'rL ib s'A T{oik d/ o{g ftZu gD^fpibh dk
T[sgkdB nkX[fBe ftfrnkBeK dh wjkB T[gbpXh j?.
6. gP{^gkbD ft~u ;jkfJeL gP{^gkbD ftZu ib B{z nB/eK ekoiK fit/A fe gP{nK B{z
BjkT[Dk, gkDh fgnkT[Dk, d[ZX tkb/ posB ;k| eoBk, joh xkj dh f;zikJh nkfd bJh
Io{os j[zdh j?.
7. w~Sh T[d:'r ft~u ;jkfJeL e[ZM d/Ptk;h g{oD G'iB bJh wZShnK s/ jh fBoGo
jB. wZSh gkbDk gkDh fpBKQ ;zGt BjhA j?.
8. T[d:'fre ntP/PK d/ pjkU ft~u ;jkfJeL T[d:'rK ftZu t;s{nK dk fBowkD j'D
wro'A ntP/P gEkod pud/ jB. fInkdkso T[d:'r fJBKQ gdkoEK B{z gkDh d[nkok o'VQ e/
c?eNoh s'A pkjo BkbhnK d/ wkfXnw okjhA BdhnK iK BfbnK ftZu o'VQ fdzd/ jB.
9. ;?o^;gkNk e/AdoK d/ ftek; ft~u ;jkfJeL ;?o ;gkNk e/Ado ftZu ;?bkBhnK B{z
fePsh ubkT[D, s?okeh ns/ d{ihnK j'o gkDh tkbhnK y/vK eoB dk nt;o gqkgs j[zdk j?.
fJ; d/ Bkb jh fJBKQ e/AdoK s/ ;?bkBhnK dhnK o'IkBk dhnK b'VK dh g{osh bJh th gkDh
dh b'V j[zdh j?.
1H3H3H2 ib ;kXBK dh p/b'Vh tos'A
gkDh dh ewhA s'A fJbktk, fJ; dh p/b'Vh tos'A th fJZe ;wZf;nk j?. (1) y/sh bJh y[ZbkQ
gkDh, u'bK dhnK fGzB^fGzB |;bK bJh gkDh, xkj ns/ ekoykfBnK ftZu trdk gkDh,
yokp Bbe/^N{NhnK Bkb gkDh trdk j? iK o[VQdk ofjzdk j?. (2) tZXdh tZ;'A B/ th gkDh dk
T[g:'r pj[s fInkdk tXk fdZsk j?. (3) gkDh dh n;wkB tzv th pj[s tZvh ;wZf;nk j?.
fe;/ ;EkB s/ gkDh fInkdk wksok ftZu T[gbpX j? ns/ fe~E/ gkDh d/ ;zuko dk e'Jh ;jh
wkfXnw th T[gbZpX BjhA j?. (4) pzBK ns/ nB/eNK d/ fBowkD dk P[o{^P[o{ ftZu pj[s
T[g:'r j'fJnk gozs{ j[D fJj fJZe ;wZf;nk dk ekoD pD rJ/ jB. pzBK d/ fBowkD ekoD
i' gkDh b'eK B{z f;ZXk ezw nkT[Adk ;h, T[; *s/ o'e bZr rJh j?. (5) gkDh dk gqd{PD th
fJZe pj[s tZvh ;wZf;nk j? fi; ekoD gkDh nP[ZX j'D eoe/ ghD bJh tofsnk BjhA ik
;edk. (6) n?B/eN; pDk e/ toyk d/ gkDh B{z o'eD Bkb gkDh dh pj[s ewh jz[dh j? ns/
fiZE/ toyk pj[s j[zdh j? sK T[; gkDh dk ;jh T[g:'r BjhA j[zdk ns/ gkDh w[V ;w[zdo ftZu
ik fwbdk j?.
1H3H3H3 ;'ek ns/ jVQ
;'ekL ibtk:{ ftu spdhbh d/ ekoD ;'ek g? ;edk j?. gkDh dh ewh j' iKdh j?. ib
uZeo gqGkfts j[zdk j?. b'e d{;o/ ;EkBK tZb ub/ iKd/ jB. ;'ek wko{EbheoD dk gfjbk
uoD j?. doysK dh eNkJh ns/ G{wh dk d[oT[g:'r ;'e/ dk ekoD pDd/ jB. g/V^g"d/ th
;[Ze iKd/ jB.
jVQL izrbK dh eNkJh Bkb gkDh d/ s/I o|sko Bkb tfjD eoe/ fwZNh o[VQ iKdh j?.
BdhnK d/ ezY/ eZN/ ikD Bkb jVQ nk iKd/ jB. brksko toyk, rb/Phno fgxbD s/, ns/
pZdb cND d/ ekoD th jVQ nk iKd/ jB. v?wK d/ N[ZND Bkb th jVQ dh ;fEsh pD iKdh
j?. jVQ, nkgD/ Bkb ub ns/ nub ;zgshnK nkfd ;kok e[ZM tjk e/ b? iKd/ jB. eJh
tko sK e[ZM Pfjo eJhêJh j|s/ gkDh ftZu v[Zp/ ofjzd/ jB. jVQK Bkb pj[s jh fInkdk
ikB^wkb dk B[e;kB j[zdk j?.
1H3H3H4 ib ns/ wsG/d
e[ZM ib ;zpzXh wsG/d iK xNBktK dh uouk eoKr/.
(i) ekt/oh ib fttkd L ekt/oh Bdh, eoBkNek, e/ob ns/ skfwbBkv{ ^fJBKQ fszBK
okiK Bkb i[Vh j?. fJ; dk fInkdk Gkr eoBkNek ftZu j? ns/ e/ob ns/ skfwbBkv{ ftZu
pj[s E'Vk Gkr j?. ekt/oh ib fttkd, 1974 ftZu eoBkNek ns/ w?;{o okiK ftueko P[o{
j'fJnk. 1991 ftZu ;[gohw e'oN B/ fJ; nzso okih Bdh ib fttkd n?eN d/ sfjs fJZe
ndkbs B{z fJj fttkd ;[bMkT[D dk dko'wdko ;"Afgnk. ndkbs B/ d'jK okiK d/ ftuko
;[DB T[gozs fJj nkd/P ikoh ehsk fe eoBkNek nkgD/ ib ;'fwnK s'A 205Tmc gkDh
SZv/rk. eoBkNe oki B/ fJ; nkd/P dk yzvB ehsk ns/ w"B;{B Bk j'D eoe/ eoBkNe d/
pkeh fJbkfenK ftZu gkDh dh ewh dZ;fdnK j'fJnK 100Tmc gkDh SZvD dh wkD:'r e'oN
B/ fJikIs fdZsh. gkDh d/ fJ; pzNtko/ s'A eoBkNe d/ b'e GVe rJ/ ns/ eJh fJbkfenK
ftZu fjz;k j'Jh fi; ftZu eJh wdok;h b'e wko/ rJ/. wkBfvnk fibQ/ d/ fe;kBK B/ ekt/oh
Bdh d/ feBko/ T[~go epIk eo fbnk sK fe gkDh Bk SZfvnk ik ;e/. fJ; w;b/ B{z
nkyho ftZu e/Ado ;odko d[nkok jh ;[bMkfJnk frnk. b'eK ftZu BkokIrh c/o th
poeoko ojh. ib fttkdK dk fBgNkok okPNoh GbkJh B{z fXnkB ftZu oZy e/ jh eoBk
ukjhdk j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk Bowdk xkNh dk Bowdk ib fttkd th fJ; dh T[dkjoD j?.
1H3H3H5 v?w d/ bkG ns/ ;w~f;nktK
v?w fBowkD d/ j/m fby/ bkG jBL
1H fpibh g?dk eoBk
2H gqd{PB ofjs gkDh T[gbpX j'Dk
3H |;bK ftZu tkXk
4H ;k| gkDh dh ;gbkJh ^xo ns/ T[d:'rK bJh
5H b'eK B{z o'Irko fwbdk j?
6H joh eqKsh
7H ;?o^;gkNk eoB dh EK
8H jVQK ns/ G{^y'o s'A pukU
9H brksko gkDh dh ;gbkJh
10H wZSh T[d:'r
11H pj[^w[yh gq'i?eN dk fBowkD
v?w fBowkD dhnK j/m fbyhnK ;wZf;nktK th jBL

1H v?w ftZu fwZNh fJeZmh j'D ekoD fJBKQ dh GogkJh ;woZEk xZN j' iKdh j?.
2H v?w N[ZND ekoD, gkDh d/ fJ;/ Gzvko B/ ftBkP bhbk th oukJh j?.
3H fInkdk youk
4H T[;koh dk fInkdk ;wK
5H BfjoK B/V/ Xosh ftZu btD ns/ ;/w dh wksok ftZu tkXk
6H y/sh :'r ns/ izrbK dh G{wh dk gkDh ftZu v[Zp ikDk
7H gP{^gzShnK dk ft;EkgB
8H b'eK dk p/^xo j'Dk ns/ T[BKQ B{z w[V t;kT[D dh ;wZf;nk
9H wZSh y/soK ns/ gfotjD ftZu o[ektNK
10H Bdh wkorK ftZu o'e
fJBKQ ;wZf;nktK B{z w[Zy oZyd/ j'J/ S'N/ pzBQ (small dams) pDkT[D dh f;|kfoP ehsh rJh.
1H3H4 T{oik ;kXB
;ko/ ihtK ns/ pB;gshnK dh jo/e e'fPek dh i?tô;kfJfDe fefonktK d/ bJh T{oik dh
b'V g?Adh j?. T{oik fJZe nfijk ;kXB j? fi; Bkb G"fse ;z;ko dh T[sgZsh j'Jh j?.
gqkDhnK dh j'Ad ns/ tksktofDe gqDkbh d/ ;zukbB dk w{b nkXko ;{oi j?. j'o PpdK
ftZu T{oik B{z j/m fby/ soKQ Bkb gfoGkfPs ehsk ik ;edk j?L “;E{b G"fse ns/ i?fte
sZsK ns/ gqkfeqsh ftZu ftnkge rowh ns/ skg B{z ftfrnkfBe sohfenK Bkb fB:zsfos
ns/ ;zfrqj eoe/ i' Pesh gqkgs j[zdh j?, T[;/ dk BK T{oik j?.”
T{oik fe;/ th d/P d/ ftek; bJh fJZe Io{oh ekoe j?. T{oik T[d:'rK dh ohVQ dh jZvh
j?. T{oik Pesh dk fJZe o{g j?. nZi n;hA nkgD/ ihtB ftZu tZy^tZy soKQ Bkb fJ; dk
T[g:'r eod/ jK. ;zB 1769 ftZu i/wI tkN B/ e'fJb/ dh ;jkfJsk Bkb Gk| Bkb ubD
tkb/ fJziD dh y'i eo e/ T[d:'fre y/so ftZu eqKsh fbnk fdZsh. fJ; soKQ e'fJbk Pesh
d/ ;kXB d/ o{g ftZu wjZstg{oD nzr pD frnk. fJ; s'A pknd yfDi, s/b, r?;,
ib^fpibh ns/ nD{^Pesh dk T[g:'r ukbe Pesh d/ o{g ftZu j'D bZrk, fi; d/ ekoD
ftPt nZi T[Bsh d/ fPyo tZb tZXdk ik fojk j?.
1H3H4H1 T{oik dh tXdh j'Jh b'V
T{oik wB[Zy dh nfs wjZstg{oD Io{os j?. wB[Zyh ihtB ftZu T{oik dh wzr tZXdh ik ojh
j?. nkfdekb ftZu id'A wB[Zy B/ nZr dk T[g:'r BjhA ehsk ;h sK T[j gqshfdB f;o|
2000 feb' e?b'oh T{oik dk T[g:'r eodk ;h. id'A wB[Zy B/ y/sh eoBk f;Zy fbnk, sK T[j
jo o'I 12,000 feb' e?b'oh dk T[g:'r eoB bZrk. fJ; soKQ j'bh^j'bh wB[Zy d[nkok
ehshnK rJhnK y'iK d/ T{oik dh wzr th tZXdh rJh. toswkB ftZu wB[Zy gqshfdB brGr
30,000 feb' e?bo' h dh ygs eodk j?.
toswkB ;w/A ftZu s/I T[d:'rheoD ns/ PfjoheoD d/ ekoD T{oik dh wzr j'o th tZXdh
ik ojh j?. nZi T{oik dh T[gbpXh ns/ T[gG'rsk ftZu ek|h nzso g?dk j' frnk j?.
nB/e ftef;s ns/ ftek;Phb d/P T{oik dh ;wZf;nk Bkb i{M oj/ jB.
Gkos ftZu iB;zfynk ftZu s/I T[d:'rheoD ns/ PfjoheoD d/ ekoD T{oik dh wzr pj[s
tZX rJh j?. fi; ekoD T{oik dk rzGho ;zeN g?dk j' frnk j?. g?Nq'bhnw gdkoEK d/
tZvh wksok ftZu nk:ks Bkb d/P dh noE ftt;Ek *s/ gqGkt g? fojk j?. T{oik dh tXdh
j'Jh b'V B{z d/yd/ j'J/ nZiebQ ib^fpibh, gowkD{^T{oik ns/ ;{oih T{oik tor/ BthB
;o'sK dk T[g:'r eoBk Io{oh j' frnk j?.
1H3H4H2 T{oik d/ BftnkT[d :'r ns/ Bk^BftnktT[D:'r ;'w/
T{oik ;kB{z eJh fe;wK ns/ ;'fwnK s'A gqkgs j[zdh j?. T{oik d/ tDih ;'w/, r?o^tDih
;'w/, gozgokrs ns/ r?o gozgokrs ;'w/ jB go fJBKQ s'A fJbktk T{oik dh w[V g{osh d/
nkXko T[~s/ T{oik B{z BftnkT[D:'r ns/ Bk BftnkT[D:'r ;'fwnK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk
j?L
(i) BftnkT[D:'r ;'w/ (Renewable Sources) L T{oik d/ nfij/ ;'w/ fijV/ \sw BjhA
j[zd/ ns/ fiBKQ dh g{osh S/sh jh j' iKdh j?, BftnkT[D:'r ;'w/ ejkT[Ad/ jB. fit/A ;{oih
T{oik, g"D T{oik nkfd.
(ii) Bk BftnkT[D:'r ;'w/ (Non-renewable Sources) L ;ko/ gozgokrs ;'w/ fJ;/ Pq/Dh
ftZu nkT[Ad/ jB. T[j T{oik d/ ;'w/ fiBKQ d/ \sw j' ikD T[~s/ n;hA T[jBK B{z d'pkok gqkgs
BjhA eo ;ed/ Bk BftnkT[D:'r ;'w/ ejkT[Ad/ jB. g?Nq'bhnw, e'bk, e[dosh r?; nkfd,
iht^nzP pkbD fJ;/ Pq/Dh ftZu nkT[Ad/ jB fiBKQ B{z pBD bJh jIkoK ;kb dk ;wK brdk
j?. fJ; bJh toswkB ftZu fJBKQ B{z d'pkok gqkgs eoBk ;zGt BjhA j?.
1H3H4H3 ftebfge T{oik ;kXB
tXdh j'Jh T{oik dh ygs B{z gozgokrs ;'fwnK Bkb g{ok BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ; bJh
wB[Zy B/ T{oik d/ e[ZM BftnkT[D:'r ;'fwnK dh y'i ehsh fiBKQ B{z T{oik d/ ftebfge ;'w/
iK ;kXB th fejk iKdk j?. fJBKQ ;kXBK B{z d' GkrK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?L
1H tDih T{oik ;kXB L tDih T{oik d/ ;'w/ j/m fby/ nB[;ko jBL
(i) gD Pesh (Hydro Power) L gkDh ftZu t/r ns/ ;fEsh d/ ekoD g?dk j'Jh T{oik,
ekoi eoB dh Pesh gqdkB eodh j? fJ; B{z gD^Pesh fejk iKdk j?.
(ii) fBT{ebhno Pesh (Nuclear Energy)L o/fvU n?efNt sZs :[o/Bhnw (U237) s'A
g?dk ehsh iKdh j?.
2H r?o tDih T{oik ;'w/L r?o tDih T{oik d/ ;'w/ j/m fby/ nB[;ko jBL
(i) ;{oih T{oik (Solar Energy)L ;{oih T{oik B{z gq:'r eoB d/ d' Yzr jBL (a)
;"o T{oik B[z skg T{oik ftZu pdb e/ ;"o e{eo, ;"o gkDh^skge, ;"o jtk skge nkfd
ftZu tos'A ehsh ik ;edh j?. (b) ;"o T{oik B{z fpibh ftZu pdb e/, fpibh gqekP,
o/vhU ns/ NhHthH ubkT[D ftZu ;|bsk gqkgs ehsh ik ;edh j?.
(ii) g"D T{oik (Wind energy) L jtk d/ t/r s'A T{oik g?dk ehsh ik ;edh j?. g"D
uZehnK (wind mills) dh ;jkfJsk Bkb g"D T{oik dh tos'A ehsh ik ;edh j?.
(iii) bfjoK s'A T{oik (Wave energy) L ;w[zdoh bfjoK s'A th T{oik gqkgs ehsh ik
;edh j?.
(iv) G{^skgh T{oik (Geo-thermal energy) L Xosh d/ nzdob/ skgwkB s'A th T{oik
gqkgs ehsh ik ;edh j?. fJ; B{z G{^skgh T{oik fejk iKdk j?.
(v) itko T{oik (Tidal energy) L fJj T{oik ;w[zdo ftZu T[~mD tkb/ itko d/
T[sko ûVkn dh fefonk s'A gqkgs ehsh iKdh j?.
(vi) izrbh T[sgkd s'A T{oik (Energy from Forest Products) L izrbK s'A gqkgs bZeV
xo/b{ pkbD nkfd bJh tosh iKdh j?.
(vii) gP{^XB Pesh (Animal power) L Gkos ftZu eJh ezwK B{z g{ok eoB bJh gP{nK
dh ;jkfJsk th bJh iKdh j?.
(viii) jkJhvq'iB pkbD (Hydrogen fuel) L gkDh (H2O) s'A jkJhvq'iB r?; gqkgs eoe/
T[; B{z sob o{g ftZu pdb e/ T{oik gqkgs eoB d/ bJh tosh iKdh j?.
1H3H4H4 xNBk nfXn?B
Gkos B/ gfjbk ‘Energy from Wave’ gq'i?eN P[o{ ehsk. ;w[zdoh ftek; d/ e/Adoh ftGkr
d/ ;w[zdoh fJziBhnfozr nkJhHnkJhHNhH (IIT) wdok; d/ ‘wave energy group’ B/ 150
w?rktkN Pesh d/ fJZe gq'i?eN dk ekoi, ;N/N jkopo fJzifBnfozr ftGkr, fsqt/Adow
(State Harbour Engineering Department, Thiruvanthapuram) ftZu w[ezwb ehsk.
Gkos dhnK BdhnK s'A ib^fpibh g?dk eoB dh e[b nB[wkBs ;woZEk brGr 4H5 eo'V
feb'tkN j?.
1H3H5 y/sh^pkVh ns/ t~X gP{ ukoB d/ ekoD tksktoD ftZu nkJ/ pdbkn
y/sh, wB[Zy d[nkok G{wh T[~go ehsh rJh gfjbh e'fPP j?. gozs{ nopK b'eK dh ykd:
g{osh bJh y/sh pkVh ftZu pj[s pdbkn nkJ/ jB. gfjbK y/sh fJZe tksktoD ;jkfJe
ezw ;h go j[D fJj fJZe T[d:'r pD u[ek j?. fJ; ftZu T{oik, gkDh ns/ o;kfJfDe ykdK
dh tos'A j[zdh j?. ydkB g[ZNDK, o;kfJfDe ykdK ns/ ehNBkPeK dh tos'A, tZv/^tZv/ v?wK
dk fBowkD nZiebQ dh y/shpkVh dk jh Gkr jB.
gqsZy iK ngqsZy o{g ftZu ekopB vkJhnke;kJhv r?; dk tksktoD ftZu tZXDk, nwb dh
toyk ns/ gqd{PeK dk tkXk fJ;/ wPhBh y/shpkVh dk jh Bshik j?.
wPhBK d[nkok y/s tkjDk, f;zukJh eoBk ns/ o;kfJfDe ykdK gkT[D d/ ekoD G{^y'o, y/sK
ftZu gkDh dk o[ZeDk ns/ ehNkD{BkPeK dh tos'A ftZu tkXk nkfd ;wZf;nktK g?dk j[zdhnK
jB. gP{^gkbD th y/shpkVh dk jh fJZe fjZ;k j?. uokrkjK dh tos'A gP{nK d/ ukoB bJh
ehsh iKdh j?. fJZE/ gP{nK d/ G'iB dk g{ok ns/ ;jh gqpzX j[zdk j? ns/ T[BKQ ;kXBK B{z SZv
e/ pkeh ;ko/ gP{ ukoB bJh iKd/ jB. xZN oj/ xkj ns/ tB;gsh d/ tkX/ ftZu ewh
nkT[D eoe/, iht fGzBsk ftZu ewh nkT[D eoe/ ns/ G{^y'o d/ ekoD pj[s pdbkn nkJ/
jB. gP{, fwZNh ns/ G{wh dhnK ftP/PsktK ftZu pj[s spdhbh nkJh j?. ftob/ ns/
nD^b'VhAd/ g"d/ T[r oj/ jB.
y/sh d/ T[sgkdB B{z d'r[Dk eoB bJh T{oik, o;kfJfDe ykdK ns/ ehNBkPeK dh d; r[DK
tX/o/ tos'A eoB dh b'V j?. Gkos ftZu j' ojh d/;h y/sh d/ w[ekpb/ igkB ftZu T[d:'fre
y/sh d[nkok Gkos Bkb'A uko r[DK fInkdk g?dktko gqkgs ehsh ik u[eh j?. fJ;/ ekoD
igkB ftZu gdkoEe ;kXBK ns/ T{oik dh ygs th eJh ;' r[Dk fInkdk j?. fJ;/ ekoD
y/sh T[d:'r ib, jtk ns/ G{wh gqd{PD dk fJZe w[Zy ekoD j?. y/sh pkVh d/ wPhBheoD d/
ekoD fe;kBK B/ nkgDk ezw SZv fdZsk j? ns/ Pfjo ftZu tZ; rJ/ jB ns/ T[~E/ j'o j'o
feZs/ ngDk bJ/ jB. pj[s ;ko/ b'eK dk PfjoK tZb B{z gbk:B j'D ekoB, eJh rohp b'e
BP/, fjz;k ns/ j'o r?oêkB{zBh ns/ r?o ;wkfie ezwK ftZu g? rJ/ jB.
|;b dk T[sgkdB tXkT[D bJh o;kfJfDe ykdK ns/ ehNBkPeK dh tZX tos'A dh b'V g?Adh
j? fi; ekoD j/m fbyhnK ;wZf;nktK g?dk j[zdhnK jBL
1H ehNBkPe dh ;w~f;nk L ehNBkPe T[j o;kfJD jB fijV/ ehNK B{z wkoB bJh
tos/ iKd/ jB. y/shpkVh ftZu fJj BdhBK B{z, ehfVnK ns/ cc{zdh nkfd B{z BPN eoB
bJh tos/ iKd/ jB. ‘jfosêqKsh’ t/b/ ehfVnK ns/ BdhBK B{z BPN eoB tkb/ ehNBkPeK
dk pj[s tZvk :'rdkB ;h.
gkDh dh r[DtZsk T[~go ehNBkPeK dk pj[s p[ok gqGkt g?Adk j?. f;zukJh tkbh y/sh wZSoK
d/ gqiBB bJh fJZe nktk; y/so gqdkB eodh j? fijV/ eJh phwkohnK dk ekoB pDd/
jB. fJ; ekoB f;zukJh tkbh y/sh ftZu phwkohnK B{z o'eD bJh ehV/wko dtkJhnK dh
tos'A eoBh g?Adh j? fit/A fe vhHvhHNhH ^fi; dk tksktoD s/ pj[s jh p[ok gqGkt g?Adk j?.
ehNBkPeK d/ gq;fEse gqGkt j/m fby/ nB[;ko jBL
(1) ihtK dk woBk
(2) e?A;o, fNT{wo ns/ wZShnK ns/ ikBtoK ftZu I\w j'Dk
(3) gqiBD gqfeqnk ftZu o[ektNK
(4) jkow'Bb gqfeqnk ftZu fteko
(5) vhHn?BHJ/H dk BPN j'Dk
(6) nzv/ dh gos dk gsbk j'Dk
(7) wZShnK dh f;js T[~go p[ok n;o
vhHvhHNhH fJZe d{ih ghVQh dk ehNBkPe j?. fJ; d/ p[o/ gqGktK B{z d/yd/ j'J/ shih ghVQh d/
ehNBkPeK dh tos'A s/ pZb fdZsk frnk j?. fJ; ftZu eJh ftXhnK Pkfwb jB fijVhnK
fe iht ftfrnkBe ezNo'b ftZu ;jkfJsk eodhnK jB fit/A feL (1) goihth, (2)
pdbthA y/sh, (3) o;kfJDK ns/ ftfeoDK d[nkok nDT[gikT{ eoBk, (4) ysw j'D tkb/
g"d/, (5) BPN j'D tkb/ o;kfJD nkfd.
y/shpkVh d/ T[d:'rheoD d/ ekoD j/m fbyhnK ;wZf;nktK th g?dk j' iKdhnK jBL
1H ;/w (gkDh dk fJe~mk j'Dk)L fiBK gkDh y/sK ftZu SZfvnk iKdk j? T[j ;kok dk
;kok Xosh ;'y BjhA gkT[Adh. i/ |;bK ftZu tZX gkDh SZv fdZsk ikt/ sK T[j gkDh y/sK
ftZu fJeZmk j' iKdk j?. tZX toyk d/ ekoD eJh eJh j|s/ th y/sK ftZu gkDh yVk ofjzdk
j? ns/ j'bh j'bh tZrdk j?. go fi; EK s/ gkDh d/ fBek; bJh BkbhnK nkfd Bk j'D sK
T[; EK s/ gkDh yVk jh ofjzdk j? ns/ T[; EK s/ e'Jh g"dk BjhA T[r ;edk feT[Afe g"d/
dhnK iVQK B{z nke;hiB$jtk d/ gj[zuD dh r[zikfJP jh BjhA ofjzdh. v?bNk d/ y/soK ns/
;w[zdoh feBkfonK T[~go fJj' fijh IwhB fwbdh j?.
2H G{wh ft~u btDK dh wksok t~XDk L btDK ftZu tkXk iK ‘G{wh dk b{DheoD’ s'A
Gkt j? T[j EK fiZE/ G{wh ftZu x[bDPhb btDK dh wksok tZX u[eh j't/. fi; y[Pe EK s/
toyk xZN j[zdh j't/ ns/ gkDh d/ fBek; dk ;jh fJzsIkw Bk j't/, T[j EK s/ gkDh
tkPgheoD gqfeqnk d[nkok T[~v iKdk j? ns/ G{wh dh sfj *s/ b{D fgZS/ ofj iKdk j?. fJ;
s'A fJbktk G{wh dh fBubh sfj s'A th b{D e?ghboh gqfeqnk d[nkok T[gobh sfj s/ nk iKd/
jB. id'A tos'A ftZu fbnKdk frnk gkDh Gk| pD e/ T[~v iKdk j? sK T[~E/ b{D dh fJZe
w'Nh sfj pD iKdh j?. fJ; soKQ dh fwZNh ftZu g"d/ BjhA T[~r ;ed/. Gkos d/ T[j oki,
fiZE/ uzrhnK f;zukJh dhnK ;[ftXktK w"i{d jB, T[BKQ okiK ftZu th fJ; soKQ dh eJh
j?eN/no G{wh w"i{d j? fit/A fe gzikp, jfonkDk, ns/ oki;EkB. G{wh d/ b{DheoD B{z uzrh
gkDh dh fBek; gqfeqnk d[nkok ns/ ;k| gkDh dh tos'A d[nkok xZN ehsk ik ;edk j?
gozs{ fJj pj[s jh wfjzrh gqfeqnk j?.
1H3H6 ;koKP
fJ; gkm ftZu n;hA ib^;kXBK ns/ T{oik ;kXBK pko/ uouk ehsh. ib ;kv/ ihtB dk
w{b j? ns/ fJj wB[Zy dh o"IkBk fIzdrh dk fjZ;k j?. gozs{ fJ; ;kXB dh p/b'Vh tos'A d/
ekoB pj[s ;kohnK ;wZf;nktK yVhnK j' rJhnK jB. fes/ v?w ns/ n?B/eN pDkJ/ rJ/
jB ns/ fes/ gkDh dk gqd{PD j?, gkDh dh n;wkB tzv j?, fes/ ;'ek ns/ fes/ jVQ jB.
T{oik ;kXB fJZe nfijk ;kXB j? fi; Bkb G"fse ;z;ko dh T[sgsh j'Jh j?. yfDi, s/b,
r?;, ib^fpibh ns/ nD{^Pesh d/ T[g:'r Bkb ftPt nZi T[Bsh d/ fPyo tZb tZXdk ik
fojk j?. T{oik d/ gozgokrs ;kXBK s'A fJbktk ftebfge ;kXB th jB fit/A fe
gD^Pesh, fBT{ebhno Pesh, ;{oih T{oik, g"D T{oik, bfjoK s'A T{oik, G{^skgh T{oik,
itko T{oik nkfd. gozs{ tZXdh nkpkdh ns/ tZXdh G'iB dh b'V d/ ekoB, y/shpkVh d/
T[d:'rheoD d/ ekoB, eJh ;wZf;nktK g?dk j' rJhnK jB fit/A fe o;kfJfDe ykdK dh
tos'A, ehNBkPeK ns/ BdhB^BkPeK dh tos'A, G{wh ns/ ib gqd{PD, G{wh dk ykok gD,
G{^y'o nkfd.
1H3H7 Ppdktbh
G{wh dh T[gobh ;fsj s/ gkDh d/ tkPgheoD d/ T[gozs
1H b{DheoD L
x[bDPhb btDK d/ fJeZm/ j'D dh gqfeqnk
y/sK ftZu fefVnK B{z wkoB bJh tos/ ikD tkb/ o;kfJfDe
2H ehNBkPe L
gdkoE
3H T{oik L ezw eoB dh :'rsk
ftebfge T{oik gkozgokrs ;'fwnK s'A fJbktk tos/ ikD tkb/ T{oik d/ ;kXB
4H L
;kXB (g"D T{oik, gD^Pesh nkfd)
BftnkT[D:'r T[j ;'w/ fijV/ ysw BjhA j[zd/ ns/ fiBKQ dh g{osh S/sh jh j'
5H L
;'w/ iKdh j?.
1H3H8 ;[MkJ/ gqPB
1H ;/w dh gfoGkPk fdU. fwZNh d/ sZsK ns/ nkX[fBe y/sh d/ gqGktK dk fIeo eo'.
2H j/m fbfynK T[~s/ ;zy/g B'N fby'L
(T) ib ;kXBK dh p/bV ' h tos'A
(n) ;'ek ns/ jVQ
(J) ftebfge T{oik ;kXB
(;) T{oik ;kXBK dh tZXdh j'Jh b'V
1H tksktoD f;Zfynk L ;o'i ;'psh cotkok ns/ ;[yihs f;zx
2H tksktoD f;Zfynk L nkoHJ/H Powk
3H Resources and Environment L I.N. Chawla
Textbook of Environmental
4H L Dr. K. Raghavan
Studies
t?p ;'w/
1H www.media.awareness.ca
2H www.vsaid.gov
3H www.globalissues.org
4H wiki.answers.com
ykbh EktK Go'L
1H ib dk T[g:'r HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH T[sgkdB ftZu th ehsk iKdk j?.
2H HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH xZN j'D d/ ekoB ;'ek g?Adk j?.
3H ;'ek HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH dk gfjbk uoD j?.
4H v?w pDkT[D Bkb HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ns/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH s'A pukU j[zdk j?.
5H ;{oih T{oik, T[oik dk HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ;'wk j?.
6H g?Nq'bhnw T{oik dk HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ;'wk j?.
7H v?w fBowkD d/ ekoD BfjoK B/V/ Xosh ftZu HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ns/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
dh ;wZf;nk nk iKdh j?.
T[~soL (1) T{oik (2) toyk (3) wko{EbheoD (4) jVQ, G{^y'o
(5) BftnkT[D:'r (6) Bk^ftnkT[D:'r (7) b{D, ;/w
phHJ/H$phHekwH$phHphHJ/H$phH;hHJ/H Gkr d{ik gouk L tksktoD f;Zfynk
gkm Bzpo L 1H4 b/fyek L vkH ;opihs e"o ;zXktkbhnk
e[dosh ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk ftu ftnesh dh G{fwek

(Role of an Individual in Conservation of Natural Resources)
gkm dh o{g o/yk
1H4H1 G{fwek
1H4H2 T[d/P
1H4H3 e[dosh ;z;kXBK dk torheoD
1H4H4 e[dosh ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk ftu ftnesh dh G{fwek
1H4H4H1 izrb ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk ftu ftnesh dh G{fwek
1H4H4H2 yfDZi ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk ftu ftnesh dh G{fwek
1H4H4H3 T{oik ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk ftu ftnesh dh G{fwek
1H4H4H4 ib ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk ftu ftnesh dh G{fwek
1H4H4H5 G{wh ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk ftu ftnesh dh G{fwek
1H4H5 fuo;EkJh ihtB P?bh bJh ;z;kXBK dh ;jh tos'A
(Equitable use of Resources for sustainable life styles)
1H4H6 ;koz P
1H4H7 gVQB:'r g[;seK
1H4H8 tZv/ ns/ S'N/ T[ZsoK tkb/ gqPB
1H4H1 G{fwekL^ e[dosh ;z;kXB ;kvhnK ;kohnK b'VK g{ohnK eod/ jB go bkbu
BjhA. oZp d/ Gzvko Go/ j'J/ jB go n;hA fJBQK dh edo BjhA eod/. wB[Zy Xosh dk
okik j?. T[;d/ ;[Zy ;j{bs ns/ ;'jDh fizadrh bJh w[cs jtk, gkDh, fwZNh nkfd dksK
fwbhnK j'JhnK jB. i/ T[j ;G e[M b'V nB[;ko, ;ziw ns/ f;nkDg Bkb tos/ sK
T; B{z fe;/ uhI dh ewh BjhA nkT[Adh. go fit/A nZr pkbD Bkb BjhA oidh, fJ;/ soQK
wB[Zy dh Bhs BjhA Godh. j'o j'o dh bkb;k B/ T[;B{z ;t? e/Adfos pDk fdZsk j?. T[j
e[dos B{z BIonzdkI eoe/ f;oc nkgD/ ;[nkoE B{z nZr/ oydk j?. pikfJ oZp dhnK
dksK dk P[er[Iko j'D s/ T[j fdB^p^fdB nfeqsxD j[zdk ik fojk j?. uzr/ wkV/ eowK
dh ;Ik ;G B{z fwbdh j?. wB[Zy th nZi nkgDhnK eoBhnK dk cb G[rs fojk j?. go
fJ; B/ nkT[D tkbhnK B;bK bJh th ezv/ phi fdZs/ jB. b'V j? fe fJj e[dos d/
nBw'b fto;/ B{z gSkD e/ T[;d/ yIkfBnK dh T[fuZs ;zGkb eo/. e[dos B/ nkgD/ Gzvko/
fJe' tko Go/ jB. T[BQK dh :'r ns/ ;ziwh tos'A ;kv/ ;kfonK dk caoI j?. fJ; Bkb
44
fiE/ e[dos dh r'd T[iVB s'A pu ikJ/rh, T[E/ ;kvk ;kfonK dk ihtB th y[Pjkb j'
ikt/rk.
1H4H2 T[d/P L^ e[dosh ;z;XkB ;kv/ ftek; dk nXko jB. fJBQK ftZu fwZNh, jtk,
gkDh, ibtk:{, yfDi gdkoE, izrb, ikBto, c;bK nkfd Pkwb jB. wB[Zy fJBQK
;kXBK B{z nkgDh f;nkDg Bkb j'o ftef;s th eo ;edk j? ns/ nkgDh w[oysk Bkb
fJBQK B{z BPN th eo ;edk j?. gowkswk B/ ;kB{z Xosh d/ ;G gqkDhnK s'A tZX p[ZXh ns/
neb pyaPh j?. e[dos s/ fiZs gqkgs eoB d/ iB{zB ns/ BP/ ftu n;hA nkgDhnK fIaw z /
tkohnK B{z G[Zb rJ/ jK. nZi n;hA e[dos B{z fiZs e/ th jko rJ/ jK. fJ; gkm dk T[d/
P j? wB[Zy B{z nkgd/ eosZtK pko/ ikD{ eotkT[Dk, e[dosh ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk pko/ gq/
fos eoBk ns/ fuo;EkJh ftek; bJh T[Zsw ihtB^P?bh ngBkT[D dh gq/oBk d/Dk.
wB[Zy dhnK b'VK dh ;hwk j? go fJ; dh bkb;k, tk;Bk ns/ b'G dh e'Jh jZd BjhA.
fJ; gkm dk wzst wB[Zy B{z ;tkoE s'A T[Zgo T[Zm e/ ;opZs dk Gbk eoB dh iku
f;ykT[Dk j? ns/ e[dosh ;z;kXBK dh ;[:'r tos'A gqsh ;[u/s eoBk j?.
1H4H3 e[dosh ;z;kXBK dk torheoD L^ ;z;kXB ;kvhnK fJZSktK ns/ Io{osK dh
g{osh eoe/ ;kB{z ;[yh ns/ y[Pjkb pDkT[Ad/ jB. fJj e[dos, seBhe ns/ wB[Zyh
gq:sBK dk f;ZNk jB. :'iBkpzdh, ;{M^p{M ns/ f;nkDg Bkb n;hA ;z;kXBK d/ T[ikV
B{z o'e ;ed/ jK. ;z;kXBK B{z w[Zy o{g ftu j/m fby/ ;w{jK ftu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?.
(i) i?fte ns/ ni?fte ;z;kXB (Biotic and Abotic Resources)
(ii) BthBheoD ns/ r?o BthBheoD :'r ;z;kXB
(Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources)
(iii) ;zGkfts ns/ ftef;s ;z;kXB (Potential and Developed Resources)
(iv) eZuk wkb ns/ T{oik ;z;kXB (Raw Material and Energy Resources)
(v) yfDi ns/T[d:'fre ;z;kXB (Mineral and Industrial Resources)
e[dosh ;z;kXBK T[Zs/ wB[ZyK dk gqGkt L^ i/ ;kvh nkwdB s'A yaou fInkdk j' ikt/
sK ;kvh nkofEesk vktKv'b j' iKdh j?. fJ;/ soQK e[dosh GzvkoK B{z tZX ojh
iB;zfynk ykbh eoh ik ojh j? ns/ ;kok YKuk v'b frnk j?. brksko tZXdh wB[Zyh
t;'A ekoD pj[s/ xoK ns/ fJwkosK dh b'V j?, fJ; bJh izrb eZN/ ik oj/ jB. wkfjoK
tZb'A fejk frnk j? fe fJe wB[Zy d/ u[frod/ ftu 20 doyas j'D/ ukjhd/ jB go j[D
jkbs J/Bh yaokp j? fe 20 wB[ZyK d/ d[nkb/ n";sB fJe o[Zy th BIo BjhA nkT[Adk.
o[ZyK dh popkdh ekoD fJBQK s/ nkPfos iht izs{ ns/ T[BQK d/ fBtk; n;EkB th y[Z;
rJ/ jB. r[opkDh ftu fbfynk j? fe nzB, gkDh, fxT[, nkfd ;G d/tsk ;o{g jB go
wB[Zyh ;oho nzdo ik e/ fJj gftZso uhIK th fGqPNhnK iKdhnK jB. wB[Zyh t;'A dh
ftPNk, rzdrh, e{Vk eoeN tksktoD B{z d{fPs eo fdzdk j?. i/ n;hA jo ;kb tD wjK
T[s;t wBk e/ p{N/ bkT[Ad/ th jK sK T[BQK dh ;zGkb BjhA eod/ fJ; bJh T[j S/sh jh ;V
;[Ze iKd/ jB. eDe ns/ M'B/ dh eNkJh T[gqzs gokbh B{z bkJh nZr Bkb pj[s ;ko/ o[Zy,
ikBtoK gzShnK d/ nzv/ ns/ p'N th M[b; iKd/ jB. nkgD/ nzX ftPtk;K ekoD o[ZyK
dhnK iVQK ftu s/b u' e/ th n;hA T[BQK B{z yso/ ftu gk oj/ jK.
e[dosh ;kXBK dk ;'PD eoe/ wB[Zy B/ pj[s tXheh ehsh j?. fizBk fuo sZe wB[Zy dh
e[dosh ;kXBK dh tos'A T[; gZXo sZe ojh, id sZe e[dos fJ;B{z w[V Go ;edh ;h,
T[d'A sZe gfo;fEsh gqDkbhnK dk ;zs[bB ekfJw fojk. go tX/o/ ns/ nzBQ/tkj e[dosh
b[ZN ekoD ;kok ;ws'b ftrV frnk j? ns/ tksktoD ;z;kXBK ftu rzGho froktN nk
rJh j?. j[D n;hA d/yd/ jK fe tZy^tZy e[dosh ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk bJh ftnesh
fet/A nkgDh G{fwek fBGk ;edk j?.
1H4H4H1 izrb ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk L^ izrb Xosh dk pj[s Io{oh ;z;kXB jB.
fJj jtk B{z P[ZX eod/ jB, ;G B{z njko fdzd/ jB ns/ tkskoD dh ;[aZXsk ns/ ;zs[bB
pDkJh oZyd/ jB. e[Zbh, r[Zbh, i[Zbh torhnK w[ZYbhnK ;j{bsK d/D d/ Bkb Bkb fJj
;kB{z nkoEe bkG th fdzd/ jB. eZuk wkb, bZeV, dtkJhnK, bky, r{zd, opV nkfd
;kB{z izrbK s'A jh gqkgs j[zd/ jB. pj[s ;ko/ Pkekjkoh ns/ wk;kjkoh iht izs{, ehV/
we"V/ ns/ gP{ gzSh izrbK ftu ofjzd/ jB. izrbK dh eNkJh pj[s ;ko/ iht izs{nK B{z
fJBQK d/ e[dosh tksktoD s'A tKfMnk eo fdzdh j?. fdB^p^fdB izrbK nXhB G{wh
f;wN ojh j?, tD ;[zrV oj/ jB ns/ fJBQK T[Zgo fBoGo ihtB ByhfVnk ik fojk j?.
nkdwh d/ e[jkV/ B/ ;kv/ u"frod/, izrb p/b/ ns/ T[BQK ftu ftuoD tkb/ G'b' Gkb/ p/e;{o
gqkDhnK dk xks eo fdZsk j?. T[; tb'A ehsh wbhBsk ekoD bZyK o[Zy p{N/ ns/ iht izs{
Xosh s'A ;dk bJh e{u eo rJ/ jB iK w"s Bkb i{M oj/ jB. nZi dk wB[Zy nGkrk j?
fi; B/ wfjed/ ns/ Nfjed/, c[bK bZd/ izrbh o[Zy p{fNnK d/ Bkb Bkb ozr pozrh ihtK
dh d[BhnK th spkj eo bJh j?. i/ fJj spkjh Bk o[eh sK nkT[D tkb/ 100 ;kbK ftu
Xosh nkgD/ nZX/ ihtK dhnK B;bK ;dk bJh r[nk d/t/rh.
izrb e/tb y/V/ iK ;[jZgD dk gqshe jh BjhA, ;r'A ;w[Zu/ ihtK dk nkjko ns/ nkXko
jB. fJ;/ bJh f;oiDjko B/ ;G s'A gfjbK ns/ ;G s'A fInkdk wksok ftu pB;gshnK
jh pDkJhnK. ;kv/ fiT[D bJh b'VhAdh nke;hiB, sB bJh y[oke ns/ wB bJh y/Vk
jo/ Go/ o[Zy jh gqdkB eod/ jB. ihtB bJh yasok pD/ j'J/ gqd{PD B{z ;'yD bJh Xosh
B{z j'o tX/o/ o[Zy s/ izrb ukjhd/ jB. fJT[A ikgdk j? fit/A Xosh d/ ekraI T[s/ gow/Po
d[nkok fby/ j'J/ joca jh o[Zy jB. fJj fpBK fe;/ ftseo/ d/ ;G B{z nk;ok, mzYh SK
ns/ cb p\Pd/ jB. fBot?o ns/ w';wK d/ efjo ;jko e/ th ;kv/ ihtB ftu ;[yK dh
toyk eod/ jB. goT[gekoh fpoy tZYD tkbhnK e[jkVhnK ns/ uhoB tkb/ nkfonK B{z
th d;s/ gqdkB eod/ jB. fJ; bJh oZp d/ o{g o[ZyK p{fNnK dk ;fseko eoBk ukjhdk
j?. o[ZyK B{z eZN e/ e[dosh ;z[dosk BPN eoB dh pikfJ ;kB{z fJBQK d/ r[DK B{z XkoB
eoBk ukjhdk j?. o[Zy sK ;Zu/ eow:'rh jB i' nB/eK ePN ;fj e/ th Xosh B{z
jfonktb, ozrK, ;z[rXK ns/ mzYhnK SktK Bkb ;oPko eod/ jB. g[oksB foPh w[Bh,
;kX{ ;zs, BkE i'rh ns/ oZp d/ fgnko/ izrbK dh r'd ftu ik e/ w"bh j'Jh pB;gsh ftu
jh oZp d/ Mbeko/ d/yd/ ;B. r[opkDh ftu th ;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ 'pfbjkoh e[dos
tf;nk* dk ;[zdo ;zd/P fdZsk j?. n;hA nkgD/ u[frod/ ftu fezBk th gqd{PD c?bkJhJ/,
fezBhnK th IfjoK x'bhJ/ go fpoy ed/ fBokP BjhA j[zd/. fJj jtk ftub/ X{V ns/ X{zJ/
d/ eDK B{z th gh iKd/ jB ns/ fBozso ihtB dkB d/ ;'w/ pD/ ofjzd/ jB. fJj Xosh d/
skgwkB, o[ZsK ns/ whjK B{z fB:fws oyd/ jB.fJj ;kvh o{j B{z th fsqgsh ns/ Gog{osk
pyaPd/ jB. i/ nZi wB[Zy Jhoyk, e'qX ns/ b'G dh nZr ftu ;V fojk j? sK T[;dk ekoD
goT[gekoh fpoyK dk xkD j?. p[o/ Bkb th Gbk eoB tkb/ o[ZyK p{fNnK B{z jkBh g[ukT[D
s'A tZvk e'Jh gkg BjhA. fe;/ ;w/A ;kv/ d/P B{z d/t G{wh fejk iKdk ;h go nZi n;hA
fJ;B{z dkBt G{wh pDkJh ik oj/ jK. n;hA ftek; d/ BK j/m e[dos dk ftBkP eoh ik
oj/ jK. ftfrnkBhnK dh GftZy pkDh j? fe ;z;ko dk shik ftPt :[ZX gkDh dh feZbs
ekoD j't/rk. e[dos dh b[ZN ns/ n;zs[bB dk ekoD ftfrnkB ns/ ftek; BjhA, ;r'A
wB[Zy dhnK rbs BhshnK jB. g?dktko d/ tkX/ ns/ tZX s'A tZX w[Bkcak ewkT[D bJh
T[;B/ o;kfJDK ns/ ehNBkPh IfjoK dk gq:'r ehsk j? fi; Bkb ca;bK, ;pIhnK, d[ZX,
cb ns/ wfmnkJhnK ftj[b/ j' rJ/ jB. joh eqKsh d/ BK j/m ;kvh y[oke ftu
vhHvhHNhH, f;Zek, sKpk, fi;s, nko;?fBe ns/ e?vwhnw fwb rJ/ jB. :{o/Bhnw
tor/ xkse sZsK ekoD nZi e?A;o, ngzrsk, rzikgD, ;zskBjhDsk, wzdp[ZXh ns/ uwVh
d/ o'rK dk efjo tZX fojk j?. nBwkB j? fe ncarkfB;skB ftu skfbpkB fybkc
nwohek tb'A tos/ rJ/ gowkD{ jfEnkoK ns/ fw;kJhbK iK pzpK ftubk :{o/Bhnw X{V
eDK ftu ob frnk. fJ; dk f;ZXk n;o fJe jIko whb sZe j[zdk j?. jtk d[nkok
fJj ;kv/ d/P sZe gj[zu frnk j?. gkDh ns/ fwZNh ftu fwb e/ fJ;B/ Bw{Bhnk, j?g/
NkJhfN; ph ns/ ;h, fueB gke; ns/ g/N dhnK phwkohnK c?bk fdZshnK jB. nop
d/PK s'A nkT[D tkb/ b'j/ d/ epkV okjhA Gh o/vhJ/PB c?bdh j?. pj[sh tos'A Bkb Xosh
ftu gkDh dk gZXo th BhtK j[zdk ik fojk j?. e[dosh ;o'sK dh b[ZN y;[ZN eoB tkbk
wB[Zy fdB' fdB ezrkb j[zdk ik fojk j?. nZi wB[Zy d/ c?bkJ/ IfjoK s'A gP{, gzSh, c;bK,
tksktoD ;G d[yh jB. fwbktNh d[ZX, fxT[, G'iB okjhA fJj nkgDh B;b dk th xks
eodk ik fojk j?. nkT[ t/yhJ/ fe tZy' tZyo/ e[dosh ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk ftu ftnesh
eh G{fwek fBGk ;edk j?.
1H4H4H1 izrb ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk ftu ftnesh dh G{fwek L^ izrb nBw'b
e[dosh ;z;kXB jB. fJj fwZNh dh pDso xVB tkb/ ekoykB/, iht izs{nK bJh
ne;hiB g?dk eoB tkb/ iBo/No ns/ toyk fbnkT[D tkb/ ekoe jB. fJj gkDh B{z
nkgDhnK iVQK ftu ;zGkb e/ oZyd/ jB, T{oik d/ ;q's jB ns/ ;'e/ ns/ jVQK d'jK s'A jh
;kvh oZfynk eod/ jB. fJj ;kvhnK e[Zbh, r[Zbh ns/ i[Zbh dhnK b'VK dh g{osh eoB
d/ Bkb Bkb ;kB{z dtkJhnK ns/ eJh nw'be uhIK gqdkB eod/ jB. fJj Bwh SZv e/
tksktoD B{z mzYk oZyd/ jB. p'jV dk fJe o[Zy fJe fdB ftu 400 fbNo gkDh jtk ftu
SZv fdzdk j?. e?bhc'oBhnk dk o?Zv t[v fpoy u"th xzfNnK d"okB fszB jIko fbNo Bwh
tksktoD B{z fdzdk j?. fJe tor feb'whNo sZe c?b/ izrb 50,000 xD whNo gkDh
Gzvko nkgdhnK iVQK ftu ;zGkbd/ jB. Xosh T[Zgo gP{ ihtB ns/ g"fdnK dk nB[gks
xZN' xZN 1L20 j'Dk ukjhdk j? Gkt fJe gP{ iK wB[Zy d/ fjZ;/ 20 o[Zy g"d/ nkT[D/ ukjhd/
jB. izrbK dh tZY N[Ze ekoD j[D fJj nB[gks pj[s xZN frnk j?. n;hA nke;hiB d/
D d/ e[dosh ekoykB/ Gkt izrbK B{z tZY e/ X{znK T[rbD tkb/ ekoykB/ brkJ/ ik oj/ jK.
izrb ekopB vkfJe;kJhv ns/ X{V X{znK iIp eoe/ jtk P[ZX eod/ jB izrbK dh xkN
ekoD Gkoh ns/ rfjoh X{V X{zJ/A tkb/ tk:{wzvb ftu toyk xN iKdh j?. ;' wB[Zy izrbK
B{z jh BjhA eNdk ;r'A cb;o{g jVQ, ;'e/, T[gikT{ fwZNh dk y[oBk ns/ o[VQBk, pzBQK ftu
nkT[AdhnK sq/VK bJh th fizaw/tko j?. izrb eZND Bkb gjkVh y/so ns/ w?dkB Bzr/ j'Jh
ik oj/ jB. wB[Zyh t;'A bJh xoK dh tZXdh b'V ekoD th izrbK dk ;ckfJnk j' fojk
j?. ;wrfbzr, bkbu ns/ nfrnkBsk t; izrb ;kV/ ik oj/ jB fi; eoe/ izrbh
ihtB nb'g j[zdk ik fojk j?. j[D pB;gsh, fwZNh ns/ gP{ ihtB ftubhnK szdK
T[bMdhnK ns/ N[ZNdhnK ik ojhnK jB. jVQK d/ e"wh efwPB nB[;o izrbK dh p/
sjkPk eNkJh ekoD jVQK dh wko j/m nkT[D tkb/ fJbkfenK dk ;zGkth oepk 40
fwbhnB j?eN/no sZe ik gj[zuk j?. fwZNh dhnK T[gikT{ gosK B{z f;oiD ns/ ;zGkbD
ftu izrb pj[s ;jkfJe j[zd/ jB. fJBQK B{z e[jkVk wko e/ n;hA nkgD/ jh g?oK s/ e[jkVk
wko oj/ jK. izrbK dh ;[oZfynk bJh jo ftnesh B{z j/m fby/ :sB eoB/ ukjhd/ jB^
1H izrbK d/ wjZst gqsh ikro{esk L^ id'A sZe fe;/ ftnesh B[z izrbK d/
wjZst dk jh gsk BjhA, T[j T[;dh ;zGkb fet/A eo ;edk j?< fJ; bJh
;?whBkoK, r'PNhnK, ukoNK, wkvbK, fcbwK, nypkoK, o;kfbnK, feskpK ns/
gquko okjhA ;kB{z b'eK ftu izrbK gqsh ikro{esk g?dk eoBh ukjhdh j?. fJ;
ezw ftu whvhnk, d{odoPB nkfd tZvk :'rdkB d/ ;ed/ jB. Gkt/A okPNoh
u?BbK s'A eJh gq'rokw fdZs/ th iKd/ jB go ;oeko tZbA' fJj ;ko/ u?BbK s/
fdykT[D/ bkIwh eo fdZs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB. gqkfJwoh f;Zfynk s'A jh pZfunK B{z
izrbK d/ bkG dZ;D/ ukjhd/ jB. pZfunK B{z e[dosh BIkfonK B{z wkDB ns/
;KGD gqsh ;[u/s eoBk ukjhdk j?.
2H izrbK dh eNkJh B{z o'eDk L^ ;kv/ ;ko/ XowK ns/ T[gd/PeK B/ izrbK B{z
fgnko eoBk f;ykfJnk j?. i/ e'Jh Ipod;sh izrb eZNDk ukj/ sK T[;B{z o'eDk
th ;kvk caoI j?. fJ; dh fJe T[dkjoD j? y/iVbh fgzv dh fJe wfjbk nzfwqsk
d/th. id'A ;zB 1730 ftu okik ni? f;zx i'Xg[oh B/ izrbK dh eNkJh dk j[ew
fdZsk sK nzfwqsk d/th B/ f;gkjhnK B{z wBk ehsk. T[;B{z foPts d/D dh e'fPP th
ehsh rJh go T[;B/ nkgDk jm ekfJw oZfynk. T[j nkgD/ gfotko ;w/s
doysK Bkb fuzpV rJh. nZi T[;dh :kd ftu ;oeko B/ nzfwqsk d/th fpPB'Jh
izrbh iht ;[oZfynk g[o;eko dh ;EkgBk ehsh j?.
3H b'e u/sBk bfjoK dk :'rdkB L^ ;kB{z izrbK gqs h b'e bfjoK ubkT[DhnK
ukjhdhnK jB sK i' fJ; ehwsh yIkB/ B{z pukfJnk ik ;e/. e[M iB nzd'bB sK
gfjbK jh fJ; gk;/ ekoiPhb jB fit/A ;ot Gkosh tksktoDh u/szBsk nzd'bB,
fjwkbk pukT{ nzd'bB, gZSwh xkN pukU nzd'bB nkfd. jo Pfjo s/ fgzv d/
b'eK B[z ob e/ o[Zy pukT{ ;';kfJNhnK pDkT[DhnK ukjhdhnK jB. ethnK ns/ b/
yeK B{z o[ZyK d/ wjZst dhnK eftsktK ns/ b/y fbyD/ ukjhd/ jB. izrb eNkJh
dk fto'X eoB bJh tobv o/B cko?;N nzd'bB nzso okPNoh gZXo s/ S/fVnk
frnk j?. fJ; d/ nzd'bBekohnK B/ fJwkosh bZeV d/ tgko s/ gkpzdh brkT[D
ns/ tD y/soK ftu jkBh g[ukT[D tkb/ gqki?eNK fto[ZX w[fjzw S/Vh j?. Gkos ftu
1972 ftu T[Zso gqd/P, oki;EkB, eoBkNe, fpjko, wZX gqd/P ns/ wjKokPNoh
nkfd. fJj nzd'bB izrbK B{z pukT[D dk fJe rKXhtkdh Yzr j?.
4H ekB{zBh ;jkfJsk L^ Gkos ftu izrbK dh eNkJh ;zpzXh ekB{zB sK jB go fJBQK
B{z nwb ftu xZN jh fbnKdk iKdk j?. u'oh S[g/ pj[s b'e oks poks/ doys eZN
b?Ad/ jB. ;kB{z ukjhdk j? fe nfij/ b'eK fto[ZX fPekfJs eoe/ ekB{zBh ekotkJh
ehsh ikJ/. jo ftnesh 60 fdBK dk B'fN; d/D fgZS'A fe;/ th T[bzxDk eoB
tkb/ fto[ZX ndkbs dk dotkIk yVek ;edk j?. fJ; soQK eoB Bkb rbs
nB;oK, ;wrboK, u'oK nkfd s/ o'e bZr/rh.
5H tD wjKT[s;t wBkT[Dk L^ ;kB{z tD wjK T[s;t B{z e/tb fJe fdB iK fJe
jcask BjhA ;r'A ;kok ;kb wBkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. o[Zy Xosh dk fPzrko, e[dos dk
T[gjko ns/ y[Pjkbh dk nkXko jB. e/tb g"d/ brkT[Dk jh ekch BjhA. T[BQK dh
;KG ;zGkb th T[sBh jh Io{oh j?. fJj ;G e[M o;wh fijk j'D eoe/ n;hA
pj[s ;ko/ g"fdnK B{z brk sK fdzd/ jK go puk BjhA ;ed/. fJj ;kB{z fJe b'e
bfjo d/ o{g ftu PoXk GktBk Bkb fBGkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. ;kB{z ;c?ad/ s/ gkg{bo
tor/ o[Zy xZN brkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB feT[Afe fJj gkDh fInkdk ;'yd/ jB ns/ gzSh
fJBQK s/ nkbQD/ BjhA gkT[Ad/. fJBQK dh EK ;kB{z nzp, ikwD, Nkjbh, s{s, fgZgb,
p'jV, fBzw nkfd brkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB feT[Afe fJj ;zxDh SK th fdzd/ jB ns/
gzShnK B{z tXhnK fBtk; th fdzd/ jB. ;kv/ g[okD/ ;ZfGnkuko ftu o[ZyK B{z g[ZsK
tKr gkfbnk iKdk ;h. w[Peb Bkb gqkgs j'J/ g[Zso dk BK th p{Nk iK p'jV iK
fgZgb f;zx oZy fdZsk iKdk ;h. fiBQK d/ e'Jh n"bkd BjhA ;h j[zdh T[j fsqt?Dh
Gkt fszB o[Zy p'jV, fgZgb ns/ fBzw brk e/ Xosh s/ nkgD/ tzP B{z s'od/ ;B.
o[Zy brkT[Dk tZvk g[zB eow ;wfMnk iKdk ;h. nZi th ;kB{z b'V j? nkgD/
;fGnkukoe w[ZbK B{z gSkDhJ/ ns/ tZX s'A tZX o[Zy brkJhJ/. ;kv/ d/P ftu e[M
o[Zy B{z d/tsk ;wM e/ T[BQK dh g{ik ns/ ;zGkb ehsh iKdh ;h. foPh w[Bh, ;kX{
;zs, sgh;o ns/ i'rh izrbK ftu jh PKsh s/ frnkB gqkgs eod/ ;B. pkpk
cohd ih B/ o[ZyK B{z dot/P dk doik fdZsk j?. ;kB[z th fJj gqzgoktK ekfJw
oZyDhnK ukjhdhnK jB.
7H gqd{PD B{z o'eDk L^ ;hfwzN d/ ekoykfBnK s'A g?dk j'Jh X{V, GZfmnK ns/
fuwBhnK s'A fBebdhnK IfjohbhnK r?;K ns/ okya g"fdnK s/ p[ok gqGkt gkT[Ad/
jB. o;kfJDe IfjoK ns/ BdhB BkPe dtkJhnK gkDh ftu fwbe/ g"fdnK
dhnK iVQK B{z B[e;kB gj[zukT[AdhnK jB. eDe d/ BkV iK M'B/ dh gokbh B{z
brkJh nZr G{wh dh T[gikT{ Pesh B{z yasw eodh j? ns/ B/V/ d/ o[ZyK B{z th M[b;k
fdzdh j?. fJ; bJh ;kB{z gqd{PD c?bkT[D s'A puDk ukjhdk j?.
8H o[ZyK gqsh gqw/ GktBk L^ o[ZyK d/ oZph r[DK ns/ goT[gekoh ;[Gkn ekoD ;kB{z
T[BQK dh edo eoBh ukjhdh j?. fBot?o o[ZyK dh ikB b?D dh pikfJ ;kB{z T[BQK
Bkb fgnko ns/ ;fseko Bkb g/P nkT[Dk ukjhdkj?. o[ZyK T[Zs/ sIop/ eoe/
fJj f;ZX ehsk ik u[Zek j? fe i/ o[ZyK B{z fgnko dh GktBk Bkb f;zfink s/
gkfbnk ikt/ sK T[j uzrh soQK gqc[Zbs j[zd/ jB go i/ Bcaos ns/ fjikos Bkb
gkfbnk ikt/ sK T[j fIndk ftef;s BjhA j[zd/. n;hA d/yd/ jK fe Xkofwe
;EkBK B/V/ T[rkJ/ o[Zy, c[Zb p[N/ y/V/ Bkb Gog{o j[zd/ jB id fe g?No'b gzgK,
;VeK ns/ T[d:'rK B/V/ bZr/ o[Zy wNw?b/ ns/ T[gokw fij/ j[zd/ jB. ;kvhnK b'e
eEktK ftu th fIeo j? fe wjKg[oPK ns/ ;zsK GrsK d/ nkT[D Bkb ;[Ze/ pkr th
jo/ j' iKd/ ;B. fJe tko wjkswk p[ZX fJe wko{Ebh fJbke/ ftu'A bzx oj/ ;B.
n"y/ t/b/ bJh ;zGkb e/ oZfynk fJe b'Nk ib T[BQK e'b ;h. T[BQK B/ T[j ib nkg
ghD dh pikfJ fJe e[wbk oj/ g"d/ dhnK iVQK ftu gk fdZsk. g"fdnK dh ;/tk
eoe/ ;kvh nkswk gqc[Zfbs j[zdh j?. fJe tko fJe pZu/ B/ p/oh d/ tZNk wkfonk
;h sK fe p/o fwbD go T[j wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ ik bZrk ;h. pZu/ B{z ;Ik
d/D dh pikfJ wjkoki/ B/ pj[s ;kok XB fdZsk ;h ns/ fejk ;h fe i/ o[Zy tZN/
wkoB tkb/ B{z th cb fdzd/ jB sK ;kB{z th fJBQK s'A ;fjDPhbsk dk ;pe f;ZyDk
ukjhdk j?. wjkswk p[ZX dh wK B/ wfjbK B{z SZv e/ o[ZyK dh r'd ftu p[ZX B{z iBw
fdZsk ;h.
9H bZeVh dh EK j'o uhIK dk gq:'r L^ T{oik efwPB d/ nzefVnK nB[;ko
n;hA jo ;kb bZrGZr 2500 eo'V ehws dh bZeV u[ZfbQnK ftu c{e oj/ jK ns/
1000 eo'V dh fJwkosh bZeVh coBhuo ns/ j'o T[d:'rK bJh eZNh ik ojh j?.
n;h nkgD/ pkbD dhnK b'VK dk 63# fjZ;k bZeVK s'A, 14# fwZNh d/ s/b s'A,
10# r'j/ s'A,4# e'fJb/ s'A, 5# bZeVh d/ e'fJb/ s'A ns/ e/tb 1# r?; s'A g{ok
eo oj/ jK. fgZvK d/ 80# b'e xo'rh pkbD ftu bZeVh tos oj/ jB. fJ; soQK
jh ubdk fojk sK nkT[D tkb/ ;w/A ftu ;kv/ e'b nBki j't/ th sK T[;B{z gekT[D
bJh pkbD BjhA bZG/rk. d{i/ gk;/ Gkos ftu fszB bZy NB bZeVh jo ;kb
w[ofdnK d/ ;;eko ftu tosh iKdh j?. ;kB{z fJ;d/ pdb bZGD/ g?Dr/, sK jh
izrbK dh eNkJh B{z pukfJnk ik ;edk j?. fpibJh PwPkB xkN ns/ Bth
seBhe tkb/ pkbD dh tos'A eoe/ fJ; ;wZf;nk B{z mZb gkJh ik ;edh j?.
10H fsT[jkoK B{z Bt/A Yzr Bkb wBkT[Dk L^ b'jVh, j'bh nkfd w"e/ pj[s ;koh
bZeVh c{e fdZsh iKdh j?. dhtkbh w"e/ tZvh wksqk ftu gqd{PD g?dk j[zdk j? ns/
eJh EkJhA nZrK th bZr iKdhnK jB. ;kB{z fJBQK fsT[jkoK B{z ;ziw ns/ f;nkDg
Bkb wBkT[Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ j'o s'jfcnK dh pikfJ g"fdnK d/ s'jc/ tzvD/
ukjhd/ jB. rDszso fdt;, r[og[opK nkfd w"e/ j[D eJh EktK p{N/ tzv/ iKd/
jB. fJj d/o sZe ofjD tkb/ ;G s'A T[Zsw s'jc/ jB.
11H iB;zfynk s/ fB:zsoD L^ jo wB[Zy dk caoI j? fe T[j nkgD/ gotko dh
fJekJh S'Nh oZy/. tZXdh t;'A ekoD jh w[oZp/ pzdh, T[d:'rheoD, PfjoheoD,
gqd{PD ns/ izrbK dk ;ckfJnk j[zdk j?. n;hA j[D sZe izrbK d/ ftBkPe pD/
oj/ jK go j[D nkgDh j'Ad pukT[D bJh ;kB{z izrbK d/ ;zGkbe pDBk g?Dk j?.
;kB{z fiZE/ nkgD/ g[okD/ ns/ otkfJsh o[ZyK dh ;zGkb eoBh ukjhdh j?, T[ZE/ b'VK
g{ohnK eoB bJh BthnK s/ S/sh tZXD tkbhnK o[ZyK dhnK B;bK brkT[DhnK
ukjhdhnK jB. id'A ;kvhnK ghVQhnK ;kvk Bkw th G[Zb ikDrhnK, T[d'A th ;kv/
bkJ/ o[Zy fiT[Ad/ ofjDr/ fiBQK T[Zs/ gzSh ufjeDr/ ns/ w[;kco T[BQK dh SK
wkB:'r. o[Zy brk e/ n;hA nkgD/ eZd s'A th bzwhnK fBPkBhnK Xosh s/ SZv
iktKr/.fJ; bJh gotko fB:zsoD ns/ g"dk o'gD eoBk ;kv/ ;G d/ Gb/ ftu
j?. izrbK dh popkdh dk w[Zy ekoD nkpkdh j?.
izrb p/P[wko n"PXhnK dk Gzvko jB. d[BhnK dhnK jo uko ckow/;hnK ftu'A fJe
ckow/;h dk nkXko izrb jB. nzrq/Ih dtkJhnK Bkb'A jopb dktJhnK fInkdk tXhnK
j[zdhnK jB. o[ZyK B{z eZND Bkb'A fJ;/ soQK yV/ oZy e/ fJBQK s'A fIndk ckfJdk fbnk ik
;edk j?. ftef;s d/PK B{z nkgDhnK ygsK xNkT[DhnK ukjhdhnK jB. izrbK d/
ftBkP Bkb ibtk:{ pdb/rk fi; ekoD g"fdnK ns/ ikBtoK dh ;w{je popkdh j'
;edh j?. i/ eZN/ rJ/ izrbK dh EK j'o o[Zy Bk bkJ/ rJ/ sK ;'e/ nkT[Dr/, ekb g?Dr/,
Xosh y[o/rh ns/ o/s dk wkoE{b pD ikt/rh,dfonktK ftu jVQ nkT[Dr/, Xosh row j'
ikt/rh, IfjohbhnK r?;K Bkb s/Ikp dh toyk j't/rh ns/ b'eh G[Zy Bkb woBr/. ;kB{z
izrbK dk oepk tXkT[D bJh sB, wB ns/ XB Bkb i[ZN ikDk ukjhdk j?. fjzd{ Xow d/
nmkoK g[okDK ftu'A fJe wZsf;nk g[okD j? fi; ftu fbfynk j'fJnk j? fe i/ nkdwh
fJe y{j bkt/ sK T[;B{z T[B/ ;kbK bJh ;tor fwbdk j? fizB/ s[ge/ gkDh d/ T[; y[j ftu
j'D, i/ pzdk d; y{j b[nkt/ sK T[;B{z fJe sbkp btkT[D dk cb fwbdk j?, d; sbkn
pDkT[D tkb/ B{z fJe Mhb pDkT[D dk, d; MhbK pDkT[D tkb/ B{z fJe r[DtkB g[Zso izwD
dk cb fwbdk j?. fJe o[Zy brkT[D dk cb d; r[Dtkb g[ZsoK fizBk j?. ;' ;kB{z ;kfonK
B{z nkgD/ nkgD/ ftZs nB[;ko o[Zy brkT[D/, gkbD/ ns/ ;zGkbD/ ukjhd/ jB. o[ZyK dh
;/tk oZp dh ;/tk j?, wB[Zysk dh ;/tk j?.
;t? nfGnk; bJh gqPB
1H s[;hA e[dosh ;z;kXBK dk torheoD fet/A eo'r/ <
2H izrbh ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk ftu s[;hA eh :'rdkB gk ;ed/ j' <
3H izrbK d/ ftBkP d/ eh fGnkBe f;ZN/ fBZebDr/ <
1H4H4H2 yfDZi ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk ftu ftnesh dh G{fwek L
Xosh dh sfj ftu pj[s ;ko/ yIkB/ dZp/ j'J/ jB. yfDi ;z;kXB th fJe ehwsh Gzvko
jB. ;'Bk, b'jk, sKpk, w?rBhI, npoe, f;fbek nkfd yfDi ;kB{z nkoEe bkG fdzd/
jB. fJj Xosh ftubhnK ykDK ftu gkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK dk gq:'r pj[s g[okD/ ;w/A s'A
j[zdk nk fojk j?. fi; ;w/A fi; yfDi dk tX/o/ T[g:'r j'fJnk, T[;s'A jh T[; :Z[r dk
BK oZy fdZsk frnk fit/A gZEo :[r, sKpk :[r, b'jk :[r nkfd. Gkos ftu b'jk,
e'fJbk, npoe, w?rBhI nkfd ekch wksok ftu gkJ/ iKd/ jB. e[M yfDi xZN wksqk
ftu fwbd/ jB fit/A :{o/Bhnw, ;'Bk nkfd. yfDi ;kv/ T[d:'fre ftek; dk nkXko
jB go wB[Zy B/ bkbut; yfDi gdkoEK dk pj[s ;'PD ehsk j?. brksko yfDi y[dkJh
ekoD fJBQK dk Gzvko ykbh j[zdk ik fojk j?. ;kvh nkoEe y[Pjkbh yfDi ;z;kXBK dh
wzdjkbh s/ fNeh j?. yfDi ;'fwnK dh ftt/ejhD tos'A Bkb fJj S/sh jh ysw j'
ikDr/. fJ; ;w/A gqsh ;kb yfDiK dh g[NkJh dh do 10,00,000 bZy NB j?.
ftfrnkBhnK B/ nzdkIk brk e/ tZy' tZy yfDiK dh T[wo fBoXkos ehsh j?, id'A sZe
fJj ;kvk ;kE d/ ;eDr/. fJj t/otk fJ; gqeko j? ^ n?b{whBhnw 560 ;kb, b'jk
250 ;kb, sKpk 29 ;kb, fi;s 23 ;kb, f;Zek 19 ;kb , ebJh 35 ;kb sZe ysw j'
ikDr/. nkT[D tkb/ 100 ;kbK ftu fBeb, t[bcow, ;'Bk, uKdh, gbkNhBw d/ Gzvko
w[Ze ikDr/. gkDh, jtk, ;{oih T{oik ns/ ;w[zdoh bfjoK nfij/ ;kXB jB i' pko pko
r/fVnK ftu nk e/ ;kv/ Gzvko God/ ofjzd/ jB go fJBQK d/ ftek; tZb ;kvk fXnkB jh
BjhA frnk. brksko tos'A Bkb e[dosh Iyho/ xNd/ jh ub/ ik oj/ jB. tXdh t;'A
ns/ w[Zed/ t;hb/ nZi tZvh ;wZf;nk pD/ j'J/ jB.
yfDiK dh y[dkJh gqd{PD c?bkT[adh j? fi; Bkb ihtK ns/ pB;gshnK s/ p[ok gqGkt g?Adk
j?. ykDk ftu ezw eoB tkb/ eJh wId{o dZp e/ wo iKd/ jB iK g{oh ne;hiB Bk
fwbD eoe/ phwko j' iKd/ jB. oki;EkB d/ noktbh y/so ftu bzw/ ;w/A s'A yfDiK dh
y[dkJh ns/ izrbK dh eNkJh ehsh ik ojh j?. ;fo;ek izrbh iht PoD xo ftu th
izrbK ftu yfDi y[dkJh j' ojh j?. fi; ekoD fJE/ ofjD tkb/ pkxK d/ fBtk; ;EkB
T[ZiV oj/ jB. yfDi ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk bJh ;kB{z j/m fby/ :sB eoB/ ukjhd/ jBL^
i. r?o ekB{zBh s"o s/ yfDi y[dkJh eoB tkb/ b'eK fyabkca ;zxoP S/VBk ukjhdk j?.
ii. yfDi gdkoEK dh EK j'o uhIK dh tos'A B[z soihj d/Dh ukjhdh j?.
iii. yfDi y[dkJh ftu ;ktXkBh ns/ nX[fBe seBheK B{z tosD dh b'V j?.
iv. yfDi gdkoDK B{z fJe EK s'A d{ih EK fbikD ;w/A j'D tkbh pkopkdh B{z o'eDk
ukjhdk j?.
v. :{o/Bhnw, o/vhnw, E'ohnw nkfd o/vhT[n?efNt yfDiK dh y[dkJh ekoD g"fdnK,
ihtK ns/ wB[ZyK s/ pj[s p[ok n;o g?Adk j?. fBT{ebhno siofpnK ekoD n;hA nB/
eK phwkohnK dk fPeko j' iKd/ jK. p{N/ sK E'Vh fijh o/vhJ/PB Bkb jh wo iKd/ jB.
jbeh o/vhJ/PB Bkb wId{oK d/ Bj[z MVB ns/ uwVh dhnK bj{ BkVhnK cZND brdhnK
jB. o/vhT[ n?efNt yfDiK dh y[dkJh eoB tkfbnK dh uwVh T[Zs/ Skb/ ns/ e?A;o j'D
dh ;zGktBk j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh ;kB{z ukjhdk j? fe yfDiK dh y[dkJh ns/ tos'A ;w/A ;ziw
ns/ ;ktXkBh s'A ezw bJhJ/.
1H4H4H3 T{oik ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk ftu ftnesh dh G{fwek L
ezw eoB dh Pesh B{z T{oik nkyd/ jB. ;kB{z o'IkBk d/ ezwK ekoK bJh, nktkikJh d/
;kXBK bJh ns/ T[d:'rK bJh T{oik dh Io{os j[zdh j?. T{oik dk ;G s'A tZvk ;'wk
;{oi j?. T{oik d/ j'o th ;kXB jB fit/A e'fJbk, s/b, r?;, fpibh, bZeVh, e{Vk, r'jk,
g'D,fBT{ebhno Pesh nkfd. T{oik d/ e[M ;q's BthBheoD :'r ns/ Bkw[ZeD tkb/ jB
fit/A ;"o T{ok, g"D T{oik, ib fpibh, itkoGkNh T{oik, pkfJUwk; T{oik nkfd. e[M
T{ok ;'qs r?o BthBheoD (Non-Renewable) jB i' fJe tko tosD s'A pknd d[pkok
tos'A :'r BjhA ofjzd/ fit/A e'fJbk, g?No'bhnw, s/b, e[dosh r?;, bZeVh nkfd. ;kB{z
T{oik ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk bJh j/m fbyhnK rZbK tZb fXnkB d/Dk ukjhdk j? L^
i. ;kB{z ysw j'D tkb/ T{oik ;z;kXBK dh xZN tos'A eoBh ukjhdh j?. T{oik dh tZX
s'A tZX pZus eoBh ukjhdh j?.
ii. G'iB pDkT[Ad/ ;w/A r?;, pkbD nkfd dh pus eoBh ukjhdh j?. BthA seBhe s'A
pD/ u[ZfbQnK ns/ r'po r?; dh tos'A fgzvK ftu tX/o/ eoBh ukjhdh j?.
iiii. tkX{ gZy/, pbp nkfd BjhA ubkT[D/ ukjhd/. fpibh dh ygs tXkT[D tkb/ ;kXBK
dh xZN tos'A eoBh ukjhdh j? doysK dh SK EZb/ d[gfjok eZNDk gZfynK Bkb'A
uzrk j?.
iv. ;{oi dh o'PBh ns/ T{oik dh tZX s'A tZX tos'A eoBh ukjhdh j?. ;'bo e[Zeo,
;{oih Pesh tkb/ e?be[b/No, ;'bo tkNo jhNo, ;'bo e{bo, xVhnK, o/vhT[
ns/ e?;/N gb/no nkfd ftu ;{oih T{oik tosh ik ;edh j?.
v. r'po r?;, ;hHn?BHihH (ezgo?;v B?u[ob r?;), ib T{oik ns/ g"D T{oik dh
tos'A bkGdkfJe j?.
vi. ;kB{z T{oik B{z pj[s f;nkDg, ;ziw ns/ ;q/PN sohe/ Bkb tosDk ukjhdk j? sK
i[ tksktoD ftu xZN s'A xZN ftrkV j't/.
vii. t;'A ns/ ntkikJh d/ gqd{PD c?bkT[D tkb/ tkjBK s/ ezNo'b eoBk ukjhdk j?.
viii. G{skgh T{oik Xosh d/ nzso dh rowh j?. Xosh dh v{zxkJh d/ Bkb Bkb nzdobk
skgwkB tXdk iKdk j? ns/ fes/ fes/ row gkDh d/ uPw/ c[ZN g?Ad/ jB. fJ;
T{oik B{z eJh d/PK ftu pj[s tofsnk iKdk j? fit/A igkB, nkJh;b?Av,
fBT{Ihb?Av nkfd. Gkos ftu th wBheoD ns/ fjwkub gqd/P ftu row gkDh d/
uPw/ fwbd/ jB. fJBQK s'A g{ok bkG b?Dk ukjhdk j?.
ix. e{V/ eoeN s'A th T{oik gqkgs ehsh ik ;edh j? fi; Bkb rzdrh dh ;cakJh ns/
T{oik dh gqkgsh j't/rh.
x. ;w[zdoh y/soK ftu itkoGkN/ nkT[Ad/ ofjzd/ jB fiBQK Bkb fpibh g?dk ehsh ik
;edh j? ns/ NopkJhBK ubkJhnK iK ;edhnK jB. :{og ftu 20# T{oik
b'VK dh g{osh fJ; ftXh Bkb gqkgs ehsh iKdh j?.
xi. BthBheoD :'r T{oik ;kXBK dh fInkdk tos'A eoBh ukjhdh j? feT[Afe fJj
;kca ns/ ;[oZfyns j[zd/ jB ns/ s/Ikph toyk BjhA eod/.
fJ; soQK :'r ;kXBK dh tos'A ns/ pus okjhA n;hA T{oik ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk ftu
:'rdkB gk ;ed/ jK.
;t? nfGnk; bJh gqPB
1H yfDi ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk ftu s[;hA eh :'rdkB gk ;ed/ j' <
2H T{oik ;z;kXBK dh tos'A ;w/A fejVhnK rZbK dk fXnkB oZyDk ukjhdk j? <
1H4H4H4 ib ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk ftu ftnesh dh G{fwek L
ib s'A fpBK ihtB ;zGt BjhA j?. gkDh dh fInkdk ns/ p/b'Vh tos'A ekoD G{wh ftub/
gkDh dk gZXo fdB' fdB fvZrdk ik fojk j?. iB;zfynk ftu tkX/ekoD gkDh dh b'V th
tZX rJh j?. i/ n;hA ib ;z;kXBK dh tos'A f;nkDg Bkb Bk ehsh sK nkT[D tkb/
;w/A ftu tZvk ib ;zeN g?dk j' ikt/rk. Gkt/A Xosh T[Zs/ 71# gkDh j? go ghD:'r gkDh
e/tb 3# jh j?. ib ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk bJh ;kB{z j/m fby/ B[efsnK tZb fXnkB
d/Dk ukjhdk j? L^
i. nkgD/ o'IkBk ezwK bJh gkDh dh tos'A ;'u ;wM e/ ns/ ;ziw Bkb eoBh
ukjhdh j?. BjkT[D, eZgV/ X'D iK p[oP eod/ ;w/A tkX{ gkDh BjhA v'bQDk
ukjhdk. N{NhnK y[ZbhnK SZvD dh pikfJ pkbNh ns/ wZr ftu gkDh Goe/
tosDk ukjhdk j?. fiBQK xoK ftu fcbNo bZr/ j'D, T[BQK B{z fcbNo d[nkok
eZfYnk nP[X gkDh nZv GKv/ ftu fJZemk eoe/ j'o ezwK bJh tos b?Dk ukjhdk
j?. gkDh dh jo fJe p{zd ehwsh j?, fJ; bJh fJ;B{z nikJh BjhA r[nkT[Dk
ukjhdk.
ii. whAj dk gkDh fJeZmk eoe/ fJ;B{z eJh ezwK bJh tofsnk ik ;edk j? fit/A
;e{No, eko nkfd X'D bJh fJwkosK d/ fBowkD bJh iK ;cakJh bJh.
iii. f;zikJh eod/ ;w/A nkX[fBe seBheK fit/A fSVekn, s[gek f;zikJh nkfd dk
gq:'r eoBk ukjhdk j? fi; Bkb gkDh dh tos'A xN ;e/. nfijhnK c;bK
T[rkT[DhnK ukjhdhnK jB i' xZN gkDh Bkb tZX c[Zb ;eD.
iv. ib B{z ed/ th gqd{f;s BjhA eoBk ukjhdk. xoK dh rzdrh iK T[d:'rK dh rzdrh
B{z gkDh d/ ;'fwnK ftu BjhA ;[ZNDk ukjhdk.
v. gkDh ;zGkb dhnK i[rshnK dh tos'A eoBh ukjhdh j? fit/A cbZ;K dhnK N?AehnK
S'NhnK oZyDhnK ukjhdhnK jB.
vi. rzd/ ns/ yko/ gkDh B{z ;'X e/ tos'A :'r pDk b?Dk ukjhdk j?.
vii. fgzvK d/ SZgVK ns/ ibrkjK dh ;[oZfynk eoBh ukjhdh j?. pj[s/ b'e SZgVK s/
epI/ eoe/ fojkfJPh wekB pDk b?Ad/ jB. fJ;B{z o'eDk ukjhdk j?.
viii. tZX s'A tZX g"d/ brk e/ th ib ;z;kXBK dh oZfynk j[zdh j?.
ix. b'eK ftu ib ;'fwnK dh ;[oZfynk gqsh u/sBk g?dk eoBh ukjhdh j?.
1H4H4H5 G{wh ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk ftu ftnesh dh G{fwekL
;kvh Xosh dk 29# Gkr G{wh j?. G{wh y/sh eoB, xo pDkT[D nktkikJh, ;VeK,T[d:'r
nkfd ;kohnK uhiK bJh Io{oh ;z;kXB j?. izrbK dh eNkJh, T[d:'rK ns/ pzBQK d/
fBowkD, jtkJh nZfvnK ns/ j'NbK dh T[;koh, ehNBkPe ns/ o;kfJeD ykdK dh
nzXkX[zd tos'A eoB G{wh dh T[gikT{ Pesh ftu ewh nk rJh j?. G'A y'o, ykokgD,
G{^;ybB, yfDi y[dkJh ns/ o/bt/ bkJhBK ftskT[D ekoB fJ; wjZstg{oB ;z;kXB B{z
pj[s jkBh gj[zu ojh j?. fwZNh pDB dh feqnk B{z jIkoK ;kb bZr iKd/ jB go jVQK,
toyk, y/sh d/ rbs sohfenK ns/ tDK dh eNkJh ekoD fwZNh dh T[gikT{ gos y[o
iKdh j?. j"bh^j"bh fJj wkoE{bK dk o{g XkoB eo b?Adh j?. G{wh ;z;kXB dh ;[oZfynk
bJh ;kB{z j/m fbyhnK rZbK dk fXnkB oZyDk ukjhdk j? L^
i. fwZNh dh iKu eoe/ fJ; ftu ;jh ykd ns/ ;jh g'Pe sZs fwbkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB.
o;kfJDe ykdK dh EK i?fte ns/ d/;h johnK ykdK dh tos'A eoBh ukjhdh j?.
ii. fwZNh dh ;zGkb bJh fJ; B{z pB;gsh Bkb YeDk Io{oh j?. fJ; soQK G'A y'o s'A
pukfJnk ik ;edk j?.
iii. gP{nK B{z ukoB s/ fB:zsoD eoBk ukjhdk j? sK i[ G{wh B{z B[e;kB Bk j't/.
iv. ehNBkPe, T[ZbhBkPe ns/ BdhBBkPe o;kfJDe dtkJhnK dh tos'A xZN s'A xZN
eoBh ukjhdh j?. fJBQK dh EK fBzw d/ gZfsnK dk x'b iK ;[nkj d/ fSVekT[ Bkb
fiZE/ BhNK ns/ T[ZbhnK s'A pukT[ j[zdk j?, T[E/ G{wh s/ e'Jh wkVk n;o BjhA j[zdk.
v. gjkVh y/soK ftu g"Vhdko y/s pDke/ c;b T[rkT[Dh ukjhdh j? sK i[ gjkVh
YbkDK s'A gkDh d/ t/r Bkb T[gikT{ G{wh Bk o[VQ/.
vi. fJe' y/s ftu pko pko fJe' ca;b BjhA phiDh ukjhdh feT[Afe fJ; soQK G{wh d/
g'Pe sZs xZN iKd/ jB. c;bK B{z pdb e/ phiDk ukjhdk j? fi; B{z ca;bK dk j/
o c/o fejk iKdk j?.
vii. fwZNh d/ r[DK ftu tkXk eoB bJh jo/ g"fdnK dh ykd dk T[g:'r eoBk ukjhdk
j? fit/A izrbh w/Eh, n?bck nkfd. ca;b eZND fgZS'A pkeh pu/ fjZf;nk B{z ;kVBk
BjhA ukjhdk ;r'A y/s ftu jh tkj d/Dk ukjhdk j?. ca;bK d/ fsDfenK iK c{;,
wZeh d/ NKfvnK, egkj dhnK SNhnK, eDe d/ shb/, nkb{nK d/ g"fdnK dh
ofjzd y{zjd nkfd B{z d[pkok G{wh ftu fwbk d/D Bkb fJ;dk ;[Xko j[zdk j? ns/
G"A y'o s'A ;[oZfynk j[zdh j?.
viii. y/sK B{z fwZNh y[oB s'A pukT[D bJh xkj, joh ykd tkbhnK cbhnK iK w";wh
ca;bK Bkb Ye d/Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; soQK G{wh dh ;sfj toyk d/ f;ZX/ j'D tkb/
n;o s'A puh oj/rh.
ix. fwPos y/sh Gkt tZy' tZy ;w/A ftu gZeD tkbhnK ca;bK B{z fJe' y/s ftu fJe'
;w/A phiDk ukjhdk j? sK i' G{wh ed/ nDeZih Bk oj/ fit/A wZeh, cbhnK, dkbK
i"A nkfd.
x. G{wh B{z ed/ th gqd{fPs BjhA eoBk ukjhdk. Xosh B{z wksk ;wM e/ ;fseko
d/Dk ukjhdk j?.
1H4H5 fuo;EkJh ihtB P?bh bJh ;z;kXBK dh ;jh tos'A L
;z;ko ftu ftef;s ns/ ftek;Phb, nwho ns/ rohp d/PK ftu e[dosh ;z;kXBK dh
tos'A tZy'A tZyoh j?. e[M d/P e[dosh ;kXBK s'A tZX bkG T[mkT[Ad/ jB, e[M xZN.
ftek;Phb d/P pj[s t;'A ns/ E'VQ/ ;kXBK ekoD tksktoD T[Zs/ p[ok n;o ns/ dpkT[ gk
oj/ jB. nwho ns/ ftef;s d/P nkgDh t;'A s'A fes/ fInkdk ;kXBK dh tos'A eoB/
fJBQK dk ;'PD eo oj/ jB. fts'A tZX t;'A ns/ T[gG'rsk B/ ;hws e[dosh t;hfbnK dk
rZb x[ZN fdsk j?. fe;/ th ehws s/ ftek; dk Bkjok p/eko ns/ B[e;kBdkfJe j?.
ftek;Phb d/PK ftu e/tb 25# b'e jh ftek; ;ehwK dk bkG T[mkT[aAd/ jB. pj[sh
t;'A B{z pj[sk G'iB, pj[s/ wekB, pj[sh T{oik, pj[s/ eZgV/ ns/ pj[s/ nktkikJh d/ ;kXB
ukjhd/ j[zd/ jB. fJ; soQK n;hA Xosh d/ j'o ihtK dk jZe wkod/ jK. fte;s ns/
;owkJ/dko d/PK B/ e[dos dh ;zGkb dk p[oek jh gkfJnk j'fJnk j?. ftPt tgko ftu
Pkwb nwho d/P nDfte;s d/PK d/ wkb dh b[ZN eo oj/ jB. g/N?AN ekB{zB dk ;jkok
b?AfdnK nwohek B/ Gkos d/ n"PXhiBe g"fdnK B{z g/N?AN eotkT[Dk P[o{ eo fdsk j?.
Gkos dhnK c;bK, iVhnK p{NhnK, fBzw ns/ jbdh nkfd B{z g/N?AN eotk e/ T[j fJBQK
t;sK dk ekB{zBh s"o s/ wkbe pD frnk j?. nkoEe s"o s/ y{Pjkb ns/ ;z;ko ftu
u"Xo oZyD tkb/ d/P S'N/ d/PK d/ ;z;kXBK B{z jVZg eo oj/ jB. ftPtheoB d/ BK T[Zs/
b[ZN ehsh ik ojh j?. ;kvh y/sh, v/noh ns/ T[d:'r T[Zs/ T[BQK dk n;o g? fojk j?.
NowhB/fNv jkJhfpqv phi, nwoheB ;[zvh, eKro; xkj nkfd nZi jkBhekoe f;ZX j'
oj/ jB. nZi b'V j? ;kfonK d/ Gb/ bJh ehs/ ikD tkb/ ftek; dh, e[dos dh ;zGkb
dh ns/ nkg;h wZsG/dK B{z d{o eoe/ fuo;EkJh ihtB P?bh ngBkT[D dh. sK jh d[BhnK
dk ns/ tksktoD dk Gbk j' ;edk j?. nkgDh ihtB P?bh pdbD bJh ;kB{z j/m fby/
B[efsnK tZb fXnkB d/Dk ukjhdk j? L^
i. Xosh dh ftPkb r'd ftu ofjD tkb/ tzB ;[tzB/ gP{ gzSh, ehV/ we"V/, ;{yw
ihtkD{ ns/ T[BQK d/ e[dosh t;/ p/ gjkV w?dkB, ;w[zdo, izrb, dfonk nkfd dh
;[oZfynk dk Gko wB[Zy f;o j? feT[Afe T[j ;G s'A ;q/PN ns/ ftef;s gqkDh j?.
fJ; bJh ;kB{z Xosh wK dh fpjsoh bJh ;'uDk ukjhdk j?.
ii. ;kB{z nkgDhnK fJZSktK, bkbFPktK ns/ ;[nkoE s'A T[Zgo T[Zm e/ ;kfonK Bkb
;fjj'Ad, ;fji ns/ ;zs[bB ftu ofjDk ukjhdk j?.
iii. e[dosh ;z;kXBK dh ;ziwwJh f;nkDh tos'A eoe/ fJBQK B{z nkT[D tkbhnK
ghVQhnK bJh ;[oZfyns oZyDk j?.
iv. ftek; eoBk uzrk j? i/ fJj tksktoD B[z jkBh Bk gj[zukJ/. fJ; bJh ;kB{z
nfijhnK seBheK ngDkT[DhnK ukjhdhnK jB i' ;kfonK bJh bkj/tzd j'D.
v. n;hA Xosh d/ tko; jK ns/ fJ;dh ;zGkb ns/ ;[oZfynk ;kvk caoI j?. Xosh
s/ ofjD tkb/ j'o iht izs{nK ns/ pB;gshnK dk th fJ; s/ T[sBk jh nfXeko
j? fizBk ;kvk. fJ; bJh ;G dk Gbk eoBk ns/ ;'uDk ;kvk Xow j?.
vi. n;hA T[; ;ZfGnkuko d/ pkfPzd/ jK i' o[ZyK B{z th w"bhnK pzBQdk j?, BdhnK
dfonktK B{z shoE wzBdk j?, y{jK N'fGnK T[Zs/ dht/ irkT[Adk j? ns/ ;kfonK ftu
fJe' gowkswk dh i's d/ doPB eodk j?. fJBQK edoK ehwsK B{z gSkD e/ ;kB{z
nkgDh ;ZfGnsk B{z fiT[Adk oZyDk ukjhdk j?.
vii. tksktoD d/ ;[yK B{z wkDBk ;kfonK dk jZe j? Gkt/A T[j o[Zy j't/ iK wB[Zy, o/s j't/
iK gkDh. fJ; gqsh ;kfonK ftu u/sBsk c?bk e/, b'eK B{z ikro{e eoe/ ns/ P[G
nwb ngDk e/ n;hA ;jh noEK ftu Xosh d/ tko; nytk ;ed/ jK.
;t? nfGnk; bJh gqPB
1H fuo;EkJh IhtB P?bh ngBkT[D dk eh Gkt j? <
2H G{wh ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk ftu n;hA eh :'rdkB gk ;ed/ jK <
3H ib ;z;kXB ;[oZfynk feT[A Io{oh j? <
1H4H6 ;kozP L
e[dos ;'fwnK dh nfjwhns ns/ wjZst B{z ;wM e/ T[BQK dh ;zGkb ns/ ;[oZfynk eoBk
nZi ;w/A dh b'V j?. tksktoD dk ;zs[bB pDkJh oZyD bJh Xosh dk shik fjZ;k izrbK
Bkb Yfenk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. Xosh j/mb/ yfDi GzvkoK dh tos'A ;jh Yzr Bkb eoBh
ukjhdh j?. s/b, e'fJbk, XksK, r?; ;hws jB, fJ; bJh fJBQK dh tos'A ;ziw Bkb
eoBh j?. e[dosh ;kXBK ftu'A ;{oih T{oik, ib T{oik, g"D T{oik dh tos'A fInkdk
eoBh pDdh j? feT[Afe fJj tksktoD ftu ftrkV g?dk BjhA eod/. ;kB{z j'oK B{z fJ;
;zGkb dh gq/oBk d/Dh ukjhdh j? ns/ nwbh ekoi eoe/ nkg fw;kb ekfJw eoBh
ukjhdh j?. fJj' fij/ ftek; ekoi eoB/ ukjhd/ jB fiBQK dk GftZy ftu e'Jh B[e;kB
Bk j't/. whAj d/ gkDh dh ;zGkb ns/ n"y/ ;w/A tos'A eoBh ukjhdh j?. y/sK ftu
ehNBkPeK ns/ o;kfJDK dh tos'A dh EK johnK ykdK ns/ o{Vh dh tos'A eoBh ukjhdh
j?. jo ezw dh :'iBkpzdh Io{oh j?. ca;bK dh tZX g?dktko b?D bJh G{wh dh T[gikT{
Pesh B{z puk e/ oZyDk ukjhdk j?. tXdh nkpkdh B{z o'eD bJh gotko fB:'iB eoBk
ukjhdk j?. nkgD/ ;"V/ ns/ e'M/ fjsK bJh fwbktN y'oh eoe/, Nhe/ brk e/ d[ZX iK
;pIhnK B{z Ifjohbk BjhA pDkT[Dk ukjhdk. ;kfonK d/ Gb/ ftu jh nkgDk Gbk j?. ;'
f;jswzd ;'u ftuko Bkb jh f;jswzd tksktoD f;ofink ik ;edk j?.
1H4H7 gVQB:'r g[;seK L
i. Probing the Prospects for Stable Environment - Irving Mintzer and
Willam
ii. Escaping the Heai Trap - William R. Moomaw
iii. The Economics of Mother Earth - MorIn Boyars
iv. tksktoD f;Zfynk ^ Powk gpbhe/PBI
v. tksktoD dog/P ;wZf;nktK ^ fsqbu
' B f;zx
tZv/ T[ZsoK tkb/ gqPB
i. izrb ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk s[;hA fet/A eo ;ed/ j'<
ii. yfDi ;z;kXBK B{z pukT[D bJh ftnesh dh eh G{fwek j?<
iii. T{oik ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk dhnK eh ftXhnK jB<
iv. ib ;z;kXB ns/ G{wh ;z;kXB ;[oZfynk T[Zgo B'N fby'<
v. fuo;EkJh ihtB P?bh bJh ;z;kXBK dh tos'A fet/A ehsh ikt/ <
S'N/ T[ZsoK tkb/ gqPB
i. e[dosh ;z;kXBK dk torheoD eo'.
ii. izrbK dk eh wjZst j?<
iii. yfDi ;z;kXBK dk nkoEe :'rdkB eh j?<
iv. G{wh ;z;kXB ;[oZfynk bJh fejVhnK rZbK dk fXnkB oZyDk ukjhdk j?<
v. ib ;z;kXBK pko/ s[;hA eh ikDd/ j'<
vi. fuo;EkJh ihtB P?bh eh j[zdh j?<
vii. e[dosh ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk feT[A Io{oh j?<

viii. T{oik ;z;kXBK dh tzv fet/A ehsh ik ;edh j?<
ix. ;{oih T{oik ns/ ib T{oik pko/ s[;hA eh ikDd/ j'<
x. ;z;kXBK dh T[fus tos'A gqsh s[;hA b'eK B{z fet/A ;[u/s eo'r/<
phHJ/H$phHekwH$phHphHJ/H$phH;hHJ/H Gkr d{ik gouk L tksktoD f;Zfynk ns/ ;Ve
ikro{esk
gfo;fEfse szso
(Ecosystem)
gkm dh o{gô/yk
1H5H1 G{fwek
1H5H2 T[d/P
1H5H3 gfo;fEfse szso dk ;zebg (Concept)
1H5H4 gfo;fEfse szso dh ;zouBk (Structure)
1H5H5 ekoi gqDkbh (Function)
1H5H6 T{oik dk gqtkj (Energy flow)
1H5H7 gfo;fEfse nB[eqwD (Ecological succession)
1H5H8 G'iB bVhnK (Food Chains)
1H5H9 G'iB ikb (Food Webs)
1H5H10 gfo;fEfse fgokfwv (Ecological Pyramids)
1H5H11 ;ko
1H5H1 G{fwek L
e[dos jw/PK ;zs[bB ftZu ftuodh j?. e[dosh tksktoD ftu tZy' tZy sZsK, gqkDhnK
ns/ g"fdnK dk J/eheoD ns/ ;zs[bB ekfJw ofjzdk j?. gqfeosh ftub/ nB/eK i?fte
ns/ r?o i?fte sZs fJe d{i/ Bkb i[V/ ofjzd/ jB. ;iht ns/ fBoiht sZsK d/ nkg;h
;zpzXK B{z ;wM e/ tksktoD ;zs[bB ftu nkgDk :'rdkB gkT[Dk jo wB[Zy dk eosZt j?.
fJjh ni'e/ ;w/A dh b'V j?.
1H5H2 T[dP
/ L
Xosh T[Zs/ nB/eK fe;w d/ gqkDh jB. fJj ;ko/ fiZE/ fJe d{i/ T[Zs/ fBoGo jB T[E/
e[dosh ;'fwnK jtk, gkDh, fwZNh, ;{oih T{oik s/ th fBoGo jB. e[dosh tksktkoD
ftu fJj ;zpzX ;fji ns/ ;zs[fbs o{g ftu ubd/ ofjzd/ jB. wB[Zy Xosh dk ;G s'A ;q/
Pm gqkDh j? go nkgDhnK r?ao fIzw/tko rshftXhnK ekoD tksktoD B{z pj[s B[e;kB
gjz[uk fojk j?. e[dos ftu dyabnzdkIh eoB d/ rzGho f;ZN/ j[D fJ; B{z G[rsD/ g? oj/
jB. tksktoD B{z ;wMDk ns/ fJ; ;[uZih gqDkbh ftu P[G :'rdkB gkT[D dh gq/oBk jh
fJ; gkm dk T[d/P j?.
60
1H5H3 gfo;fEse szso dk ;zebg L

e[dosh tksktoD ftu tZy' tZy sZsK ns/ iht izs{nK d/ J/eheoD B{z gfo;fEfse szso
fejk iKdk j?. fJj G{r'fbe ;fEshnK fit/A ;w[zdoK, izrbK, gopsK, w?dkBK T[Zs/
nkXkfos j?. ibtk:{ th fJ; B{z gqGkfts eodk j?.
1H5H4 gfo;fEfse szso dh ;zouBk L
gfo;fEfse szso d' gqeko dk j[zdk j?L^
(i) e[dosh
(ii) wB[ZyK d[nkok gotofss
e[dosh gfo;fEfse szso e[dosh s"o s/ ezw eod/ jB fit/A izrb, xkj d/ w?dkB,
wko{Eb ;w[zdo, gops nkfd. wB[ZyK d[nkok gotofss szso wB[ZyK d[nkok pBkT[Nh
s"o s/ ;zofus ehs/ iKd/ jB fit/A y/shpkVh, T[d:'r PfjoheoD nkfd. jo fJe
gfo;fEfse szso B{z d' xNeK (components) ftu tzfvnk ik ;edk j? L^
(T) r?o i?fte xNe (Abiotic Components) L^ fJj fBoiht szs jB i' ihtK
d/ ;ohoK nzdo th gkJ/ iKd/ jB ns/ pkjoh tksktoD nzdo th w"i{d jB.
;{oi dh o'PBh, skgwkB, fwZNh, jtk,toyk, BkJhNo'iB, jkJhvo'IB, ekopB,
nke;hiB, ekop'jkJhvqN / , gqN
' hB, vhHn?BHJ/, fbfgv, eb'o'fcb nkfd fJBQK dhnK
T[dkjoDK jB.
(n) i?fte xNe (Biotic Components) :- fJj ;iht Pqa/Dh j? fi; ftu ;ko/
ihtK, pB;gshnK, izs{nK ns/ wB[ZyK B{z Pkwb ehsk iKdk j?. fJBQK B{z G'iB
rqfjD eoB d/ nkXko s/ nZr'A fszB torK ftu tzfvnk frnk j? L^
(i) T[sgkde (Producers or Autotrophs) L^ fJ; tor ftu jo/ ozr d/
;ko/ g"d/ Pkwb jB. nkgD/ jo/ ozr e?wheb eb'o'fcb dh ;jkfJsk Bkb
;{oi dh o'PBh s'A T{oik b? e/ fJj g"d/ nkgDk G'iB nkg pDkT[Ad/ jB.
fwZNh ftub/ gkDh ns/ g"Pe sZsK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb ;{oih T{oik s'A
eb'o'fcb okjhA G'iB pDkT[D dh fJ; fefonk B{z gqekP ;z;b/PD(Photo
syrithesis) fejk iKdk j?. ;ko/ ;z;ko d/ iht f;ZX/ iK nf;ZX/ o{g ftu
jo/ g"fdnK s'A jh nkgDk G'iB gqkgs eod/ jB.
(ii) T[gG'rsk iK gog'Ph (Consumers or Heterotrophs) L^ g"fdnK
d[nkok fsnko ehs/ G'iB B{z f;ZX/ iK nf;ZX/ Yzr Bkb gqkgs eoB tkb/
iht T[gG'rsk iK gog'Ph ejkT[Ad/ jB. fJBQK B{z fszB GkrK ftu tzfvnk
frnk j?L^
(a) Pkekjkoh (Herbivores) L^ fijV/ ikBto f;ZX/ s"o s/ xkj, gZm/, g"d/,
gZs/ iK NfjDhnK nkfd yKd/ jB, T[BQK B{z Pkekjkoh fejk iKdk j? fit/A
fjoB, pZeoh, wZMK, x'V/, rT{nK, jkEh,fNZv/ nkfd.
(b) wk;kjkoh (Carnivore) L^ T[j ikBto i' e/tb wk; yKd/ jB fit/A P/o,
uhs/, pfxnkV, wrowZS nkfd go fiBQK ikBtoK dk fJj fPeko eod/
jB T[j jo/ g"fdnK s'A jh nkgDk nkjko gqkgs eod/ jB.
(c) ;ot^nkjkoh (Omnivores) L^ eJh ikBto ns/ wB[Zy Pkekjko ns/
wk;kjko th eod/ jB. fJj nkgDk G'iB g"fdnK ns/ ihtK d/ wk; s'A
gqkgs eod/ jB. eK, e[Zsk, fpZbh nkfd fJ;/ Pqa/Dh d/ iht jB.
(iii) ngxNe (Decomposers) L^ fJj gog'Ph ;{yw iht jB i' fwqse
gqkDhnK d/ ;ohoK dh s'V c'V eoe/ T[BQK s/ gbd/ jB fit/A ehV/, T[Zbh,
p?eNhohnk nkfd.
;t? nfGnk; bJh gqPB
1H gfo;fEfse szso s'A eh Gkt j? <
2H G'iB b?D d/ nkXko s/ ;iht t;sK B{z fejV/ fejV/ torK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk
j?<
3H i?fte ns/ r?oî?fte xNeK ftu eh nzso j[zdk j? <
1H5H5 gfo;fEfse szso dh ekoi gqDkbh L
gq;fEfse szso d/ tZy tZy xNeK ftu brksko nkdkB gqdkB ns/ T{oik dk gqtkj
ubdk ofjzdk j?. g"Pe sZsK dk uZeo, Pesh dk ;zuko ns/ G'iB dk b?D d/D pj[s jh
;fji ns/ ;[Gkte Yzr Bkb ubdk j?. fJ;B{z i?t^G{ô;kfJD uZeo (Biogeochemical
cycle) fejk iKdk j?. ;G s'A gfjbK johnK pB;gshnK nkgDk G'iB fsnko eodhnK
jB. fJBQK s'A Pkekjkoh iht G'iB gqkgs eod/ jB . fJBQK PkekjkohnK s'A wk;kjkoh
ns/ ;otkjkoh iht G'iB b?Ad/ jB. id'A fJBQK ;kfonK dh w"s j' iKdh j? sK ngxNe
fwqs ;ohoK d/ ifNb gdkoEK dh s'V c'V eoe/ T[BQK B{z ;ob sZsK ftu pdb fdzd/ jB.
fJj ;ob sZs fwZNh ftu fwbe/ fco g"fdnK B{z gqkgs j[zd/ jB. fJ; soQK T{oik dk
fBozso gqtkj ubdk ofjzdk j?. fJ; eVh ftu ;{oi, jo/ g"d/, ikBto, wB[Zy ns/ ;{yw
iht nkT[Ad/ jB. gq;fEfse szso dh ekoi gqDkbh fBoftxBsk, ;zg{oBsk ns/ fBozsosk
Bkb ubdh ofjzdh j?. e[M T{oik ;ko/ ihtK dh ;kj feqnk okjhA tksktoD ftu tzvh
iKdh j?.
1H5H6 gq;fEfse szso ftu T{oik dk gqtkj (Energy Flow in the Ecosystem)L^
jo fJe ekoi eoB bJh Pesh iK T{oik dh Io{os j[zdh j?. fJj T{oik G'iB s'A gqkgs
j[zdh j?. jo/ g"fdnK B{z G'iB pDkT[D bJh ;{oi dh T{oik dh b'V j[zdh j?. fJjh gqekP
T{oik g"fdnK ftu ik e/ o;kfJDe T{oik d/ o{g ftu tZN iKdh j?. fco fJj T{oik jo/
uko/ iK xkj nkfd okjhA xkj y'o/ iK Pkekjkoh ihtK sZe gj[zudh j?. fJj iht T{oik
dk e[M Gkr nkgDhnK ihtB feqnktK ftu you eo fdzd/ jB ns/ e[M Gkr fJBQK d/
wk; ns/ uoph ftu pdb iKdk j?.fco fJBQK ihtK dk nkjko wk;kjkoh ikBto eod/
jB. fJ; soQK ;{oih T{oik o;kfJfDe T{oik pD e/ ;ko/ ihtK d/ ;oho ftu ;EkBzsoD
eodh ofjzdh j?. p?eNhohnk ns/ T[ZbhnK wo/ j'J/ ihtK iK g"fdnK dh s'V c'V eoe/
T[BQK d/ ;ohoK ftub/ sZsK B{z d[pkok fwZNh ftu fwbk fdzd/ jB. fwZNh ftu ob/ j'J/ fJj
sZs d[pkok g"fdnK dk nkjko pDd/ jB ns/ fJ; soQK T{oik dk fJj gqtkj ubdk
ofjzdk j?. e[dos dk ewkb fJj j? fe jo fJe iht izs{ d{i/ dk nkjko pDdk j?, fco
Gh ;ko/ ftef;s j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB. G'iB dh eVh fJ;/ soQK fBozso ubdh ofjzdh j?.
gfo;fEsh gqDkbh ftu ;{oih T{oik gqw[Zy j? go pqfjwzvh ftehoD, G{^skgh T{oik ns/
gEokN pkbDK d[nkok SZvh T{oik Gh bx{ Pq's jB. e[M T{oik tkg; nzsokb (space)
tZb w[V iKdh j?. g"fdnK d[nkok iIp ehsh ;{oih T{oik T[BQK s/ fBoGo izs{nK d/ tZy'
tZyo/ gZXoK s/ x[zwdh ofjzdh j?. fwZNh ns/ tk:{ wzvb d/ g"Pe sZs th i?fte ns/ r?o
i?fte xNeK ftu fBozso x[zwd/ ofjzd/ jB. fJBQK uZeoK B{z i?t^G{ô;kfJDûZeo (Bio-
geo chemical cycles) nkfynk iKdk j?. gfo;fEfse szso ftu eJh soQK d/ uZeo
ubd/ ofjzd/ jB fiBQK dk fttoD fJ; soQK j? L^
(i) ib uZeo L^ Xosh dk fszB u"EkJh Gkr gkDh j?. ;w[zdo, MhbK, BdhnK,
dfonk, sbkn, y{j nkfd ib d/ ;'w/ jB. tk:{wzvb ns/ pZdbK ftu th ib
eD w"i{d j[zd/ jB. ihtK ns/ g"fdnK d/ ;ohoK ftu th ib dh pj[sks j?.
id'A ;{oi dhnK feoBK ib d/ ;'fwnK s/ g?AdhnK jB sK fJj ib B{z Gkca pDk e/ T[vk
fdzdhnK jB. tk:{ wzvb ftu ik e/ fJj Gkca tkPgK ftu gqtofss j' iKdh j?. T[ukJh
s/ ik e/ xZN skgwkB ekoD fJj tkPg toyk, rfVnK iK pocapkoh d/ o{g ftu d[pkok
Xosh T[Zs/ fro iKd/ jB. e[M gkDh f;ZXk ib ;'fwnK s/ toQdk j? ns/ e[M gopsK ns/
w?dkBK s/ toQ e/ BdhnK, BkfbnK d/ o{g ftu tkg; ibwzvb ftu gjz[u iKdk j?. fJ;
soQK tkPgheoD, ;zxNB ns/ toykeoD s'A pknd ib uZeo g{ok j' iKdk j?. ib uZeo
B{z j/mK fdZs/ fuZso d[nkok ;wfMnk ik ;edk j? L^
(ii) ekopB uZeo L^ ;kv/ tk:{wzvb ftu ekopB vkfJne;kJhv ekch wksqk ftu
w"i{d j[zdh j?. ;ko/ ;iht gqkDh ;kj d[nkok ekopB vkfJnk;kJhv SZvd/ jB. fJj
Ifjohbh r?; ;kv/ ;kfonK bJh jkBhekoe j?.jo/ g"d/ ;kv/ T[Zgo tZvk T[geko eod/ jB
feT[Afe fJj fdB d/ ;w/A gqekP ;z;b/PD feqnk eoB bJh tk:{wzvb ftubh ekopB
vkfJne;kJhv u{; b?Ad/ jB.G'iB pDkT[D ;w/A fJj r?; ekop'jkJhvq/N iK r[b{e'; ftu
tN iKdh j?. fJj' G'iB g"fdnK ns/ T[BQK s/ fBoGo ihtK izs{nK dk nkXko pDdk j?.
ihtK s/ wB[ZyK d/ ;oho ftu fJj' G'iB N[ZN e/ T{oik ns/ ekopB vkfJe;kJhv d/ o{g
ftu gfotkofss j' iKdk j?. ;kj d[nkok pkjo eZYh rJh ekopB vkfJe;kJhv fco
g"d/ iIp eo b?Ad/ jB. wB[ZyK, ikBtoK ns/ g"fdnK d/ fwqs ;ohoK ftu th ekopB j[zdh
j?. ;{yw iht fwqas ;ohoK B{z s'V c'V e/ ekopB eZY fdzd/ jB i' fco fwZNh ftu fwb
iKdh j?. fJ; soQK ekopB uZeo g{ok j' iKdk j?.
(iii) nke;hiB uZeo L^ ;kv/ tk:{wzvb ftu 21# nke;hiB r?; j[zdh j?. fJj
pj[s jh wjZstg{oD r?; j? i' ;ko/ ihts gP{ gqkDhnK B{z fIzdrh pyPdh j?.
wB[Zy, ikBto, gzSh, g"d/ ;ko/ ;kj b?D bJh nke;hiB tosd/ jB ns/ ekopB
vkfJe;kJhv pkjo eZYd/ jB. tk:{wzvb ftu nke;hiB dk ;zs[bB jo/ g"d/
pDkJh oZyd/ jB feT[afe fJj G'iB pDkT[Ad/ ;w/A ekopB vkfJe;kJhv tosd/
jB nke;hiB eZYd/ jB. nZi jtk dh d{fPsk dk w[Zy ekoD fJj j? fe n;hA
izrbK dh eNkJh eoe/ ekoyakB/ brkJh ik oj/ jK. nke;hiB uZeo B{z ubdk
oZyD bJh tZX s'A tZX g"d/ brkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB.
(iv) BkJhNq'iB uZeo L^ tk:{wzvb ftu ;G s'A tZX wksqk ftu gkJh ikD tkbh r?;
BkJhNq'iB j?. fJj jtk ftu 79# d/ brGr j[zdh j?. g"fdnK d/ ftek; bJh
BkJhNq'iB pj[s Io{oh j[zdh j? go g"d/ fJ;B{z f;ZXk r?; d/ o{g ftu BjhA ;'y
;ed/. Xosh ftub/ p?eNhohnk g"fdnK dhnK iVQK ftu rzYK pDk e/ ofjzd/ jB
ns/ jtk ftubh BkJhNq'iB B{z g"d/ d/ tosD:'r o{g ftu tNk fdzd/ jB.
Pkekjkoh s/ wk;kjkoh iht id'A f;ZX/ nf;ZX/ Yzr Bkb g"fdnK ftub/ g'Pke sZsK
B{z rqfjD eod/ jB sK fJBQK ftu th BkJhNq'iB nk iKdh j?. ;koh gqkDhnK dh w"s
T[gozs p?eNhohnk T[BQK d/ ;ohoK dk ftxNB eod/ jB fJ; Bkb fJj BkJhNq'iB
fco fwZNh ns/ jtk ftu fwb iKdh j? s/ BkJhNq'iB uZeo g{ok j' iKdk j?.
(v) ck;c'o; uZeo L^ fJj sZs uNkBK ftu j[zdk j?. uNkBK d/ ftxNB wro'A
fJBQK dh fwZNh pD iKdh j? fi; ftu ck;c/N j[zd/ jB. g"d/ gkDh okjhA fJBQK sZsK
B{z u{;d/ jB ns/ tXd/ c[bd/ jB. g"fdnK s/ fBoGo iht izs{ ns/ wB[yZ fJj
ck;c'o; y[oke okjhA rqfjD eod/ jB. fJj ck;c'o; ihtK d/ dzdK ns/ jZvhnK
ftu j[zdh j?. woB T[gozs fwqse ihtK d/ ;ohoK dh s'V c'V eoe/ ;{yw iht
ck;c'o; B{z fwZNh ftu fwbk fdzd/ jB ns/ fJT[A ck;c'o; uZeo ubdk ofjzdk j?.
(vi) ;bco uZeo L^ rzXe iK ;bco fwZNh ftu ;bc/N d/ o{g ftu gkJh iKdh j?.
g"d/ gkDh d[nkok ;bc/N u{;d/ jB. g"fdnK d[nkok pDkJ/ G'iB B{z rqfjD eoB
T[gqzs fJj rzXe ihtK d/ ;oho ftu ubh iKdh j?. ;{yw ihtK dh s'V^c'V ekoD
fwqseK d/ ;ohoK ftubh rzXe fco fwZNh ftu fwb iKdh j?.
T[go'es sZsK d/ uZeo gfo;fEfse szso ftu pj[s wjZssk oZyd/ jB. id'A wB[Zy nkg
j[dohnK rshftXhnK Bkb fJBQK uZeoK ftu pdbkT[ fbnkT[Ad/ jB sK fJj Xosh ns/
ihtB bJh ysok pDdk iKdk j?. T{oik Bk sK g?dk ehsh ik ;edh j? ns/ Bk jh BPN
ehsh ik ;edh j?. fJ; dk fJe o{g s'A d{i/ o{g ftu o[gKsoD j' ;edk j?. fJj fJe
fBozso xNBk uZeo j? go ;ko/ o{gK ftu e[Zb T{oik T[sBh jh ofjzdh j?. ;{oi dh e/
tb 50# T{oik jh Xosh T[Zgo gj[zudh j? fi; ftu'A 47# T{oik Xosh dh ;sj ;'y
b?Adh j? ns/ 3# tkg; nzsokb ftu gos iKdh j?. e[M T{oik pZdbK ns/ X{V d/ eDK
d[nkok iIp eo bJh iKdh j?.
;t? nfGnk; bJh gqPB

1H gq;fEfse szso fet/A ezw eodk j? <
2H gq;fEfse szso ftu T{oik dk uZeo fet/A ubdk j? <
3H ni?fte g'Pe sZsK dk uZeo fet/A ubdk j? <
1H5H7 gfo;fEfse nB[eqwD (Ecological Succession) L
e[dosh ekoBK fit/A G{r'fbe gqGkt, ibtk:{ skg ns/ i?fte ekoBK d[nkok gfo;fEfse
szso ftu fBozso spdhbh j[zdh ofjzdh j?. fJ; soQK gfo;fEfse szso ftubh
rshPhbsk ns/ ;w{je gfotosBK B{z gfo;fEfse nB[eqwD nkyd/ jB.
nB[eqwD d' gqeko dk j[zdk j? L^
(i) gqkEfwe nB[eqwD (Primary Succession) L^ T[j BthA EK fiZE/ gfjbK e'Jh
t;'A Bk j't/ ns/ ihtB bJh T[fus jkbks Bk j'D fit/A eZbo, pzio G{wh, uNkBk,
yVQk gkDh, o/sk nkfd, T[E/ j'D tkb/ gfjb/ ihtB B{z gqkEfwe nB[eqwD efjzd/
jB.
(ii) d{ik nB[eqwD (Secondary Succession) L^ fijVhnK EktK s/ gfjbK ed/
ihtB ;h go pknd ftu ftgohs ;fEshnK ekoB b[gs j' frnk ns/ fco
BthnK ikshnK okjhA ftef;s j'fJnk T[;B{z d{ik nB[eqwD efjzd/ jB fit/A izrb
s/ ;[Ze/ j'J/ xkj d/ w?dkB nkfd.
nB[eqwD d/ e[M ekoD fJj jB fit/A uNkBK dk N[ZNDk, G"A^y'o, fpibh fvZrDk, G[ukb,
nZr, wjKwkohnK fNZvh db iK ehfVnK dk jwbk, ibtk:{, skgwkB nkfd. nB[eqwD
ftu g"fdnK ihtîzs{nK ns/ ;[yw ihtK ftu gfotosB nkT[Adk j?. g?dktko xZN j'D
ekoB ihtB fiT[Dk efmB j' iKdk j?.
nB[eqwD d/ ekoD ns/ gqrsh L^ ;iht ;w{jK dh pBktN ftu eJh ekoDK eoe/
spdhbhnK j[zdhnK jB. jVQK ekoD iK Xosh dh fjbi[b ekoB iK itkbkw[yh d/
ft;c'aN ekoD Xosh dk e'Jh N[eVk j/mK X; iKdk j? iK dZfpnk iKdk j?. fJ; G{wh
T[Zgo fco Bt/A g"d/ ns/ Bt/A ihtK dk nkrwB j[zdk j?. fJ; Bt/A t;/p/ d"okB gq;fEsh
gqDkbhnK ftu eJh gfotosB nkT[Ad/ jB. nzs ftu f;yobh Pq/Dh nkgD/ nkg B{z
pdbt/A jbksK Bkb n?vi;N eo b?Adh j?. fJ;/ soQK d/ :[r Xosh s/ nkT[Ad/ oj/ jB.
gbh;N';B :[r (25 bZy ;kb gfjbK) ftu T[Zsoh r'[bkoE dk pj[s ;kok fjZ;k pocakBh
gopsK Bkb YZfenk j'fJnk ;h. id'A fJj pocaK fgxbhnK sK fJBQK BthnK G{whnK
T[Zgo BthnK nkpkdhnK t;hnK. fwZNh dk ngodB, s{ckB, fpibh fvZrDk, G{ukb
nkfd y/so B{z gqkEfwe nB[eqwD bJh fsnko eod/ jB iK g[okD/ ;w{jK B{z BPN eoe/
Bt/A ;w{j pDkT[Ad/ jB. ;EkBnzsoD, f;zikJh iK gokrD nkfd w[Zy s"o s/ g"fdnK dh
pBktN ftu pdbkn fbnkT[Ad/ jB. ibtk:{ g'Pe sZsK dk g[B uZeo, skgwkB nkfd
;w{j dh pBktN B{z ;fEosk fdzd/ jB. jo fJe nB[eqwD fJe fBPfus YKu/ ftu ubdk
j?. fJ; dhnK j/m fbyhnK nt;EktK j[zdhnK jBL^

(i) pzio y/so ftu gfjbK g"d/, iht nkfd j'Ad ftu nkT[Ad/ jB. fco fJj jtk iK
gkDh d[nkok fJZXo T[ZXo fybo iKd/ jB.
(ii) fco gqikshnK nkgD/ nkg B{z ;Ekgs eo b?AdhnK jB ns/ tZXdhnK cZ[bdhnK
jB.
(iii) gqikshnK dh iB;zfynk ftu tkXk j[zdk j?. e/tb skesto ns/ :'r gqikshnK
jh ihts ofjzdhnK jB ns/ tksktoD Bkb g{ok ;ws'b ekfJw eo b?AdhnK
jB. fco fJj bzw/ ;w/A sZe ihts ofjzdhnK jB.
1H5H8 G'iB bVhnK (Food Chains) L
n;hA j[D sZe ikfDnk j? fe jo/ g"d/ Xosh d/ fJeZb/ G'iB ;z;b/Pe jB. fJBQK T[Zs/ jh
pkeh ;ko/ iht izs{nK d/ ;oho gbd/ jB. iht izs{nK dh T[j bVh fi; ftu fJe iht
d{i/ ihtB s'A G'iB b? e/ T{oik dk ;EkB nzsoD eodk j?, T[;B{z G'iB bVh fejk iKdk
j?. ib, ;Eb iK fJeZb/ tZv/ doys dh th nkgDh G'iB bVh j[zdh j?. fJBQK ;kohnK
bVhnK ftu j/m fbyhnK eVhnK j[zdhnK jB L^
(i) T[sgkde L^ jo/ g"d/ ihtB dk ns/ jo fJe gq;fEfse szso dk nkXko pDd/
jB. fJj gqekP ;z;b/PD d[nkok nkgDk G'iB nkg pDkT[Ad/ jB ns/ j'o ihtK
B{z th gqdkB eod/ jB.
(ii) gfjb/ T[gG'rsk L^ T[j Pkekojkoh ikBto i' f;ZX/ xkj, gZs/, g"d/ nkfd yKd/
jB fit/A gP{, fjoB, jkEh nkfd.
(iii) d{i/ T[gG'rsk L^ i' Pkekjkoh ikBtoK B{z G'iB pDkT[Ad/ jB fit/A P/o, uhs/,
pfxnkV nkfd.
(iv) shi/ T[gG'rsk L^ ;otkjkoh tZv/ ikBto i' ikBtoK ns/ g"fdnK d'jK s'A G'iB
gqkgs eod/ jB fit/A wB[Zy, foZS nkfd.
ngxNe L^ T[j ;{yw iht i' ;ko/ ;ihtK d/ fwqse ;ohoK B{z yzfvs eoe/ g'Pe
sZsK B{z fwZNh ftu fwbk fdzd/ jB fit/A p?eNhohnk tkfJo; nkfd.
ykX bVhnK eJh fe;w dhnK j[zdhnK jB. fJE/ n;hA ;Ebh ns/ ib tkbh G'iB bVh
dh T[dkjoD b?Ad/ jK L^
(T) xkj  ehV/  gzSh iK vZv{ ;Zg  pki (;Ebh G'iB bVh)
(n) g"d/  pZeoh iK fjoB  P/o (izrbh G'iB bVh)
fJT[A jh ib tkbh G'iB bVh dk T{oik eqw e[M fJ; soQK j[zdk j? L^
ekJh ns/ ;{yw g"d/  bkot/  S'Nh wZSh  tZvh wZSh  fezr fcPo iK wrowZS
nkfd
fJT[A jh wko{EbK, IzrbK, SZgVK,doysK nkfd dhnK G'iB bVhnk j[zdhnK jB. G'iB
bVhnK S'NhnK s'A S'NhnK fit/A fJe fpoy, pkr nkfd Gh j' ;edhnK jB ns/ tZvhnK
s'A tZvhnK fit/A G{wh T[Zgob/ e[dosh yzvK fizBhnK th j' ;edhnK jB. G{wh T[Zgo w[y Z
e[dosh yzv Xo[th Phs gqd/P, N[zvok, N?rk, gZsMVh, tD, Phs T{PDh xkj d/ w?dkB,
T{PDh xkj d/ w?dkB, wko{Eb ns/ T{PDh toyhb/ izrb jB. jo fJe e[dosh fyZs/ ftu
tZ;D tkb/ gqkDh ;fj j'Ad ns/ nB[e{bsk Bkb ofjzd/ jB. jo fJe G'iB eVh ftu ;G
s'A j/mbh sfj w[Yb/ T[sgkdeK iK g"fdnK dh j[zdh j? i' fJ; eVh dk nkXko j[zd/ jB.
T[BQK s'A T[Zgobh sfj xkj y'o/ iK PkekjkohnK dh j[zdh j? fiBQK B[z w[ZYb/ T[gG'rsk fejk
iKdk j?. S'N/ wk;y'o/ ikBto d{i/ doi/ d/ T[gG'rh j[zd/ jB. T[; s'A T[Zgobh gos ftu
tZv/ wk;y'o/ ikBto nkT[Ad/ jB. i/eo fe;/ Gh gos ftu spdhbh nk ikt/ sK ;w[Zuh
G'iB gqDkbh v'b iKdh j?. fw;b ti'A id'A n;hA ehNBkPe dtkJhnK ca;bK T[s/ fSVed/
jK sK gfjbK ehV/ wod/ jB fco fJBQK ehfVnK B{z ykD tkb/ gzSh wod/ jB. dZyDh
nwohek d/ g/o{ fJbke/ ftu fJe yk; fe;w dh wZSh J/Bh cV bJh rJh fe B/Vb/
Nkg{nK s/ ofjzd/ ib eK G[Zy/ woB bZr/. T[BQK dhnK ftZmK dh wksok xND eoe/ ;w[Zdoh
;{yw iht gb?AeNBK dh wksqk xN rJh. fco gb?AeNB ykD tkbhnK wZShnK dh ;zfynk
xN rJh ns/ g{oh gq;fEfse gqDkbh v'b rJh.
1H5H9 G'iB ikb (Food Webs) L
n;hA d/fynk j? fe G'iB bVh ftu T[sgkde  gfjbk, d{ik s/ shik T[gG'rsk ns/
ngxNe dk nkg;h ;zpzX fpbe[b f;ZXk j[zdk j?. go tksktoD ftu nfijhnK f;ZXhnK
G'iB bVhnK xZN jh fwbdhnK jB. fit/A ;Zg iK fpZbh u{j/ yKd/ jB ns/ ;Zg vZv{,
ehV/, nzv/ th yKd/ jB. fpZbh d[ZX ns/ j'o t;sK th yKdh j?. fJT[A e[dos ftu fJe
G'iB ikb p[fDnk j'fJnk j? fi; ftu g"fdnK s/ ihtK d/ nkg;h ;zpzX pj[s r[zMbdko
ns/ ifNb jB. fJ; ftu fJe iht gqiksh eJh eJh ihtK dk nkjko eodh j?. eJh
;kXkoB G'iB bVhnK nkg; ftu i[V e/ id'A fJe ifNb szso dk o{g Xko b?D, T[;B{z
G'iB ikb nkfynk iKdk j? fit/AL^
;Zg ;Zg, fpZbh

 
u{j/, vZv{ u{j/ iK gzSh
 
ehV/ nBki
fJ; soQK G'iB eVhnK g/uhdk jB feT[Afe fJj Io{oh BjhA fe jo gP{ fJe' soQK dk
G'iB yKdk j't/. fJ; soQK fJj r[zMbdko G'iB bVhnK jh G'iB ikb pDkT[AdhnK jB.
1H5H10 gfo;fEfse fgokfwv L

jo fJe G'iB bVh ftu tZy' tZy g'PD gZXo j[zd/ jB i' fszB s' gzi sZe j' ;ed/ jB.
gfo;fEfse szso ftu tZy'^tZy g'PD gZXoK s/ T{oik dk ;zuko ns/ gqtkj ubdk j?.
jo g'PD gZXo d/ iht G'iB bVh B{z g{ok eod/ jB. T[dkjoD ti'A L^
(i) gfjbk g'PD gZXo ^ T[sgkde ^ g"d/
(ii) d{ik g'PD gZXo ^ gfjb/ T[gG'rsk ^ Pkekjkoh (yor'P, fjoB)
(iii) shik g'PD gZXo ^ d{i/ T[gG'rsk ^ wk;kjkoh (vZv{, fpZbh)
(iv) u"Ek g'PD gZXo ^ shi/ T[gG'rsk ^ wk;kjkoh (;Zg, P/o)
(v) gzitK g'PD gZXo ^ u"E/ T[gG'rsk ^ wB[Zy
gfjb/ g'PD gZXo ftu ;G s'A fInkdk T{oik j[zdh j?, d{i/, shi/, u"E/, gzit/A gZXo sZe
fBozso T{oik dk gqtkj xNdk ofjzdk j?. i/ fJ;B{z fuZso d/ o{g ftu g/P ehsk ikJ/ sK
T[j fgokfwv d/ nkeko dk pD iKdk j? i' j/m'A u"Vk ns/ fco jo gZXo s/ nkeko ftu
xZNdk j'fJnk T[gob/ f;o/ s/ gsbk s/ B[ehbk j' iKdk j?. jo fJe g'PD gZXo s/ fiZE/
ihtK dh ;zfynk xNdh iKdh j? T[E/ T{oik th xNdh ubh iKdh j?. fJ;B{z j/m fby/
fuZso nB[;ko ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?.
;ot^nkjkoh  u"Ek g'PD gZXo
wk;kjkoh  shik g'PD gZXo
Pkekjkoh  d{ik g'PD gZXo
T[sgkde jo/ g"d/  gfjbk g'PD gZXo
;Ebh szso T{oik dk fgokfwv (fuZsokswe)
fgokfwv pj[s wjZssk oZyd/ jB feT[Afe fJj jo fJe gZXo T[Zs/ T{oik dh b'V ns/
tos'A B{z do;kT[Ad/ jB. fJT[A jh Ebh szso fgokfwv dk fuZsokswe toDB fJ; soQK
j? L^
wB[Zy,
wrowZS  gzitK g'PD gZXo
wrowZS iK pkI
prb/  u"Ek g'PD gZXo
wZShnK  shik g'PD gZXo
bkot/, ehV/  d{ik g'PD gZXo
ekJhnK, gkDh d/ g"d/  gfjbk g'PD gZXo
ib^szsoh fgokfwv
fJ; soQK bVhnK gos^do^gos fJe d{i/ T[Zgo fgokfwv T[;kodhnK jB.
;t? nfGnk; bJh gqPB
1H gq;fEfse nB[eqwD s'A eh Gkt j? <
2H G'iB, bVh G'iB ikb ns/ gfo;fEfse fgokfwv s/ B'N fby' <
3H nB[eqwD d/ ekoD ns/ gqrsh pko/ s[;hA eh ikDd/ j' <
1H5H11 ;ko L
e[dosh gfo;fEfse szso ftu ;G ihtK dk GoD g'PD ;[y?B ns/ ;zs[fbs Yzr Bkb j[zdk
j?. fgokfwvK dh pBktN d;dh j? fe T[sgkde tZX jB ns/ T[gG'rsk xZN. wB[Zy dhnK
rabs joesK, bkbu, w{oysk ns/ nt/;b/gD ekoD e[dos ftu n;zs[bB g?dk j'
frnk j? ns/ fgokfwvK dh pBktN ftrV rJh j?. izrbK dh nzB/Qtkj, eNkJh, uorkjK
nkfd ekoD T[sgkde y/so brksko xZN fojk j? ns/ T[gG'rsk y/so tZX fojk j?.
wB[Zyh iB;zfynk tXD ekoD th fgokfwv dk f;yo u"Vk ns/ nkXko S'Nk j[zdk ik fojk
j?. ;kvk ;G dk caoI j? fe d[BhnK dk ;ot;q/;N p[ZXhwkB gqkDh j'D Bks/ n;hA nkgD/
caoI B[z gSkDhJ/ ns/ e[dosh szso B{z Bk ftrkVhJ/. i/ n;hA jkb/ th Bk ;zGb/ sK nkT[D
tkbhnK B;bK dk ihtB BPN j' ikt/rk. fJ; bJh ;kB{z ;[u/s j' e/ tksktoD, e[dos
ns/ gqfeofse fB:wK dk ;fseko eoBk pDdk j?.
i. Jhe'b'iheb ;e?;PB ^ f;rwzv, pokT{B
ii. j?Av p[e nkc Jhe"bi
' h ^ ;fwE, efo;N'co
iii. Nopbv tkNoI ^ fvnkBk frpBI

i. gfo;fEfse szso s'A eh Gkt j? < fJ;dh ;zouBk dk toDB eo'<
ii. gfo;fEfse szso d/ ;zebg ns/ ekoi gqDkbh dk toDB eo' <
iii. gfo;fEfse szso ftu tZy' tZyo/ g'Pe gZXoK s/ T{oik d/ gqtkj dk toDB eo' <
iv. gfo;fEfse fgokfwv eh j[zdk j?. ib ns/ ;Eb fgokfwv dk fusokswe \kek
fyZu' <
v. gfo;fEfse nB[eqwD dhnK fe;wK ns/ ekoDK dk toDB eo' <
i. gfo;fEfse szso d/ ftxNB pko/ dZ;' <
ii. ib uZeo pko/ s[;hA eh ikDd/ j' <
iii. nke;hiB iK ekopB vkfJ;kJhv uZeo pko/ dZ;' <
iv. BkNhNo'iB uZeo fet/A g{ok j[zdk j? <
v. gfo;fEfse szso fezB/ gqeko dk j[zdk j? <
vi. gfo;fEfse nB[eqwD eh j[zdk j? <
vii. T[sgkde eh j[zd/ jB < fJBQK dk eh wjZst j? <
viii. T[gG'rsk s'A eh Gkt j? <
ix. gfo;fEfse ;zs[bB pDkJh oZyD ftu s[;hA eh eo ;ed/ j' <

gfo;fEfse szso dhnK fe;wK
(Types of Ecosystem)
gkm dh o{gô/yk
1H6H1 G{fwek
1H6H2 T[d/P
1H6H3 gfo;fEfse szso d/ gqeko
1H6H4 tD gfo;fEfse szso
1H6H4H1 izrbK dhnK fe;wK ns/ tDîhtB
1H6H4H3 izrbK dh ;[oZfynk
1H6H4H4 izrb gfo;fEfse szso d/ xNe
1H6H5 xkj G{wh gfo;fEfse szso
1H6H5H1 xkj G{wh d/ gqeko
1H6H5H2 xkj G{wh d/ bkG
1H6H5H3 xkj G{wh dh ;[oZfynk
1H6H5H4 xkj G{wh gfo;fEfse szso d/ xNe
1H6H6 wko{Eb gof;FfEfse szso
1H6H6H1 wko{Eb d/ gqeko
1H6H6H2 Gkos d/ wko{Eb
1H6H6H3 wko{Eb gfo;fEfse szso dhnK ;wZf;nktK ns/ ;[oZfynk
1H6H7 ib nkXkfos gq;fEfse szso
1H6H7H1 ib gq;fEfse szso d/ gqeko
1H6H7H2 ;wZf;nktK ns/ ;[oZfynk
1H6H7H3 e/; nfXn?B
1H6H8 ;ko
1H6H1 G{fwek L
e[dos B/ fJe w[ezwb gfo;Esh gqDkbh d/ ;zs[bB dh ftt;Ek ehsh j'Jh j?. tXdh
71
nkpkdh ns/ nkX[fBeheoD Bkb wB[Zyh b'VK ns/ fJZSktK tZX rJhnK jB. fJBQK dh
g{osh bJh T[;B/ e[dos dk ;'PD eoBk P[o{ eo fdZsk j?. fJ; Bkb e[dos dk ;ws'b
v'b frnk j? ns/ gq;fEsh gqDkbh ftu rzGho ;zeN g?dk j' frnk j?. gfo;fEsh szso
d/ fGzB fGzB o{g jB fiBQK ftu ;ko/ iht izs{ fiZE/ nkg; ftu w/b i'b ekfJw oyd/ jB,
T[ZE/ r?o i?fte sZsK Bkb th skbw/b pDkJh oyd/ jB. ;kok iht wzvb jh fJe tZvk
gfo;fEfse szso j?, fiZE/ ihtB dh j'Ad j?. fJj ;Eb, ib ns/ tk:{wzvb d/ ;zXh y/
so ftu ;fEs j?. e[dosh gq;fEfse szso G{wh nXkos iK ib nXkos j[zd/ jB.
wB[ZyK d[nkok f;oi/ gq;fEfse szso pBkT[Nh szso ejkT[Ad/ jB. T[d:'re gqd{PD,
;kXBK dk b'V'A tZX T[g:'r ns/ e[dosh ihtB dk xkD ekoB Bkb wB[Zy B/ gq;fEfse
szso B{z tZvk y'ok bkfJnk j?. fJ; gkm ftu n;hA tZy' tZyo/ gqeko dhnK gq;fEfse
gqDkbhnK B{z ;wMD ns/ T[BQK dh ;[oZfynk pkps ikDekoh jk;b eoKr/.
1H6H2 T[d/P L
Xosh s/ jo fJe gqkDh B{z Bo'J/ tksktoD ftu ofjD ns/ w[YbhnK b'VK dh g{osh dk
nfXeko j?. wB[Zy Xosh dk ;G s'A ftef;s gqkDh j?. j'o ihtK dh d/y o/y eoB dh EK
T[;B/ ;G d/ jZe wkoB/ P[o{ eo fdZs/ jB. T[;dhnK roIwzd eotkJhnK eoe/ Xosh s'A
jo/ Go/ o[Zy p{N/ ns/ iht izs{ nb'g j[zd/ ik oj/ jB. e[dosh ;[jktDk tksktoD rzXbk,
gbhs ns/ fxBkT[Dk j[zdk ik fojk j?. jo soQK dhnK gq;fEfse gqDkbhnK T[;dh
dyabnzdkIh ekoD d[Zyh jB. fJ; gkm dk T[d/P wB[Zy B{z nkgD/ ns/ nkgD/ r[nKYh iht
izs{nK, pB;gshnK ns/ u[frod/ gqsh ;[fjod ns/ ;[u/s eoBk j?. i/ T[j jkb/ th Bk
;zGfbnk sK nkT[D tkbhnK B;bK dh spkjh fBPfus j?. Xosh T[sb/ ihtB B{z ;wM e/
T[; Bkb ;jh ftuko eoB ns/ e[dos dk ;fseko eoB ftu jh T[;dh GbkJh j?.
1H6H3 gq;fEfse szso d/ gqeko L
Xosh d/ iht wzvb ftu eJh soQK dhnK gq;fEfse gqDkbhnK ubdhnK jB. fJBQK
;kfonK B{z w[Zy s"o s/ d' GkrK ftu tzfvnk ik ;edk j? L^
(i) e[dosh gqDkbh L^ e[dos ftu fwbD tkb/ e[dosh izrb, ukorkjK, gjkV,
;w[zdo, BdhnK, MhbK, sbkp nkfd ftu ofjD tkb/ iht izs{, g/V g"d/ ns/
fBoiht t;s{nK ;fji s"o s/ fiT[Ad/ s/ tZXd/ c[bd/ jB.
(ii) wB[Zyh iK pBkT[Nh szso L^ e[dos ftu dyb nzdkIh eoe/ wB[Zy B/ y/
shpkVh, T[d:'r, Pfjoh eoD iK pBkT[Nh MhbK nkfd pDk bJhnK jB. fizBk
fuo wB[Zy dk e[dos ftu ;hws dyab fojk, T[BQK fuo e[dosh ;ws'b pfDnk
fojk. go p/b'V/ dyab ekoD e[dos tZb'A nkgD/ ;kXBK dh GogkJh n"yh j' rJh
j?. fi; ekoD tksktoD ftrV frnk j?. fJT[A e[dosh ;kXBK dk xNDk ns/
;zpzfXs tksktoD dk ftrVBk w"i{dk ns/ nkT[D tkbhnK B;bK bJh tZvk yasok
pD rJ/ jB. e[dosh szso d' gqeko d/ j[zd/ jB L^
(i) ;EkJh L^ ;Eb iK G{wh nkXkos szso ;Ebh ejkT[Ad/ jB. izrb,
wko{Eb ns/ xkj G{wh gqDkbhnK ;Ebh szso jB.
(ii) ibh L^ ib nkXkos szso ibh nytkT[Ad/ jB. ;kro, dfonk, BdhnK,
MhbK nkfd ibh szso jB.
1H6H4 tD gq;fEfse szso (Forest Ecosystem) L
tDK ftu pj[s tZv/ gZXo s/ doyas, t/bK, p{N/ ns/ j'o pB;gshnK j[zdhnK jB. fJj
gjkVh ns/ gmkoh y/soK ftu tX/o/ j[zd/ jB. fJj pj[s wjZstg{oB szso j? fi; T[zs/
ehV/ we"V/, gzSh, izrbh ikBto, Pkekjkoh ns/ wk;kjkoh iht fBoGo j[zd/ jB. Xosh
izrbK dh jfonktb ekoD jh joh Goh ns/ ;[jktDh j?. fJj e/tb y/V/ iK ;[jZgD dk
jh gqshe BjhA ;r'A ;ko/ iht izsn { K dh fIzdrh dk nkXko jB. ;kv/ fiT[D bJh b'VhAdh
nke;hiB, G'iB, dtkJhnK gqdkB eoB tkb/ izrb ;kvhnK e[Zbh r[Zbh ns/ i[Zbh dhnK
w[ZYbhnK b'VK th g{ohnK eod/ jB. fJj sgdh b[ekJh d/ sBK wBK B{z ;hsbsk d/D
tkb/, gzShnK B{z o?D p;/o/ d/D tkb/ ns/ ;[ji s/ ;z[dosk d/D tkb/ jB. fJj fpBK fe;/
ftseo/ d/ ;G B{z ;[y, mzYh SK ns/ cb c[Zb pyaPd/ jB. i/ n;hA o[Zy bkT[D, pukT[D
ns/ ;zGkbD dk T[Zdw eohJ/ sK ;kvk u[frodk fiT[D i'rk j' ikt/rk. tD gq;fEfse
szso ftu o[Zy p{N/ T[sgkdB jB id fe Pkekjkoh ns/ wk;kjkoh iht T[gG'rsk jB.
fJBQK ;kfonK d/ fwqse ;ohoK s/ gbD tkb/ ;{yw iht izrbK dh rzdrh B{z Bkb' Bkb
fNekD/ brkJh iKd/ jB. fJT[A tD iK izrb nkgD/ nkg ftu ;zg{oB s/ ;fji gq;fEfse
gqDkbh j?.
1H6H4H1 izrbK dhnK fe;wK L
G"fse tksktoD ns/ ibtk:{, fwZNh dhnK fe;wK nkfd izrbK B{z gqGkts eodhnK jB.
fJBQK rZbK eoe/ Gkos ftu th tZy' tZy soQK d/ izrb fwbd/ jB L^
(i) T{PD efNpzXh toyk izrb (Tropical Rain Forests) L^ pj[sh toyk ns/
pj[s/ skgwkB tkb/ fJbkfenK B{z T{PD efNpzXh fejk iKdk j?. e/ob, nzv/wkB,
gZSwh xkN, no[Dkub gqd/P, Bkrkb?Av, wBhg[o, whI'ow, fsqg[ok, w/xkfbnk
nkfd y/soK ftu ;zxD/ izrb jB. fJBQK izrbK d/ w[Zy doys opV, o'It[v,
n?p'bh nkfd jB. fJj izrb ;dkpjko j[zd/ jB.
(ii) T{PDêfNpzXh gsMV izrb (Tropical deciduous Forest) L^ fJBQK
y/soK ftu toyk d/ Bkb Bkb y[Pe o[Zs th j[zdh J?. id'A doyasK d/ gZs/ MV iKd/
jB. fJ;/ bJh fJBQK B{z gZsMV izrb th fejk iKdk j?. ;kb, PhPw, ;krtkB,
pK; nkfd fJBQK izrbK d/ w[Zy o[Zy jB.
(iii) ;zae{Xkoh izrb (Coniferous Forests) L^ fJj izrb fjwkbk gops ftu
pj[s T[ukJh s/ fwbd/ jB. fJE/ skgwkB xZN j[zdk j? ns/ doyas pj[s T[Zu/ j[zd/
jB. doyasK dk nkeko e'B iK Pze{ tork j[zdk j? ns/ gZs/ B[ehb/ j[zd/ jB.
uhVQ, fdT[dko, gkJhB, ;g{o, pou nkfd w[Zy doyas jB.
(iv) wko{Ebh izrb (Desert Forests) L^ fJBQK y/soK ftu pj[s xZN toyk j[zdh j?
fit/A oki;EkB, jfonkD/ d/ e[M Gkr, r[ioks d/ wko{Eb y/so nkfd. fJBQK
izrbK ftu ezv/dko MkVhnK, feZeoK, pp{b, yi{o nkfd gkJ/ iKd/ jB.
(v) v?bNk izrb L^ fJj izrb rzrk, pqjwg[Zso v?bNk, r'dktoh v?bNk, ekt/oh
v?bNk ns/ feqPBk v?bNk y/soK ftu gkJ/ iKd/ jB. rzrk pqjwg[Zso v?bNk ftu
w[Zy s"o s/ ;z[doh BK dk doyas fwbD eoe/ fJBQK B{z ;[zdotD v?bNk th nkyd/
jB.
tD ihtB L^ T{PDh tD (Tropical Forests) Xosh dk e/tb 6# Gkr jB go
fJBQK ftu ftPkb tDîhtB gDgdk j?. row skgwkB ns/ Bwh g"fdnK d/ tkX/
bJh nB[e{b j[zd/ jB. fJj g"d/ pj[s wksqk ftu G'iB pDkT[Ad/ jB fiBQK s/ bZyK
ehN ikshnK, izrbh uhs/, tDwkD; pKdo, s's/, ;Bpov r[ohb/, P/o, w'o nkfd
ofjzd/ jB. Phs^T{PDh (temperate) tDK ftu fBokb/ jh iht izs{ j[zd/ jB.
;odhnK ftu e[M iht izs{ ns/ gzSh row fJbkfenK tZb ub/ iKd/ jB, e[M b[e
e/ r{VQh BhAd ;"A iKd/ jB. e'nkbk Bkwe izs{ nkgDh gkbDk ;c?d/ d/ gZfsnK Bkb
jh eodk j? ns/ j'o e[M BjhA yKdk. fpZi{, foZS, bkb fjoB, bkb b{zpVh, pki,
phNb ns/ emc'Vk nkfd iht nfij/ izrbK dk fPzrko jB.
Gkosh T[gdhg ;z;ko dhnK gfo;fEfse gqDkbhnK dk wjZstg{oD nzr j?. ;z;ko dhnK
2,50,000 g"dk ikshnK ftu'A 15,000 ikshnK Gkos ftu fwbdhnK jB. ;z;ko dhnK
e[Zb 1H5 fwbhnB gP{ ikshnK ftu'A bZrGZr 75,000 ikshnK Gkos ftu jB. fJT[A
Gkt/A Gkos dk y/so ;z;ko d/ e[Zb y/so dk e/tb 2# jh j? go fJj ;z;ko d/ 5# tD
ihtB dh gkbDk g'PDk eodk j?.
1H6H4H2 izrbK d/ bkG L
izrbK d/ nB/eK bkG jB fit/A L^
i. fJBQK s'A G'iB gdkoE gqkgs j[zd/ jB
ii. fJBQK s'A bZeVh gqkgs j[zdh j?.
iii. fJBQK s'A dtkJhnK pDkT[D bJh iVhnK p{NhnK gqkgs j[zdhnK jB.
iv. fJj jVQK d/ gqGkt B{z xZN eod/ jB.
v. fJj fwZNh B{z iVQK okjhA pzBQ b?Ad/ jB ns/ G"A y'o s'A pukT[ eod/ jB.
vi. fJj gzShnK ns/ ikBtoK B{z fBtk; ns/ y[oke gqdkB eod/ jB.
vii. fJj tksktoD dh P[ZXsk ns/ ;zs[bB pDkJh oZyd/ jB.
viii. fJj ne;hiB SZvd/ jB i' ;kv/ ihtB bJh nfs Io{oh j?.
ix. fJBQK d/ ntP/P fwZNh ftu fwb e/ T[;dh T[gikT{ Pesh B{z tXkT[Ad/ jB.
. fJj G'iB bVhnK ns/ ib uZeo d/ ;jkfJe nzr jB.
;t? nfGnk; gqPB

1H gfo;fEfse szso dhnK fezBhnK fe;wK jB <
2H izrbK d/ fezB/ tor jB < T[BQK d/ eh bkG jB <
1H6H4H3 izrbK dh ;[oZfynk L
tZX ojhA nkpkdh ekoD xoK d/ fBowkD ns/ y/sh bJh tZX G{wh dh Io{os j?.T[d:'fre
ftek;, ;VeK ns/ PfjoheoD ekoD brksko izrbK dh eNkJh j[zdh ojh j? fi; eoe/
n;hA fJBQK d/ bkGK s'A tzfus j' oj/ jK. i/ n;hA jkbh th Bk ;zGb/ sK fJe fdB izrb
ysw j' ikDr/ ns/ fJBQK s/ fBoGo ihtB th ;wkgs j' ikt/rk. fJ; bJh izrbK dh
;[oZfynk eoB bJh ;kB{z j/m fby/ T[gokb/ eoB/ ukjhd/ jBL^
i. ;kB{z tZX s'A tZX g"d/ brkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB ns/ T[BQK dh ;KG ;zGkb eoBh ukjhdh
j?.
ii. izrbK dh eNkJh B{z o'eDk ukjhdk j?.
iii. e[dosh yIkB/ izrbK dk gq:'r ;'u ;wM e/ ns/ ;ktXkBh Bkb eoBk ukjhdk j?.
iv. ;kB{z d{i/ b'eK ftu izrbK d/ wjZst pko/ u/sBk c?bkT[Dh ukjhdh j?.
v. izrbK B{z ehV/ we"fVnK d/ jwfbnK ns/ phwkohnK s'A pukT[Dk ukjhdk j?.
vi. izrbK d/ T[ikV/ fto[ZX ;yas ekB{zB pDB/ ukjhd/ jB.
vii. izrbK dh nZr s/ ekp{ gkT[D bJh s[ozs eotkJh j'Dh ukjhdh j?.
viii. izrbh bZeVh B{z pkbD dh pikfJ j'o ;kXB tosD/ ukjhd/ jB.
ix. izrbK dh ;zGkb dk nkdo eofdnK s[jfcnK d/ o{g ftu g"d/ tzvD/ ukjhd/ jB.
1H6H4H4 izrb gfo;fEfse szso d/ xNe (Components) L
ftPkb izrb gfo;fEfse szso B{z d' GkrK ftu tzfvnk ik ;edk j? L^
(i) r?oî?fte xNe (Abiotic Components)
(ii) i?fte xNe (Biotic Components)
(i) r?o i?fte xNe L^ toyk, fwZNh skgwkB, o'PBh nkfd T[j fBoiht sZs jB
fiBQK B{z r?o i?fte xkNe nkfynk iKdk j?. izrbh szso fJBQK ;ko/ xNeK s/
fBoGo eod/ jB.
(ii) i?fte xNe L^ ;kohnK ;iht t;sK i?fte xNe pDkT[AdhnK jB. fJBQK B{z
nZr'A fszB Pq/DhnK ftu tzfvnk ik ;edk j? L^
(T) T[sgkde (Producers) L^ ;kohnK johnK pB;gshnK, t/bK, p{N/,
o[Zy, fpoy nkfd nkgDk G'iB gqekP ;z;b/PD dh feqnk Bkb pDkT[Ad/
jB. fJ;/ G'iB s/ pkeh tD ihtB fBoGo eodk j?.
(n) T[gG'rsk (Consumers) L^ ;ko/ soQK d/ Pkekjkoh ns/ wk;kjkoh iht,
ehV/^we"V/, gzSh nkfd f;ZX/ iK nf;ZX/ Yzr Bkb g"fdnK d/ pDkJ/ G'iB s/
jh fBoGo j[zd/ jB. fJBQK B{z T[gG'rsk nkfynk iKdk j?.
(J) ngxNe (Decomposers) L^ fJj T[j ;{yw iht jB i' g"fdnK ns/
ihtîzs{nK d/ w[odk ;ohoK dh s'V^c'V eoe/ nkgD/ G'iB gqkgs eod/
jB. p?eNhohnk, T[ZbhnK nkfd fJ; Pq/Dh ftu nkT[AdhnK jB.
;t? nfGnk; bJh gqPB
1H izrbK dh ;[oZfynk feT[A Io{oh j? <
2H izrb gq;fEfse szso d/ fejV/ fejV/ xNe jB <
1H6H5 xkj G{wh gfo;fEfse szso L
xkj d/ w?dkB ;Eb gqf;fEfse szso dk wjZstg{oB fjZ;k jB. fJj T[ZE/ gkJ/ iKd/ jB
fiE/ doys BjhA T[Zr ;ed/. tZy tZy wjKdhgK ftu tDK ns/ wko{EbK ftueko tZv/ tZv/
xkj d/ w?dkB w"i{d jB. xkj d/ nkeko ns/ uzrh fe;w T[Zgo Pkekjkoh ihtK dh
gkbDk g'PDk uzrh soQK j' iKdh j?. ;G s''A tZX s/I ns/ c[oshb/ ikBto th xkj w?dkBK
ftu fwbd/ jB. fjoB, i?apok, P/o, uhs/, jkEh ohArD tkb/ izs{, r?Av/, gzSh, ehV/ we"V/
nkfd xkj w?dkBK s/ jh ihtB p;o eod/ jB.
1H6H5H1 xkj G{wh dhnK fe;wK L
xkj G{wh d/ d' gqeko jB L^
(i) T{PD efNpzX xkj G{wh (Tropical Grasslands) L^ fJj xkj T[Zuk ns/
;zxDk j[zdk j?. fJj y[odok xkj nZr, mzY ns/ gP{ uoB dh ;fjDPhbsk oZydk
j?. ncohek ftu fJ; B{z ;tkBk fejk iKdk j?. fJE/ Pkekjkoh ns/ wk;kjkoh
d't/ soQK dh iht ekch wksok ftu gkJ/ iKd/ jB.
(ii) Phs T{PDh xkj G{wh (Temperate Grasslands) L^ fJj xkj Bow, e{bk
ns/ g"Pe j[zdk j?. ;z;ko d/ w[Zy gP{ gkbD e/Ado fJ; y/so ftu gkJ/ iKd/ jB
feT[Afe fJj gP{nK bJh pj[s bkj/tzd j?. nwhohek ftu go/oh, g?;gk;, :{og
J/PhnK ftu ;N?gh nkfd tZvhnK uoKdk jB.
1H6H5H2 xkj G{wh d/ bkG L
i. fJj Pkekjkoh ihtK dk w[Zy G'iB gqdkB eodh j?.
ii. xkj dk gq:'r dtkJhnK pDkT[D ftu ehsk iKdk j?.
iii. ;EkJh xkj s'A uNkJhnK nkfd pDkJhnK iKdhnK jB.
iv. xkj G{wh ihtK dhnK pj[s ;kohnK tzBrhnK dk nkXko j?.
v. xkj G{wh ehV/^we"fVnK fNZfvnK, gzShnK nkfd B{z nktk; fdzdh j?.
1H6H5H3 xkj G{wh dh ;[oZfynk L
brksko tZXd/ yasfonK ekoD xkj d/ w?dkBK ns/ fJBQK s/ fBoGo izrbh ihtK dk ykswk
j' fojk j?. fJBQK dh ;[oZfynk bJh ;kB{z j/m fby/ :sB eoB/ ukjhd/ jB L^
i. ikBtoK dh uokJh bJh tko' tkoh xkj d/ w?dkB tosD/ ukjhd/ jB sK i' fJe' EK s/
p'M Bk gt/.
ii. nZr s'A ns/ IfjohbhnK dtkJhnK s'A xkj w?dkBK dh oZfynk eoBh ukjhdh j?.
iii. xkj w?dkBK dh ;[oZfynk gqsh b'eK B{z ikro{e eoBk ukjhdk j?.
iv. xkj gqikshnK dh ;[oZfynk bJh :sBPhb j'Dk ukjhdk j?.
v. xkj w?dkBK B{z ;kca eoe/ fJwkosK pDkT[D T[zs/ o'e bkT[Dh ukjhdh j?.
1H6H5H4 xkj G{wh szso d/ xNe L
xkj G{wh ftu n";s ;kbkBk toyk 25 s'A 75 ;?ANhwhNo sZe j[zdh j?. xZN toyk 25 s'A
75 ;?ANhwhNo sZe j[zdh j?. xZN toyk ekoB fJE/ tZv/ doyas BjhA T[rd/. fJ; dh fwZNh
ftu Gog{o g"Pfesk j[zdh j?, fJ; bJh fJj xkj ekoD jok Gok ofjzdk j?. fJ;d/
j/m fby/ xNe jB L^
(i) r?o i?fte xNe (Abiotic Components) L^ fJj fBoiht uhIK jB fit/A
o'PBh, fwZNh, gkDh, jtk nkfd. ekopB, BkJhNo'iB, ;bco, ck;c'o;,
nke;hiB nkfd th fJ; ftu Pkwb jB.
(ii) i?fte xNe (Biotic Components) L^ ;ko/ ;iht g"d/, gP{, ikBto nkfd
fJ; nkT[Ad/ jB. fJBQK ;kfonK dk nkg;h ;zpzX ns/ skbw/b j[zdk j?. fJBQK
dhnK w[Zy fe;wK fJj jBL^
(T) T[sgkde L^ xkj w?dkBK ftu w[Zy s"o s/ xkj iVhnK p{NhnK ns/
MkVhnK gkJhnK iKdhnK jB. fJj ;ko/ G'iB pDkT[Ad/ jB.
(n) gqkEfwe T[gG'rh L^ T[j Pkekjkoh iht i' g"fdnK iK xkj B{z yKd/ jB.
gqkEfwe T[gG'rh nytkT[Ad/ jB fit/A fNZv/, fjoB, pZeohnK, G/vK, fjoB,
i?po/ nkfd.
(J) d{i/ T[gG'rh L^ fijV/ iht Pkekjkoh ihtK ns/ ehfVnK we"fVnK B{z
yKd/ jB, T[j d{i/ T[gG'rh nytkT[Ad/ jB fit/A ;Zg,vZv{, fSgebhnK,
b{zwVh, frZdV nkfd.
(;) ngxNe (Decomposers) L^ ihtK ns/ g"fdnK d/ w[odk ;ohoK dh
s'V c'V eoe/ g'Pe sZsK B{z fwZNh ftu fwbkT[D dk ezw ngxNe eod/ jB
fit/A p?eNhohnk, ihtkD{ nkfd. fJj ;{yw iht j[zd/ jB.
;t? nfGnk; bJh gqPB
1H xkj G{wh dh ;[oZfynk d/ eh T[gkT[ jB <
2H xkj G{wh szso d/ fezB/ xkNe jB <
1H6H6 wko{Eb gfo;fEfse szso L
wko{Eb nfij/ y[Pe y/so jB fiZE/ toyk pj[s xN j[zdh j?. fJZE/ rowhnK ftu pj[s
rowh ns/ ;odhnK ftu pj[s ;odh j[zdh j?. row ns/ mzY/ wko{Eb ;z;ko d/ e[dosh
gfo;fEfse szso jB i' Xosh d/ fJe fsjkJh Gkr s/ fwbd/ jB. wko{EbK dh pB;gsh
ns/ iht izs{nK B/ nkgD/ nkg B{z fJBQK d/ nB[e{b jh Ykb fbnk j?. wko{EbK ftu T[ZrD
tkb/ g"d/ nkgD/ nzrK ftu gkDh iwQK eo b?Ad/ jB ns/ n"y/ ;w/A tosd/ jB. fJj oks
B{z gJh sq/b s'a jh nkgDh gkDh dh b'V g{oh eo b?Ad/ jB. Gkt/A fJBQK p/eko fJbkfenK
ftu gkDh dh ewh j?, fco th fJj ihtB s'A ftj{D/ BjhA jB. fJE/ ofjD tkb/ gqkDh
nkgDhnK ihtB i[rshnK Bkb ekfJw ofjzd/ jB. Xosh d/ pj[s jh ozrhb/ ns/ tfuZso
iht, wko{EbK ftu ofjzd/ jB. Gkosh P/o, fpZS{, nwoheB, g"oe[gkJhB, ;Zg, feob/,
izrbh pZeo/, fjoB, pN/o, frZdV nkfd iht wko{EbK ftu gkJ/ iKd/ jB. feZeoK,
pp{b, yi{oK, ezv/dko MkVhnK, e?eN; nkfd pB;gshnK fJE/ T[rdhnK jB. gkDh dh
E[VQ ekoD fJE'A d/ ihtK B{z eoVk ;zxoP eoBk g?Adk j?.
1H6H6H1 wko{Eb dhnK fe;wK L
skgwkB, ibtk:{ ns/ ;fEsh d/ fj;kp Bkb wko{Eb B{z fszB fe;wK ftu tzfvnk ik
;edk j? L^
(T) T{PD efNpzX wko{Eb (Tropical Deserts) L^ fJj row wko{Eb wko{Eb
wjKdhgK d/ gZSwh GkrK ftu gkJ/ iKd/ jB. ;jkok wko{Eb ;z;ko dk ;G s'A
tZvk row wko{Eb j?. dZyDh nwohek ftu nNekwk, ncohek ftu ekbkroh,
Gkos ftu ns/ gkfe;skB ftu Eko wko{Eb, nwohek ftu w'jkt' nkfd w[Zy
wko{Eb jB.
(n) Phs T{PD efNpzX wko{Eb (Temperate Deserts) :- T{PD wko{Eb d/
w[ekpb/ fJE/ xZN skgwkB j[zdk j?. toyk xZN j'D ekoB fJE/ jfonktb th xZN
j[zdh j?. uhB dk r'Gh wko{Eb fJ;dh w[Zy T[dkjoD j?.
(J) mzY/ wko{Eb L^ fJj Xo[th, pochb/ ns/ T[Zu/ gopsh y/so jB. fJE/ pocpkoh
j[zdh ofjzdh j? ns/ skgwkB pj[s xZN j[zdk j?. fJE/ pB;gsh ns/ ihtB BKwkso
jh j?. f;nkfuB, rqhBb?Av, ;kfJp/ohnk ns/ nzBNkofNek nfij/ jh wko{Eb
jB.
wko{EbK ftu ib dh ewh ekoD pj[s xZN pB;gsh j[zdh j?. fJE/ eJh soQK dh ohArD
tkb/ iht, ;zg, ehV/ nkfd fwbd/ jB. S'Nh fijh toyk dh o[Zs ftu e[M g"d/ T[rd/ jB
ns/ fNZv/ iK Pfjd dhnK wZyhnK nk iKdhnK jB. T{m fJE'A dk w[Zy iht j? i' eJh eJh
fdB gkDh s'A fpBK ofj ;edk j?.
1H6H6H2 Gkos ns/ wko{Eb L
Gkos ftu T[gq'es d'jK fe;wK d/ wko{Eb fwbd/ jB i' fJ; gqeko jB L^
(i) Gkos d/ row wko{Eb L^ fJ;B{z Eko wko{Eb fejk iKdk j?. fJj oki;EkB,
r[ioks, jfonkDk ns/ gzikp d/ e[M y/soK ftu ;fEs j?. fJj rowhnK ftu
nsh row ns/ ;odhnK ftu nsh ;od j' iKdk j?. fJE/ tZX s'A tZX skgwkB
49° ns/ xZN s'A xZN skgwkB 0° sZe Gh gj[zu iKdk j?. fJE/ ;kbkBk toyk e/tb
15 ;?AHwhH s'A 50 ;?ANhwhNo sZe j[zdh j?. i?;bw/o ftu sK 10 ;?AHwhH s'A th xZN
toyk j[zdh j?. fJE/ ezv/dko MkVhnK, feZeoK, y'joK, yi{oK nkfd T[rdhnK
jB. fJE/ T{m, ekb/ fjoB, frZdV, pN/o, G/vK pZeohnK gkJhnK iKdhnK jB.
(ii) Gkos d/ ;od wko{Eb L^ fJE/ pocapkoh j[zdh ofjzdh j? ns/ whAj pj[s xN
g?Ad/ jB. eJh t/o j/mbk skgwkB ^ 40 ;?ANhrq/v sZe fro iKdk j?. izw{ ePwho
dk bZdkya y/so, fjwkub gqd/P d/ e[M y/so fj; ftu Pkwb jB. fJE/ E'Vk pj[s
xkj T[rdk j?. ikBtoK ftu'A fJE/ izrbh rXk, izrbh peoh, pockBh szd{nk,
:ke nkfd gkJ/ iKd/ jB.
1H6H6H3 wko{Eb szso dhnK ;wZf;nktK ns/ ;[oZfynk L
wko{Eb szso i' gfjbK jh ;yas gq;fEshnK Bkb i{M fojk j[zdk j?, T[;B{z wB[Zy dhnK
rshftXhnK j'o th n"yk eo fdzdhnK jB. G{whrs ib dk pj[sk gq:'r eoB Bkb ib
gZXo brksko xZNdk ik fojk j? fi; ekoD pB;gsh ns/ ihtK d/ nb'g j'D dk yasok
tX fojk j?. eJh EktK s/ f;zikJh ns/ y/sh ekoD wko{Eb dk ;o{g pdb frnk j?.
eJh EktK s/ yko/gD dh ;wZf;nk g?dk j' rJh j?. wko{EbK dh ;[oZfynk ;kvh ;G dh
fIzw/tkoh j?. ib ;'fwnK, pB;gshnK ns/ iht izs{nK B{z jo jhb/ pukT[Dk gt/rk.
fPeko T[Zs/ w[ezwb gkpzdh brkT[Dh gt/rh. fuo;EkJh ftek; eoB d/ wzst Bkb ;kB{z
gqkEfwesk d/ nkXko s/ fJ; e[dosh szso tZb fXnkB d/Dk gt/rk. ;oekoh ns/ r?o
;oekoh ;z;EkBK ns/ b'eK d/ ;fj:'r Bkb fJj ;zGt j' ;edk j?.
;t? nfGnk; bJh gqPB
1H wko{Eb szso dhnK eh ;wZf;nktK jB <
2H wko{Eb szso dh ;[oZfynk bJh eh ehsk ik ;edk j? <
1H6H7 ib nXkfos gq;fEshe szso L
;kv/ rqfj B{z Xosh ej/ ikD d/ pkti{d fJ;dk fszB u[EkJh fjZ;k wjK;kroK Bkb fxfonk
j'fJnk j?. Xosh d/ ;w[Zu/ gkDh ftu'A 99H3# gkDh ;kroK ns/ pocahbhnK u'NhnK ftu
gkfJnk iKdk j?. pkeh 1# s'A th xZN gkDh MhbK, BdhnK G{wh, tk:{wzvb nkfd ftu
w"i{d j?. T[j gq;fEfse szso i' ib ftu ftr;dk j?, ib nkXkofs szso nytkT[Adk
j?. fJj pj[s wjZstg{oD j? feT[Afe fJ; ftu GKs GKs dh pB;gsh ns/ ib ihtB
T[rwdk j?.
1H6H7H1 ib gq;fEfse szso dhnK fe;wK L
fJ; B{z j/m fby/ torK ftu tzfvnk ik ;edk j? L^
(i) skI/ gkDh dk szso L^ BdhnK, MhbK, sbkp nkfd skI/ gkDh d/ szso jB.
fJBQK ftu ib dk gZXo xNdk tXdk ofjzdk j?. fJj pj[s/ v{zx/ BjhA j[zd/. fJBQK
ftu ib d/ e[M g"d/ ns/ wZShnK nkfd ofjzd/ jB.
(ii) yko/ gkDh dk szso L^ fJj Gkt/A yko/ gkDh dk szso ejkT[Adk j? go fJj
;w[zdoh ib Bkb'A xZN ykok j[zdk j?. fJ; ftu yak; fe;w d/ iht izs{ jh fwbd/
jB.
(iii) ;w[zdoh szso L^ ;w[zdoK d/ yko/ gkDh ftu nfijk ihtBj? i' fes/ j'o BjhA
fiT[A ;edk. wB[Zy jkb/ th wjK;kroK dh Ekj BjhA gk ;fenk, fJ; bJh fJBQK
ftu fwbD tkb/ ;w[Zu/ ib ihtB dh y'i BjhA j' ;eh. wjK;kroK d/ xZN v{zx/
gkDh ftu pj[ GKsh ihtB j? id'A fe fJBQK d/ sNK T[Zs/ w[Zy s"o s/ gzSh jh fwbd/
jB. ;z;ko dh e[Zb sN o/yk 312,000 feb'whNo j? fi; ftu ib^gzShnK dh
fwedko pj[sh j?. ib gzSh, S'NhnK tZvhnK wZShnK, vkbfcB, t/b, ;kroh
P/o, Jhb, fPekoh wZShnK, ;Zg nkfd ;w[zdoK d/ iht izs{ jB. ;w[zdo pj[s
ftPkb y/so ftu c?b/ j'J/ jB. fJBQK d/ gkDh ftu Bwe dh wksqk pj[s fIndk
j[zdh j?. fJBQK ftu eJh soQK dhnK pB;gshnK, x'r/, f;ZghnK, w{zr/, eZS{,
ekJhnK nkfd gkJhnK iKdhnK jB.
ib gq;fEfse szso dh tzv tfjzd/ ns/ yb's/ gkDhnK d/ nkXko s/ th ehsh ik ;edh j?.
(i) skI/ gkDh tkb/ gq;fEfse szso L^ fJBQK ftu BdhnK, MhbK, sbkp nkfd
nkT[Ad/ jB. s/I ns/ j"bh tfjzd/ j'J/ ib ftu tZy' tZy fe;w dk ihtB gkfJnk
iKdk j?. BdhnK ftu nkw s"o s/ wZShnK ns/ sbkpK ftu vZv{, wZShnK, ehV/
nkfd gkJ/ iKd/ jB. e[M sbktK ftu ;kok ;kb gkDh trdk ofjzdk j? ns/ e[M
e/tb toyk o[Zs ftu God/ jB. fJBQK dh G'iB bVh fJ; gqeko j[zdh j? L^
ekJh ;{yw iht  S'Nh wZSh  tZvh wZSh  fezr fcPo
tfjzd/ j'J/ gkDh ftu BdhnK ns/ yVQ/ gkDh ftu sbkp, MhbK ns/ ibrkjK nkT[AdhnK
jB. BdhnK d/ w[jkD/ T[j y/so jB fiZE/ Bdh dk skIk ib ns/ ;w[zdo dk ykok ib
nkg; ftu fwbdk j?. fJ; szso ftu eJh soQK d/ iht, wZShnK, gzSh nkfd ofjzd/
jB. v?bNk izrbK ftu ekcah wksqk ftu pB;gsh ns/ iht gkJ/ iKd/ jB.
(ii) ;w[zdoh gfo;fEfse szso L^ ;wz[do ;G s'A ftPkb szso j? fi; ftu GKs GKs
dh pB;gsh ns/ iht gkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJ;B{z d' GkrK ftu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?^
(T) xZN v{zx/ ;w[zdo fJBQK ftu ;{oi dh o'PBh gjz[udh j?. ib g"d/ G'iB pDkT[Ad/
jB. fJBQK ftu wZShnK ns/ j'o ihtK dh pj[sks j[zdh j?.
(n) rfjo/ ;w[zdo fJE/ o'PBh BjhA gj[zudh ns/ skgwkB th xZN j[zdk j?. fJBQK ftu
pB;gsh ns/ iht xZN gkJ/ iKd/ jB.
1H6H7H2 ib gq;fEfse szso dhnK ;wZf;nktK ns/ ;[oZfynk L
gkDh dh pj[sh tos'A ns/ ib gqd{PD d' tZvhnK ;wZf;nktK jB fiBQK Bkb ib szso B{z
i{MDk g?Adk j?. BdhnK, ;w[zdoK, sbkpK ns/ MhbK ftu T[d:'fre ns/ xo/b{ rzdrh B{z
;[ZfNnk iKdk j?. ehNBkPe, o;kfJDe ykdK ns/ gqwkD{ ft;c'NK d[nkok th ib B{z
d{fPs ehsk ik fojk j?. fJ; wbhBsk dk gqGkt ;w[Zu/ ;kroh wzvb s/ g?Adk j?. yfDi
s/b ns/ g?Nq'b tkje ;w[zdoh N?Ae fJ; wbhBsk ftu j'o tkXk eo oj/ jB. fJBQK ftj[b/
gdkoEK d/ nzP wZShnK, ;w[zdoh ekJh ns/ ;{yw ihtK ftu ;zfus j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB ns/
j"bh j"bh ;koh G'iB bVh ftu c?b iKd/ jB. fJBQK IfjoK ekoD e[M iht izs{ T[Zek yasw
j' u[Ze/ jB ns/ e[M yaso/ d/ I'B ftu jB. wjK;kroK Bkb'A S'N/ ;w[zdo ns/ ykVhnK S/
sh wbhB j[zd/ jB. fJ; ;w/A ;ko/ ;kroK ftu'A o'w ;kro B{z ;G s'A tZX gqd{fPs wzfBnk
frnk j?. fJ; d/ ezfYnK T[Zgo seohpB 10 eo'V b'e t;d/ jB i' nkgDh ns/ nkgD/
ekoyakfBnK dh w?b fJ; ftu ;[ZN oj/ jB. fJ; ftu ;[ZN/ rJ/ s/bK ekoD fJ; ftub/
iht irs dk dw x[Ndk ik fojk j?. o{; dk nokb ;kro th brksko ;[zrVdk ik fojk
j?. j[D sZe fJj 100 feb'whNo fgSKj jN u[Zek j?. ;zB 1988 ftu T[Zsoh ;kro d/
sNK T[Zgo 3400 ;hb wZShnK wo rJhnK ns/ fJj pdp{ d{o d{o sZe c?b rJh. fJ;
d/ ;w[zdoh xkj d/ gqd{fPs j'D ekoD nB/eK iht izs{, f;ZghnK, MhAr/ ns/ wZShnK wo
rJhnK. nfijk wjK;kro ftu ;[ZN/ rJ/ ftj[b/ o;kfJDK ekoD tkgfonk. T[Zsoh ;kro
ezY/ t;d/ d/P jo ;kb 50 bZy NB s'A th tZX rzdrh fJ; ftu obk oj/ jB. T[Zsoh
nwohek ftu n?bk;ek e'b 24 wkou 1989 B{z fJe ;[go N?Aeo d/ N[ZN ikD eoe/
1,10,00,000 r?bB yfDi s/b ;kro ftu ik ofbnk ns/ 19000 feb'whNo sZe c?b
frnk. fJ; Bkb fJe bZy ;w[zdoh gzSh wo rJ/ ns/ fJe jIko iht rbx'N{ nkcas
ftu c; e/ dw s'V rJ/. fJ; Ifjo dk n;o ihtK d/ nzfvnK s/ th j' frnk.
wB[Zy dhnK wko{ ;orowhnK ib gq;fEfse szso bJh yasoBke ;hwk sZe gj[zu rJhnK
jB. Ifjohb/ sZs jtk ftu fwb e/ s/Ikph toyk eod/ jB i' gkDh d/ ihtK ns/
pB;gshnK bJh xkse j[zdh j?. nwohek, e?B/vk, Bkot/, ;thvB nkfd d/PK ftu eJh
MhbK gqd{PD ekoD BPN j' rJhnK jB.
;kB{z ib y/soK d/ gqd{PD B{z o'eDk ukjhdk j?. i/eo ;wK ofjzd/ fBZro T[gkn Bk ehs/
rJ/ sK gfo;fEfse szso d/ Bkb Bkb ;kvh nkgDh j'Ad B{z Gh yasok j' ikt/rk. ;kv/
XowK ftu Gh ib B{z d/tsk ns/ fgsk wzfBnk frnk j?. ;kv/ ;G dk caoI j? fe fJ;
nBw'b dks B{z nikJhA ns/ rzXbk j'D s'A pukJhJ/. gkDh jh ihtB j?, fJ; ;dek jh
;G ftu fIzdrh XVedh j?. i' gkDh ;G dh w?b X'Adk j?., ;G s/ goT[geko eodk j?,
T[; B{z w?bk ns/ ngftZso eoBk ;G s'A tZvk gkg j?. ;oeko d/ ekB{zB sK jB jh, n;hA
nkgDh nzso nkswk dh nktkI th ;[DhJ/ ns/ ib dh ;[oZfynk eohJ/.
;t? nfGnk; bJh gqPB
1H ib gq;fEfse szsoK dh ;[oZfynk feT[A Io{oh j? <
2H ib gq;fEfse szso dhnK fe;wK fejVhnK fejVhnK jB <
1H6H7H3 e/; nfXn?B L
johe/ ibrkj fpnk; ns/ ;sb[i d/ ;zrw T[Zs/ johe/ gZsD s/ ;fEs j?. fJE'A eZYhnK
rJhnK d' BfjoK gzikp ns/ oki;EkB B{z gkDh fdzdhnK jB. ;zB 1982 ftu fJ;B{z gzSh
PoDEbh (Bird Sanctuary) x'fPs eo fdZsk frnk. fJE/ eJh gqeko d/ gqtk;h gzSh
;odhnK ftu d{o d[okv/ d/PK s'A T[Zv e/ nkT[Ad/ jB. fJE/ ihtK dh tzB ;[tzBsk j? fit/A
pZsyK, eZS{, wZShnK, T{d fpbkT[, izrbh fpZbhnK, frZdV, gzSh nkfd. fJE/ d' ;kb
gfjbK vkbfcB wZSh Gh d/yh rJh ;h. fJ; ibrkj B{z th eJh yaso/ g?dk j' rJ/ jB
fit/A L^
i. f;zikJh bJh pj[s/ gkDh dh tos'A
ii. fJ;d/ ib ftu Pfjoh rzdrh dh fwbktN
iii. o;kfJDK ns/ ftj[bhnK ehNBkPe dtkJhnK dk fwbDk
iv. B/Vb/ y/soK ftu izrbK dh eNkJh ekoD, G"^y'o ekoB fJ; ftu fwZNh dhnK
sfjnK dk iwkT[.
;[oZfynk d/ T[gkn L
izrbks wfjewk, f;zukJh ftGkr, gzikp gqd{PD ezNo'b p'ov nkfd fJ;dh ;[oZfynk
bJh :sBPhb jB. Gkosh ;?Bk B/ th fJ; ftu ;cakJh nfGnkB ubkfJnk ;h.
b'eK d/ ;fj:'r ns/ goT[geko dh GktBk Bkb ;zs pbpho f;zx ;hu/tkb B/ th ekbh
t/JhA dh ;cakJh eoe/ pj[s wBw'je fdqP pDk fdZsk j?. fJeZb/ ekB{zB jh fe;/ T[d/P dh
gqkgsh BjhA eo ;ed/. b'eK dh fwbtosD u/sBsk ns/ Gkrhdkoh Bkb ;G e[M ;zGt
j' ;edk j?. johe/ d/ B/Vb/ fe;kB e[M ftP/P gzSh wfjwkBK dh nkwd s/ w";w dk gsk
brk b?Ad/ jB. T[dkjoD ti'A fuZNk g{S fjbkT[D tkbk t?rN/b gzSh nkT[D s/ ;odhnK
ns/ ozr pozrh e'fJb d/ nkT[D s/ w"B;{B d/ nkozG dk gsk brdk j?.
1H6H8 ;ko L
nZi s'A fszB jIko ;kb gfjbK ou/ rJ/ nEot t/d dhnK fJj ;soK fezBhnK wjkB
jBL^
“U Xosh. s/ohnK gjkVhnK, s/o/ pocaK bZd/ gopsK dhnK u'NhnK, s/o/ izrb ;kv/
T[Zgo fwjo eoB. w?A s/o/ T[Zgo nkgDk xo pDkfJnk j?.** ;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ th
e[dos dk i; rkfJnk ;h. nfij/ wjkB n;{bK dh Xosh wK nZi nkgDh jh ;zskB jZE'A
wo ojh j?. nZi Xosh T[Zs/ fcod/ wB[ZyK d/ fNZvh db e[dos dh jfonktb B{z uZNh ik
oj/ jB. wB[Zy B/ nkgDhnK fJZSktK d/ x'V/ B{z J/Bk s/Ik d[VkfJnk j? fe T[;d/ jZE'A brkw
jh S[N rJh j?. nZi n;hA e[dos d/ eNfjo/ ftu d'PhnK tKr yVQ/ jK. n;hA Xosh d/
ib, Eb, izrbK ns/ e[dosh ;'fwnK B{z T[ikV fdZsk j?. UI'B gos d/ fSZiD ns/ ;kt/
xo dh gqGkftesk, gqd{PD ns/ t;'A ft;c'N torhnK ;wZf;nktK ;kvh M'bh ftu nk
gJhnK jB. s/Ikph toyk, BdhnK, MhbK ns/ ;kroK dh d[odPk d/ wko{ f;ZN/ nZi
n;hA jh G[rs oj/ jK. wB[Zy d[nkok f;oi/ wko{Eb, nDeZih Xosh, w[Zed/ ;kXB, gbhs
tksktoD ;kv/ r[BkjK dh s;tho j?. ;kB{z ;G B{z gZsk j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe n;hA fej'
fijh jtk ftu ;kj b?Ad/ jK. fej' fijk ftjko eod/ jK. e[dosh Gzvko ;koh wB[Zysk
dhnK ;KMhnK poesK jB. fJBQK dhnK ;wZf;nktK ;op ftnkge jB. e'Jh fJeZbk
d/P iK ftnesh fJBQK B{z jZb bJh eo ;edk. i/ Xosh T[Zs/ bZyK ;kbK s'A pB;gshnK,
ib tk:{, gjkV, BdhnK, iht izs{ ;fj j'Ad ns/ fwbtosD Bkb ofjzd/ nkJ/ jB sK
n;hA nfijk feT[A BjhA eo ;ed/. ;kB{z fJj ;kohnK rZbK ftukoB dh b'V j?.
i. tksktoD dog/P ;wZf;nktK ^ fsqbu' B f;zx
ii. tksktoD f;Zfynk ^ Powk gpbhe/PBI
iii. tksktoD f;Zfynk ^ nkoH;hH uKdBk
iv. tksktoD u/sBk ^ ;shP e[wko towk
v. B?PBb i"rokfcae nze
vi. tobv ftdkT{N nohI ^ okpoN b?Ap
vii. n?BtkfJoBw?AN fJzNoB?PBb n?e;g?eN ^ n;e' gpbhe/PBI
i. izrb gq;fEfse szso pko/ s;hA eh ikDd/ j' < ft;Eko ;fjs fby/ <
ii. xkj G{wh gq;fEfse szso dhnK fe;wK, bkG ns/ ;[oZfynk pko/ s[;hA eh ikDd/ j' <
iii. wko{Eb gq;fEfse szso dh ftnkfynk eo' <
iv. ib nkXkfos gq;FfEfse szso pko/ y'bQ e/ fby' <
v. gfo;fEfse szso dhnK fezBhnK fe;wK jB. fe;/ fJe pkps ft;Eko ;fjs dZ;' <
i. izrbK d/ eh bkG jB <
ii. ;w[zdoK ftu fej' fijk ihtB j[zdk j? <
iii. xkj G{wh dh G'iB bVh fej' fijh j[zdh j? <
iv. wko{EbK dhnK fezBhnK fe;wK jB <
v. xkj G{wh szso d/ xNe fejV/ fejV/ jB <
vi. gq;fEfse szso ;[oZfynk ftu wB[Zy dh eh G{fwek j? <
vii. e[dosh ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk feT[A Io{oh j? <
viii. T{oik ;z;kXBK dh tzv fet/A ehsh ik ;edh j? <
ix. ;{oih T{oik ns/ ib T{oik pko/ s[;hA eh ikDd/ j' <
x. ;z;kXBK dh T[fus tos'A gqsh s[;hA b'eK B{z fet/A ;[u/s eo'r/<
phHJ/$phHekwH$phH;hHJ/H$phHphHJ/H Gkr^d{ik tksktoD f;Zfynk
gkm BzH 1H7 b/fyekL vkH ;opihs e"o ;zXktkbhnk
i?fte ftfGzBsk ns/ T[;dh ;[oZfynk

(Biodiversity and its Conservation)
gkm dh o{g o/yk

1H7H1 G{fwek
1H7H2 T[d/;a
1H7H3 i?fte ftfGzBsk pko/ ikD gSkD
1H7H4 i?fte ftfGzBsk dk wjZst
1H7H5 i?fte ftfGzBsk B{z \so/
1H7H6 i?fte ftfGzBsk dh ;[oZfynk
1H7H7 ;ko
1H7H8 gVB:'r g[;seK
1H7H9 tZv/ ns/ S'N/ T[ZsoK tkb/ gq;aB
1H7H1 G{fwek^ jkb/ sZe Xosh fJe' fJe rqfj j? fiZE/ ihtB j?. nfijk fJ; bJh
j? feT[Afe fJE/ ihtB fiT[D bJh nB[e{b jkbks jB. ;z;ko d/ tZy ' tZyo/ EktK s/
nbZr nbZr fe;w dk ibtk:{ ns/ tksktoD j?. Bshi/ ti'A tZy ' tZy EktK s/ tZy'
tZyok ihtB fwbdk j?. nB/eK fe;w d/ iht izs{, gzSh, o[Zy, fpoy ns/ ohArD tkb/
gqk Dh tZy' tZy fyZf snK ftu ofjzd/ jB. Gkt/A fJBQK ftu pj[s ;kohnK ftfGzBsktK jB
go fco th ;kfonK ftu fJe' ihtB i'V j?. e[dos dk ftXkB J/Bk T[Zsw j? fe ;ko/
tyo/ftnK d/ pkti{d wB[Zy , gP{, gzSh, pB;gshnK ;G fJe d{i/ s/ fBoGo jB ns/
fJe' eVh ftu i[V/ j'J/ jB. ihtK dh fJe ftfGzBsk pj[s jh wBw'j e, n;uoi
ns/ wjZstg{oD j?. fJBQK dh nB/esk ftu th J/esk Mbedh j? ns/ wB[Zy ekdo
nZr/ Bsw;se j' iKdk j?. ehVh s'A b? e/ jkEh sZe, ;{yw g"fdnK s'A b? e/ ;?AeV/
whNo T[u/ doyasK sZe jo gk;/ e[dos d/ ibt/ fdykJh fdzd/ jB. ;zB 2010 i?fte
ftfGzBsk d/ nzsook;aNoh to/Q ti'A wBkfJnk ik fojk j?.
1H7H2 T[d/P^ fJj ;z;ko pj[s jh ;'jDk, nB'yk ns/ fBnkok j?. jo iht nzdo
e[dos dh ;'jDh ekohroh ns/ xkVs dk Biakok fwbdk j?. n;hA nt/;b/gD ns/
phHJ/H$phHekwH$ phH;hHJ/H$phHphHJ/H Gkr^d{ik 85 tksktoD f;Zf ynk
nBikDg[D/ ftu jh ihtB pshs eod/ ofjzd/ jK. fezBk uzrk j't/ i/ n;hA nkgD/
nkb/ d[nkb/ ftuko oj/ p/nzs iht izs {nK, gP{ gzShnK, ehV/ we"fVnK, c[Zb p{fNnK
d/ ozr pozr/ ;z;ko B{z ;wMhJ/, ikDhJ/ ns/ T[BQK B{z fgnko eohJ/. fJT[A eoB Bkb
;kok ;z;ko ;kB{z nkgDk jh ikg/rk, n;hA fe;/ Bkb t?o fto'X ns/ Bcaos BjhA
eoKr/. ;ko/ ihts ;z;ko B{z fJe' gowkswk dh nz;a ;wM e/ n;hA fe;/ B{z B[e;kB
BjhA gjz[uktKr/, e[dos wK dh r'd dk fBZx wkDKr/ ns/ fJ;B{z gbhs eoB d/ Gkrh
BjhA pDKr/. nkgD/ d[nkb/ t;/ ndG[Zs ns/ tzB ;[tzB/ ;z;ko Bkb ikD gSkD
eokT[Dk, T[BQK dh edo eoBh ns/ T[BQK dh ;[oZfynk eoBh jh fJ; gkm dk T[d/;a
j?.
1H7H3 i?fte ftfGzBsk pko/ ikD gSkD^ i?fte dk noE j? fiT[AdhnK ;a?nK
;zp zX h ns/ ftfGzBsk dk noE j? tyo/tK. Xosh T[s/ ihts pB;gshnK ns/ iht
izs{nK dh fGzBsk B{z i?fte ftfGzBsk fejk iKdk j?. ;G s'A gfjbK i?fte ftfGzBsk
(Biodiversity) ;apd dh tos'A n?vtov fpb;B B/ ehsh ;h fJ; bJh T[;B{z fJ;dk
fgskwk fejk iKdk j?. i?fte ftfGzBsk d/ w[Zy ekoB T[BQK dh tz;ars gqzgok,
gqikshnK, tksktoD ns/ gfo;fEfse szso j[zd/ jB.
(i) nB[tzf;ae tzB ;[tzBsk ^ n;hA d/yd/ jK fe jo wB[Zy dk ozr o{g, p'bukb,
;[Gkn nkfd j'oK Bkb'A tZyok j[zdk j?. fJT[A jh j'o iht izs{nK ftu th eJh
soQK d/ tyo/t/A j[zd/ jB Gkt/A T[j fJe' gqiksh d/ jh j'D . nfijk jo iht
nzdo T[;d/ nB[tz;a iK ihBK dh fGzBsk d/ ekoD j[zdk j?. fJj ftfGzBsk
tXhnk B;bK d/ ftek; bJh iao{oh j[zdh j?. nB[tzf;ae tzB ;[tzBsk okjhA
BthA gqeko dhnK c;bK ns/ ihtK dhnK uzrhnK B;bK ftef;s ehshnK
iKdhnK jB.
(ii) gqiksh ftfGzBsk^ eJh y/soK ftu tZy tZy iht izs{nK ns/ pB;gshnK
dhnK fiankdk fe;wK gkJhnK iKdhnK jB ns/ eJhnK ftu xZN. ncao hek
ns/ nw/i aB Bdh d/ G{wX y/soh ;dkpjko izrbK ftu fJzv'B/;ahnK ns/
wb/;ahnk d/ izrbk Bkb'A pj[sh ftfGzBsk gkJh iKdh j?. fJ;dk ekoD
fJzv'B/;ahnk ns/ wb/;ahnk d/ izrbK dh eNkJh eoe/ y/shpkVh dk ftek;
eoBk j?. e[dosh ns/ gqzgokrs y/sh d/ w[ekpb/ nkX[fBe y/sh ftu c;bK dh
ftfGzBsk xZN j[dh j?.
(iii) gfo;fEfse szso dh ftfGzBsk ^ Xosh dhnK tZy' tZy G{r'fbe ;fEshnK
ekoD fJe/ gfo;fEfse szso ftZu izrb, xkj d/ w?d kB, gops, wko{Eb,
BdhnK, ;wz[do, MhbK nkfd nkT[Ad/ jB. wB[Zy d[nkok fJjBK Bkb S/VykBh,
pj[sh tos'A ns/ ;';aD eoB ekoD fJjBK dk ftBk;a j'fJnk j?. v?wK ns/
pzBK B/ th fJ; T[Zs/ wkVk n;o gkfJnk j?.
;kv/ d/;a ftZu tZy' tZy fe;w dk ibtk:{, Xoksb ns/ fwZNh gkJh iKdh j?. fJ;
bJh fJE/ iht ftfGzBsk dh pj[sks j?. Gkos ;z;ko d/ T[BQK d/;aK ftZu ;akwb j? fiE/
i?fte ftfGzBsk pj[s fiankdk j?.
1H7H4 i?fte ftGzBsk dk wjZst L jo iht dk G'iB bVh ns/ tksktoD ftZu
nkgDk wjZst j?. pB;gshnK dhnK tZy' tZy fe;wK ;kB{z G'iB, nke;hiB, bZeVh,
iVhnK p{NhnK nkfd gqdkB eodhnK jB ns/ G"A^y'o o'e e/ T[gikT{ fwZNh B{z o[VQB
s'A pukT[dhnK jB. e[M iBikshnK dk ihtB izrbK Bkb i[fVnk j[zdk j?. id' n;hAA
izrb eNd/ jK iK ikBtoK dk f;aeko eod/ jK sK eJh soQK dhnK ikshnK dh xkN
eoe/ i?fte ftGzBsk B{z B;aN eod/ jK. i?fte ftfGzBsk d/ B;aN j'D ekoD ;kvk
ihtB th B;aN j' ikt/rk. fJ;dh ;KG^;zG kb ns/ pukT[ ;kv/ ;kfonK bJh pj[s
iao {oh j? fJ;d/ wjZst B{z ;wMD bJh j/m fby/ B[efsnK B{z ;wMDk iao{oh j?L^
T) ygs dh fdq;aNh s' wjZst^ i?fte ftGzBsk okjhA ;kB{z nkgDh ygs bJh
pj[s e[M gqkgs j[zdk j? fit/L^
(i) G'iB^ jo/ g"d/ G'iB pDkT[D dh c?eNoh jB. fJj ;kB{z nBki, dkbK,
;pihnK, cb, phi nkfd gqdkB eod/ jB gP{nK bJh ukok ns/ dkDk gZmk th
g"fdnK s' gqk gs j[zdk j?. ikBtoK s'A ;kB{z d[ZX , wk;, wZSh, nKfvnK d/ o{g
ftZu G'iB fwbdk j?.
(ii) dtkJhnK^ nk:[ot/d dtkJh gqDkbh g{oh soQK g"fdnK ns/ iVQh nK p{N hnK s/
nkXkos j?. eJh gqeko dhnK nzro/iah dtkJhnK th g"fdnK s' jh jk;b
j[zdhnK jB fit/A e[BhB, wkocahB nkfd, d/;h dtkJhnK ftZu s[b;h, b"Ar,
fJbkfJuh, ;"Ac, g[dhB/, nkT[b/, pj/V/, joV nkfd dk T[g:'r j[zdk j?. eJh
soQK dhnK ihtB oZfyne dtkJhnK ns/ g?Bf;bhB cc{zdh, p?eNhohnk ns/ j'o
;{yw ihtK s' gqkgs ehshnK iKdhnK jB. o'rkD{ fto'Xh n?ANhpkfJUfNe
dtkJhnK ns/ skes dhnK dtkJhnK th eJh soQK d/ g"fdnK ns/ ihtK s'A
gqk gs j[zdhnK jB.
(iii) ikBtoK s'A T[sgkd^ uwVk, T[ZB, jkEh dzd, o/;aw, bky, eJh soQK d/ yzG
nkfd ikBtoK s'A gqkgs j[zd/ jB. eJh soQK d/ ;z[dosk d/ ;wkB, ;a?Ag{ nkfd th
ikBtoK s'A pDd/ jB. ikBtoK dh iZs, uwVh nkfd s'A go;, i[ZshnK nkfd
pDkJhnK iKdhnK jB.
(n) T[sgkdB dh fdq;aNh s'A wjZst ^ pkiakoheoD iK t/uD bJh th g"fdnK
ns/ ihtK dk tgko ehsk iKdk j? fit/AL^
(i) ikBtoK dhnK BthnK B;bK dk ftek;L^ fw;aos B;bK jw/;ak tXhnK
ns/ skesto j[zdnK jB. izrbh ns/ gkbs{ ikBtoK d/ ;[w/b s'A BthnK
B;bK dk ftek; ehsk iKdk j?.
(ii) g"fdnK ns/ c;bK dk ftek;L^ iht ftfGzBsk B{z BthA fe;w dhnK
c;bK, c[ZbK nkfd d/ ftek; bJh tofsnk iKdk j?. iht seBhe ftfrnkBeK
B/ izrbh gqikshnK s'A BthA soQK dhnK c;bK dk ftek; ehsk j? fiBQK dh
g?dktko tZX j? ns/ phwkohnK B{z MZbD dh ;aesh th tZX j?.
(iii) dtkJhnK dk ftek; L^ i?fte ftGzBsk s'A eJh soQaK dhnK uhBh, :{BkBh,
nk:[ot?fde, nzro/iah, ihtB oZfyne, o'rkD{ fto'Xh dtkJhnK gqkgs j[zdhnK
jB. c[Zb p{N/, iVhnK p{N hnK, p?eNhohnK ns/ j'o ihtK s'A eJh soQK dhnK
n";aXhnK fwbdhnK jB.
(iv) eZuk wkb ^ bZeVh, bky, opV, o/;aw, xkj, gZs / nkfd t;sK eZu/ wkb d/
o{g ftZu gqkgs j[zdhnK jB i' ;kvh nkofEesk ftZu tXhnk :'rdkB
gkT[AdhnK jB.
(v) tksktoD ;pzXh T[g:'r ^ i?fte fttXsk fwZNh dh T{oik ;aesh tXkT[Adh
j?, G{wh ftub/ p?eNhohnK BkJhNo'iB dh xkN B{z g{ok eod/ jB. o[Zy p{N/
gqd{;aD dh ;wZf;nk B{z xNkT[zAd/ jB. i?fte ftfGzBsk jVQK B{z o'eD, toyk
fbnkT[D ns/ tksktoD d/ ;ws'b ftZu ;jkfJe j[zdh j?
(J) B?fse wjZst ^ ;ko/ XowK ftZu pB;gshnK ns/ ihtK dk ;fseko ehsk
iKdk j?. Gkos ftZu sK eJh ihtK ns/ g"fdnK B{z gftZso ;wM e/ g{fink
iKdk j?. n;hA ;ko/ fJe' fgsk gowkswk d/ nz;a jK ns/ ;kfonK B{z ihtB
fiT[D dk g{ok nfXeko j?. i?fte ftftXsk B{z B;aN eoBk ;kvhnK B?fse
edoK ehwsK d/ fyabkca j?. fJ; bJh iht ;w{jK ns/ pB;gsh tor B{z
pukT[Dk ;kvk B?fse eosZt j?. fgZgb, p'jV, s[b;h d/ g"d/ g{i/ iKd/ jB,
rT{ B{z wksk dk ;EkB gqkgs j?. ro[V, jz;, ewb c[Zb, uzdB nkfd B{z th
;fseko:' r EK gqkgs j?. nkgD/ wB'oziB bJh iht ikshnK B{z B;aN eoBk
pj[s jh wzdGktBk j?.
(;) ;wkfie wjZst^ ;kv/ g[okD/ b'e ikBtoK ns/ g"fdnK Bkb fgnko eoe/
T[BQK Bkb eJh fo;as/ i'Vd/ ;B. gfjbK nkpkdh th xZN ;h ns/ b'eK dk
ihtB th f;ZX k ;kdk ;h. T[j e[dosh ;kXBK dh tos'A th ikfJia eod/ ;B
ns/ fJBQK B{z gbhs j'D s'A pukT[Ad/ ;B. fJT[A i?fte ftfGzBsk dh ;[oZfynk
j[zdh ofjdh ;h. j[D nkX[fBeheoD, ;fjoheoD, t;'A ft;c'N, T[d:'rheoD
ns/ nkgD/ ;[y ;kXBK dh j'V ftu wB[Zy B/ tksktoD, i?fte ftfGzBsk ns/
e[dosh ;zs[bB dk Bk;a eo fdsk j?. j[D wB[Zy o[ZyK Bkb ;KM dk fo;ask BjhA
oyd/. T[j e[dosh ;'fwnK, bZeVh, ikBtoK s'A pDhnK t;s{nK dk fiankdk
fJ;s/wkb eod/ jB. gfjbK b'e gP{ XB ns/ o[Zy XB s/ wkD eod/ ;B.
gjkVh b'eK e'b cbK d/ pkr j[zd/ ;B. y[;ae y/soK ftu fe;/ e'b fizBhnK
fiankdk G/v, pZeohnK ns/ T{m j[zd/ ;B, T[;dk ;wki ftu T[sBk jh ;fseko
j[zdk ;h. gzikp ftu pj[s/ wkb vzro, y/sK ns/ iawhBK dk j'Dk th wkD tkbh
rZb ;h. gkbs{ ikBtoK B{z xo d/ w?ApoK tKr ;wfMnk iKdk ;h.
(j) ;[jikswe wjZst ^ e[dos ftu y/vd/ soQK soQK d/ izs{, ufjed/ ozr
pozr/ gzSh, fyV/ j'J/ GKs Gks d/ c[Zb fJe tZyoh soQK dk Bikok g/;a eod/
jB. ;?o ;gkN/ bJh d/;h ns/ ftd/;ah :ksqh fJj' fij/ Biak fonK dk nkBzd
b?Ad/ jB. eth rkfJe gzShnK ns/ c[ZbK d/ ;{ji T[s/ rhs eftsktK fbyd/
jB. fJ; soQK e[dosh tzB ;[tzBsk fJe ;[jiwJh ns/ ;[zdo Bikao k g/;a
eodh j? i' ebkekoK, ;?bkBhnk ns/ ;G torK d/ wB[ZyK bJh nkBzddkfJe
j[zdk j?.
(e) ;ZfGnkuoe wjZst ^ ;kv/ b'e rhsK ftu gP{, gzShnK, p{fNnK ns/ c[ZbK
B{z ihts gksoK tKr g/;a ehsk frnk j?. ;zskBjhD wB[Zy fszB soQK d/ o[Zy
fgZgb, p'j V ns/ fBzw brk e/ nkgDh tz;a B{z nZr/ s'odk ;h. pZfunk d/ BK
th gP{nK, gzShnK ns/ p{fNnk d/ BK s/ oZy/ iKd/ ;B fit/A s'sk f;zx, p'j V
f;zx, fgZgb f;zx nkfd. oks B{z o[ZyK s'A gZsk th BjhA s'fVnk iKdk ;h
feT[Afe ;'funk iKdk ;h fe o[Zy fJ; ;w/A ;"A oj/ jB. nZr/ gzShnK d/ jZE
fgnkfonK B{z ;[B/j/ G/i/ iKd/ ;B ns/ o[Zy K Bkb d[y ;[y ;KM/ ehs/ iKd/ ;B^
o[Zy p'b Bk ;ed/ Gkt/A
pzfdnK dk d[Zy g[Sd/
j[D sK o[ZyK dh eNkJh ekoD eK, ep{so, e{ziK, e'fJbK ns/ w'oK d/ do;aB d[obZG j'
rJ/ jB.
(y) ;dkukoe wjZst ^ o[Zy dot/;aK d/ gqshe wzB/ iKd/ ;B. fJBQK j/mK jh
fo;ahnK B{z ;wkXh s/ frnkB gqkgs j[zdk ;h. i'rhnK ns/ nk;aeK dh mkjo
izrb p/b/ jh j[zd/ ;B. o[ZyK s'A ;fjD;ahbsk, eztb c[Zb s'A fBob/gsk, e'fJb
ns/ p[bp[b s'A fpojk ns/ fwmk;, uzdB s'A mzYe ns/ ;[rzXh dh iku f;Zyh
iKdh ;h.
1H7H5 i?fte ftfGzBsk B{z yso/ ^ wB[Zy dh j'Ad i?fte ftfGzBsk d/ nk;o/ s/ fNeh
j?. fco th wB[Zy nkgj[dohnK ns/ rbs joesK eoe/ i?fte ftfGzBsk bJh ysok
pfDnk j'fJnk j?. ;kvhnK ;'uK d/ rzXb/gD B/ nkb/ d[nkb/ dh y{p;{os d[BhnK B{z
th rzXbk eo fdZsk j?. wB[Zy T[ZBs ns/ ;aesh;ak bh sK j' frnk j? go T[;dh ;aKsh,
;e{B ns/ nkBzd r[nku frnk j? tkjBK dh tXdh frDsh, T[d:'rK d/ X{zJ/A, c;bK
eZND fgZS'A y/sK ftZu bkJhnK nZrK fiZE/ iht izs{nK dk xkD eo ojhnK jB, T[E/
;kvhnK phwkohnK dk th ekoD pD ojhnK jB. p[Ykg/ ftZu j'D tkbhnK phwkohnK
j[D pugB ftZu jh j'D bZr gJhnK jB. ;afjoK ftZu j[D gzSh BjhA fdZ;d/ feT[Afe
fBozso ;a"o ;aokp/ ns/ o';aBh ekoD T[BK d/ fiT[D dh ;zGktBk xZN rJh j?. ;'D
bJh jB/ok ukjhdk j? go ;koh oks dk ukBD ns/ ;a'o ;aokpk gzShnK ns/ ikBtoK
dh BhAd jokw eoh oyDk j? Bshi/ tZi'A T[j phwko j' oj/ jB ns/ T[BQK dk d[ZX wk;
ns/ nzv/ iafjohb/ j' oj/ jB. EZe/ j'J/, vo/ j'J/, phwko gzShnK ns/ ikBtoK dk
wk; ykD ekoD wB[Zy ftZu tcakdkoh, jwdodh ns/ ;zt/dB;ahbsk xN ojh j? ns/
X'yk, p/JhwkBh tX ojh j?. izrbK B{z ;kc eoe/ nkX[fBe y/sh dk ftek;,
;afjoheoD, fa;eko nkfd rshftXhnK i?fte ftfGzBsk bJh rzG ho ysok pD rJhnK
jB. fJjBK yasfonK dh uouk j/m fby/ B[efsnK okjh ehsh ik ojh j?L^
(i) iht iz s{nK d/ e[dosh fBtk; ;EkBK d/ yaksw/ L^ jo iht B{z nkgDh
;[oZfynk bJh fBtk; ;EkB dh b'V j[zdh j?. y/sh, T[d :' r, ;afjoheoD nkfd
ekoDK eoe/ iht izs{nK ns/ gzShnK d/ e[dosh fBtk; B;aN j' oj/ jB.
nktkikJh d/ ;kXBK bJh izrb eZN e/ ;VeK pDkJhnK ik ojhnK jB fi;
ekoD izrbh ihtB yso/ ftZu g? frnk j?. ;wzdoK ftZu v'bQ/ ik oj/ s/b,
rzdrh ns/ gowkD{ siofpnK ekoD ib ihtB B;aN j' fojk j?. jo
wjKBro d[nkb/ rzdhnK p;shnK gBg ojhnK jB. uzrh fizadrh dh Gkb
ftZu ;afjoK tZb j' fojk gotk;, seBkb'ih dh T[ZBsh iBw do ftZu tkXk,
w"s do ftZu ewh B/ gP{ gzShnK d/ e[dosh xo T[i kV/ ns/ wB[Zyh xo t;kJ/
jB. i/ fJTA[ jh ubdk fojk sK bZrGZr 25# gqikshnK S/sh jh nb'g j'
ikDrhnK. j[D sZe nwohek dhnK 22 BdhnK w[odk ns/ wko{E bh j' u[ZehnK
jB. Gkos dhnK BdhnK B{z th fJj' yasok j?.
(ii) izrbh ikBtoK dk f;aeko L^ Gkt/A ikBtoK B{z wkoBk ns/ f;aeko eoBk
ekB{zBh ngqkX j? go fco th fJj uZb fojk j?. 2008 ftZu j'Jh iBrDBk
nB[;ko fgSb/ d; ;kbK ftZu 60# uhs/ wko/ ik u[Ze/ jB. n;hA p/dodh Bkb
izrbh ihtK B{z fBEkftnK eoe/ T[BQK B{z ik fgzifonK ftZu pzd eo fdzd/ jK iK
pzd{eK Bkb G[zB fdzd/ jK. B;b do B;b f;aekohnK dk fB;akBk pDB ekoD
eJh iht nb'g j'D d/ feBko/ jB. fjwkfbnK dhnK f;yoK ftZu ed/ pochb/
uhs/ dk oki j[zdk ;h go j[D fJ;dh frDsh e/tb 300 d/ eohp ofj rJh
j?. c?;aB ti'A fJ;dh fusow fuZsoh yZb d/ co e'N pDkJ/ iKd/ jB. ;zB
1952 ftZu Gkos ;oeko dh ;{uh ftZu e/tb 13 izrbh iht yso/ d/ fB;ak B
s/ ;B id fe 1972 ftZu fJj tX e/ 41 j' rJh. ;zB 1987 ftZu EDXkoh
ihtK dhnK 70 B;bK, gzShnK dhnK 38 B;bK ns/ ;ZgK dhnK 3 B;bK yas o/
d/ erko s/ yVhnk ;B. fJj ;fEsh fdB' fdB ftrVdh ik ojh j?. e;s{oh
gqkgs eoB bJh e;s{oh fjoB d/ brksko f;aeko B/ fJ;B{z bZrGZr b[gs eo
fdZsk j?. pkoKf;zr/ j[D e/tb wZX gqd/;a d/ B?;aBb gkoe ftZu jh bGd/ jB.
Gkosh niro B{z th yZb gqkgs bJh tZv/ gZXo s/ wkfonk ik u[Zek j?.
Bhbfroh bzr{o th yasw j'd d/ feBko/ j? feTA[fe fJ; dk wk; pVk ;[nkd
j[zdk j?.
(iii) wB[yK ns/ ikBtoK ftubk ;zxo;a L^ g[okD/ iawkB/ ftZu wB[Zy, gP{,
gzSh, o[Zy p{N/ ;G fJe fwbtosD, ;fj^j"Ad ns/ GkJhuko/ Bkb ofjzd/ ;B.
Bshi/ ti'A Bk fe;/ dh frDsh pj[s tXdh ;h ns/ Bk jh pj[s xNdh ;h.
id' s'A wB[Zy B/ izrbK dh eNkJh, ihtK dk f;aeko ns/ T[BQK d/ fBtk; ;EkB
wZbD/ ;a[o{ ehs/ jB, e[M ikBto Gh fjz;e ns/ wB[Zy gqsh y{zy ko j' rJ/ jB.
T[j wB[Zy T[Zs/ jwb/ eod/ jB ns/ wB[Zy T[BQK B{z wkodk j?. eJh t/o ikBto
fgzvK ns/ ;afjoK ftZu nk iKd/ jB ns/ wB[Zy jZE'A wko/ iKd/ jB. j[D T[j
pkia, T[ekp, f;aeo/ BjhA fd;d i' nek;aK s/ oki eod/ ;B. w[odko ykD
tkbhnK ;ckJh ;/tektK fJZbQk ns/ froMK th Biao BjhA nkT[AdhnK. e{ziK
dhnK vkoK, w'oK d/ Mz[zv, fsso pN/o / gjkVh eK, p[bp[bK ns/ fuVhnK dhnK
vkoK j[D Biao BjhA nkT[AdhnK. pj[s ;ko/ iht ;kv/ Bkb'A o[Z; e/ fes/ ub/
rJ/ jB ns/ pkeh pud/ ;kv/ t?oh pD rJ/ jB. fJj ;zxo;a fJe wzdGkrk
ysok j?.
(iv) ;dkukoe froktN ^ e[ZfsnK ektK B{z th u'gVhnK o'NhnK gkT[D tkbk
wB[Zy nZi G'b/ Gkb/ gfozfdnK d/ nkbQD/ ns/ ikBtoK d/ x[o fBnK B{z Ykj[D
bZrk j'fJnk j?. fi; Xosh s/ ;zrs ns/ gzrs dk ;zd/;a, nfsEh dk ;[nkrs
ns/ G[ZfynK B{z oikT[D dk ;zebg ;h, nZi T[;/ Xosh s' T[gokw j' e/ eJh
iht izs{ pkjob/ fJbkfenK ftZu fjios eo rJ/ jB. gftZso gkDhnK dh
fJj Xosh j[D ftj[D / gkDhnK dh G{wh pD rJh j?. bkuko ns/ p/e;{o gP{
gzSh ;kv/ bkbu, jt; ns/ p/feoeh dk f;aeko j' oj/ jB. n;hA nkgD/ T[Zu/
nkdo;aK, Xkofwe ft;atk;aK ns/ ;dkukoe edoK ehwsK B{z G[Zb rJ/ jK.
fJ; p/edoh ekoD ;'jD/ ufjed/ gzSh ns/ ozr pozr/ iht izs{ ;kB{z nbftdk
nky oj/ jB.
1H7H6 i?fte ftfGzBsk dh ;[oZfynkL^ i?fte ftfGzBsk s/ wzvokT[Ad/ rzGho ;zeN
B{z d/yfdnK j'fJnK fJ;dh ;[o Zfynk tZb ft;a/;a fXnkB d/D dh b'V j?. ;zB 1968
ftu :{ B/;e' ftu i?fte ftfGzBsk d/ wjZst B{z ;wMfdnK j'fJnk ;zeNrq;s
gqikshnK ns/ T[BQK d/ e[dosh fBtk; ;EkBK dh T[gbpXh s/ ia'o fdZsk frnk. fJ;
;[oZfynk gqD kbh B{z d' torK ftu tzfvnk frnk^
(T) fBtk; ;EkB ;[oZfynk^ i?fte ftfGBsk dh ;[o Zfynk bJh T[BQK d/ e[dosh
fBtk; ;EkBK ns/ e[dosh tksktoD B{z f;oiDk iao{oh j?. e[dosh tksktoD tor/
pDkJ/ fuVhnk xo ns/ pkN?Bheb pkr ;zeNrq;s ikshnK d/ ;zGkb xo pD ;ed/
jB. e'Jh th g"dk iksh iK iht iksh nkgDhnK d{ihnK ikshnK ns/ fBtk; s'A
tZyoh BjhA ofj ;edh. fJ; bJh Bk e/tb fJeZbh iksh ;r'A g{oh gq;fXsh gqDkbh
dh ;KG ;zGkb dh b'V j?. nfij/ ;[o Zfyns y/so fB;afus ehs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB fiZE/
ftbZyD fe;w d/ ihtK ns/ g"fdnK d/ e[dosh fBtk;K B{z ;KfGnk ik ;e/. ;ko/
gqtk; no;K T[s/ gqtk;h ihtK d/ e[dosh fBtk;K dh ;KG ;zG kb ns/ ;[oZf ynk bJh
nzsook;aNoh ;wM"s/ eoB/ ukjhd/ jB. iksh ;[oZfynk ftXh Bkb ft;a/;a pB;gsh iK
iht iksh dh oZfynk bJh e[dosh okyt/A ;EkB pDkJ/ iKd/ jB. r[ioks ftu fro
tD ;a/oK dh ;[o Zfynk bJh ns/ n;kw ftu ekiahozrk ;aoD xo fJef;zr/ r?AfvnK
bJh ;[oZfyns okyt/A n;EkB jB. ;KMh ;[oZfynk ftXh Bkb fe;/ ;w[Zuh iksh dh
;KMh ;[oZfynk ehsh iKdh j? fit/A Gosg[o gzSh ;aoDxo ftu gqtk;h gzShnK dh
;[oZfynk ehsh iKdh j?. fBtk; ;EkB ;[oZfynk bJh j/m fby/ T[gqkb/ ehs/ iKd/ jB^
(i) ok;aNoh gkoe ^ fJj ;oeko d/ gqpzX j/m ubd/ jB ns/ izrbh ihtK bJh
okyt/A j[zd/ jB. fJBQK ftu y/sh eoB, gq;{a uokT[D ns/ f;aeko eoB dh wBkjh j[zdh
j?. Gkos ftu e[Zb 89 ok;aNoh gkoe jB fiBQK ftu'A w[Zy gkoeK dk toDB j/m K
fdsk iKdk j?.
Gkos d/ ok;aNoh gkoe ns/ T[BQK d/ w[Zy izrbh iht
1H fiw ekop?N (T[sokyzv) ^ uhsk
2H ekiahozrk (nk;kw) ^ fJe f;zr tkbk r?Avk
3H ekBk (wZX gqd/;a) ^ uhsk
4H wkB; (nk;kw) ^ jkEh
5H ;[zdotD (gZSwh pzrkb) ^ uhsk
6H rho (r[ioks) ^ ;a/o
7H ;fo;ek (oki;EkB) ^ uhsk
8H g/fono (e/ob) ^ jkEh
9H oDEzp'o (oki;EkB) ^ uhsk
10H no{E gkoe (oki;EkB) ^ Bhb rT[, fuzekok
11H B?;aB gkoe (T[Zso gqd/;a) ^ uhsk
fJBQK s'A fJbktk jiakoh pkr B?;aBb gkoe (fpjko) ns/ szd'pk B?;aBb gkoe
(wjKok;aNo) th toDB:' r jB.
Gkos dk tkJhbv bkJhca n?eN 1972 B?;aBb gkoe ;Ekgs eoB dh ekB{zBh
ftt;Ek eodk j?. fJ; nB[;ko ‘‘id'A ed/ d/;a dh ;oeko B{z e'Jh y/so, gq;fEsh
gqD kbh, iht izs{nK, G{ ouBk iK gqkDh wjZst B{z d/yfdnK B?;aBb gkoe pDkT[D bJh
b'VhAdk j't/ sK i{ fJ; nzdo ihtB dh ;[oZfynk, tkXk iK ftek; j' ;e/, sK fJ;B{z
B'Nhfce/;aB oKjh ok;aNoh gkoe x'f;as ehsk ik ;edk j?.** ok;aNoh gkoeK B{z
fBozso pkjoh ysfonK s'A puk e/ oZyDk g?Adk j?. ;ko/ ;z;ko ftu ok;aNoh gkoe
okiBhsh s'A go/ fBoDk eoB tkfbnK ;z;EktK j'D hnK ukjhdhnK jB. Gkos ftub/
;ko/ ok;aNoh gkoe fwb e/ d/;a dk bZrGZr 1% y/so x/od/ jB.
(ii) izrbh iht ;aoDxo (wildlife sanctuary) ^ Gkos ftu oki ;oeko fe;/
th y/so B{ z B'Nhfce/;aB okjhA ;aoDxo x'f;as eo ;edh j?. fe;/ y/s o B{z ;aoDxo
pDkT[D dk w[Zy T[d/;a tDK ns/ izrbh ihtK dh ;[oZfynk eoBk j?. ;aoDxoK d/ gqpzX
dh fiazw/tkoh w[Zy izrbh iht tkovB dh j[zdh j?. e'Jh th wB[Zy fJBQK ;aoD xoK ftu
nkfrnk s'A fpBK dkyab BjhA j' ;edk. i/ e'Jh ;aoD xoK ftu jfEnko b?A e/ ubk
ikt/, ikBtoK B{z szr eo/ iK fJBQK d/ fBtk; xoK B{z jkBh gjzukJ/ sK T[;B{z ekBz{Bh
;iak fdsh fdsh iKdh j?. fJBQ ;aoD xoK ftu f;aeko dh wBkjh j[zdh j? go y/sh
ehsh ik ;edh j?. Gkos ftu bZrGZr 500 izrbh iht ;aoDxo jB fiBQK ftu w[Zy
j/m fby/ jB^
I. phV w'shrVQ ;?Aeu[noh (gzikp)
II. b/e pov ;?Aeu[noh (jfonkDk)
III. f;aekoh d/th ;?Aeu[noh (fjwkub gqd/;a)
IV. vkuhrw ;?Aeu[noh (izw{ e;awho)
V. g/ohnko ;?Aeunoh (e/obk)
VI. e/UbkvhTxkBk pov ;?Aeu[noh (oki;EkB)
VII. fufbek b/e pov ;?Aeu[noh (T[Vh;k)
VIII. Broi[Bk ;kro ;?Aeu[noh (nKXok gqd/;a)
gzikp ftu johe/ gZsD B{z ;zB 1987 ftu gzSh ;aoDxo x'f;as ehsk frnk. fJj
nzfwqs;o ns/ cho'iag[o d/ ftueko johe/ pzBQ T[s/ ;fEs j?. fJj fpnk; ns/
;sb[i dk ;zrw j?. fJj fJe tZvh fse'Dh Mhb j? i' 86 tor feb'whNo ftu c?bh
j'Jh j?. fJ;dh v{zxkJh 1 s'A 6 c[ZN sZe j?. fJ; ftu eJh S'N/ S'N/ Nkg{ jB. fJj
gqtk;h gzShnK dh fyZu dk e/Ado j?. fJ; ;aoD xo ftu pj[s tZvh frDsh ftu
;EkBe ns/ gqtk;h gzSh nkT[Ad/ jB fiBQK ftu'A w[Zy s"o s/ w[orkph, pZs y, prbk,
fezr fc;ao, ekbh fuVh, gBv[Zph gzSh, gkDh eK, ;b/Nh s'sk, bhbezm, ;a/bve,
bebe ns/ dbdb dh w[orh nkfd gqf;ZX jB. fJE/ brGr 250 ikshnK d/ gzSh
ns/ 25 ikshnK dhnK wZShnK jB. nB/ek gqtk;h gzSh o{; d/ mzv/ ;kfJp/ohnk
fJbke/ s'A uZb e/ jo ;kb johe/ gZsD nkT[Ad/ jB. gzSh gkoy{nK ns/ ;?bkBhnK
bJh fJj fJe fdbfyutK Biakok j[zdk j?. johe/ ;aoD xo dk wjZst w[orkph
(waterfowl) d/ gqtk; wkor s/ ;fEs j'D eoe/ tX/o / j?. fJj w[o rkph T[Zso d/
mzY/ ibtk:{ ftu'A bzwh d{oh gko eoe/ Gkosh fBZx/ T[gwjKdhg ftu gj[zudh j?. j[D
johe/ ;ao D xo dh wjZssk j'o th tX rJh j? feT[Afe fJj T[soh Gkos dk gzSh
SZfbnK tkbk ;EkB pD frnk j?. gzShnK dh gSkD ns/ gqtk; YzrK d/ nfXn?B bJh
gzSh dh bZs s/ fJe S'Nk Xks dk SZbk gk fdsk iKdk j?. fJ; SZb/ T[Zs/ SZbk pzBQD dh
skohy, ;EkB s/ e'v Bzpo fby e/ gzSh B{z SZv fdsk ikdk j?. fe;/ jo EK s/ fJBQK
gzShnK B{z cV e/ T[BQK dh ekoiftXh dk gsk brdk j?. fJj gzSh J/Bh s/iah Bkb
gqtk; eod/ jB fe o{; d/ prb/ (Grey Heron) ns/ gDv[Zph fuVh (Cool) B{z cotoh
1982 ftu johe/ fty/ SZbk gkfJnk frnk ;h. f;oc fJe wjhB/ fgZS' fJ;B{z jiakoK
whb d{o o{; ftu gkfJnk frnk. r[ZS/dko g'eov (tufted pochard) B{z johe/ fty/
24 cotoh 1981 B{z SZbk gkfJnk frnk ;h. 18 wJh 1981 B{ z fJj :ke[N;e (o{;)
fty/ fe;/ dh r'bh Bkb wfonk gkfJnk frnk. j[D johe/ fJe gqw[Zy gzSh ftfrnkB
y/so dh gq:'r;akbk pD frnk j?. Gkt/A fJE/ Gh eJh ;wZf;nktK g?dk j' rJhnK jB
fit/A ;a'o gqd{;aD, ib gqd{;aD nkfd, fco Gh fJj pj[s ;ko/ gzSh irs bJh fyu dk
e/Ado j?. fJE/ ftfrnkBe jo ;w/A ib i?fte^ftfrnkBe (Hydrobiological)
;wZf;nktK ;[bMkT[D ftu bZr/ ofjzd/ jB.
(iii) iht wzvb okyt/A ;EkB (Biosphere Reserves) ^ fJj nkgD/ nkg ftu
nkdo;ae gq'rokw j? fi; ftu i?fte ftfGzBsk gq;fEfse szso, e[dosh G{ fdq;a ns/
ihtB ;a?bhnK dh ;[o Zf ynk ehsh iKdh j?. fJ; ftu f;Zfynk ns/ y'i th ;akwb j?.
fJj okyt/A ;EkB i?fte ;[oZfynk bJh pj[s bkj/tzd jB. fJ;dk nkozG ;zB 1975
ftu ‘wB[ Zy ns/ iht wzvb gq'rokw* (Man and Biosphere Programme) d/
nzsors :{B/;e' tZb'A nkozG ehsk frnk. Gkos ftu fJj 1986 ftu nkozG
j'fJnk. j[D g{oh d{BhnK ftu 400 iht wzvb ;[o Zfynk ;EkB jB. fJBQK ftu'A
Gkos ftu 13 okyt/A ;EkB jB fit/A Bhbfroh, Bzdk d/th, ;[zdotD nkfd.
(n) pkjoh ;EkB ;[oZfynk^ fJ;dk Gkt j? e[dosh ;EkB s'A pkjo ik e/ fe;/
j'o EK s/ ;[oZfynk gqdkB eoBk. id'A e'Jh iht iksh fpbe[b nb'g j'D d/ feBko/
j't/ sK T[; ;fEsh ftu pkjoh ;EkB ;[oZfynk dh b'V g?Adh j?. tD ihtB d/ pj[s
jh yaso/ tkbhnK ikshnK dh fBtk;^pkjoh ;KG ;zG kb eoB d/ T[d/;a Bkb Gkos
;oeko dh 1983 dh B?;aBb tkJhbv bkJhca n?e;aB gb/AB (NWEP) nXhB Gkos
ftu eJh w[V t;kT{ e/Ado ;Ekgs ehs/ rJ/. nfij/ e/AdoK d/ w[Zy ezw fJj jB^
(i) yaso/ nXhB ikshnK d/ ihtK B{z e[dosh fBtk; s'A cV e/ fJBQK e/Adok ftu
fbnkT[Dk
(ii) fJBQK d/ ykD ghD, iDB ns/ j'o nkdsK dk nfXn?B eoe/ fJBQK dh d/yGkb
eoBh
(iii) fJBQK ihtK dh uzrh B;b ns/ tkX/ bJh fJBQK dh ;jkfJsk eobh
(iv) id'A fJBQK d/ pZu/ nkgDk pukT[ eoB :'r j' ikD sK fJBQK B{z e[dosh fBtk;K
ftu SZv nkT[Dk
pkjoh ;EkB ;[oZfynk j/m fby/ YzrK Bkb ehsh iKdh j?^
1H pB;gsh pkr^ fJBQK pkrK ftu pB;gsh dhnK tZy' tZy gqikshnK B{z
;[oZfyns oZfynk iKdk j?. fJBQ K dk gqp zX ns/ d/y o/y ft;ak wkfjoK tZb'A
ehsh iKdh j?. fJBQK ftu g"fdnK B{z T[BQK d/ ;[G kn nB[;ko oZfynk iKdk j?.
wko{E bh g"fdnK B{z ;ah;a/ d/ xoK ftu, SK g;zd g"fdnK B{z SK ftu ns/ ib d/
g"fdnK B{z ibxoK ftu oZfynk iKdk j?. T[BQK dh o'iakBk d/y Gkb, fSzrkJh
ns/ phwkohnK s'A pukT[ d/ :sB ehs/ iKd/ jB.
2H iht izs{ gkoe iK fuVhnk xo ^ fJE/ ihtK i/s{nK dh ;KG ;zGkb j[zdh
j?. ikBtoK B{z T[BQK d/ e[dosh t?ohnK s'A puk e/ T[BQK dh jo soQK ;[o Zfynk
ehsh iKdh j?. T[BQK dh vkeNoh u?Zeng, ;KG ;zGkb ns/ ;jh y[oke dk
fXnkB oZfynk iKdk j?. Gkos ftu tkJhbv bkJhca gq'N?e;aB n?eN nkca
1972 nXhB e/Adoh fuVhnk xo nEkoNh pDkJh rJh j?. fJ; nXhB
ikBtok B{z B[e;kB gj[zukT[D k ekB{zBh ngokX j?. Gkos ftu gfjbk fuVhnk
xo 1855 ftu pDkfJnk frnk. j[D 1875 ftu ;Ekgs ehsk ebeZs/ dk
nbhg[o fuVhnk xo d/;a dk ;G s'A tZvk iht izs{ gkoe j?. d/;a d/ gqw[Zy
fuVhnk xo w[zpJh, byBT{, w?;{o, fdZbh, j?dokpkd nkfd fty/ ;fEs jB.
T[Zso gqd/;a ftu ekBg[o, wZX gqd/;a ftu G'gkb, gzikp ftu SZsphV nkfd
gkoe nkX[fBe Yzr Bkb ftef;s ehs/ ik oj/ jB.
3H ihB p?Ae ^ jo fJe iht nzdo nBtz;ae ihB j[zd/ jB. fJBQK B{z j/m fby/
nB[;ko tzfvnk iKdk j?^
(i) phi p?Ae ^ ;jh skgwkB, Bwh nkfd d/ e/ fJBQK ;EkBK s/ phiK B{z ;[o Zfyns
oZfynk iKdk j?. e[M phi xZN skgwkB ns/ Bwh ukj[zd/ jB fit/A nBki,
dkbK nkfd id fe e[M iht tZX Bwh ns/ skgwkB ukj[zd/ jB fit/A ukj,
Bkohnb nkfd.
(ii) yk; prhu/ ^ e[M g"fdnK B{z yk; prhfunK ftu T[rk e/ ;[oZfyns ehsk
iKdk j? fe fit/A opV nkfd.
(iii) iht szs{ gqiBD (Tissue Culture) ^ sob ns/ m'; wkfXnw dk gq:'r
eoe/ iht szs{nK ns/ T[BQK dhnK e'f;aektK B{z ihtK s'A tZyo/ ;zGkfbnk iKdk
j?.
(iv) xZN skgwkB ^ fJ; okjhA iht e'f;aektK ns/ szs{nK dh ;[oZfynk nfs Bht/A
skgwkB ^ 198 ;?ANhrq/v s/ ehsh iKdh j?. fJj ;ko/ sohe/ tXhnk jB go fJBQK
bJh nkX[fBe seBheK ns/ pj[s ;ko/ you/ dh b'V j[zdh j?.
wB[Zyh ekor[i akohnK ekoD ns/ ibtk:{ dh spdhbh ekoD i?fte ftftXsk dh
j'Ad yaso/ ftu j?. fJBQK dh ;[oZfynk bJh T[BQK ftXhnK B{z T[s;akfjs eoBk
ukjhdk j? fijVhnK ;jkfJe j'D k T[dkjoD ti'A jkb/ th n?ANkoefNek ns/
nkoefNe fij/ e[dosh fJbke/ thokB gJ/ jB. fJj wB[Zy dhnK rshftXhnK
s'A th jkb/ gqG kts BjhA j'J/. fJBQK ftu e[M d[obG ikshnK d/ gP{ gzSh ns/
pB;gshnK w"i{d j' ;edhnK jB. fJj ;z;ko dh ib gqD kbh B{z fB:fws
eoB ftu th nfjw o'b fBGkT[Ad/ jB. nfij/ e[dosh thokB/ i' jkb/ wB[Zy
s'A nDS'j / jB, ;[oZfyns ofjD/ ukjhd/ jB. ft;at GkJhuko/ B{z fJBQK dh
ft;at ;[oZfynk y/soK ti'A ;[o Zfynk eoB bJh nzsook;aNoh ;wM'sk eoBk
ukjhdk j?. ;zB 1990 ftu nk;Nq/bhnk, coK;, p?bihnw ns/ fJNbh B/
nzNkoefNek B{z fJe ft;at gkoe pDkT[D dk w;atok fdsk ;h go nwohek
ns/ pkoskBhnk ;fjws Bk j'J/. nzs 11 nes{po 1991 B{z nzNkoefNe ;zX h
T[s/ :{Hn?;HJ/H ;w/s eJh d/;aK B/ j;skyao eo fds/. fJ; ;zXh nB[;ko
nkT[D tkb/ 50 ;kbK sZe nzNkoefNek ftu e'Jh th dyabnzdkiah eoBk wBQk
j?. nZi i?fte ftfGzBsk pukT[Dk ;ko/ ;z;ko dk eosZt j?.
1H7H7 ;ko ^ ozr pozr/ c[Zb, ufjed/ T[vkDk God/ gzy/o{, jtk Bkb nmy/bhnK
eodhnK ca;bK, tzB ;[tzB/ ehV/ we"V/, u"gkJ/, ;[yw s/ tvnekoh izs{, iVQhnK
p{NhnK, cbK Bkb bZd/ doyas ;ko/ ob e/ Xosh B{z f;arkod/ jB. fJBQK ;kfonK dk
;odko ;ZfGne ejkT[Adk wB[ Zy j?. pikfJ fJBQK dh d/yGkb eoB d/ ns/ fJBQK Bkb
ob e/ ;[uZik ihtB fiT[D d/ fJ;B/ fJBQK ;[jD/ wBw'jD/ ihtK dk Bk;a eoBk P[o{ eo
fdZsk j?. gzikp d/ bfjbjkT[Ad/ o[Zy fpoy nZi ftob/ Nkt/A jh fd;d/ jB. gzi kp d/
rrB d/ f;azrko gzShnK dhnK 330 fe;wK ftu'A nZi 80 fe;wK Xosh s'A ftdk j'
rJhnK jB iK nbftdk efjD tkbhnK jB. ;kvh o[ZyK, gfozfdnK ns/ ihtK Bkb
;KM p/o[yh ns/ p/rkBrh ftu pdb rJh j?. nZi fgzv dhnK fcoBhnK s/ oks B{z
jtKed/ frZdV, fwZm/ rhs rkT[A dhnK p[bpbK, Bebuh s's/, b{zpVhnK, ezfvnkb/ u{j/,
fpZi{, niro, r'j K, ;okbK, uhu tj{NhnK phs/ t/b/ dhnK rZbK j' rJhnK jB.
gzikp dh ;'B/ torh fwZNh j[D iafjohbh j' u[Zeh j?, Xosh j/m t;D tkb/ r[wBkw
ekw/ (;[yw iht, rzv'J/) iafjoK ekoB yasw j' oj/ jB, ;afjoK ftu ns/ gZe/ xoK
ftu j[D gzSh nkgD/ nkbQD/ feZE / pDkT[D< doyas K dh eNkJh ekoD doyasK dhnK
G'iB eVhnK N[ZN e/ fpyo rJhnK jB. ;z;ko dk ;G s'A yasoBke s/ y{zy ko ikBto
e'Jh j'o BjhA, wB[Zy jh j?. nZi fJj nkgD/ ;tkoE, p/nebh ns/ bkbu ekoD
nzBQ/tkj e[dos dh n;uoi tzB ;[tzBh d"bs B{z b[ZND bZfrnk j'fJnk j?. T[j ;wK
d{o BjhA id'A fJ;B{z nkgDhnK ehshnK dk cb nkg jh G[rsDk gt/rk. uzrk j? fe
fJj jkb/ th ;zG b ikJ/, nkg fiT[D Yzr f;Zy/, j'oK B{z f;ykJ/, nkg ihJ/, j'oBK B{ z
ihD dt/. i/ d[BhnK dh ufjb wfje ;[zdosk ns/ tzB ;[tzBsk jh Bk ojh sK fJeZbh
wB[Zy K dh GhV fJ;B{z fJe fdB fBrb bt/rh. ;' e[dosh tzB ;[tzBsk B{z ekfJw oZy D
ftu jh GbkJh j?.
1H7H8 gVB:'r g[;seK ^
(i) vkfJtof;Nh nkca bkJhca ^ n?vtov ftb;B
(ii) d ;kfJzfNfce p/f;; cko eBiaot/;aB nkca pkfJUvkfJtof;Nh ^ tkbNo
n?Av e?BNB
(iii) d tobv nkca w?B fJB d tobv nkca B/uo ^ b?gNo
(iv) tksktoD f;Zfynk ^ nkoH;hH uKdB
(v) tksktoD u/sBk ^ ;sh;a e[wko towk
1H7H9 tZv/ ns/ S'N/ T[ZsoK tkb/ gq;aB ^
tZv/ T[ZsoK tkb/ gq;aB
(i) i?fte ftfGzBsk eh j?< fJ;dk eh wjZst j?<
(ii) i?fte ftfGzBsk B{z dog/;a yaso/ fejV/ fejV/ jB<
(iii) i?fte ftfGzBsk dh ;[oZfynk bJh n;hA eh eo ;ed/ jK<
(iv) i?fte ftfGzBsk ftu wB[Zy dh eh G{fwek j?<
(v) fBtk; ;EkB ;[oZfynk pko/ s[;hA eh ikDd/ j'<
S'N/ T[ZsoK tkb/ gq;aB

(i) iht izs{ gkoe pko/ s[;hA eh ikDd/ j'<
(ii) i?t ftfGzBsk dh ;wkie wjZssk eh j?<
(iii) ihB p?Ae s'A eh Gkt j?<
(iv) ok;aNoh gkoe s/ fJe B'N fby'.
(v) ikBtoK d/ e[dosh fBtk; feT[A yasw j' oj/ jB<
(vi) i?fte ftfGzBsk dk ;kv/ ihtB s/ eh gqGkt j?<
(vii) ;afjoheoD dk i?fte ftfGzBsk s/ eh gqGkt fgnk j?<

(viii) T[d:'rheoD s/ ;zy /g B'N fby'.
(ix) iht wzvb okyt/A ;EkB dk eh wjZs t j?<
(x) johe/ gZsD gzSh ;aoD xo s/ ;zy/g B'N fby'.
phHJ/H/phHekwH$phH;hHJ/H$phHphHJ/ Gkr^d{ik tksktkoD f;Zfynk
gkm BzL 1H8 b/fyekL vkH ;opihs e"o ;zXktkbhnk
i?fte ftfGzBsk
(Biodiversity)
gkm dh o{g o/yk
1H8H1 G{fwek
1H8H2 T[d/P
1H8H3 nzsookPNoh, okPNoh ns/ ;EkBe gZXo T[Zs/ i?fte ftfGzBsk
1H8H4 Gkos dk iht^G{r'fbe torheoD
1H8H5 i?fte ftfGzBsk okPNo d/ o{g ftu Gkos
1H8H6 i?fte ftfGzBsk d/ yso/ tkb/ e/Ado (Hotspots)
1H8H7 Gkos dhnK ;zeNekbhB ns/ ;EkB ftP/; ftu gkJhnK ikD tkbhnK
gqikshnK (Endangered and Endemic species of India)
1H8H8 ;ko
1H8H1 G{fwekLê[dos dh d[otos'A eoB Bkb wB[Zy B/ i?fte ftfGzBsk B{z tZvk
ysok yVQk eo fdsk j?. e[dos d/ Gzvko/ j"bh j"bh ykbh j' oj/ jB. fJj nkgDh
;hwk ftu ofj e/ jh tzB^;[tzB/ ihtK dh gkbDk eo ;edh j?. wB[Zy dh p/f ;og?o'A
tXdh t;'A ns/ nkgw[jko/gD ekoD e[dos j[D tkX{ p'M uZ[eD s'A fJBekoh j' ojh
j?. nZi s'A fJe jIko toQ/ gfjbK ;z;ko ftu 25 eo'V nkpkdh ;h, nZi s'A ;" ;kb
wro'A fJj tX e/ fJe nop j' ikt/rh. e[dosh t;hfbnK s/ Gko g?D ekoD fJ;
ftu t;d/ iht izs{nK ns/ g"fdnK dk ihtB yso/ ftu g? frnk j?. w[YbhnK b'VK
d/ ;zxoP ekoD fJe d{i/ gqsh ;fj j'Ad ns/ GkJhukok oZyD tkb/ iht j[D wB[Zy
Bkb th sDkn ftu nk rJ/ jB. nZi fJj ;wZf;nk fJe ;EkB iK d/P dh BjhA
;r'A ;wZ[u/ ;z;ko dh ;wZf;nk pD rJh j?. nZi ;kB{z ;EkBe okPNoh ns/
nzsookPNoh gZXo T[Zs/ i?fte ftfGzBsk B{z ;wMD ns/ pukT[D dh b'V j?. j'oK d/
ihtB dh oZf ynk eoe/ Gkt ;opZs dk Gbk b'uD ftu jh ;kvk nkgDk Gbk j?. nZi
g"fdnK ns/ ihtK dhnK pj[s ;kohnK B;bK b[gs j'D d/ feBko/ jB. fJ; ozr
pozrh d[BhnK B{z wkDBk e/tb ;kvk jh BjhA ;r'A ;ko/ iht izs{nK, iVh p{NhnK,
t/bK oZ[yK dk jZe j?. n;hA nkgD/ t;/p/ ns/ ;[[y ;j{bsK bJh ftek; d/ BK s/ iht
izs{nK d/ t;/p / T[ikVh ik oj/ jK, ;[jDh ns/ ;[uZih e[dos B{ z gqd{PD okjhA eo{g
phHJ/H/phHekwH$phH;hHJ/H$phHphHJ/ Gkr^d{ik 100 tksktkoD f;Zfynk
ns/ wbhB pDkJh ik oj/ jK. i/ n;hA ;w/A f;o Bk ;zGb/ sK nkT[D tkb/ ;w/A ftu
e/tb gP{ g"d/ jh BjhA, wB[Zy dh j'Ad th nb'g j' ikt/rh.
1H8H2 T[d/PL^ e[dos ftu pB;gshnK ns/ iht ikshnK wB[Zy s'A pj[s gfjbK
g?dk j'JhnK. Xosh dk iBw nZi s'A gzi nop ;kb gfjbK j'fJnk. bZrGZr 3
nop ;kb gfjbK fJE/ ib g?dk j'D Bkb ihtB g?dk j'fJnk. nZi s'A 40 eo'V ;kb
gfjbK wZShnK, fco Xosh d/ iht, gP{ gzSh j'Ad ftu nkJ/. ni'e/ wB[Zy dk iBw
e/tb fJe bZy ;kb gfjbK j'fJnk. Xosh nkgD/ nopK tfoQnK d/ ;|o ftu J/Bh
p/jkb BjhA j'Jh fizBk wB[Zy jZE'A J/B/ E'V/Q ;w/A ftu o[bh j?. nZi e[dos nkgDh
jfonktb o{gh ;z[dosk s'A ftj{D h j' ojh j?. fgSb/ ;" ;kbK s'A sK Xosh, tksktoD
ns/ e[dos wB[Zy jZE'A phwko j' e/ sVg oj/ jB. ihtB dh Ykb tor/ UI'B dh
gos B{z th wB[Zyh ekotkJhnK B/ bho' bho eo fdZsk j?. ftek; d/ BK s/ wB[Zy B/
u[frod/ dk ftBkP eo fdZsk j?. fJ; dhnK ekor[IkohnK Bkb Xosh brksko row
j' ojh j?, po| fgxb ojh j?, ;w[zdo v{zx/ j' oj/ jB, toyk dh sk;ho s/Ikph j'
rJh j?, tksktoD dk brksko gsB j' fojk j? ns/ iht ikshnK woB feBko/ jB.
i?fte ftfGzBsk d/ ysfonK B{z ;wM e/ ihtK ns/ g"fdnK dhnK nb'g j' ojhnK
B;bK B{z pukT[D ns/ nkgDh ihtB iku pdb e/ okPNoh ns/ ftPt gZXo s/ i?fte
ftfGzBsk dh ;[oZfynk eoBk jh fJ; gkm dk T[d/P j?.
1H8H3 nzsookPNoh, okPNoh ns/ ;EkBe gZXo T[Zs/ i?fte ftfGzBsk
(T) nzsookPNoh gZXo T[Zs/ i?fte ftfGzBskL^ ;zGkth ysfonK B{z d/yd/ j'J/
nzsookPNoh gZXo s/ tksktoD ns/ i?fte ftfGzBsk gqsh fuzsk ns/ T[gqkb/ P{o{ j'J/
jB. ;zB 1933 ftu bzvB ftu gfjbh nzsookPNoh ;Gk j'Jh fi; ftu 60 d/PK d/
gqshfBXh Pkwb j'J/. fJ; ;Gk dk e/Adoh ftPk ;h ‘iht izs {nK ns/ pB;gshnK dh
;zGkb* (Preservation of Fauna and Fauna) T[; s'A pknd nZi sZe tksktoD ;zGkb
;zpzXh 130 nzsookPNoh ;zXhnK T[Zs/ d;sys j' uZ[e/ jB. bZrGZr 115 d/PK ftu
okPNoh tk:{wzvb ;z;EkB ;Ekgs j' u[Ze/ jB. rohBgh; ;G s'A T[Zxk nzsookPNoh
tksktoD dpkT[ ;w{j j?. ;zB 1972 dh ;Nkej'w ekBcoz; ns/ ;zB 1992 dh noE
;fwN dh ;|bsk fJ; rZb s'A d/yh ik ;edh j? fe bZrGZr ;ko/ d/P ftPt tksktoD
w;fbnK ;zpzXh ;fj:'r d/D bJh fsnko j' rJ/ jB. pqkIhb fty/ j'Jh noE ;fwN
ftu 178 d/PK d/ 30,000 gqshfBX ns/ 100 ;z;ko gqf;ZZX B/s k Pkwb j'J/. fJ; dk
J/izvk i?fte ftftXsk ns/ ibtk:{ gqhtosB ;h.
;z;ko Go ftu iht ftfGzBsk B{z bZGD ns/ gSkDB d/ :sB ehs/ rJ/ jB. jkb/ sZe
18 bZy gqikshnK dh gSkD ehsh ik u[Zeh j?. pj[s ;kohnK gqikshnK dh gSkD ni/
pkeh j? i' bZrGZr 20 nop sZe j' ;edhnK jB. i?fte ftfGzBsk T{FD eNhpzXh ns/
shih d[BhnK d/ d/PK ftu pj[sh j?. ftef;s d/PK ftu fJ;dh xkN j?. j[D fJBQK
d/PK B/ Gh fJ;dh wjZssk B{z ;wM e/ T[gqkb/ P{o{ ehs/ jB. 22 ngq?b 1990 s'A ;koh
d[BhnK fgqEth fdt; wBk ojh j?.
(n) okPNoh gZXo T[Zs/ i?fte ftfGzBskL^ tZy' tZy d/PK ftu fGzB fGzB
ibtk:{ ns/ G{r'fbe ;fEshnK jB. d[BhnK d/ e[M d/PK ftu fJj ftfGzBsk pj[s
fInkdk j? fit/A Gkos, pqkIhb, wb/PhnK, fJzv'B/PhnK ns/ e[M n|oheB d/P,
fJeZb/ pqkIhb ftu bZrGZr 20% gqikshnK fwbdhnK jB. igkB e'b nkgD/ bZeVh
d/ ;EkB bZrGZr ysw j' u[Ze/ jB. Gkos ftu w[Ze oj/ jB izrb, ;[Ze ojhnK
BdhnK ns/ e{V/ eoeN d/ Y/oK ekoD i?fte ftfGzBsk B{z y'o k bZrk j?. ftek;Phb
d/PK B{z ;z;ko p?Ae tZb'A jo ;kb bZrGZr 20 nop dh ;jkfJsk fdsh iKdh j? sK i[
T[j gqd{ PD B{z o'eD. pqkIhb d/ opV fJeZmh eoB tkb/ tksktoD gq/whnK B/ nkgD/
izrbK d/ pukT[ bJh e[opkBhnK d/ fdZshnK. j[D ;ko/ d/P izrb XB ns/ gP{ XB B{z
pukT[D ns/ iht wzvb d/ nb'g j' ikD s'A o'eD bJh :sBPhb jB. uhB B/
nkpkdh T[Zgo o'e bkT[Dh P[o { eo fdZsh j?. o{; ftu tksktoD gqs h f;Zfynk
gqkfJwoh s'A :{Bhtof;Nh gZXo sZe fdsh ik ojh j?.
*;t? nfGnk; bJh gqPB
1H i?fte ftfGzBsk s'A eh Gkt j??
2H nzsookPNoh, okPNoh ns/ ;EkBe gZXo s/ i?fte ftfGzBsk pko/ ;zy/g
ikDekoh fdT[.
(J) ;EkBe gZXo T[s/ i?fte ftftXskL^ fe;/ \k; fJbke/ dh i?fte ftfGzBsk
B{z ;EkBe ftfGzBsk fejk iKdk j?. T[; fJbke/ d/ Xoksb, ibtk:{, ;{oi dh X[Zg
ns/ G{wh dh fe;w i?fte ftfGzBsk B{z fBoXkos eodh j?. e[M y/soK ftu fiZE/
gqf;fEshnK nB[e{b j'D , G'i B dh pj[bsk j'J/ ns/ fPeko dk vo xZN j'J/, T[ZE/
pj[shnK iht ikshnK fwbdhnK jB. ;kX{nK d/ v/fonK s/ pj[s ;ko/ w'o, gzSh
nkfd fwbd/ jB feT[Afe T[BQK B{z u'rk fwbdk j? ns/ T[j ;[oZfyns ofjzd/ jB.
Xkowe ;EkBK d/ ;o'toK ftu wZShnK pj[s j[zdhnK jB. PfjoK d/ w[ekpb/ fgzvK
ftu g"d/, gzSh ns/ iht fInkdk fwbd/ jB. T[d:'fre Xz{J/A, o;kfJDe fo;kT[ ns/
;zxDh wB[Zy h t;'A tkb/ y/soK ftu xZN iht fwbd/ jB. gkDh d/ B/V/, jfonkbh d/
B/V/ ns/ wB[Zyh tZ;'A s'A d{o pj[sk iht irs fwbdk j?. gzikp d/ wZ[y T[d:' fre
y/soK fit/A pfmzvk, o'gV, b[fXnkDk, r'fpzdrVQ, ibzXo, pNkbk, nzfwqs;o,
gfNnkbk nkfd ftu gqd{PD ek|h j?, fJ; bJh j'o doys bkT[D dh b'V j?.
wjKBroK fdZbh, wz[pJh ns/ ebeZsk ftu th i?fte ftfGzBsk s/ ;kvk n;o fgnk
j?. 1984 ftu G'gkb Pfjo fty/ j'J/ r?;h fo;kT[ ekoD fiE/ bZrGZr 3500 wB[ZyK
dh w"s j'J h, T[E/ pj[s ;ko/ gP{ gzSh, ehV/ we"V/ th BkP j' rJ/.
1H8H4 Gkos dk iht^G{r'fbe torheoD (Biogeographic Classification of India)

Gkos ek|h ftPkb d/P j?. fJ; dk y/socb 32 bZy 87 jIko tor feb'whNo j?.
Gkos ftu i?fte ftfGzBsk dh Gowko j?. ibtk:{ fwZNh ns/ Xoksb d/ nkXko s/
Gkos B{z j/m fby/ iht G{r'fbe fyZfsnK ftu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?L^
(i) fjwkfbnk y/soL^ ;z;ko dhnK ;G s'A T[ZuhnK gops bVhnK fJBQK gjkVK
ftu jB i' Gkos d/ T[Zso ftu ;fEs jB. fJj gjkV izw{ ePwho, fjwkub
gqd/P, T[soKub, f;Zew ns/ no[D kub gqd/P okiK ftu gZSw s'A g{op tZb
2400 feb'whNo d/ y/so ftu c?b/ j'J/ jB. fJBQK dhnK eJh u'NhnK sK ;kok
;kb po| Bkb bZdhnK ofjzdhnK jB. fiT[A fiT[A T[ukJh tXdh j?, ibtk:{
ns/ skgwkB ftu th spdhbh nkT[Adh ofjzdh j? ns/ fJE'A d/ ihtB ftu th
gfotosB j[zdk ofjzdk j?. fjwkfbnK y/so B{z nZr'A gZSwh ns/ g{o ph y/soK
ftu tzfvnK ik ;edk j?L^
(T) g{oph fjwkfbnK y/soL^ fJE/ skgwkB ns/ toyk fInkdk j[zd/ jB. fJ;
eoe/ fJBQK dk tksktoD ihts ;z;ko bJh nB[e{b j?. fJE/ ;zxD/ ;dkpjko
izrb gkJ/ iKd/ jB fiBQK ftu wZ[y do\s pou, co, gkJhB, i{Bhgo,
w?rB'bhnK nkfd jB. e[M ;EkBK s/ xkj d/ w?dkB jB, e[M gjkVK s/ ekJh
izwh j'Jh j? ns/ xZN T[ukJh tkbhnK EKtK s/ pK;, ;krtkB, ;kb nkfd d/ g"d/
fwbd/ jB.
(n) gZSwh fjwkfbnk y/soL^ fJj ePwho, fjwkub gqd/P ns/ T[soKub sZe
c?fbnk j'fJnk y/so j?. fJE/ e'DXkoh nkeko d/ do\s fit/A uhbQ, i{Bhgo,
;go{; nkfd fwbd/ jB. eJh EKtK s/ xkj ns/ MkVhnK th T[ZrhnK j'JhnK
jB. fJE/ skgwkB xZN j[zdk j?. fJE'A d/ w[Zy ikBto izrbh rXk, izrbh
pZeoh, :ke, uho{, pfxnkV ns/ ePwhoh fjoB nkfd jB.
(ii) T[Zsoh g{oph GkosL^fJE/ whAj fInkdk g?D eoe/ ;dkpjko izrb, xkj
ns/ pK; nkfd T[rd/ jB. fJ; y/so ftu pB;gsh ns/ iht irs dh Gog{o
o"De j?. Bkrkb?Av wBhg[o, whI'ow, w/xkfbnk, fsqg[ok nkfd oki fJ; y/so
ftu nkT[Ad/ jB. ikBtoK ftu'A fJE/ ;[Bfjoh bzr{o, r?Av/, jkEh nkfd gkJ/
iKd/ jB.
(iii) T[Zsoh w?dkBL^ fJj w?dkB pj[s jh T[gikT{ j? feT[Afe fJj BdhnK d[nkok
tjk e/ fbnKdh rJh fwZNh Bkb pfDnk j?. fJE/ rowhnK ftu shyD rowh
ns/ ;odhnK ftu pj[s ;odh j[zdh j?. fJE/ T{PD efNpzXh gZsMVh izrb
fwbd/ jB fiBQK ftu w[Zy s"o s/ Nkjbh, nzp, ;c?dk, ;kb nkfd oZ[y jB.
ikBtoK ftu fJE/ P/o, uhs/, jkEh, pKdo nkfd gqwZ[y jB. fJj w?dkB gzikp,
jfonkDk, T[Zso gq/dP, fpjko, gZSwh pzrkb ns/ nk;kw sZe c?fbnK j'fJnk
j?.
(iv) wko{Ebh y/soL^ fJE/ toyk pj[s xZN j[zdh j? ns/ fJ; bJh pB;gsh th
pj[s xZN j[zdh j?. row ns/ y[Pe ibtk:{ tkb/ fJ; y/so ftu feZeo, pp{b,
yi{o, e?eN; nd/ ezv/dko MkVhnK gkJhnK iKdhnK jB. T{m , G/vK, pZeohnK
nkfd fJE'A d/ w[Zy gP{ jB. fJj y/so gZSwh oki;EkB, gzikp, jfonkDk ns/
r[ioks sZe c?fbnk j'fJnk j?.
(v) T[g^wko{Ebh y/soL^ fJBQK B{z noX wko{Ebh y/so th fejk iKdk j?. y[Pe
wko{EbK Bkb'A fJBQK y/soK ftu fInkdk whAj g?Ad/ jB. fJE'A dh ;kbkBk toyk
25 s'A 60 ;?ANhwhNo ftu j[zdh j?. rzrk w?d kB d/ e[M y/so, nKXok gqd/P d/
g{oph ns/ gZSwh xkN d/ y/so, wjKokPNo, eoBkNe nkfd fJ; y/so nXhB
nkT[Ad/ jB. fJE/ gZsMVh ns/ ezv/dko pB;gsh gkJh iKdh j?. ehV/ we"V/,
gzSh ns/ izrbh ikBto ek|h fwbd/ jB.
(vi) gqkfJdhgh GkosL- (Peninsular India) fijVh G{wh fszB gkf;nK s'A gkDh Bkb
fxoh j[zdh j? T[;B{ z gqkfJdhg efjzd/ jB. Gkos dk dZyDh Gkr gqkfJdhg j?
fi;B{z j/m fby/ y/soK ftu tzfvnK ik ;edk j?L^
(T) dZyD dk gmko (Deccan plateu) fJj Gkos dk ;G s'A tZvk fse'Dk gmko
j?. fJ; d/ T[Zso ftu ;sg[Vk dhnK gjkVhnK, gZSw ftu gZSwh xkN ns/
g{op tZb g{oph xkN ;fEs j?. fJE'A dh pB;gsh T[gwko{Ebh iK gZsMVh j?.
fJj eoBkNe, wjKokPNo, nKXok gq/dP ns/ wZX gq/dP d/ e[M y/soK ftu
;fEs j?.
(n) G{ wZXh izrbh y/soL^(Equatorial Forest Region) fJE/ skgwkB ns/ toyk
d't/A fInkdk j[zd/ jB. rowh ns/ Bwh tkbh fJj irQk i?fte ftfGzBsk d/
nB[e{b j?. fJE/ T{PD eNpzX h ;dk pjko izrb ns/ jkEh, pKdo ns/ ohArD
tkb/ iht gkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJj gZSwh xkN ns/ e/o b d/ wkbkpko sN ftu
;fEs j?.
(J) sNh w?dkBL- (Coastal plains) Gkos dh sNh o/yk brGr 6100 feHwh j?.
fJ;B{z nZr'A d' GkrK ftu tzfvnk frnk j?L^
(i) gZSwh sZNh w?dkBL^ fJE/ Gkoh toyk j'D ekoD ;zxDh pB;gsh gkJh
iKdh j?. fJ; ftu r[ioks, wjKokPNo, eoBkNe, r'nk ns/ e/ob d/ sNh
w?dkB nkT[Ad/ jB.
(ii) g{op sNh w?dkBL^ fJ; ftu skfwbBkv{, T{Vh;k, nKXok gqd/P ns/ pzrkb
d/ sNh w?dkB nkT[Ad/ jB. skfwbBkv{ ns/ nKXok gq/dP ftu ek|h toyk
j[zdh j?.
(iii) dhg ;w{jL^ fijVh Xosh ;ko/ gkf;nK s'A gkDh Bkb fxoh j't/ T[;B{z dhg
nkyd/ jB. Gkos ftu d' dhg ;w{j jBL^
(T) nzv/wkB ns/ fBe'pko dhg ;w{j L^ S'N/ ns/ tZv/ brGr 200 dhg fwb
e/ fJj dhg ;w{j pDkT[Ad/ jB. fJj pzrkb dh ykVh ftu ;fEs jB. fJE/
rowh, Bwh ns/ toyk pj[s fInkdk j[zdh j?. fJj bkt/ d[nkok fBofws
j'J/. fJBQK ftu ;zxD/ izrb fwbd/ jB.
(n) bePdhgL^ fJj e'ob Bkb pD/ dhg jB. fJj frDsh ftu 36 jB. fJBQK
ftu ;kok ;kb rowh ns/ Bwh tkbk tksktoD ofjzdk j?. fJj nop
;kro ftu e/o b sN s'A e[M d{oh s/ ;fEs jB. fJE/ ;zz xD/ T{FD efNpzX ;dk
pjko izrb fwbd/ jB.
1H8H5 i?fte ftfGzBsk okPNo d/ o{g ftu GkosL^ Gkos ftPt d/ T[BQK d/PK
ftu Pkwb j? fiE/ i?fte ftfGzBsk pj[s fInkdk j?. Gkosh T[gdhg ;z;ko dhnK
gq;fEsh gqDkbhnK dk fJe nfjw y/so j?. fJ; ftu ihtK ns/ pB;gshnK dh
ftPkb tzBrh j?. ;z;ko dhnK j[D sZe ikDhnK rJhnK 250,000 g"dk ikshnK ftu
15,000 ikshnK ns/ v/Y bZy gP{ ikshnK ftu'A 75,000 ikshnK Gkos ftu
gkJhnK iKdhnK jB. jtk ftu T[ZvD tkb/ ihtK dh tzB ;[tzBsk gZy'A b?fNB nwohek
s'A wro'A Gkos dk Bkw ;G s'A T[Zgo j?. ;kv/ d/P ftu gzShnK dhnK 1200 s'A tXhe
ikshnK ns/ 900 s'A tXhe T[gikshnK jB. Gkos dh ftPkb tzB ;[tzBsk fJ; dh
;fEsh ns/ T[g wjKdhgh nkeko ekoD j?. Gkos ftPt dhnK fszB gqw[Zy i?fte
gqDkbhnK^n|oheB, :{oghB ns/ dZyD g{oph J/PhnkJh i?fte gqD kbhnK
(Bioystems) dk ;zrw yzv j?. fJT[A fJ; ftu fszBK gqDkbhnK d/ wjZst g{oD
fwPoD jB. T[dkjoD ti'A n|oheB gqDkbh d/ bZeV pZx/ (Hyaena) ns/ IhIb
(gezelles) :{oghB gqDkbh d/ pfxnkV, izrbh pZeoh ns/ pkoKf;zrK ns/ dZyD
g{oph J/PhnkJh gqD kbh d/ bzr{o (gibbon), j{bke (hoolock) ns/ jkEh t/yd/ jK
id'A fe Gkosh iht izs{nK ftu dZyDh foZS (South bear), ekbk fjoB, uko f;zr
tkbk fjoB (anterope) ns/ ;Zg nkfd Pkwb jB. gzShnK ftu'A okPNoh gzSh w'o
ns/ ;z;ko dk d{ik ;G s'A tZvk gzSh Gkosh ;ko; (SanusCrave) j?. Gkos ftu
i?fte ftftXsk dhnK ftP/PsktK fJ; gqeko jBL^
(i) Gkos ftu c;bK ns/ gkbs{ ikBtoK dh pj[s ftftXsk gkJh iKdh j?.c[Zb,
cb, ;pIhnK, nBki, dkbK dhnK fe;wK dh Gowko j?. fJE'A dh c[ZbK dh
xkNh d[BhnK Go ftu wPj{o j?. fJE/ dtkJhnK tkb/ p{N/ th pj[s jB.
(ii) Gkos ftu G/vK dhnK 40 ns/ rT{AnK dhnK 27 B;bK gkJhnK iKdhnK jB.
(iii) ib ns/ Eb d'jK EktK s/ ofjD tkbhnK 180 gqikshnK Gkos ftu fwbdhnK
jB.
(iv) feobhnK dhnK 150 gqikshnK ns/ ohArD tkb/ ihtK dhnK 450 gqikshnK
fJeZb/ Gkos ftu gkJhnK iKdhnK jB.
(v) fJE/ gzShnK dhnK 1200 gqikshnK fwbdhnK jB.
(vi) i?fte ftfGzBsk ftu d{BhnK Go ftu Gkos dk nZm tK ;EkB j?. fJE/ ihtK
dhnK 350 gqikshnK jB.
(vii) pB;gsh irs ftu ;z;ko Go ftu Gkos dk 15tK ;EkB j?. fJE/ eJh soQK
dhnK d[obG ns/ ndG[s uwsekoh iVQhnK p{NhnK gkJhnK iKdhnK jB.
1H8H6 i?fte ftfGzBsk d/ \so// tkb/ e/Ado (Hotspots of Biodiversity)L^ ;z;ko
d/ eJh y/soK ftu Gkt/A i?f te ftfGzBsk sK pj[s j? go fJj iht ;[o Zfynk dh BIo
s'A \so/ tkb/ y/so jB. Gkt/A e[dosh eo'ghnK th fJe ekoD jB go tZvk \sok
wB[Zy dk g?dk ehsk j'fJnk j?. \so/ tkb/ w[Zy y/so j/m fby/ jB^
(i) dZyDh nwohekL^ i?fte ftftXsk d/ gZy'A fJj pVk nwho y/so j? go
izrbK dh eNkJh ekoD fJj y/so s/Ih Bkb BPN j' fojk j?. e'bzphnk ns/
pqkIhb fty/ izrbK dk ftBkP j'D ekoD izrbh ihtK d/ e[dosh fBtk; \sw
j' oj/ jB. fJT[A eJh oZ[y , fpoy ns/ gP{, gzSh ;dk bJh nb'g j' oj/ jB.
(ii) J/PhnkL^ wb/PhnK ftu izrbK dh eNkJh, y/s hpkVh eoB ns/ ;?o ;gkN/ d/
;EkB pDkT[D bJh ehsh ik ojh j?. fcbhgkJhB ftu Gkt/A pj[s ;ko/ ib
ihtK ns/ oZ[yK dhnK gqikshnK jB go fJBQK ftu'A th eJh \ksw/ d/ feBko/
jB. Pqh bzek ns/ wkbdht ibh Ebh ihtK bJh gqf;ZX jB. ;?o ;gkN/ B{z
ftek; bJh brksko T[;kohnK ik ojhnK ;VeK, GtBK nkfd ekoD fJE/
pj[s ;ko/ iht ;zeN ftu nk rJ/ jB.
(iii) n|ohekL^ n|ohek d/ d' dhg wkohP; ns/ w?vrk;eo i?fte ftfGzB sk
ftu nwho jB go ;?o ;gkN/ B{z ftefPs eoB Bkb fJj ftfGzBsk \so/ ftu
g? rJh j?. T{PD efNpzX xkj d/ w?dkB \sw j'Jh ik oj/ jB fi; eoe/
uoB tkb/ ikBtoK dh frDsh xNdh ik ojh j?. e"Ar' ftu ;zzxD/ ;dkpjko
izrb jB go fJBQK dh s/Ih Bkb eNkJh j' ojh j?. fJT[A i?fte ftfGzBsk d/
f;o s/ \sok wzvok fojk j?.
(iv) :{ogL^ :{og ftu Gkt/A pj[s izrb ns/ ;Ebh iht BjhA jB go fJE/ ib
ihtK dh Gowko j? i' G{awX ;kro, ekbk ;kro ns/ j'o ;wz[doK ftu gkJ/
iKd/ jB. ;wz[doh ijkIK dh nktkikJh, T[d:'fre ftek; dh ofjzd y{zjd
ns/ Ifjohb/ sZsK d/ fwbD ekoD ib d/ ihtK dh w"s do tX ojh j?.
(v) nkoefNe ns/ n?ANkoefNekL^ yfDiK dh y[dkJh ns/ wB[Zyh rshftXhnK

ekoD fJBQK y/soK d/ ikBto ns/ ;w[zdoh ihtK dh j'Ad B{z \sok tX frnk
j?. fgSb/ ;w/A ftu ;hb (;w[zdoh P/o ) B{z pj[s B[e;kB j'fJnk j?. g?Ar[fJB,
tkbo; ns/ wZShnK dh t;'A th ;zeN nXhB j?.
Gkos ftu th fjwkfbnk y/so ftu izrbK dh eNkJh j'D ekoD i?fte ftftXsk
\so/ ftu j?. T[so g{oph y/soK, dhg ;w{j K ns/ g{oph gZSwh xkNK s/ gqd{PD,
izrbK d/ tkY/ ns/ ;?o ;gkN/ bJh fJwkosekoh eoB Bkb iht izs{nK dh ;[oZfynk
xkN rJh j?.
1H8H7 Gkos dhnK ;zeNekbhB ns/ ;EkB ftP/P ftu gkJhnK ikD tkbh
gqikshnKL^ (Endangered and Endemic-species of India) Xosh s/ w"i{d ;kohnK
ikshnK ftu'A wB[Zy ;G s'A ftef;s, PeshPkbh ns/ ;/qPN j? go fJ;d/ ;'PD eoe/
eJh iht ikshnK ysw j' rJhnK jB iK \ksw/ tZb tX ojhnK jB. nB[wkB
nB[;ko fgSb/ ;" ;kbK ftu n";sB fJe u"EkfJnk iksh Xosh s'A ;dk bJh w[Ze
rJ/ jB. ;w[Zu/ g"dk irs ns/ iht irs ftu'A 10% nfijhnK gqikshnK jB fiBQK
dk \kswk S/sh jh j'D tkbk j?.
(T) Gkos ftu ;zeNekbhB gqikshnKL^(Endangered species of India) fiBQK
gqikshnK d/ f;o s/ \ksw/ dk \sok wzvok fojk j?, T[BQK B{z fszBK ;w{j K ftu tzfvnk
frnk j?^
(i) n;[oZfyns gqikshnK L^(vulnerable species) fJj T[j gqikshnK jB
fiBQK dh frDsh brksko xN ojh j?. i/ T[fuZs jZb Bk bZfGnk frnk sK fJBQK dh
j'Ad ;dk bJh fwN ikt/rh. wB[Zyh ;orowhnK fit/A ftek; d/ ezw, do\sk dh
eNkJh, tksktoD dk gqd{PD, wB[Zy dk fiT[D Yzr, G'iB, y/v iK wB'o ziB bJh
ikBtoK dk fPeko, izrb B{z nZr bkT[Dk (e[dosh iK f;ro/N nkfd ;[ZND Bkb),
ftd/Ph g"dk ikshnK dk bkT[D k i' d/;h ikshnK T[Zs/ wkVk n;o eodk j?,
nfrnkBsk iK f;Zfynk dh ewh, ekB{zB dh Bowh, t;'A ftu tkXk nkfd Bkb iht
ikshnK nkgD/ e[dosh tksktoD s'A tKMhnK j' iKdhnK jB. yZbK, uwVhnK, jkEh
dzd, gzy , f;zr, wk;, ;z[dosk gq;kXBK nkfd bJh jo ;kb nB/eK iht wko fds/
iKd/ jB. ftfrnkBe ftek; B/ nzsookPNoh gZXo s/ BthnK g"dk ikshnK Jhikd
eo fdZshnK jB. go Bt/A y/soK ftu fbnkJhnK rJhnK fJj ftd/Ph ikshnK eJh
t/o B[e;kB eodhnK jB. T[dkjoD ti'A uhB s'A nwohek fty/ fbnKd/ pdkw
(Chestnut) d/ do\sK B{z cc{zdh bZrD ekoD T[ZE / j'o do\s th bg/N ftu nk rJ/.
;kvh p/o[\h ns/ bkgqtkjh ekoD pj[s ;ko/ iht izs{ ns/ g"d/ popkdh ezY/ yVQ/ jB.
;w[zdoK ftu brksko ;[ZN h ik ojh wB[Zyh rzdrh, euo/, s/b ns/ o;kfJDe IfjoK
ekoD nB/eK wZShnK, x'r/, MhAr/, t/bK nkfd wo oj/ jB. ;zB 1988 ftu T[Zsoh
;kro d/ sNK T[Zs/ 2400 ;hb wZShnK wo rJhnK. T[BQhthA ;dh ftu Bhbh t/b dh
frDsh d' bZy ;h go 1965 ftu fJe e/tb 2000 ofj rJh. ;zB 1947 ftu eZS{nK
dh frDsh 40,000 ;h, i' j[D xN e/ e/tb 1500 ofj rJh j?. ;w[zdoh ijkIK dk
s/b v[ZbQD Bkb ;kro T[Zgo fJ;dh fJe sfj ftS iKdh j? i' ;w[zdoh ihtK dk ;kj
xZ[N fdzdh j?. Bk ;w[zdo ekopBvkfJe;kJhv u{; ;edk j? ns/ Bk jh s/b ekoD
T[;dk tkPgheoD jz[dk j?. fJj d't/A gZy tk:{wzvb s/ Gko/ j' oj/ jB ns/ ihtK dk
xkD eo oj/ jB. wZShnK gko/ Bkb gqd{Ps j' ojhnK jB. vkeNoK nB[;ko i/ e'Jh
ftnesh 7^8 wZShnK yk b?Adk j? sK T[;dhnK BkVK ftu J/Bk gkok ubk iKdk j?
fizBk fe fJe s/b EowkwhNo ftu j[zdk j?. i{B 1989 ftu pzpJh B/V/ fJe s/b
N?Aeo cND Bkb 5500 NB eZuk s/b nop ;kro T[Zgo fEzXh ukdo tKr ftS frnk
;h. fJ;Bkb ;?AeV/ ib iht phwko j' rJ/ ns/ eJh wo rJ/. wkfjoK nB[;ko ;kv/
d/P dk xZN' xZN 33% oepk izrbK dk j'Dk ukjhdk j? i' f;o| 22H8% j?. fJBQK
T[Zgo th wBZ[yh e[jkVk brksko uZb fojk j?. e[M y/so sK jho'Phwk torh spkjh
dk fdqP g/P eo oj/ jB. izrb wko{EbK ftu tNd/ ik oj/ jB. oZ[yK dhnK iVQK
fJe gk;/ sK fwZNh B{z ieV e/ oydhnK jB ns/ d{i / gk;/ whAj d/ gkDh B{z ;'X e/
;zGkb b?AdhnK jB. oZ[y ftj{D/ y/soK ftu e/tb T[gikT{ fwZNh jh BjhA o[VQdh ;r'A
T[ZE'A dk ;w[Zuk ihtB, oZ[y, ehV/ we"V/, gP{ nkfd gqGkts j[zd/ jB. G{wh dh T[Zgobh
sfj jh p?eNhohnk, rzv'fJnK ns/ nB/eK ;{y w ihtK dh eow G{wh j?. G'A y'o Bkb
fJj ;kok ihtB \sw j' iKdk j?. 1987 d/ w"e/ B/ gP{nK B{z gotk; bJh wip{o
eo fdsk. wZX gqd/P dk dZyDh fIbQk p;so nfs jfonktb/, ehwsh ns/ ;zxDh
izrbK dk y/so j[zdk ;h. wkou 1990 ftu fJE/ o[ZyK dh J/Bh nzX kX[zd eNkJh j'Jh
fe fszB sfj;hbK ftu fJe bZy s'A T[Zgo do\s eZN bJ/ rJ/. wNbk ns/ eKrVk
tkdh d/ okyt/A izrb th spkj j' u[Ze/ jB. T[Vh;k ftu ekbkjKvh fIbQ/ B{z ;w[Zu/
J/Phnk ftu ;G s'A ;zxD/ izrbK dk y/so j'D dk wkD gqkgs ;h. ;zdb d/ oZ[y
fJ;dk fPzrko ;B. fJj ;zxD/ izrb p/P[wko gP{ gzShnK ns/ izrbh ihtK dh
PoBrkj ;B. j[D oZ[yK dh p/feoe eNkJh ekoD fJj fJbkek ;[zBk j' u[Zek j?.
izrbK d/ wZ[eD Bkb izrbh ihtK th w[Ze rJ/ jB. fgSb/ djke/ ftu T[Vh;k ftu
G[ywoh ekoD jIkoK w"sK j' u[ZehnK jB. fJT[A brdk j? fe Gkos dh Xosh phwko
g? u[Zeh j? ns/ gqkDh wzvb oZ[; frnk j?. ;kvk |oI j? fe wK Xosh d/ I\wK s/ c/j/
oZyhJ/ ns/ fJ;dh b[ZN pzd eohJ/. fgzvK d[nkb/ ;KM/ o[ZyK dk x/o k j[zdk ;h. fJj
okythnK fMVhnK g/Av{ ;ZfGnkuko dk nzr j[zdhnK ;B. j[D gzSh th o[Z; rJ/ jB.
;zB 1952 ftu Gkosh izrbh ihtK dh ;{uh ftu e/tb 13 B;bK \so/ d/ fBPkB
T[Zgo ;B. 20 ;kbK ftu jh Gkt 1972 ftu fJj nzeV/ fJ; soQK pD rJ/^ EDXkoh
ihtK dhnK 41 B;bK, ;ZgK dhnK d' ns/ gzShnK dhnK 18 fe;wK \so/ ftu ;B.
Btzpo 1987 ftu fJ; ;{uh B{z d[pkok tkfunk frnk sK EDXkoh ihtK d/ nzeV/ 70
ns/ gzShnK d/ 38 j' rJ/ ;B. Gkosh uhs/ dh frDsh Gh pj[s xN u[Zeh j?. Gkosh
b{zpV nkgD/ 87% t;/p / r[nK u[Ze/ jB. rIkbh 88H4% foZS 83% ns/ fpBK g{S s'A
pKdo 87% t;/p / wB[ZyK dh G/N eo u[Ze/ jB.
Eb dk ;G s'A tZvk iht jkEh ed/ Xosh s/ oki eodk ;h go j[D fJj th w[ZeD s/
nk oj/ jB. jkEhnK dh frDsh th ;[zrVdh ik ojh j?. j[D fJBQK B{z th \so/ dh
;hwk ftu Pkwb eo fbnk frnk j?. Gkos ftZu fJ; ;w/A jkEhnK dh ;zfynk
17500 s'A 22100 sZe j?. wB[Zy Nq?eNoK, p[bv'IoK, nkfonK, pzd{eK ns/ ;zrbK
Bkb b?; j' e/ jkEhnK s'A nkgD/ bJh EK ftjbh eotkJh ik ojh j?. i{jK, izrb,
p/b/ ns/ e[dosh oZyK T[ZiVh ik ojhnK jB. ehV/wko dtkJhnK B/ fuVhnK dk
bZrGZr \kswk eo fdsk j?. fgzvK ftu gzShnK d/ Mz[vK d/ Mz[v j[zd/ ;B i' |;bK B{z
B[e;kB g[ukT[D tkb/ ehfVnK B{z yk iKd/ ;B. gzikp ftu ftuoB tkbhnK gzShnK
dhnK 330 fe;wK ftu'A 80 ;kB{z nbftdk efj u[ZehnK jB. wo/ gP{nK B{z yk e/
pdp{ ns/ phwkohnK s'A pukT[D tkb/ fJZb-K ns/ eK th j[D \so/ d/ ezY/ yb's/ jB.
j[D y/sK ftu rzv'J/ ns/ x[fwnko nkfd BjhA bGd/. pj[s ;ko/ S'N/ S'N/ iht Gkos
dh Xosh s'A d{o j' oj/ jB. ;jkfJe ehV/, Gz{v, fssbhnK, G"o/ nkfd i' |;bK dk
gokrD eod/ ;B, T[BQK B{z cV e/ nwho d/P fbik oj/ jB ns/ g/N?AN eotk e/
nkgD/ e'b oZy oj/ jB. |;bK ftu ofjD tkb/ ;Zg u{fjnK B{z wko w[BkTA[d/ jB go
n;hA fJBQK B{z wkoh ik oj/ jK. SZgV i' pj[s ;ko/ gzShnK ns/ ihtK d/ xo j[zd/
;B, j[D \sw j[zd/ ik oj/ jB. fJ; soQK pj[s ;ko/ iht j[D woB feBko/ jB.
*;t? nfGnk; bJh gqPB^
1H i?fte ftfGzBsk d/ \so/ tkb/ y/so fejV/ fejV/ jB?
2H Gkos d/ ihtK dhnK n;[oZfyns ikshnK pko/ s[;hA eh ikDd/ j'?
(ii) d[ obZG gqikshnKL^ fJj ;hws y/soK ftu gkJhnK iKdhnK jB. fJBQK dh
;zfynk pj[s xZN j?. fJBQK B{z pj[s tZvk \sok j?. i/ fJBQK d/ ;EkBK dh ;[oZfynk
Bk ehsh rJh sK fJjBK dh j'Ad B{z \sok j' ikt/rk. ;hb, uhs/, uzdB d/ fpoy,
;zihtBhnK, e;s{oh fwor, wDh tkb/ ;Zg, froMK, n"PXh iBe g"d/, w/vBj/no
g"dk (Ginkgo biloba) nZi xNd/ xNd/ d[o bZG j[zd/ ik oj/ jB. c[ZbK s/ wzvbkT[D
tkb/ G"o / fssbhnK ;dk bJh yksw/ d/ ;zeN Bkb i{M oj/ jB. ;t/o / ;t/o/ fuVhnK
dk ;[DB tkbk ;zrhs j[D wZXw g? frnk j?. gqd{PD dh wko B/ ektK, PkoeK,
fuVhnK B{z th ;kj gqDkbhnK dhnK phwkohnK d/ e/ w"s d/ wz{j ftu gk fdsk j?.
cb'ohB r?;, f;Zek, nko;?fBe, ehN BkPeK ns/ BdhB BkPeK d/ gqGkt B/ gP{nK dh
G[Zy wko fdsh j?, T[BQK d/ gZm/ ns/ jZvhnK ewI'o eo fdshnK jB. e/BkJhB iksh
d/ eZ[f snK ftu jtk gqd{PD s'A ;kj Bbh dh ;'i, dwk ns/ yzx nkfd dh fpwkoh j'
iKdh j?. jtk ftu w"i{d X{znK, ;bcovkfJe;kJhv r?; nkfd gZs/ d/ jo/ gdkoE
eb'o'fcb B{z \sw eo fdzd/ jB. TI'B r?; dh tX/o / wksqk th g"fdnK d/ szs{ wko
fdzdh j?. eDe T[Zs/ ehsk frnk ehNBkPe, BdhBBkPe fSVekU s/I jtktK Bkb ob
e/ d{o d{o fyzv iKdk j? ns/ B/V/ T[Zr/ NwkNoK, egkj, r'Gh, r[bkp, fwou, nzr{o
nkfd s/ wko{ gqGkt gkT[Adk j?. ;kvhnK wkVhnK joesK B/ nB/eK ihtK d/ nbw;s
ihtB ftu \bb gk fdZsk j?. fijV/ ikBto gfjbK p/fceoh Bkb yKd/ ghAd/,
ufjed/, rkT[Ad/ ns/ eb'bK eod/ ;B, nZi ;fjw/ j'J/, phwko ns/ bkuko pD e/
ihtB B{z nbftdk efjD dh fsnkoh ftu jB. nZi gzShnK dhnK 11, gP{nK dhnK
25, ohArD tkb/ ihtK dhnK 20, ibEbh ihtK dhnK 26, wZShnK dhnK 34 ns/
;{yw ihtK dhnK p/P[wko B;bK BkIe ns/ n;[oZfyns d"o ftu'A bzxdhnK nzsw
;kjK s/ jB. fgSb/ gzikj ;kbK ftu jh 65% izrbK dk ;|kfJnk j' u[Zek j?. fJj
;kv/ bJh Pow dh rZb j? fe j'oK rqfjnK s/ sK fIzdrh sbkPd/ fcod/ jK ns/
nkgD/ rqfj d/ ihtB dk J/Bk fsq;eko eo oj/ jK. n;hA uzdowk B{z nkpkd eoBk
ukj[zd/ jK go Xosh ns/ fJ;dhnK d[o bZG ikshnK B{z popkd eoB s/ s[b/ jK. j"bh
j"bh n;hA doysK dh SK s'A ftot/ j' oj/ jK, gzShnK d/ ;zrhs s'A nDfGZi jK ns/
nkgD/ GftZy dk i{nk y/v oj/ jK. ;kv/ g[ofynK s'A i' Xosh ;kB{z fto;/ ftu fwbh
;h, T[;dk nZXk Gkr izrbK dh joh ukdo Bkb Yfenk j'fJnk ;h go j[D fJj
fJbkek gzit/A fjZ;/ s'A th xZN j?. izrbK dh eNkJh ekoD Xosh dk skgwkB tX
fojk j?, jtk dh Bwh tX ojh j?, w";wK ftu ftrkV g?dk j' oj/ jB, XqtK dh po|
fgxb ojh j? ns/ tZv/ PfjoK dk ;w[zdoK ftu roe j'D dk \sok j?. ;w[Zu/ g"dk
ihtB ns/ T[BQK s/ fBoGo wB[Zyh ihtB B{z gkbD g'PD bJh fwZNh dh v{zxkJh 7 fJzu
j'Dh ukjhdh j?. id'A G' y'o iK do\sK dh eNkJh Bkb fJj fwZNh tfj iKdh j? sK
e[dos B{ z fJ;d/ d[p kok fBowkD ftu 2000 ;kb s'A 7000 ;kb sZe dk ;wK bZr
;edk j?. fJ;soQK fwZNh d/ B[e;kB Bkb i?fte gdkoE, pB;gshnK ns/ ;{yw ihtK
dk ftBkP j[zdk j?, T[E / e[dos B{z th fJ;d/ g[Bo fBowkD ftu jIkoK ;kb popkd
eoB/ g?Ad/ jB. gkDh dh e[tos'A ekoD ;'ek g? iKdk j? fi; Bkb pB;gsh ftu ewh
nkT[Adh j?. fJ;dk gqGkt Pkekjkoh ns/ fco wk;kjkoh ihtK dh frDsh T[Zgo g?Adk
j?. fJj' f;bf;bk S'N/ S'N/ ihtK ns/ ehNkD{nK sZe gj[zu iKdk j?. i/ c[Zb jh Bk
fyVBr/ sK fssbhnK G'fonK ns/ Pfjd dhnK wZyhnK dk ihtB fit/A pu/rk? nZi
wB[Zy dh jT[w?tkdh ns/ bkbuh gqftosh B/ ;wZ[uh ekfJBks B{z ftBkP d/ ezY/ fbnk
yVQk ehsk j?. j[D jo/ fJBebkp d/ ekb/ f;ZN/ fBebD/ P[o{ j' rJ/ jB. gzikp dk
noEukok Gkt/A y/sh nkXkos ;h go id'A fJj wzvheoD tZb M[e frnk sK jo rZb
w[Bk|/ Bkb s'bh ikD bZrh j?. c;bK ns/ ;pIhnK, cbK ns/ d[X ko{ gP{nK B{z ftj[b/
Nhe/ bk bk e/ g?dktko tXkJh ik ojh j?. fes/ nwoheB ;[zvh p/ekp{ j'Jh fcodh j?
ns/ fes/ rzdrh B{z ;w/ND tkbhnK froMK Bjh bGdhnK, fes/ gkDh dk gZXo Bht/A
s'A BhtK j[zdk ik fojk j? ns/ fes/ ;/w uVQdh nk ojh j?. Gkt/A j[D ep{soK, ektK
dk ezw N?bhc'BK ns/ w'pkJhbK B/ ;KG fbnk j? go oZ[yK fpoyK B{z ;[B/j/ sK gzSh jh
;[Dk ;ed/ jB. jo/ Go/ o[Zy p{N/ ;koh Xosh d/ ihnK izsK dk nkXko jB. fJj
;kj b?D bJh nke;hiB, ykD bJh G'iB ns/ j'o nB/eK fBnkwsK p\Pd/ jB. fJj
skgwkB, o[Zs K ns/ whjK B{z fB:fws eod/ jB. fJj jtk ftubk X{znK th gh iKd/
jB, X{V eDK B{z nkgD/ ;oho T[s/ ;KGh oyd/ jB. go izrbK dh j'Jh nzBQ/tkj
eNkJh B/ fJBQK B{z fBrb fbnk j?. tzv ;w/A gzikp d/ izrbh y/so dk pj[s fjZ;k
gkfe;skB ftu ubk frnk. d{i/ gk;/ gkfe;skB'A TZ[iV e/ nkJ/ b'eK d/ w[V t;/p/
bJh j'o izrbK B{z eZfNnk frnk. 1966 ftu gzikph ;{pk pDB Bkb pj[s ;kok
izrbh y/so fjwkub gqd/P ftu ubk frnk. fco joh eqK sh ;w/A fe;kBK B/ g?;/ d/
iB{zB ftu fwZNh dh T[gikT{ Pesh B{z r[nk fbnk. fwZNh B{z ;zG kbD d/ g[okD/ Yzr
sohe/ fsnkr e/ pj[shnK o;kfJDe ykdK, ehNBkPe ns/ pj[s/ gkDh dh tos'A eoB
Bkb Xosh phwko j[zdh ik ojh j?. ;owkJ/dko d/PK B/ ;kv/ d/;h o[ZyK g"fdnK B{z
g/N?AN eotk fbnk fit/A fBzw, c;bK, iVh p{NhnK, jbdh nkfd. w[Bk|ky'o
seBkb'ih B/ wB[Zyh jZE sK wIp{s eo fds/ jB go ;zs[bB ftrkV e/ nB/eK g"fdnK
ns/ ikBtoK dhnK B;bK nb'g eo fdZshnK jB. fJe gk;/ ;kv/ iht izs{nK d/ xo
spkj j' rJ/ jB, d{i/ gk;/ eKro; xkj, nwoheB ;[zvh ns/ ib e[zGh nkfd
jkBhekoe g"d/$izs{ j'Ad ftu nk rJ/ jB. gb/r c?bkT[D tkb/ |;bK d/ BkPe
u{fjnK dh ;zfynK sK tX rJh j? go fJBQK dk fPeko eoB tkb/ wk; y'o/ TZ[b{nK,
fJZbQK, pkiK, fPekfonK dhnK B;bK \sw j[zdhnK iK ojhnK jB. ;ZgK ns/
rzv'fJnK dh th frDsh xNdh ik ojh j?. fJBQK ;kfonK d/ ofjD xo fgZgb, p'jV,
fgbeD nkfd tZv/ do\sK dh j'Ad w[edh ik ojh j?. T[ekp, brV, MrV,
s[owshnK, u[rb, ww'b/, e{zi K, jz;, prb/, ;[o \kp, johnb, x'rV gjkVh eK,
frZd V, r/Ad tKr{z o[VQd/ ezfvnkb/ u{j/, ;/jK, r'j K nkfd iht j[D d[obZG j[zd/ ik oj/
jB.
(iii) \so/ nXhB gqikshnK (Threatened species) T[j gqikshnK i' j[D fwbdhnK
sK jB go T[BQ K dh j'Ad B{z \sok ns/ u[D"shnK tXdhnK iK ojhnK jB. fJBQK ;zeN
nXhB ikshnK B{z ;[oZfynk dh pj[s b'V j?. bZrGZr 20,000 fe;w d/ oZ[yK g"fdnK
dhnK ikshnK ;zeNekbhB d"o ftu'A r[Io ojhnK jB. ikBtoK ftu ncoheh jkEh,
r[ohbk, bzr{o, t/bQ nkfd gqwZ[y \so/ nXhB gqikshnK jB. ekb/ fjoBK dhnK
u[zrhnK GodhnK vkoK, jkEhnK d/ w;sh ftu M{wd/ ek|b/, I?pfonK dk fusepok
;[jZgD, po|kBh fJbkfenK d/ pKe/ o/Avhno, ;[jD/ f;zrK tkb/ pkoKf;zr/, gjkVh
YbtkBK s/ Nfjbd/ :keK d/ tZr fdB pfdB xNd/ ik oj/ jB. j[D fte;s d/PK B/
eJh soQK dhnK oZyK ns/ PoDxo pDk e/ \so/ nXhB iht izs{nK dh oZfynK dk
phVK u[ZfenK j?. o{; B/ d' soQK dhnK feskpk SkghnK jB i' nfij/ g"fdnK, gzShnK
ns/ gqkDhnK dk jtkbk fdzdhnK jB fiBQK d/ f;o s/ \sok wzvok fojk j? ns/ T[BQK
B{z ftP/P ;[oZfynk dh b'V j?. bkb ;|/ d;d/ jB fe T[BQK T[go nzfes iht izs { iK
g"d/ w[ZeD feBko/ jB. ;c?d feskp d/ fuZN / ;|/ d;d/ jB fe fJBQK izs{nK iK
g'"fdnK dh B;b \so/ dh jZd s'A pkjo j? go fJ;dh xNdh t;'A fuzsk dk ekoD j?.
o{; B/ 137 oZ[yK pDke/ nB/eK g"fdnK ns/ ihtK B{z nb'g j'D s'A puk fbnk j? fit/A
phto, dfonkJh SS{zdo, cb?fwzr', prb/, bwYhAr, b{zpV, fjoB, gzSh nkfd.
e/Adoh B;hphnK ns/ dwkokb?Av y/so ftu wko{Ebh ekb/ r?Av/ dh B;b B{z pukT[D
bJh T[BQK d/ f;zr eZN fds/ rJ/ jB feT[Afe fPekoh e/tb wfjzr/ f;zrK ekoB jh T[BQK
dk fPeko eod/ ;B. pkxK dk fPeko e/tb T[BQK dhnK yZbK bJh jh BjhA ;r'A
ftd/Ph wfjwkBK d/ wBgqukt/ bJh th ehsk iKdk ;h. Gkos ftu fJBQK dh frDsh
e/tb 1500 jh ofj rJh sK gqki?eN NkJhro d/ T[Zdw Bkb j[D fJBQK dh ;[oZfynk
bJh 18 oZyK pDkJhnK rJhnK jB. jkEhdzd d/ tgko T[Zgo gkpzdh brk fdsh j?.
gqki?eN n?bhc?AN nXhB jkEhnK dk fPeko j[zdk ;h. fJBQK dh pj[sh B;be[Ph
n|oheh d/PK ftu j'Jh ;h. j[D 105 d/PK B/ jkEh dzd d/ tgko T[Zgo gkpzdh brk
fdsh j?. gqki?eN n?bhc?AN nXhB jkEhnK dh ;[oZfynk bJh ezw ehsk ik fojk j?.
ikBtoK dh oZy K ftu r?Avk, izrbh wZM, wrowZS, xfVnkb, fjoB, Gkosh ;zYk,
ekbh w[o rkph ns/ j'o eJh gzShnK dh fj|kIs ehsh iKdh j?. ;z;ko izrbh iht
czv ftu'A ihtK dh ;[oZfynk bJh wdd fdsh iKdh j?.
Gkos ftu pochb/ uhs/ ns/ e;s{oh fwor dk pj[s k fPeko j'D ekoD fJBQK dh
frDsh pj[s xN rJh j?. nfijk uhs/ dh wfjzrh yZb ns/ fwor dh wfjzrh e;s{oh
ekoD j'fJnk j?. Bhbfroh bzr{o dh uoph ns/ wk; ekoD, niro dh yZb ekoD
ns/ pkokf;zr/ d/ f;zrK ekoD fJBQK dh pj[s B;be[Ph j'Jh j?. bePdhg ;w{j ftu
fJe fBZek fijk Nkg{ fgZNh j?, fiE/ Bk e'Jh jfonktb ns/ Bk e'Jh wB[Zy j?. go
fJj fJe ;wz[doh gzSh e[ooh dk fBtk; n;EkB j?. ;?AeV/ ;kbK s'A fJ; gzSh dhnK
fJeZmhnK j'JhnK ftZmK ;w[zdoh ib ftu g"PfNe G'iB dk ezw eodhnK ojhnK jB
fiBQK B{z ;w[zdoh iht yKd/ jB. go j[D fJ; Nkg{ s'A fBozso gzShnK d/ nzv/ ns/
p'NK B{z Y'fJnk ik fojk j? fi; eoe/ fJ; gzSh dh fiZE/ t;''A xNh j?, T[E/ ;w[zdoh
gfo;fEfse szso dk th B[e;kB j' fojk j?. fJBQK gzShnK dh frDsh fJE/ fszB
eo'V s'A f;o| d; bZy ofj rJh j?. fJ;/ soQK Gkosh b{zpV 87% nkgD/ t;/p/ r[nk
u[Ze/ jB. i/ fJBQK dh ;[oZfynk tZb fXnkB dk fdsk frnk sK ;fEsh rzGho j'
ikt/rh. jz;, frZX, pkI nkfd gopsh gzSh jB.
(n) ;EkB ftP/P (Gkos) ftu gkJhnK ikD tkbhnK gqikshnK (Endemic
species of India)L^fijVhnK gqikshnK fe;/ ftP/P y/so ftu jh fwbdhnK jB ns/
j'o feXo/ BjhA fwbdhnK, T[BQK B{z ;EkB ftP/P gqikshnK fejk iKdk j?. fJBQK dh
;[oZfynK j'o th Io{oh j? BjhA sK fJj ;dk bJh \sw j' ikDrhnK. Gkos d/
gopsh y/soK ftu po|hbk szd{nK (Snow Leopard) Bhb rK, ;KGo, ekbk fjoB
nkfd gkJ/ iKd/ jB ns/ gzShnK ftu fsZso, pN/o, cb?f wzr' nkfd ftP/P jB.
Gkosh dhgK ftu th ftP/P gqikshnK gkJhnK iKdhnK jB. jtkJh dhg ;w{j,
nzv/wkB fBe'pko, w?vkrk;eo nkfd ftu ;w[zdoh gzSh, ;Zg , fpZS{ ns/ ftP/P soQK
dh pB;gsh gkJh iKdh j?. w?vrk;eo d/ bhw{o (Lemur) ns/ MkT{ u{j/ (tenrees)
j[D nb'g j' u[Ze/ jB. fJE'A d/ bkb vZv{, ftPkb eZS{, fSgebhnK, fezr g?ABr[fJB
nkfd wPj{o jB.fJe' fJe Nkg{ s/ ofjD tkb/ iht izs{ ns/ g"d/ pj[s jh \so/
tkbhnK ikshnK j[zdhnK jB. wZShnK ykD tkb/ gzSh e"ow'o?A N, pkI, gb?fwzr',
g?bheB, iekBk, ;t?B, fcfPzr T[Zb{, ;B/e pov, tkNo pc?b' nkfd nyko/ gkDhnK
d/ ib iht jB.
1H8H8 ;koL^ ;kvh Xosh T[Zs/ bZrGr YkJh bZy fe;wK d/ g"d/ ns/ ;kY/ nZm bZy
fe;wK d/ iht izs{ gkJ/ iKd/ jB. BthnK y'iK okjhA jo ;kb fJBQK dh frDsh ftu
tkXk j[zdk iKdk j?. e[M e[ wko{EbK, pzio uNkBK ns/ pj[s T[ZuhnK gjkVK dhnK
Nh;hnK B{z SZv e/ e[dos B/ ;kohnK EktK s/ pB;gsh ns/ iht ;z;ko dhnK tZy'
tZyohnK fe;wK B{z ihtB p\f;nk j'fJnk j?. ;ko/ iht nkgD/ nkgD/ ;fjitk;
ftu y[Ph y[Ph t;d/ jB. gzSh oZ[yK, dbdbK ns/ SzGK ftu fNekD/ pDkT[Ad/ jB,
ibh iht ;w[zdoK MhbK ftu t;/pk eod/ jB ns/ e[M ;{y w iht Xosh j/mK ofjzd/
jB. Xosh TZ[s/ soQK soQK d/ c[Zb fyVd/ jB, ehV/ we"V/ nkgDh soQK dhnK ekb'BhnK
ftu ofjzd/ jB ns/ gP{ gzSh nkgDhnK nkgDhnK p;shnK ftu nkBzd wkDd/ jB.
e[dos wK dh r'd dk fBZx ns/ fgnko ;kfonK B{z B;hp j[zdk j?. fJ; tzB ;[tzBsk
ekoD fJj ;z;ko ozrbk ns/ o"Dehbk ikgdk j?. eJh iht sK fJe d{i/ fpBK ofj
jh BjhA ;ed/. ;KMh d[BhnK ftu t;d/ ;ko/ iht fJe d{i/ d/ fwZso ns/ ;jkfJe
jB. pB;gshnK sK ;G dk ihtB nkXko jB. i/ e'Jh izrbh y/so T[iVdk j? sK
fJ;d/ t;Bhe, gP{, gzSh, ehV/ nkfd Gh w[Ze iKd/ jB feT[Afe fJBQK d/ ;fjitk;
(Habitat) jh \sw BjhA j[zd/ ;r'A G'i B gqDkbhnK th nb'g j' iKdhnK jB. e[dos
B/ ;iht ns/ fBoiht tksktoD ftu pVh f;nkDg Bkb Bkg s'b eo e/ fJe
;ws'b ekfJw ehsk j'fJnk j?. fJ; ;zs[bB ftu nkJh e'Jh spdhbh iK S/VSkV
fe;/ th iksh bJh \sok pD iKdh j?. j"bh j"bh T[j iksh Xosh s'A nb'g j' iKdh
j?.id'A n;hA iht izs{nK ns/ o[ZyK fpoyK gaqsh ;[fjod ns/ t|kdko pDKr/ sK fJj
;kB{z |kfJdk jh gj[zukT[Dr/. ;' nZi ;w/A dh b'V j? fe iht ftfGzBsk dhnK
;wZf;nktK ns/ \sfonK B{z ;wMd/ j'J / ;EkBe, ftnkeshrs, ;oekoh,

r?o;oekoh, e"wh ns/ e"wKsoh gZXo s/ fJBQK dh ;[oZfynk ehsh ikt/. ;kv/ ;{oi
wzvb ftu Xosh jh nfijk rqfj j? fiZE/ jo soQK dk ihtB fwbdk j?. Xosh wK ;G
dh ;KMh j?, ;kB{z ;G B{z g?dk eoB tkbk fJe' fgsk gow/Po j?. ;' ;kB{z oZp d/
pDkJ/ ;w[Zu/ ihtB dk nkdo eoBk ukjhdk j?, nkgDh fe;/ ekotkJh Bkb fe;/ B{z
jkBh BjhA gj[zukT[D h ukjhdh ns/ e[dos gqsh nkgDk |oI gSkDBk ukjhdk j?.
!;t? nfGnk; bJh gqPB
1H Gkos dhnK ;EkB ftP/P ftu gkJhnK ikD tkbhnK gqikshnK s/ B'N fby'.
2H Gkos dhnK d[obZG ns/ \so/ nXhB gqikshnK pko/ s[;hA eh ikDd/ j'?
1H8H9 gVB:'r g[;seK^
(i) d UPBI^ftbhnw J/ BhoBpor
(ii) gkg{b/PBI nk| ghgb n?Av ndofbftzr fEzrI^gkb fpzr
(iii) d vkfJtof;Nh nk| bkJh|^n?vtov UH ftb;B
(iv) ehfgzr nkgPBI n?bkJhtôhv n?Av e?BNB
(v) tksktoD f;Zfynk Bo/P e[wko
(vi) tksktoD dog/P ;wZf;nktK^fsqb'uB f;zx
1H8H10 tZv/ ns/ S'N/ T[ZsoK tkb/ gqPB^
(T) tZv/ T[ZsoK tkb/ gqPB^
(i) nzsookPNoh, okPNoh ns/ ;EkBe gZXo T[Zs/ i?fte ftfGzBsk pko/ y'bQ e/
fby'.
(ii) Gkos dk iht G{r'fbe torheoD eo'.
(iii) i?fte ftfGzBsk okPNo d/ o{g ftu Gkos pko/ s[;h eh ikDd/ j'?
(iv) Gkos dhnK ;zeNekbhB gqikshnK pko/ ft;Eko;fjs dZ;'.
(v) Gkos ftu gkJhnK ikD tkbhnK ftP/P gqikshnK pko/ fJe B'N fby'.
S'N/ T[ZsoK tkb/ gqPB^
(i) i?fte ftfGzBsk s'A eh Gkt j?<
(ii) i?fte ftfGzBsk d/ \so/ tkb/ e/Ado fejV/ jB<
(iii) i?fte ftfGzBsk ftu wB[Zy dh eh G{fwek j?<
(iv) Nkg{nK d/ ihtB s/ B'N fby'.
(v) gjkVK ftu ihtB fej' fijk j[zdk j?<
(vi) i?fte ftfGzBsk B{z eh \so/ jB<
(vii) ;zeN ekbhB gqikshnK s/ B'N fby'.
(viii) okPNoh gkoe eh j[zd/ jB<
phHJ/H$phHekw$phHphHJ/$phH;hHJ/-Gkr d{ik gouk L tksktoD f;Zfynk
gkm BzL 1H9 b/fyek L vkH joi's e"o
tksktoDh gqd {FD L noE, gfoGkFk ns/ fe;wK

fJ; gkm dh o{g o/yk fJ; gqeko j?L
1H9H1 ikD-gSkD
1H9H2 gkm dk wzst
1H9H3 tksktoDh gqd{FD L noE ns/ gfoGkFktK
1H9H4 tksktoDh gqd{FD dhnK fe;wKL T[BQK d/ ekoB, gqGkt ns/ pukn d/ T[gkn
1H9H4H1 jtk gqd{FD (Air Pollution)
1H9H4H2 gkDh gqd{FD (Water Pollution)
1H9H4H3 G{wh gqd{FD (Soil Pollution)
1H9H4H4 X[Bh gqd{FD (Noise Pollution)
1H9H4H5 Eowb gqd{FD (Thermal Pollution)
1H9H4H6 gqwkD{ T{oiK gqd{FD (Nuclear Hazards)
1H9H4H7 m'; c'eN gdkoE dk gqpzX (Solid waste manangement)
1H9H4H8 ;w[zdoh iK wjk;kro gqd{FD (Marine Pollution)
1H9H5 gkm dk ;ko
1H9H6 nfGnk; bJh gqFB
1H9H7 ;jkfJe g[;se ;{uh
1H9H1 ikD-gSkD L
fJ; gkm ftZu tksktoDh gqd{FD d/ noE, gfoGkFk pko/ d; e/ T[; dhnK fe;wK pko/ ikDekoh fdZsh
ikt/rh. tZy'-tZyo/ gqd{FD d/ ekoB, gqG kt ns/ pukn d/ T[gkn dZ;D dh e'fFF ehsh ikt/rh.
1H9H2 gkm dk wzst L
fJ; gkm dk wzs t, tZy-tZy gqeko d/ tksktoDh gqd{FD pko/ ikDekoh d/Dk j?. nZi dh ;G s'A tZvh
b'V fJjh j? fe fijV/ tksktoD B{z n;hA trkVB dk r[Bkj ehsk j?, T[; B{z j"bh j"bh ;ztkoD dk
ob e/ :sB eohJ/ sK fe nkT[D tkb/ pZu/ e[dos ftu y[bQ e/ ;kj b? ;eD. gqd{FD wB[Zy dh soZeh
d/ Bkb Bkb tZXdk jh ik fojk j?. fJ; gkm okjhA jtk, gkDh, Xosh, X[Bh, gqwkD{ T{oik s/ m'; c'N
gdkoE d/ gqd{FD d/ ekoB, gqGkt ns/ T[BQK d/ pukn d/ T[gkn d;D dk fJjh wzs t j? fe wB[Zy dh
uzrh f;js ns/ e[dos dh ;[oZfynk ehsh ik ;e/.
1H9H3 tksktoDh gq d {FD noE ns/ gfoGkFk L
noE ns/ gfoGkFk gqd{FD dk noE ;kv/ nkb/ d[nkb/ d/ y/so dk d{fFs j'Dk j?. id'A fwZNh, jtk
s/ gkDh ftu nfij/ jkBhekoe sZs Fkwb j' ikD fi; s'A ihtK iK wB[ZyK dk ihtB n;[ofys j'
ikt/. gqd{FD jtk, gkDh s/ fwZNh dh G"fse, o;kfJfDe iK i?fte sZsK ftu nfijh p/b'Vh spdhbh j?
fijVh iht izs{nK dh f;js bJh ysok g?dk eodh j?.
114
phHJ/ H $phHekw$phHphHHJ/ $ phH;hHJ/- HGkr-d{ i k 115 gouk L tksktoD f;Zfynk
;fwE nB{;ko @gqd{FD s'A Gkt wB[Zy okjhA tksktoD B{z nF[ZX eoB s'A j? fi; ftu fJj ;ko/ ihtK bJh
B[e;kBdkfJe j' iKdk j?.
e/Adoh gqd{FD ezN o'b p'ov nB[;ko @tksktoD d/ G'fse o;kfJfDe iK i?fte ;zrmBK ftu nfijk
gfotosB fi; ftu wB[Zy, iht-izs {, pB;gsh iK e[dosh ekoeK B{z B[e;kB j't/. fJj B[e;kB gqsZy
iK ngqsZy fe;/ o{g ftu th j' ;edk j?.
bkov poBo nB[;ko tksktoD ftu T[BQK sZsK iK T{oik dh w"i{drh B{z gqd{FD nkyd/ jB i' wB[Zy
okjhA b'VhAd/ iK p/b'VhAd/ o{g s'A g?dk ehs/ rJ/ j'D ns/ fiBQK dk wB[Zy dh f;js T[go jkBhekoe gqGkt
g?Adk j?.
t;s{nK d/ T[sgkdB ns/ T[g:'r d/ jo/e gVkn ftu jkBhekoe gdkoEK dk T[sgkdB j[zdk j?. fJj
jkBhekoe gdkoE gqd{FD iK tksktoD ;pzXh ;wZf;nk pD iKd/ jB. fJ; d/ tk:{ wzvb s/ wjK ;kroKk
ftu fwbD Bkb jkBhekoe gqGkt g?dk j[zd/ jB.
;' ikjo j? fe tksktoD dk wB[Zyh iht T[Zs / ns/ wB[Zy dk tksktoD T[s/ v{zxk gqGkt g?Adk j?. fiT[A
fiT[A wB[Zyh ;fGnsk dk ftek; j'fJnk s/ Bkb jh eJh fe;w dhnK wFhBK, fJwkosK ns/ T[BQK s'A g?dk
j'D tkbh tksktoDh pdbktK ftu th tkXk j'fJnk. wB[Zy ;{uBK s/ seBheh eqKsh d/ :[Zr ftu tZX
s'A tZX ;j{bsK wkBD ftu bZrk j'fJnk j? ns/ e[ dos T[go fiZs gqkgs eoB dh e'fFF ftu ofjzdk
j?. fi; d/ Bshi/ ti'A wB[Zy s/ T[; d/ tksktoDh ;pzX ftZu so/V g?D brh. e[dosh ;'fwnK d/ tZX
s'A tZX gq:'r Bkb pj[s ;kohnK ;wZf;nktK g?dk j' rJhnK fit/A fe jtk dk ;kj b?D d/ :'r Bk ofjDk,
gkDh dk ghD :'r Bk ofjDk s/ G{wh y/sh eoB :'r Bk ofjDh jtk-gkDh, Xosh s/ ;{oi i' wB[Zy Bz{
ihtB-dkB fdzd/ ;B, nZi T[; d/ d[;wB pD rJ/ jB. fJj fpgsktK wB[Zy tb'I e[dos d/ fB:wK ftZu
p/b'Vk dyb-nzdkih dk jh Bshik jB. tksktoDh gqd{;aD B/ wB[Zyh f;js T[go th pj[s ;ko/ wkV/ gqGkt
gkJ/ jB. pj[s ;ko/ o'r tksktoDh gqd{;aD dh d/D jB. ;' tksktoDh gqd{FD okjhA wB[Zyh ihtB ;zeN
ftu g?Adk ik fojk j?.
1H9H4 tksktoDh gqd { FD dhnK fe;wK, T[B QK d/ ekoB gqG kt ns/ pukU bJh T[ gkn
1H9H4H1 jtk gqd{FD
1H9H4H2 gkDh gqd{FD
1H9H4H3 G{wh gqd{FD
1H9H4H4 X[Bh gqd{FD
1H9H4H5 Eowb gqd{FD
1H9H4H6 gqwkD{ T[oik gqd{FD
1H9H4H7 m'; - c'eN gdkoEK dk gqd{FD
1H9H4H8 ;w[zdoh gqd{FD.
1H9H4H1 jtk gqd { FD L
jtk gqd{FD s'A Gkt j? jtk ftZu pkjoh sZsK dk fwb ikDk i' tksktoD d/ bJh jkBhekoe j'D. id'A
jkBhekoe X{znK, X{V ns/ r?;K jtk ftZu fwb iKdhnK jB sK T[; B{z jtk gqd{FD fejk iKdk j?. ;kvk
tk:{wzvb r?;K dk jh ;w{j j? fiBQK ftu'A nke;hiB, BkJhNq'iB s/ ekopB vkJhe;kJhv w[Zy r?;K jB.
wB[Zy o'N h s/ gkDh s'A fpBK sK e[ZM fdB eN ;edk j? go jtk d/ fpBK e[ZM fwzN th fiT[adk BjhI ofj
;edk. wB[Zy brGr gzdoK feZb' jtk B{z o'} ;kj okjhA ;oho d/ nzdo pkjo eodk j?.
i/ fJ; jtk ftZu }fjo x[b ikt/ sK ;kvk eh jkb j't /rk. jo ;kj Bkb }fjo ;kv/ nzdo ik fojk
j?. nZi eb nypkoK ftZu j'o ypoK d/ Bkb-Bkb nfijhnK ypoK th gqekfFs j[zdhnK jB fit/AIfe
ekoykB/ d/ X{zJ/ Bkb c;bK dh popkdh, c?eNoh dh }fjohbh r?; Bkb ftneshnK dh w"s , X{zJ/ s/ X[zd
ekoB jkd;/, opV ;VB ekoB Ffjo dk tk:{w zvb rzXbk, gqd{fFs jtk ekoB phwkohnK ftu tkXk
nkfd. 3 d;zpo 1984 B{z G[gkb ftZu j'J/ jkd;/ s'A e"D ikD{ BjhA fi; ftu G[gkb dhnK jtktK ftZu
x[b/ }fjo B/ oks' oks uko j}ko pzfdnK B{{z w"s dh BhAd ;[nK fdZsk ns/ nDfrDs pzd/ nZX/ w'J/
j'e/ EK-EK fvr gJ/, eJh nzB/ j' rJ/ s/ eJh ngkji. fJ;/ soQK jh igkB d/ Bkrk;keh s/ jho';hwk
BroK T[go fvZr/ n?N w pzpK B/ bZyK b'eK B{z w"s dh r'dh ftu G/i fdZs k s/ pufdnK B{z }fjobhnK
jtktK ekoB ;kj b?Dk th n"yk j' frnk.
jtk gqd{FD th eJh soQK dk j[zdk j? fit/A fe jtk d/ m'; sZs i' pkohe eDK d/ o{g ftZu jtk Bkb
d{o-d{o sZe ub/ iKd/ jB, T[j jtk ftu ;wk iKd/ jB. fJj X{V X{znK, ;[nkj, o{Jh s' fBeb d/ S'N/
-S'N / eD jtk ftu fwb e/ T[; B{z gqd{fFs eod/ jB. tZy-tZy r?;K d/ ekopfBe s/ r?oekopfBe sZs
jtk ftu fwbd/ ofjzd/ jB. ;kv/ g[okD/ J/H;hH, cfoiK ftu'a fBebhnK r?;K ekoykfBnK dhnK fuwBhnK
ftu'a fBefbnk X{znK nzB/t kj ehs/ ik oj/ Xwke/ s/ izrK dh spkjh Bkb rzXbhnK jtktK, g?No'b vh}b
d/ ykoi gdkoE nkfd s'a o;kfJD gqd{FD g?dk j[zdk j?.
gokbh ns/ c;bh ofjzd y{zjd dh ;kV c{e, e'b/ iK pkbD d/ pbD s'a fBefbnk X{znK o;kfJD, rzXe
fJj ;G X{znK }fjo pD e/ ;kv/ bJh Boe dk ekoB pDdk j?. fJj ;G r?;h gqd{FD j[zdk j?. id'A
tk:{wzvb ftZu X{zn K s/ e'jok Gkt X[zd g?dk j[zdh j?, sK xZN fdykJh fdzdk j?. fJj X{znK s/ X[zd th
gqd{FD jh j[zdk j?.
1H9H4H1 (T) jtk gq d { FD d/ ekoB L
jtk gqd{FD dk ;G s'A tZvk ekoB rZvhnK$ekoK$pZ;K Gkt jo soQK d/ tkjB jB. wB[Zy nkgDh ;[Zy
;[ftXk bJh tZy'-tZyo/ nktkikJh d/ ;kXBK dh tos'A eodk j?. nZi ebQ sK gfotko d/ tZy'-tZyo/ w?Apok
e'b nkgDk-nkgDk tkjB j? i' g?N o'b, vh}b iK r?; nkfd pkbD s/ ubd/ jB. fJj tkjB X{zJ/ ftZu
soQk-soQK dhnK }fjohbhnK r?;K tksktoD ftu SZvd/ jB. ebeZs/ d/ tkjB o'} jtk ftu gzdoK ;"
NB s'A T[go X{znK, X{V s/ j'o r?;K ;[ZNd/ jB. jo fJB;kB g?db s[oB dh EK ;e{No, eko nkN' N?e;h
iK ijki nfkd okjhA jh ikDk ukj[zdk j?. fJBQK ftu'A fBebhnK }fjohbhnK r?;K jtk ftu fwbe/ wB[Zyh
ihtB s/ wkVk gqGkt gkT[AdhnK jB. tZXdh nkpkdh ekoB FfjoK ftu'A fBefbnk e{Vk id'A ;kfVnk iKdk
j? sK fJ; ftu'A th }fjohbhnK r?;K fBeb e/ jtk B{z d{fFs eodhnK jB. jtk gqd{FD dk tZvk ekoB
T[d:'fre soZeh th j?. ;kvh seBheh soZeh th fJ; B[z rzXbk eo ojh j?.
T[d:'fre eqKsh ekoB tZy'-tZyo/ bkJ/ ekoykfBnK Gkt o;kfJD T[d:'rK s'a fBebhnK r?;K, g'Nk; d/
eD X{V eD f;bhekB fuwBhnK dk X{znK tr?ok jtk ftZu dkyb j' e/ tk:{ wzv b B[z d{fFs eoB dk
ekoB th pDd/ jB.
Eowb gkto gqd{FD d/ ekoB th jtktK ftZu fwbhnK ifjohbhnK r?;K fit/_ BkJhNo'i B jkJhvo'iB
s/ eb'o'-cb'o ekopB nkfd tk:{ wzvb B{z yokp eodhnK jB feT[Ife fpibh s'a fpBK ihtB ;zGt BjhA
j?. fJ; bJh fpibh T[sgkdB bJh gkDh Fesh s/ skg Fesh dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?.
gowkD{ T{oik dk gq:'r th jtktK B{z d{fFs eoB dk ekoB pDdk j?. gowkD{ jfEnkoK dh tos'A s'A
gfjbK tZy-tZy soQK d/ N?;N ehs/ iKd/ jB. fi; s'A ;[nkj, X{zn K ns/ X[V d/ eD tk:{wzvb ftu Fkwb
j' e/ jtk B{z d{fFs eoB dk ekoB pDd/ jB.

y/s h pkVh bJh tos/ iKd/ ykd gdkoE s/ o;kfJD p/FZe ;kvh c;b ftZu tkXk sK eod/ jB go ;kv/
bJh jkBhekoe j[zd/ jB feT[Afe Xosh ftZu fo; e/ iK fSVek eoB ;w/A iK gkDh d/ Bkb fwb e/ jtk
d/ ;zgoe ftZu nk e/ T[;B{z d{fFs eod/ jB.
jtk gqd{FD dk fJe j'o ekoB ftneshrs fefonktK th jB Gkt fe b'eK d[nkok EK-EK f;roN ghD
Bkb jtk ftu X{zJ/ dh wksok ftZu tkXk j[zdk j?. xoK ftu'a e{Vk eoeN pkjo ;[ZND ;w/a T[; d/ eD
jtk ftZu fwb e/ gqd{FD ftu tkXk eod/ jB. ykDk pDkT[D ;w/A beVhnK gkEhnK s/ e'bk nkfd
ibkT[D s'A g?dk j'fJnk X{znK th jtk B{z d{fFs eodk j?.
J/no ezvhFBoK dh tos'A eoB ;w/a eb'o'-cb'o' ekopB r?; fBebdh j?,fijVhH tksktoD B{z yokp
eodh j?. nZi d/ ;w/a ftZu fJ; dh tos'A tZXdh ik ojh j? i' ;kv/ tksktoD bJh xkse j?.
tZy-tZy yfDiK dh gqkgsh bJh id'a ykBK dh y[dkJh ehsh iKdh j?. fJ; ekoB tZy-tZy o;kfJfDe ft;c'N
jtk ftu fwb e/ jtk B{z d{fFs eod/ jB.
e[dosh ;'w/ fi; soQK fe itkbk w[yh ft;c'N iK ikBtoK dk woBk nkfd okjhA th jtk dk gqd{FD j[zdk
j?.
wB[Zy nkgDh io{os bJh e[dos dh b[ZN-y;[ZN eo fojk j?. tZvhnK-tZvhnK fJwkosK T[;koB bJh izrbK
dh tZX s'a tZX eNkJh j'D ekoB jtk ftu Bwh dh xkN ns/ rowh ftu tkXk j[zdk ik fojk j?. doysK
dh wksok xZND d/ ekoB tk:{ wzvb ftZu th n;zs[bB c?bdk ik fojk j?.fJwkosK dh T[;koh bJh
i' gZEo iK wkopb id'a efNnk ik sokfFnk iKdk j?. T[; d/ X{V eD th jtk ftZu fwb e/ jtk B{z
d{fFs eoB dk ekoB pDd/ jB.
1H9H4H1 jtk gq d {FD d/ gq G kt L
jtk gqd{FD dk ;G s'A wkVk gqGkt wB[Zy dh f;js T[go g? fojk j?. fJE'A sZe fe iBw s'A gfjbK
th pZu/ T[go Gkt iZuk s/ th gqd{FD dk pj[s gqGkt g?Adk j?. nw'BhnK, BkJhN'qiB, ;bco
vkfJnke;kJhv, ck;c/N fijhnK ifjohbhnK r?;K s'A n"os pKM th j' ;edh j?. fgzvK ftu xo/b{ gqd{FD
d/ gqGkt s'A o'ikBk jh n"osK gqG kfts j[zdhnK jB. fdZbh, w[pzJh, ebeZsk s/ b[fXnkDk tor/ tZv/ FfjoK
ftu xo'A fBebD s'A pknd d[gfjo sZe ;c?d o[wkb w{zj s/ c/oB Bkb T[j ;[ow/ ozrK j' iKdk j?.
gqd{fFs jtk nZyK ftu ibB, c/c fVnK dk e?A;o, dwk, ;kj x[N Dk ns/ fdb d/ o'rK torhnK rzGho
phwkohnK dk ekoB J/H;hH s/ cfoiK ftu'A fBeb/ eb'o' cb'o' ekopB T[i'B gos B{z spkj eo ojh
j?. fi; Bkb nzXoksk, e[eo/ uwVh dk e?A;o, p'DkgD fijhnK phwkohnK ftu tkXk j' fojk j?.fdZbh
d[BhnK dk ;G s'A tZX gqd{fFs Ffjo j?. fJ;/ ekoB fdZbh dk jo d;tK pzdk ;kj dh fe;/ sebhc
iK n?boih Bkb go/FkB j?. ekoykfBnK s/ w'N o tkjBK d/ Bkb-Bkb ezpkJhBK Bkb T[Zvh X{V, c;bK
d/ w[ZYIK s/ gokbh dh nZr ob fwb e/ jBQ/o/ ekb/ X{V Go/ X{zJ/ dh BthA ;wZf;nk ;w'r ekoB nktkikJh
ftu ftxB g?AIdk j? ns/ jkdf;nK ekoB nB/eK wB[ZyK dhnK ikBK iKdhnK jB. ;w'r Bkb ;kj dh
x[ZND th tZXdh j?. fJ;/ soQK c?eNohnK d/ Xwkfenk ftu th nB/eK wB[ZyK dhnK ikBK ubhnk iKdhnK
jB.
jtk gqd{FD d/ wkV/ gqGkt ekoB iht izs{n K ftu th nB/eK gqeko dh phwkohnK c?b ojhnK jB. Ffjd
dh wZyh, ehN gzSh s/ eJh ftF/F iht T[d:'fre tk:{ gqd{FD ekoB wo iKd/ jB. o/vhU s/ phNk
fteoDK Bkb iht izs{nK B{z c/c fVnK dk e?A;o s/ nZyK dk o'r j' iKdk j?. iht izs{nK dk ;kj th
wkV/ gqd{FD ftu n"yk j' iKdk j?.w[Zy ;VeK d/ nk; gk; gF{n K dhnK uorkjK ftu f;Ze/ dh wksok
p[oh soQK tZX ojh j?. fJ; Bkb vzroK d/ ;oho ftu }fjo ik fojk j?. f;Zek gF{nK d/ jZvK ftu
ou fojk j? ns/ ;kfvnK ;ohoK ftu th feT[Afe T[BQK d/ d[ZX okjhA n;hA th w"s tZb ik oj/ jK.
jtk gqd{FD dk pB;gsh T[go th wko{ gqGkt g? fojk j? feT[Afe }fjoh g"Dk pB;gsh B{z spkj eo
ojhnK jB. iVK gZfsnK s/ sfDnK okjh fJj }fjo pB;gsh B{z y'o fojk j?. ikgkB d/ Fkjh wjZbK
d/ pkrK ftubh pB;gsh th fJe tko sK fJ; Bkb wo rJh. u?e';b'tkehnk ftu e'b/ s'a gqd{fFs jtk
B/ T[E'a d/ izrbK s/ c;bK B{z p[oh soQK spkj eo fdZsk ;h. ;w'r th pB;gsh dh d[FwD j?. gqd{fFs
gdkoE g"fdnK d/ gZfsnK d/ ;[okyK B{z o'e fdzd/ jB fi; Bkb tkFgheoB dh gqfefonk xZN iKdh j?.
gqd{fFs jtk okjhAA gqd{fFs gdkoE whAj d/ gkDh ftu x[Zb Xosh T[go nk iKd/ jB s/ g"d/ dhnK iVK
yokp eod/ jB.
jtk gqd{FD dk nktkikJh T[go th pj[s gqGkt g?Adk j?. jtk ftu i/ finkdk gqd{FD j' ikt/ sK d[o
s'A d/yD ftu w[Feb nkT[Adh j?. ;odh d/ w";w ftu tk:{wzvbh dpkn ekoB tkjBK ftu'I fBebD tkbk
X{zn K T[go ikD dh EK j/mK jh ofjzdk j?. fJ; Bkb e'jok tZXdk j? s/ tkjB ubkT[D ;w/a w[Feb
nkT[Adh j? s/ jkd;/ tZX iKd/ jB.
jtk dk gqd{FD fJwkosK bJh th B[e;kBd/j j[zdk j? yk; eoe/ g[okDhnK fJfsjk;e fJwkosK. nkrok
dk skiwjb, wE[ok s/b F'XFkbk s'A j'D tkb/ gqd{FD s'A gqGkfts j' fojk j? s/ ;zrwowo dk ozr th
ghbk g? fojk j?.
;' jtk gqd{FD dk ;ko/ tk:[wzvbh T[go jh pj[s gqG kt g?Adk j? jok rqfj gqG kt, T[i'B gos dk
fSiDk tkjB ubkT[Ad/ ;w/A fdqFNsk dk xZN j'Dk, skgwkB dk tZX xZN j'Dk ns/ pdb skg ns/ toyk
Gkt w";w T[go th fJ; dk pj[s gqGkt g?dk j?.
;) jtk gq d {FD s'A puD d/ T[ gkn L
fJ; }fjo s'A puD dk ;G s'A gfjbk T[gkn fJ; pko/ u/sB j'Dk j? ;koh iBsk B{z fJ; gqs h ikro{e
eotkT[Dk j?. gqd{FD ;pzXh ekB{zBK B{z nkw nkdwh dh ikDekoh ftu fbnkfJnk ikDk ukjhdk j?.
nzsookFNoh gZXo s/ ;ko/ d/FK B{z fwb e/ fJ; ;wf;nk bJh :sB eoB/ ukjhd/ jB.
u/sBk s'A g?dk j'Jh fuzsk ;kB{ z jo T[d:'fre fttjkoe s/ ftfrnkBe rsh ftXh B[z ;[u/s j' e/ ftT[As D
d/ o;s/ s'o ;edh j?. s/b, g?N o'b, e'b/, vh}b dh p/b'Vh tos'A s/ pzpk d/ n?Nwh s}ofpnK pko/
gfjbK ftuko eoBk ukjhdk j?. gokbh s/ c;bK dh ;kV c{e, T[d:'fre fuwBhnK ftu'A ykoi gdkoEK
gqs h u/sBk Gkt X{zn K SZvD tkb/ ekoykfBnK s'A X{zJ/ dh fBek;h dh T[fus ftt;Ek j'Dh ukjhdh j?.
fuwBhnK T[ukJhnK s/ j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB. e{V/ s/ rzdrh gqs h jo wB[Zy dh fizw/tkoh j'Dh ukjhdh
j? .
T[d:'r s/ rzdrh d/ Y/oK B{z fojkfJFh y/s oK s'A d{o oZyDk ukjhdk j? ns/ fojkfJF d/ d[nkb/ th tZX
s'I tZX o[Zy bkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB ns/ izrbK dh th xZN eNkJh eoBh ukjhdh j?.
y/s h ftu xZN s'A xZN o;kfJDk dh tos'A eoBh ukjhdh j?. nZi ebQ g?;k w[Zy j'D eoe/ ;pihnK ftu
th soQk-soQK d/ Nhe/ brkJ/ iKd/ jB sK fe T[j S/s h tZX c[Zb ;eD. fJ; s/ yk; eoe/ gkpzXh j'Dh
ukjhdh j?.
xo ftu X{znK ofjs pkbD ns/ X{znK ofjs u[fbnK dh tos'I eoBh ukjhdh j?. w'No tkjBK ftu th
uzr/ s/b dk gq:'r eoBk ukjhdk j?. g[okD/ pkbD YzrK B{z pdb e/ pkfJUr?;, ;'bo :zs o s/ j'o
uzrhnK r? ;K d/ gq:'r T[Zs/ }'o d/Dk ukjhdk j?.

T[d:'rK s'A fijVhnK r?;K ns/ p/eko gdkoE fBebd/ jB T[BQK B{z :zsoK okjhA nbr eoe/ fJjBK
B{z tZy-tZy ftfrnkBe seBheK dh wdd Bkb d[pkok gq:'r eoB T[s/ }'o d/Dk ukjhdk j?.
iBse EktK T[s/ phVh f;roN ghD s/ o'e bkT[Dh ukjhdh j?. fJjBK dhnK jkBhnK s'A th b'eK B{z
ikD{ eotkT[Dk ukjhdk j?.
1H9H4H2 gkDh gq d {FD
Xosh tor/ fJ; ftbyD rqfj s/ i/ ihtB j? sK f;oc gkDh dh pd"bs jh j?. gkDh d[n kok jh fJ;
Xosh s/ fizdrh dh F[o{nks j' Jh. r[opkDh ftu th gkDh B{z irs, dk fgsk ns/ Xosh B{z wksk fejk
frnk j?. gkDh ihtB dk nkXko j? fJ; d/ fpBk ihtB dh ebgBk th ;zGt BjhA j?. Xosh d/ brGr
70 gqshFs fjZ;/ T[s/ gkDh j?. wB[ZyK ftu s/ wB[Zyh ihtB dhnK io{osK ftu s/ih Bkb ftek; j'fJnk.
fi; ekoB wB[Zy dk e[dos Bkb ;zs [bB ftrVdk ik fojk j?. BdhnK ;[Ze ojhnK jB. jVQ dh wko
ftu brksko tkXk j' fojk j? ns/ fes/ nekb g? fojk j? nkfd. pj[s ;kohnK tksktoDh ;wZf;nktK
nZr/ nk ojhnK jB fiBQK ftu'A gqw[Zy ;wZf;nk gkDh gqd{FD dh j?. ;kc gkDh ftZu f;oc jkJhvo'iB
s/ nke;hiB jh BjhA j[zd/ ;r'A fJ; ftu j'o eJh o;kfJfDe gdkoE th j[zd/ jB. i/ nfij/ io{oh
sZsK dh fwedko fJBQK fBoXkos jZdK s'A tZX j't/ iK gkDh ftu nfij/ ekopfBe nekopfBe iK i?fte
sZs w"i {d j'D sK gkDh ghD :'r BjhA ofjzdk. fi; dk d{ik Bk ib-gqd{FD j?. i' nZi fJe tZvh
;wZf;nk j?. ;z;ko f;js ;zrmB (WHO) nB[;ko gkDh gqd{FD dk noE gkDh ftu e[dosh ik fe;/
j'o ;'fwnK okjhA T[BQK sZsK dk dkyb j'Dk j?, fijV/ gkDh B{z rzdk eod/ jB, ihtB d/ bJh fJ; Bz{
jkBhekoe pDkT[Ad/ jB s/ fJ; ftZu }fjohbkgB tXkT[Ad/ jB, ;kXkoB nke;hiB dh xkN eod/ jB.
fJ; d/ ;[n kd B{z yokp eod/ jB ns/ o'rK B{z c?bkT[Ad/ jB. ;' id'A gkDh dh r[Dkswesk pdb ikt/
sK T[; B{ z gkDh gqd{FD efjzd/ jB.
1H9H4H2 (T) gkDh gq d {FD dhnK fe;wK L
;G s'I gfjbh gqd{FD dh fe;w Xosh T[s/ gkDh dk gqd{FD j?. fi; s/ gkDh dk w[Zy ;'wk toyk j?.
t?;/ sK toyk dk gkDh F[ZX j[zdk j? feT[Afe gkDh ;w[zdo s/ BdhnK s'A tkFg pD e/ T[go tk:{wzvb
ftZu iKdk j?. c/o toyk d/ o{g ftu Xosh s/ fvZrdk j?. T[d'A fJj gkDh F[ZX j[zdk j? go c?eNohnK,
T[d:'freoB d/ ekoB gqd{fFs r?;K tk:{w zvb ftu ik e/ toyk d/ gkDh B{z nFZ[ZX eo fdzdhnK jB.
fJj s/ikph whAj fJwkosK s/ y/sh T[s / p[ok gqG kt gkT[Adk j?.
d{;oh fe;w MhbK, sbkpK s/ BdhnK ftu gkDh gqd{FD j?. tZv/-tZv/ FfjoK ftZu gkDh dk fBek; rNoK
okjhA BkfbnK sbkpK ftZu fwbdk j?. fJ;h soQK jh ekoykfBnK ftu'I, j'N bK s/ c?eNohnK d/ p/b'V/
gdkoE s/ o;kfJD Gkt gkDh nkfd th BdhnK ftu gkT[D Bkb fJBQK dk gkDh gqd{fFs j' iKdk j?.
sh;oh fe;w ;[w zdoh gkDh gqd{FD dh j? i' nZi ;z;ko dh gqw[Zy ;wf;nk j?. xo/b{ e[Vk eoeN, ;w[zdoh
ijkiK d/ N[ZND s/ N?IeoK s'I s/b fo;D Bkb j[zdk j?.
Xosh j/mbk gkDh gqd{FD th fJe nfijh fe;w j? fi; dh ;wZf;nk ftu fdB' fdB tkXk j' fojk j?.
fgzvK ftu y{jK dk gkDh tos'I ftu fbnKdk iKdk j? go i/ y{j dk w{zj y[Zbk j't / sK gkDh gqd{FD j[zdk
j?. fJ;h soQK jh gkJhgK okjhA fijVk gkDh T[go fyfunk iKdk j? T[j th FZ[X BjhI fojk feT[Afe Xosh
ftu nF[ZX gkDh fo;dk iKdk j?. ;zxDh nkpkdh ftu roehnK gkDh dhnK w'NoK d/ B/V/ j'D eoe/
;wZf;nk nkT[Adh j?. gkDh d/ BFN j'D Bkb nzdob/ gkDhH dk gZXo th fvrdk ik fojk j? . gkJhgK
okjhA fiE/ gkDh iKdk j? T[j gkJhgK ftu so/VK g?D Bkb rzd/ gkDh dh fwbktN j' iKdh j?.
1H9H4H2 (n) gkDh gq d { FD d/ ekoB
xo/b{ o'}kBk d/ ezwK s'A gkDh gqd{FD tZXdh nkpkdh ns/ gkDh dh ygs dk f;ZXk ;zpzX j?. ;ckJh ;j{ bsK
dh xkN ekoB xo/b{ fBek; gkDh d/ e[dosh ;'fwnK BdhnK BkfbnK s/ MhbK B{z rzXbK eo oj/ jB.
xoK dk ;hto/i dk gkDh gkJhgK okjhA nZr/ iKdk j?. xoK d/ e{V/ eoeN ftu eJh nfij/ gdkoE
j[zd/ jB i' x[bDFhb BjhA j[zd/ s/ Bk jh S/s h BFN j[zd/ jB. T[j th gkDh B{z d{fFs eod/ jB. iht
izs{n K dk wbw{so th gkDh d/ ;'fwnK ftu o'V fdZsk iKdk j?. fi; Bkb pdp{ th nkT[Adh j? s/ gkDh
th d{fFs j' iKdk j?.
BdhnK feBko/ t;/ fgzv K s/ BroK ftu wB[ZyK s/ gF{nK dhnK bkFK th BdhnK ftu ;[ZN fdZshnK iKdhnK
jB. fJ; Bkb th gkDh gqd{;aD tXdk j?.
T[d:'fre ekoB L fJj mhe j? fe T[d:'r nkofEe soZeh s/ y[Fjkbh dh fBFkBh j[zd/ jB. seB'b'ih
dh fbnKdh eqKsh dk jh cZb n;hA yk oj/ jK go Bkb jh n;hA fJ; d/ g?D tkb/ gqGktK s'A nt/;b/
jK. tZv /-tZv/ v?w K B/ fiE/ fpibh g?dk eoe/ eqKsh fbnKdh j?, T[E/ fJBQK v?wK BfjoK B/ dfonktK dk
ti{d jh ysw eo fdZs k j?. fJ; dh tZvh T[dkjoD o'gV p?ohno s'a nZr/ ;fsb[i dfonk dh j?. i'
ed/ gzikphnK dh ikB j[zdk ;h, j[D T[; dh ;fEsh fpbe[Zb yokp j?.
fpibh dk d{ik tZvk ;o's skg fpibh j? i' tZv/-tZv/ skg fpibh xo T[;ko e/ g?dk ehsh iKdh j?.
fJBQK ftZu bZyK NB e'bk c{fenk iKdk j? s/ gkDh dh Gkc s'A NopkJhBK ubk e/ fpibh g?dk ehsh iKdh
j?. fJ; ueo ftZu Gkc dh fBek;h T[; fJbke/ d/ e[ dosh skgwkB s/ Bwh B{z gqGkfts eodh j?. fJBQK
fpibh xoK s'A g?dk j'Jh brksko ;[nkj B{z gkDh ftu x'b e/ tZv/-tZv/ sbkpK (vkJhe;) ftZu ;KfGnK
iKdk j?. fiE'A fJj gkDh fo; e/ }whBh gkDh B{z rzXbk eo fojk j?. fJ; d/ nkb/-d[nkb/ dh }whB
;/w dh wko ekoB y/s h d/ :'r BjhA ofjzdh. T[d:'r ftu tofsnk gkDh rzXbk j'D ekoB w[V tos'A
ftu BjhA ofjzdk.
y/s h s'I j'D tkb/ gkDh gq d {FD L
nZi eZb y/sh s'A tZX g?;k ewkT[D bJh tZy-tZy soQK d/ o;kfJDK ns/ ehNBkFeK dh tos'a ehsh iKdh
j?. fJj G{wh B{z e[M d/o bJh T[gikT[ sK pDk fdzd/ jB, Bkb jh gkDh gqd{;aD dh ;wZf;nk
Bz{ iBw fdzd/ jB feT[Ife toyk nkT[D ;w/I fJj gkDh Bkb o[V e/ nZr/ ub/ iKd/ jB, iK
j"b h-j"b h G{wh ftu fo;D ekoB G{wh nzdob/ gkDh Bz{ d{f;s eo fdzd/ jB.
o/vhU n?efNt gdkoEK okjhI th gkDh dk gqd{;aD j[zdk j? feT[Ife tZy-tZy soQK dh gqwkD{
;aesh dk gq:'r eoB Bkb :{o/Bhnw ns/ o/vhnw tor/ o/vhU-n?efNe gdkoE fBebd/ jB.
fJj sZs toyk dhnK pz{dK Bkb fwb e/ ;z;ko d/ tZy-tZy y/soK ftZu c?b iKd/ jB ns/ gkDh
d/ tZy-tZy ;'fwnK Bz{ d{f;as eod/ jB.
jVQK d/ nkT[D Bkb th gkDh gqd{;aD dh ;wZf;nk tXdh j? feT[Ife jVQ fiE/ ;sjh gkDh dh
ftt;Ek Bz{ yokp eod/ jB, T[E/ izrb c;bK, g;{, gqtk;h gzSh ns/ ib tkb/ iht f;ZX/ s"o
s/ wko{ gqGkt j/m nk iKd/ jB. fJj jVQ F[ZX gkDh d/ ;ko/ ;o'sK Bz{ d{fFs eo fdzd/ jB.
1H9H4H2 (J) gkDh gqd{;aD d/ gqGkt L
gkDh Bz{ ihtB dk nkXko wzfBnk frnk j? i/ gkDh F[ZX Bk j't/ sK wB[Zy Bz{ eJh gqeko d/
o'r j' iKd/ jB fit/I fe ghbhnk, g/fu;, g/N o'r, ;kj d/ o'r iK betk nkfd. d{fFs gkDh
ghD Bkb wB[Zy d/ y{B ftZu th yokph nk iKdh j? fi; Bkb j'w'rb'fpB xZN iKdk j?. gkuD
gqDkbh s/ r[od/ th fJ; s'I gqGkfts j[zd/ jB. jZvhnK ns/ dzdK dh ;woZEk th ewi'o j'
iKdh j?. uwVh ;zpzXh o'r iK nZyK d/ o'r th d{fFs gkDh s'I jh j[zd/ jB. ni ebQ gkDh
ftZu cb'okJhv dh tZX wksok ekoB jZvhnK dk p/Yzrk j'Dk s/ dzdK dk ghbkgD j' iKdk
j?. y/sh bJh toshnK iKdhnK o;kfJDe ykdK, ;go/nK B/ ;kvh y[oke, ;kv/ y{B, d[Xko{nK
s/ j'o gF{ XB Bz{ f;ZX / s"o s/ gqGkfts ehsk j?. fJj }fjohb/ sZs nZi wK d/ d[ZX ftZu
th w"i{d jB fi; s'I wK dh e[Zy ftZu gbdk pZuk roG s'I jh fJjBk }fjoK dh wko j/m
j' iKdk j?. y'iK s'I fJj th gsk bfrnk j? fe fet/I gzikp d/ b'e y/shpkVh s'I j' oj/
gqd{;aD d[nkok e?I;o torh fpwkoh dk f;aeko j' oj/ jB.
gkDh gqd{;aD dk pB;gsh T[go th p[ok gqGkt g? fojk j?. T[d:'r s/ c?eNohnK dk row
ns/ j'o gkf;nK s'I j'fJnk d{f;as gkDh g"fdnK dh iVQK dh popkdh eodk j?. g"fdnK Bz{
eJh soQK dhnK phwkohnK br iKdhnK jB. eJh tkoh gZfsnK dk ;[ZeDk s/ NkjDhnK dk
ew}'o j'Dk th fJ;/ eoe/ j[zdk j?. d{f;as gkDh Bkb fwZNh dh T[gikT[ ;aesh xZN iKdh
j? fi; ekoB y/sh ftu tkXk j'Dk xZN iKdk j?.
d{fFs gkDh d/ Bkb eJh soQK dhnK XksK ns/ t;s{nK dk th Bk;a j'D br iKdk j?.
i/ d{o dk ;'funk ikt/ sK gkDh gqd{;aD Bkb d/;a dh nkofEesk T[go th gqGkt g?Idk j?
feT[Ife gqd{;aD Bz{ o'eD bJh s/ ib F[ZXheoB bJh ;oeko okjhI ftfrnkBe T[geoBK T[Zs/
eo'VK o[gJ/ you ehs/ iKd/ jB. gkDh gqd{;aD ekoB id'I y/sh dh T[gi xNdh j? sK th
fJ; dk gqGkt d/F dh nkofEe soZeh T[go g?Idk j?.
1H9H4H2 (;) gkDh gq d{ ; a D s'I puD d/ T[gkn
gkDh gqd{;aD s'I puD dk ;G s'I tZvk T[gkn sK iBsk ftZu ikro{esk g?dk eoBk j?. ;kXkoB
BkrfoeK d/ Bkb-Bkb ;e{b d/ pZfunK Bz{ d{f;as j'D tkb/ gkDh dhnK jkBhnK pko/ ikDekoh
fdZsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. b'eK Bz{ u/szB eoBk j't/rk fe gkDh fe;/ fJe dh ikfJdkd BjhI.
e[dos B/ ;w[Zuh ekfJBks dk nkXko gkDh pDkfJnk j? fi; Bz{ ;zGkbD dh nzso-ok;aNoh
GkJhuko/ dh f}zw/tkoh j?. gkDh Bz{ ;zihdh Bkb tosD dh jo fJe fJB;kB dh B?fse s/
;zftXkfBe f}zw/tkoh j? fi; nXhB tZy-tZy n?eN ns/ gqd{;aD o'eEkw p'ov j'Id ftu
nkJ/, fiBQK s/ g{ok T[soBk jo fJe bJh s/ jo/e T[d:'r bJh ekBz{Bh s"o s/ io{oh j?.
tZy-tZy soQK d/ e[dosh ;'fwnK, sbkpK s/ MhbK Bz{ fwZNh GoB dh EK T[BQK Bz{ pukfJnk
ikt/. tZy-tZy EktK s/ wZSh gkbD Bz{ T[s;akj fdZsk ikt/. wZShnK dh soQK j'o ihtK dh th
;[oZfynk ehsh ikt/ fijV/ gkDh Bz{ F[ZX oZyd/ jB.
y/shpkVh eoB ;w/I b'V nB[;ko jh ykdK toshnK ikD. g?;/ Bz{ w[Zy Bk oZyd/ j'J/ T[fus
wksok ftZu jh o;kfJDK dk gq:'r ehsk ikt/.
T[d:'rK ftu'I fBeb/ c'eN gdkoEK Bz{ xZN s'I xZN gkDh ftZu tfjD fdZsk ikt/, T[; d/ bJh
recycling of waste }o{oh j? sK fe Ffjoh c'eN gdkoEK dk gq:'r r?; pDkT[D bJh ehsk
ik ;e/.
FfjoK ftZu gkDh gqd{;aD Bz{ o'eD bJh ;hto/i ftZu T[d:'fre p/b'V/ gdkoEK Bz{ T[fus
gqfeqnk s'I pkd jh tjkfJnk ikt/ fi; ftZu r?;K s/ ehNkD{ nkfd Bk j'D.
gkDh ;'fwnK ftu'I fpibh ft;b/;aD ns/ r?o T{oik fefonk okjhI gqd{;aeK Bz{ tZy ehsk ikDk
ukjhdk j?. G"fse s/ i?fte ftXhnK dh tos'I eoe/ gkDh ;'fwnK dh ;[oZfynk ehsh ikDh
ukjhdh j?. ;' gkDh gqd{;aD Bz{ o'eD ns/ ezNo'b eoB dk w[Zy T[d/;a c'eN gdkoEK Bz{ xZN
Bz{ xZN eoBk j?, fi; Bkb gkDh gqd{;aD j[zdk j?. gkDh dh r[Dkswesk Bz{ pDkJh oZyDk jo
fJe dk co} j?.
1H9H4H3 Xos (G{ wh) dk gq d{ ; a D
Xosh tksktoD dk w[Zy nzr j?. jtk gkDh ftZu j'Jh e'Jh th spdhbh e[dosh o{g ftu
}whB sZe ik gj[zudh j?. ;{oi s'I gqkgs feoBK, jtk dk tjkU iK toyk ;G Xosh s/ n;o
gkT[Id/ jB. Xosh d/ gqd{;aD s'I Gkt j? wB[Zy okjhI Xosh Bz{ G'fse, o;kfJDe ns/ i?fte
sZsK Bkb gbhs eoBk, fi; Bkb Xosh dh T[g:'rsk ns/ e[dosh r[Dkswesk B;aN j't/ ns/
fJj pdbkn dk wB[Zy ns/ ihtK T[go Bkekokswe gqGkt gt/.
(T) Xosh gq d{ FD d/ ekoB
Xosh gqd{;aD dk ;G s'I tZvk ekoB tZX fojk wFhBheoB j? fi; Bkb wFhBK d/ T[sgkdB
dh b'V Bz{ g{ok eoB bJh XksK dh pj[s b'V g?Idh j? XksK Bz{ }whB ftu'I eZYDk,
fgxbkT[Dk, pDkT[Dk, c/o T[BQK dh Y[nkJh dk ezw ;ko/ tksktoD Bz{ d{f;as eo fdzdk j?.
ekoykfBnK ftub/ e'b / dh oky Bz{ }whB ftu dZpD dh gqEk pD rJh j?. eZuh Xks dh
g[NkJh s'I pkd pD/ N'fJnK Bz{ th euo/ Bkb jh Gfonk iKdk j?. fJj ;G Xos gqd{;aD dk
ekoB pDd/ jB.
itkbk w[yh ft;c'NK Bkb th fwZNh ftZu o/vhU-n?efNt sZsK dh Gowko j' iKdh j?, fi; Bkb
fwZNh d/ o;kfJDe r[DK ftZu pdbkn nk iKdk j?.
tXdh j'Jh nkpkdh th Xos gqd{;aD dk tZvk ekoB j?. nkpkdh tZXD ekoB BthnK eb"BhnK,
Bt/I xo, gkoe, j;gskb pBkT[D bJh y/sh tkbh }whB th o[eh ik ojh j?, ;VeK, d[ekBK,
c?eNohnK pD ojhnK jB. ;G uh}K bJh fJZNK, beVK, ;ohnk, ;hw/IN, pioh fwZNh dh b'V
g?Idh j? fi; ekoB izrbK dh ;ckJh j' ojh j?. nkpkdh bJh tZX gkDh s/ tZX T{oik dh
b'V g?Idh j?.
gkDh dk ;so j/mK fvrD eoe/ fNT{pt?b brkT[D/ g?Id/ jB. fpibh d/ ;zuko bJh EK-EK
yzG/, NqK;ckowo, rfov nkfd d/ pDB Bkb s/ T[BQK dh w[ozws d"okB Xosh d/ gqd{;aD dk
ekoB pDdk j?.
jVQK, jBQ/ohnK, s/i s[ckB s/ whIj nkfd Bkb th Xosh dk gqd{;aD tZXdk j? feT[Ife fJBQK
Bkb T[go gos dh G{-y'oh j' (soil erosion) iKdh j?.
tXdh nkpkdh ekoB Xosh s'I tZX s'I tZX yfDi gdkoE eZY/ ik oj/ jB fi; Bkb Xos
gqd{;aD tZXdk j?.
nkX[fBe y/sh th G{wh gqd{;aD dk ekoB pD ojh j?. tXdh nkpkdh, G'iB dh wzr s/ xZN
ojh }whB Bkb y/sh T[d:'r T[go tZX Gko g? fojk j?. c;b dh T[gi ftZu tkXk eoB
bJh pDkUNh ykdK dh tos'I, tko-tko Xosh ftu'I c;bK eZYDhnK, Xosh Bz{ ykbh Bk oZyDk,
fJj ;G Xosh d/ gqd{;aD bJh f}zw/tko jB.
nZi ebQ ehNBk;ae y/sh dk w[Zy nzr jB i' gzg Bkb ;gq/n eoe/ fwZNh ftZu fwbkJ/ iKd/
jB fiBQK d/ nz;a }whB ftZu ofjzd/ jB.

c;bK dhnK fpwkohnK T[Zbh tr?ok s'I S[Nekok gkT[D bJh cc[zdhBkFe o;kfJD tos/ iKd/
jB fiBQK ftu'I sKp/ s/ gko/ d/ sZs j[zd/ jB. fJj d't/I XksK fwb e/ iwhB Bz{ th gqd{Fs
eodhnK jB s/ fwZNh ftZu ofjD tkb/ ehV/ we"fVnK okjhI b'eK dhnK phwkohnK dk ekoB
pDd/ jB.
y/sK d/ p/eko ckbs{ g"d/ id'I gkDh Bkb tfj e/ Xosh ftZu fwb iKd/ jB T[j th gqd{;aD
dk ekoB pDd/ jB. y/sh dh ofjzd y{zjd Bz{ id'I nZr brkJh iKdh j? sK T[j ;[nkj th
Xosh ftZu fwb e/ gqd{;aD dk ekoB pDdh j?.
T[d:'rK dk Xz{J/Xko tksktoD s/ j'o }fjohbk Xz{nk id'I jtk ftu fwbdk j? sK s/}kph toyk
j[zdh j? i' Xosh d/ gqd{;aD dk ekoB pDdh j?. fJj s/}kph toyk eJh tkoh Xosh Bz{ pzio
th pDk fdzdh j?. ykBK dh y[dkJh ;w/I e'bk, sKpk s/ npoe nkfd dhnK gosK nkb/ d[nkb/
dh Xosh dh gos T[go izw e/ T[; dk gqd{;aD tXkT[IdhnK jB.
G{wh dh T[gobh sfj T[s/ ;'vhnw, e?bFhnw pkJhekop'B/N, g'NkF nkfd gkJ/ iKd/ jB fiBQK
Bkb fwZNh }fjohbh j' iKdh j?.
tZy-tZy EktK s/ ikD tkb/ ;?bkBh id'I d{o-d{o N{o s/ iKd/ jB sK g'bhEhB s/ j'o toshnK
uhiK dk euok ;[ZN e/ Xosh T[go rzd gkT[Id/ jB. fJ;h soQK jh FfjoK dk e{Vk eoeN
s/ ekoykfBnK ftu'I fBeb/ euo/ Bz{ tZv/ tZv/ N'fJnK ftu'I dZp fdZsk iKdk j? i' whIj d/ gkDh
Bkb fJ; e{V/ ftu'I jkBhekoe sZs }whB dh j/mbh sfj sZe gj[zu iKd/ jB s/ fwZNh Bz{
}fjohbk pDkT[Id/ jB.
c"ihnK d[nkok tos/ ikD tkb/ n;b/ fwikJhbK nkfd dk id'I gq:'r eoe/ d/fynk iKdk j?
iK }whBK j/m id'I gowkD{ pzp ubk e/ goy/ iKd/ jB sK fJj ;G Xosh d/ gqd{;aD dk ekoB
pDd/ jB. i/ bVkJh br ikt/ sK Xosh soQK soQK d/ wbp/ Bkb Go iKdh j?. fJj' fijk
gqd{;aD eJh ;kb sZe ubdk j?.
(n) Xos gq d {; a D d/ wkV/ gq G kt L
Xos gqd{;aD dk gqGkt y/sh T[go ;G s'I tZX g?Idk j? feT[Ife fJ; Bkb G{wh dh T[gikT[
;aesh ysw j' iKdh j?. gqd{f;as fwZNh ftZu ;{yw iht s/ p?eNhohnk th finkdk d/o sZe
ihT[Id/ BjhI ofj ;ed/. y/sK dh fwZNh dk gqd{;aD dkbK ;p}hnK dh r[Dsk Bz{ xNkT[Idk j?.
vhHvhHNhH nkfd dk n;o c;bK okjhI nf;ZX/ s"o s/ wB[Zyh ;oho ftZu th ubk iKdk j?.
gqd{f;as fwZNh ftub/ ;{yw iht eJh wB[Zyh$;ohoK ftZu ub/ iKd/ jB i' f;js yokp eo fdzd/
jB.
fJ;h soQK jh gqd{f;as fwZNh ftZu w"i{d o;kfJD gkDh ftu x[ZbD s'I pkd wB[Zyh ;oho ftZu
gj[zu e/ ;oho d/ T[go wkVk gqGkt gkT[Id/ jB. eJh ehNBkFe wB[Zy ftZu e?I;o dk ekoB
pDd/ jB. eJh o;kfJD uwVh d/ o'rK dk th ekoB pDd/ jB.
(J) fwZN h gq d{ ; a D s'I puD d/ T[gkn
fJ; s'I puD dk ;G s'I tZvk T[gkn fJj j? fe fe;kBK Bz{ G{wh ;zGkb ;zpzX h gqfefonk ftZu
wZdd eoBh ukjhdh j? ns/ io{oh gqfefonktK d/ pko/ ftZu fe;kBK Bz{ ikro{e eoBk ukjhdk
j? sK i' G{wh dh jkBh Bz{ o'fenk ik ;e/.
w";w d/ nB[;ko y/sK ftZu c;b T[rk e/ fwZNh d/ T[gikT[gB Bz{ pukfJnk ik ;edk j?.
brksko c;bK BjhI phiDhnK ukjhdhnK. y/sK Bz{ ;kj b?D dh ;j{bs d/Dh ukjhdh j?.
y/sh ;pzXh ezwK d/ pknd pu/ c'eN gdkoEK Bz{ d[pkok ;[Xko e/ G{wh Bz{ d{f;as j'D s'I
pukfJnk ik ;edk j?. fit/I fe gN;B d/ p'b /V/ gdkoEK dh d[pkok ;[XkJh eoe/ w'Nk rZsk
pDkfJnk ik ;edk j?.
gF{nK d/ r'po Bkb r'po r?; pDkJh ik ;edh j?.
gqd{fFs fwZNh ftZu tko-tko jb ubkT[D Bkb jtk dh gj[zu EZb/ sZe j' iKdh j? s/
tkFgekoh sZs fwZNh ftu'I pkjo fBeb iKd/ jB.
fwZNh Bz{ T[gikT[ pDkT[D bJh u{Bk s/ fig;w nkfd fwbkJ/ iKd/ jB.
fwZNh d/ T[gikT[gD Bz{ tXkT[D bJh fwZNh ftZu rzv'J/ gkb/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB sK fe fwZNh
ftub/ :'fre gdkoEK Bz{ yk e/ T[j fwZNh dh ;aesh Bz{ pDkJh oZyD.
s/b, roh; s/ j'o g?No'b hnw Bkb ;zpzfXs o;kfJD :[es fwZNh Bz{ ;kc eoB bJh yk; B;b
d/ p?eNhohnk Bz{ tofsnk iKdk j?.
G{-y'o Bz{ xZN eoe/ th fwZNh d/ i?fte o;kfJfDe ns/ G"fse r[DK d/ Be[;kB s'I o'fenk ik
;edk j?.
1H9H4H4 X[B h gq d{ ; a D
;kBz{ pj[s ;kohnK wBw'je nktk}K e[dos tb'I fwbhnK jB - gZfsnK dh yV yV, gzShnK
dh ufjujkjN, jtk dh F{e, pZdbK dh ro} nkfd, go nZi d/ T[d:'fre :[Zr ftZu sK fJj
nktk}K fsZy/, u[Gt/I s/ T[u/ F'o j/m dp e/ ofj rJhnK jB. jo ;kb nktk} dh gqd{;aD
wksok ftZu brksko tkXk j' fojk j?. pj[s ;ko/ b'e fJ; Bz{ u[g ughs/ ;fj oj/ jB fi;
ekoB T[BQK dh ;[DB ;aesh ew}'o j' ojh j?.
F'o ni'eh ;fGnsk dk fJe }o{oh nzr pDdk ik fojk j?. F'o dk ;wkBkoEh Fpd 'Noise'
j? i' fe 'Nausea' Fpd s'I pfDnk j?. 'Nausea' dk Gkt j? f;o x[zwDk, T[bNh nkT[Dk.
id'I X[Bh ezBK Bz{ ;fjD Bk j' e/ ;oho ftu p/u?Bh ns/ nFKsh g?dk eo/ sK T[; Bz{ X[Bh
iK F'o gqd{FD fejk iKdk j?.
F'o rbs ;w/I, rbs ;EkB T[s/ nkg-j[dohnK p/b'VhnK ns/ nDfJZSs nktk}K j[zdhnK jB
fiBQK dh fwnkd bzph iK S'Nh j' ;edh j? ns/ o[Ze-o[Ze e/ th g?dk j' ;edh j?.
(T) F'o-gqd{;aD dhnK eJh fe;wK j[zdhnK jB L- xZN gZXo T[go wB[Zyh ;kj s'I g?dk j'Jh
nktk} j[zdh j?. fJ;h soQK doysK dh ;o;okjN th nktk} g?dk eodh j?. ezX T[s/ bZrh
xVh dh fNe-fNe th nktk} g?dk eodh j? i' eJh tkoh oks Bz{ p/b'Vh nktk} wfj;{; j[zdh
j?.
fe;/ d[nkok rZbpks ehsh ikDh iK o/vhU s'I g?dk j'fJnk ;zrhs nkfd.
ftnkj FkdhnK ftZu bkJ/ rJ/ bkT{v ;gheo s'I g?dk j'fJnk ;zrhs tZX gZXo dk j[zdk j?.
g[bkVh tkjBK dh T[vkD ;w/I th nktk} dk gZXo ekcah T[Zuh wksok ftZu j[zdk j?.
T[d:'rK c?eNohnK s'I th F'o j[zdk j?. yk; eoe/ b'eK d/ ;wkfie, Xkofwe, okiBhse s/
otkfJsh ekoiK s'I g?dk j'fJnk F'o ekcah s/}h Bkb tZX fojk j?.
(n) X[B h gq d{ FD d/ ekoB L X[Bh gqd{FD d/ j/m fby/ ekoB jB L-

e[d osh ekoB L fiBQK ftZu jBQ/oh, s{ckB, G{ukb, fpibh dk roiBk, Bdh d/ gkDh dk
T[go'I j/mK fvrDk, itkbk w[yh ft;c'N, rV/ g?Dk s/ gkDh dh nktk} nkfd nkT[Id/ jB. fJBQK
dk ;wK fB;fus BjhI j[zdk. xZN iK tZX ;w/I bJh th j' ;ed/ jB.fJj X[Bh gqd{;aD dk
tZvk ekoB jB.
wB[ Zy d[n kok pDkJ/ ekoB L- FfjoheoB s/ nkpkdh d/ tkX/ ekoB nktkikJh d/ ;kXBK
dh frDsh ftZu p/jZd tkXk j'fJnk j?. fJBQK tkjBK d[n kok g?dk ehsk frnk F'o pj[s T[Zuk
j[zdk j?. jtkJh ijk}K s/ i?N dh T[vkD ;w/I F'o pj[s ysoBke j[zdk j?. ekoK, p;K, ihgK,
NokbhnK, NoZe, No?eNo, N?Ig{, w'No ;kfJeb, o/b rZvhnK fJ; F'o d/ gqw[Zy ekoB jB i'
n;hI fdB oks ;[Dd/ jK.
tX/o/ T[d:'rheoB j'D eoe/ ekoykfBnK ns/ wFhBK dk th ekcah jZd sZe F'o j[zdk j?.
c?eNohnK ftZu ezw eoB tkb/ fJBQK s'I tZX gqGkfts j[zd/ jB.
wB'oziB d/ ;kXB th nkgD/ nkb/ d[nkb/ Bz{ F'o Bkb gqd{fFs eoh oZyd/ jB fit/I fe xoK
ftZu o/vhU, NhHthH, wzdoK, r[od[nkfonK ftZu bZr/ bkT{v ;gheo, xoK ftZu nyzv gkmK
d"okB, ftnkj, iBw fdB s/ j'o y[Fh, rwh d/ w"e/ s/ fJBQK dh tos'I ehsh iKdh j?.
fe;/ B/sk d/ nkT[D s/ iK e'Jh j'o okiBhfse ekoiK ftZu th F'o gqd{;aD tZX j[zdk j?.
fsT{jkoK ;w/I tid/ pzp Xwke/, gNkfynK d/ ft;c'N s'I th F'o gqd{;aD j[zdk j?.
fJ; s'I fJbktk gqd{;aD d/ j'o ekoB th jB fit/I fe e[ZfsnK dk G"IeDk, fGykoh d/ wzrD
s'_, rbh-rbh ;wkB t/uD tkb/, N[ZN/ fBek;h gkJhg, bhe eo ojhnK N{NhnK, g[okD/ yokp
Fkto ns/ o' oj/ pZu/ nkfd.
1H9H4H4 (J) X[Bh (F' o ) gq d{ FD d/ wkV/ gq G ktL
;'o dh fJe gqd{FD eosk ti'_ gSkD ekch Bth_ j?. p/Fe ;'o sK nfdZy j?. go fJj gqd{FD
;kv/ ihtB d/ gqw[Zy gZyK B{z rzGho o{g ftu B[e;kB gj[zuk fojk j?. yk; eoe/ wB[Zy tZv/
tZv/ FfjoK ftu fJ; d/ G?V/ gqGktK dk fFeko j' oj/ jB.F'o d/ G?V/ gqGkt gqsZy ns/ ngqsZy
d't/_ soQK d/ j[zd/ jB. fJj E'V/ ;w/_ bJh th j' ;ed/ jB s/ tZX ;w/_ bJh th.
- X[Bh gqd{FD dk ;G s'_ tZX wkVk gqGkt wB[Zy ep{b fojk j?. wB[Zy dk fJj gqGkt
;[DB ;zpzXh j?. tZX T[u/ F'o B{z brksko ;[DB Bkb ezBk dk p'bkgB j' iKdk j?.
Ffjoh F'o-r[b tkb/ wkj"b ftu b'e nkgDh ;[DB Fesh ;fji/ jh r[nk b?_d/ jB.
- finkdk F'o tkb/ wkj"b ftu nkg;h rZb pks eoBh th n"yh j' iKdh j?.
- X[Bh gqd{FD dk fJB;kB dh Bh_d s/ fJekrosk T[`s/ th n;o g?_dk j?. nkdwh d/ wB
ftu nFKsh, sDkU d/ Bkb Bh_d xZN nkT[_dh j?.
- F'o B{z @Xhwk }fjo# th fejk iKdk j?. fJ; Bkb ;kv/ ;oho s/ th gqGkt g?_dk j?.
T[ùh gZX o tkbk F'o roGtsh n"osK d/ Go{D B{z th B[e;kB gj[zuk ;edk j?. s/}
s/ brksko F'o fdb dh XVeD ftu tkXk eodh j? s/ y{B dk dpkT[ th tZX ;edk
j? s/ fuVfuVkgB th g?dk eodk j?.
- ;a'o s' fyM/ s/ nZe/ b'e n;zs[fbs j' e/ ;wkfie MrfVnK dk th ekoB pDd/ jB.
- F'o gqd{FD dk gqGkt iht izs{nK T[go th g?_dk j?. F'o Fokp/ tkb/ y/so ftu'_ eJh
gzSh gotk; eo iKd/ jB. iK o'r rq;s th j' ;ed/ jB.

- F'o gqd{FD dk gqGkt fJwkosK T[go th g?dk j?. s/i X[Bh s/ XwkfenK d/ ekoB ezXK
ftu so/VK nk iKdhnK jB. Fh;/ N[ZN iKd/ jB s/ SZsK th fjb iKdhnK jB.
- Xosh bJh ;[oZfynk Ykb ejh ikD tkbh Ui'B gos T[`s/ th X[Bh gqd{FD dk G?Vk
gqGkt g?_dk j?. ;go ;'fBe i?N ns/ ezeov ijkiK s'_ g?dk j'J/ tZX F'o ekoB
g?okp?_rDh feoBK s'_ U}'B gos B{z pj[s B[e;kB gj[zu fojk j?.
1H9H4H4 (;) X[B h gq d{ FD B{ z o' e D d/ T[gknL gqd{FD dhnK ;kohnK fe;wK ftu'_ X[Bh
gqd{FD tb'_ n;h_ tZX nt/;b/ jK fJ; pko/ ikDd/ j'J/ th fJ; tZb fXnkB Bjh_ fdzd/. iBsk
B{z fJ; d/ wkV/ gqGktK pko/ ikDekoh fdZsh ikt/.
- Ffjoh b'eK dh GbkJh bJh X[Bh gqd{FD B{z xZN eoB bJh ;oeko okjh fB:w ns/
ekB{zB pDkJ/ ikD ns/ T[BQK dh gkbDk ehsh ;h.
- s/i X[Bh gqGkt B{z xZN eoB bJh ;zxD/ w'NhnK gZshnK tkb/ o[Zy fit/_ pord, eB/
o s/ ;kdV nkfd bkJ/ ikD. fJj o[Zy ekoykfBnK, ;VeK s/ o/b gNohnK d/ nkb/
dnkb/ bkJ/ ikD.
- Ffjoh ftek; dh :'iBk ftu d{o-dokv/ s/ y[bQhnK nkpkdhnK B{z soihj d/Dk s/
T[d:'rK B{z ojkfJFh y/soK s'_ d{o bkT[Dk ukjhdk j?.
- Ffjo dh G{r'fbe dFk dh T[fus tos' eoBh sK i' ioB?bh ;Ve iK o/b gNVh B/
V/ ojkfJFh xo xZN j'D.
- ;wkfie iK Xkofwe iK okiBhfse ;zw/bBK ;w/_ bkT{v ;gheoK d/ gq:'r T[`s/ o'e
bkT[Dk ukjhdk j?.
- tZv/ tZv/ ekoykB/ dcso ns/ iBse GtB nkfd dk fBowkD X[Bh o'Xe GtB nB[;ko
eoBk ukjhdk j?.ekoykfBnK ftu ezw eoB tkb/ w}d{oK ns/ eowukohnK B{z X[Bh
fBtkoe :zso fdZs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB.
- ;oeko tb' g[okDhnK wFhBK s/ g[okD/ tkjB B{z pdbD nkfd bJh T[fus XB d/Dk
ukjhdk j?.
- tkjBK ftu X[Bh gZXo B{z xZN eoB bJh uzr/ ;kfJb?_;o brkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB. ni
eb e[M ftef;s d/FK ftu ekoK, p;K s/ NoZeK nkfd ftu whNo brkJ/ rJ/ jB
sK fe F'o ;hwk B{z xZN ehsk ik ;e/.
- Gkos B{z F'o gqd{FD dk w[ekpbk eoB bJh T[fus edw T[mkT[D/ io{oh jB sK i'
;fjoh b'eK dh GbkJh s/ f;js bJh F'o ofjs tksktoD dk ftek; ehsk ik ;e/.
1H9H4H5 Eowb gq d{ FD
e'bk, g?No'b hnw ns/ nkfd d/ nzB/tkj tos'_ j' ojh j?. fJj tos'_ Gkt/_ wB[Zyh ihtB B{z
;[ykbk eoB ns/ ;Bnsh tkX/ bJh j' ojh j?. go fJBQK Bkb tksktoD ftu X{znk c?b fojk
j?. X{zJ/ Bkb jh r?;K iBw b?_dhnK jB.
fpibh ;kv/ ihtB dh pj[s tZvh io{os j?. fpibh s'_ fpBK ihtB ;zGt Bjh_ j?. fpibh
T[sgkdB bJh gkDh Fesh ns/ skg Fesh dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. skg Fesh ftu e'b/
dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. Gkos ftu e[b e'b/ dh ygs dk brGr 30 gqshFs fjZ;k fpibh
T[sgkdB ftu you j[zdk j?. fi; s'_ ;[n kj, X{znk, BkJhNq/iB, eb'o'-cb'o'-ekopB jkJhv'qiB
nkfd ifjohbhnK r?;K tk:{ wzvb ftu fwb e/ tk:{wzvb B{z d{f;s eodhnk jB.
fpibh fBowkD d/ y/so ftu skg fpibh xoK dk s/ih Bkb ftek; j' fojk j?. fJE'_ p/b 'V/
gdkoE pjko fBebd/ jB, T[j ekch row j[zd/ jB, fJ; ftu nke;hiB dh wksok ekch
xZN j[zdh j?. fJBQK dk gkDh ftu fwbD eoe/ gkDh gqd{FD th j[zdk j?.fJ; dh ;[nkj ftu
ekopB d/ sZs fwb/ j'D eoe/ fJ; dk gqGkt pj[s p[ok g?_dk j?.
skg fpibh gbKN ;G s'_ tZX X{znk s/ ;tkj jtk ftu ;[ZNd/ jB. gzi ;" w?rktkN dk Eowb
gbKN 2000 NB ;[n kj o'ia g?dk eodk j? s/ T[; ftu'_ X{znk tZyok fBebdk j?. fJ; soQK
fezB/ jh o;kfJDe T[d:'r n?;/ jB i' X{zJ/ d/ Bkb Bkb }fjoh ;wZroh jtk ftu ykoi eod/
jB.
tZv/-tZv/ skg fpibh xo T[;ko e/ fpibh g?dk ehsh iKdh j?. fJBQK skg fpibh xoK ftZu
;bkBK bZyk NB e'bk c{e e/ gkDh dh Gkc s'_ NopkJhBK ubk e/ fpibh g?dk ehsh iKdh
j?. skg-fpibh xo fJe tko gkDh dh tos'_ eoe/ tofsnk gkDh id'_ fe;/ ib ;q's ftZu
;[ZNd/ jB sK T[j gkDh pj[s row j[zdk j? i' B[e;kBdkfJe j[zdk j?.
fJBQK NktoK ftu'_ fijVh brksko Gkc fBebdh T[; fJbke/ d/ skgwkB B{z row oZydh j?.
fi; dh T[dkjoB skg fpibh xo pfmzvk j?. fJ; Bkb rb'pb tkofwzr th j[zdh j?. tZX
oj/ skgwkB Bkb ;w[zdoK d/ gkDh dk b?tb T[uk j' fojk j?. jtktK dk }fjo sK n;h_ gh
jh oj/ jK. fJ; d/ ;/e Bkb gjkVK s/ Xo[tK dh poc fgxbD brh j?.
e'bk s/ e[dosh r?;K B{z pkbD s'_ pkd fJBQK ftu w"i{d ;bco jtk ftubh nke;hiB Bkb
i[V e/ ;bcovkfJnke;kJhv r?; d/ o{g ftu tksktoD ftu ik fwbdh j?. fJj fJe dw
x'N{ r?; j?. fJj g"fdnK s/ gqkDhnK d'jK bJh B[e;kBd/j j?. wBZ[y tb'_ finkdk d/o se
fJ; r?; tkb/ wkj"b ftu ofjD Bkb ne;o B}bK, yzx, ;kj dwk nkfd fpwkohnK j'
iKdhnk jB.
fJj r?; ;kj-Bkbh T[go p[ok gqGkt gkT[D d/ Bkb Bkb BZe, nZyK ns/ c/cfVnKftu ibD
g?dk eodh j?. ;bco vkJhnke;kJhv r?; ftu bzw/ ;w/_ sZe ;kj b?D Bkb c/cfVnK dk
e?;o j' ;edk j?.
- fJj r?; g"fdnK d/ gZfsnK d/ szs{n K B{z BFN eo fdzdh j? ns/ eJh tkoh g{ok g"dk
jh ysw j' iKdk j?. fJ;/ r?; eoe/ jh s/}kph whAj dh ;wZf;nk tZX ojh j?.
Eowb gq d {FD s' _ pukn d/ T[gkn
- skg fpibh xoK d/ row gkDh B{z mzvk eoB bJh pj[s T[ù/ e{fbzr Nkto pDkJ/
ikD sK fe gkDh ib ;o's d/ gkDh ftu fwb e/ B[e;kB Bk gj[zukJ/.
- skg fpibh xoK s'_ g?dk j'Jh ;[nkj B{z tZv/ tZv/ sbkpK ftu mhe Yzr Bkb ;KfGnk
ikt/ sK fe fJj iwhB ftu fo; e/ iwhB B{z yokp Bk eo/.
- io{oh j? fe e[dosh pkbD dh jd' tZX ehsh ik ojh tos'_ T[go ekp{ gk e/ tksktoD
B{z ;bco vkJhnke;kfJv r?; d/ fBek; B{z xZN ehsk ik ;edk j?.
- nkX[fBe ftfrnkBe seBheK s/ ;'X :zsoK dh ;jh tos'_ ehsh ikt/. uzr/ fcbNoK
dh tos'_ ehsh ikt/. feT[_fe s/}kph wh_j bJh fJj fizw/tko r?;K d/ fBek; B{z
xNkfJnk ik ;e/.
- b'eK ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ;[u /s ehsk ikt/ fe nkgDk ;[ykbk ihtB fiT[D bJh
;w[Zuh wkBt iksh B{z fJeZm/ j' e/ ;wZf;nktK B{z BfiZmDk gt/rk.
1H9H4H6 gq wkD{ T{ oik gq d{ FD
tZy tZy soQK dh gqw kD{ Fesh fit/_ ykBk ftu j'J/ Xwke/ iK :[ZX bJh pD/ pzpK dk nfGnk;
dk gq:'r eoB Bkb :{o/Bhnw ns/ o/vhnw tor/ o/vhU-n?efNt gdkoE fBebd/ jB. fJj
sZs jtK ftu fwbe/ iK toyK dh pz{dK d/ Bkb fwbe/ ;z;ko d/ tZy-tZy y/soK ftu c?b iKd/
jB ns/ gqd{FD dk ekoB pDd/ jB.
1896 ftu coK; d/ G"fse ftfrnkBh B/ gfjbK gfjbK fJBQK B{z n?b ck, phNk s/ rkwk feoBK
dk BK fdZsk. j"b h-j"b h gsk bfrnk fe fJj feoBK e[M gqeko d/ Gko/ gqwkD{nK d/
fB:{ebhn;K ftu'_ fBebdhnK jB. nfijhnK ndG[Zs feoBK SZvD tkb/ sZsK B{z o/vhU
n?efNt sZs dk BK fdZsk frnk. e[dosh o/vhU n?efNftNh d/ wkV/ gqGktK pko/ ikDekoh
1919 ftu yfDiK dh y[dkJh ;w/_ j'Jh. fJ; s'_ th tZX jkBhekoe ni eb wB;{Jh o/vhU
n?efNftNh wzBh iKdh j? i' j'o sZsK B{z th o/vhU n?efNt pDk fdzdh j?. fJj ;XkoD sZsK
d/ e[M finkdk Gko/ o{g j[zd/ jB fiBQK B{z nkJh;'N'g fejk iKdk j?. F[o{-F[o{ ftZu o/vhnw
Xks dh y'i eoB tkbh wjkB ftfrnkBh w?vw feT{oh B{z o/vhU n?efNt feoBK d/ wkV/ gqGkt
dk fFeko j'Dk fgnk ;h.
o/vhU nkJh;'N'g sZs pj[s Gkoh wksoK ftu n?Nwh ft;c'N s}ofpnK, fBT{ebh T[oiK d/
gkto gbkNK s/ n?Nw pzp ubD dh ;{os ftu T[gid/ jB. fBT{ebh gkto gbkNK ftu'_ ed/
nukBe bhe j'D ekoB iK T[BQK ftu'_ T[gi/ pu/ y[u/ gdkoEK ftu th pV/ o/vhU nkJh;'N'g
j[zd/ jB. fJBQK gdkoEK ftu'_ fBebhnK feoBK, tk:{wzvb ftu iK dfonktK ns/ ;kroK d/
gkDhnK ftu'_ g[Zi e/ o/vhU, n?efNt gqd{FD c?bk fdzdhnK jB, i' bzp/ ;w/_ bJh nkgD/ ;zgoe
ftu gkT[D tkb/ ihtB bJh pj[s jh jkBhekoe f;ZX j[zd/ jB.
wB[Zy d[nkok T[gikJh rJh o/vhU n?efNftNh i' fe ;G gk;/ c?b ojh j? T[jh n;b o/
vhU n?efNN gqd{FD j[zdk j?. fB:{ebh fpibh T[sgkdB sK fJe soQK dk ekp{ ehsk j'fJnk
n?Nw pzp j[zdk j?. fJ;/ eoe/ eJh tkoh fJBQK dh bhe/} dk vo pfDnk ofjzdk j?.
eJh d/F nkgDhnK p/-nkpkd EktK s/ fgSb/ eJh djkfenK s'_ i' fBT{ebh N?;N eo oj/ jB,
T[BQK ft;c'NK ekoB th u'frod/ d/ tksktoD ftu o/vhU n?efNt gqd{FD c?b fojk j?, i'
fe wB[Zysk bJh pj[s B[e;kBd/j j[zdk j?. ikgkB s/ ;[ZN/ n?Nw pzp dh spkjh pj[s jh
fGnkBe xNBk ;h T[BQk ftu'_ fBebhnK o/vhU n?efNt feoBK d[n kok gbK ftu th byK b'e
wko/ rJ/ ns/ T[; s'_ pknd th fJBQK feoBK d/ gqGkt ekoB bZyK b'eK dh w"s j'Jh feT[_fe
fJBQK dk gqGkt nkT[D tkb/ ;kbK sZe ofjzdk j?.
gq wkD{ T{ o ik gq d {F D d/ wkV/ gq G ktL
fit/_ fe gfjbk f}eo ehsk j? fe fJj ikgkB ftZu bZyK b'eK dh w"s dk ekoD pD/. fJ;
gqd{FD dk gqGkt tZvh wksok ftu d/fynk ik ;edk j?. T[E/ c/cfVnK d/ e?_;o, jZvhnK d/
p'B-w?o' ftZu ftrkV ns/ nZyK d/ o'r b'eK ftu c?b rJ/. T[E/ eJh Bt izw/ pZu/ th rzGho
o'rK d/ fFeko j'J/ gsk Bjh_ fezfBnk ;kbK se fJj fpgsk pDh oj/rh. fJ;/ soQK jh
nwoheK d/ tow'_N fJ:keh gkto gbkN ubkT[D tkfbnk B/ ;zB 1976 ftu eohp fszB bZy
fbNo o/vhU-n?efNt gkDh e'B?eNhfeZN dfonk ftu v'b fdZsk ;h. T[; d/ gqGkt d{o d{o sZe
pj[s finkdk fgnk. tZyo/ tZyo/ d/;K ftZu fes/ gbKN ftZu fpibh c/b j'D ekoD iK j'o
j'J/ s}ofpnK ekoB iK fe;/ ;EkB s/ ehs/ fBT{ebh ft;c'N dk wko{ gqGkt fes/ Bk fes/
g? fojk j?. fit/_ gqwkD{ pzp siaop/ ;EkBe fJbkfenK dh o/s s/ fwZNh ftu i' o/vU n?efNt
sZs SZv fdzd/ jB. T[j jB/QohnK ekoB d{o se g[i iKd/ jB i' ;ko/ tk:{ wzvb B{z gqd{fFs
eod/ jB.
p/;ae fJ; Bkb pj[s B[e;kB j[zd/ jB go c/o th soZeh bJh fJj ;w/_ dh b'V j?. Gkos
ftu th g'yokB fBT{ebhno N/;N ehsk frnk fi; Bkb Gkos dh fBT{ebhno ;woEk }kjo
j' rJh p/Fe Gkos d[BhnK d/ S/th_ fBT{ebhno skes ti'_ T[Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkfJnk.
gowkDP T{oik gqd{FD d/ pukn bJh io{oh j? fe d/FK d/ tk:{wzvb B{z gqGkfts eoB tkb/
siop/ eoe/ pzd ehs/ ikD. gqwkD{ fpibh xoK dh nr' j'o ;EkgBk Bk eoe/ fJ; dk e'Jh
j'o pdb bfGnk ikt/ i' fe ;{oih T{oik B[z fB:zsofos eoe/ ehsk ik ;edk j?. ;G s'_
tZvk ysok pD u[Ze/ gqwkD{ s/ fB:{ebh pzpK s'_ j? i' T[j be'Jh p?m/ jB. nzso okFNoh
gZXo T[`s/ ;ko/ d/FK T[go gowkD{ Xwke/ T[go g{oB s"o s/ o'e brkJh ikDh ukjhdh j? sK
fe toswkB T[gbpZX gqwkD{ ;wZoEk B{z d/F dh soZeh d/ bJh gq:'r eoB dh fdFk ftu edw
u[Ze/ ik ;eD . i/ fBT{ebh pzpK d[nkok wB[Zy B/ fJj Xosh BFN eo bJh sK FkfJd d[pkok
ihtB fJE/ gBg jh Bk ;e/ go wB[Zysk B{z nkgDh ;'Mh Bkb nfijk ysok NkbD dh b'V
j?.
1H9H4H7 m' ; c' eN gdkoEK dk gq pzX L
tksktoD B{z rzXbk eoB tkb/ m'; c'eN gdkoE th e{V/ eoeN d/ o{g ftu ;kv/ ;kjwD/
nkT[_d/ jB. fJj e{Vk eoeN, T[d:'fre ofjzd-y{zjd, m'; xo/b{ e{Vk, y/sh pkVh dh ofjzd-
y{zjd dcsoK ns/ j;gskbK dh rzdrh nkfd j?.
wB[Zyh j'_d ns/ ftek; dh gqfefonk B{z pDkJh oZyD bJh ;kc-;[Eo/ tksktoD dh pj[s b'V
j?. go wB[ZyK d[nkok finkdkso t;s{nK dk gq:'r eoe/ T[BQK B{z tksktoD ftu fJzM jh
;[ZN fdZsk iKdk j?. f;ZN/ ti'_ c'eN gdkoEK d/ Y/o pD iKd/ jB. fgzv j't/ iK Ffjo ;VeK
d/ feBko/ E?bhnK, vZp/, N[ZfNnk eZu ns/ gbk;fNe dhnk t;s{nk, phoe b'j/ d/ eD, rfbnk
;fVnk ykD/ dk ;kwkB nkfd fdykJh fdzdk j?, fijVk tksktoD B{z d{fFs eo fojk j?.
1H9H4H7 (T) m' ; c'e N gdkoEK dhnK fe;wK
c'eN gdkoEK B{z w[Zy o{g ftu j/m fbyhnK fe;wK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?.
g/_v{ m'; c'eN gdkoE fgzvK ftu y/sh d/ ezwK s'_ g?dk j'fJnk e{Vk eoeN iK fgzvK dhnK
v/n ohnK s'_ g?dk j'fJnk e{Vk eoeN j[zdk j?. fgzvK d/ b'eK tb'_ fJBQk dk finkdkso mhe
T[g:'r th j' iKdk j?. fit/_ vzroK d/ wbw{so s'_ r?; pDkT[D dh ftXh ns/ ykd pDkT[Dk
nkfd.
Ffjoh c' eN gdkoEL
fgzvK dh EK Ffjok ftu tX/o/ e{Vk eoeN g?dk j[zdk j?, b'eK dk pkjo tZX fcoBk s[oBk
ns/ tZX T[d:'rheoB ekoB Ffjok ftu tZX ;wf;nk nkT[_dh j?. fJj m'; c'eN gdkoE B{z
g{oh soQK ysw th Bjh ehsk ik ;edk ns/ Bk jh fJ; dh d[pkok tos'_ ehsk ik ;edh j?.
m'; c'eN gdkoE n;b T[jh j[zd/ jB fiBQK dh tos'_ eoB s'_ pkd e{V/ ftu ;[ZN fdZsk iKdk
j?. fit/_ fe N{ZNhnK j'JhnK i[Zshnkl eokeoh, vZp/ fpibh dhnK p/eko uhiak, rwb/, gkbhEhB
d/ fbckc/ nkfd.
1H9H4H7 (n) m'; c' eN gdkoEk d/ ekoB s/ gq G kt
- y/sh s'_ T[gi/ c'eN gdkoE fit/_ fe tZy-tZy c;bK dhnK iVK, gokbh, ukok, u'bK
d/ fSbe/ nkfd y[bQ/ ;[ZN fdZs/ iKd/ jB i' eJh soQK dk B[e;kB eod/ jB. fJj
fSZbe/ jtk ftu T[v iKd/ jB s/ tksktoD B{z d{fFs eoB d/ Bkb Bkb wB[ZyK dhnK
nZyK bJh th jkBhekoe j[zd/ jB.
- xoK ftu puhnK j'Jhnk cb ;pihnK d/ fSbe/ id'_ ykbh Ek ;[ZN/ iKd/ jB sK
tksktoD B{z B[e;kB gj[zukT[_d/ jB. fJ;h soQK jh xoK ftu g[okD/ posB, NkfJo
nkfd fJXo T[Xo pkjo ;[ZN/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK ftu yVk gkDh wZSo g?dk eoe/
fpwkohnK dk ekoD pDdk j?.
- j;gskbK ftu th eJh soQK dk m'; c'eN gdkoE pkjo ;[fNnk iKdk j? fit/_ fe
r[b {e'; dhnK ykbh p'sbK, dtkJhnK dhnK FhFhnK, ykbh rZs/ d/ vZp/, dtkJhnK d/
gZs/, gZNhnK ;{JhnK, o{z s/ n?e;o/ nkfd . fJBQK ftu o;kfJfDs sZs d/ ehNkD{ j[zd/
jB. fiBQK s'_ eJh fe;w dhnk phwkohnK c?bdhnK jB ns/ pdp{ th c?b dh j?.
- ni eZb jo fJZe uhi g?fezr ftu nkT[D eoe/ pj[s ;koh g?fezr, rZs/, gbk;fNe
s/ g'b hEhB nkfd dh tos'_ ehsh ikdh j?, fJBQK B{z B;N th Bjh_ ehsk ik ;edk fJj
;kv/ tksktoD bJh rzGho ;wZf;nk pDh j'Jh j?.
- fJ;h soQK jh id'_ ykBK ftu yfDi gdkoEK B{z eYD bJh v{zxk g[fNnk iKdk j? sK
wbpk s/ Xks{ pkjo fBebdk j?. T[j th jkBhekoe j[zdk j?. fJBQK ftu eJh fe;w
d/ nkfJB j[zd/ jB, s/ fJj Xks{ d/ eD th wB[ZyK bJh ;zeN g?dk eod/ jB.
1H9H4H7 (J) m' ; c' eN gdkoEK dk gq p zX
m'; c'eN gdkoEK d/ gqpzX bJh okFNoh gZX o d/ Bkb oki s/ ;EkBh gZX o T[go th :'iBk
pDkT[D dh b'V j?. ftef;s ftfrnkfBe seBheK okjh fJ; tXdh ;wf;nk s/ ekp{ gkfJnk
ik ;edk j?.
- fgzvK ftu sK xo/b{ c'eN d[pkok gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?. fit/_ fe vzroK d/
wbw{so s'_ r'po r?; pDkJh iKdh j?. y/sh d/ pud/ fSbe/, cb ;pihnK s/ g[okD/
MV/ gfsnK nkfd B{z fJe N'J/ ftu ;[Nd/ j'J/ ykd pDkJh ik ;edh j?. r'j/ s'_ pkbD
bJh gkEhnK pDkJhnK ik ;edhnK jB. xo/b{ c'; c'eN gdkoE fit/_ gokbh s/ ihoh
dk c{; nkfd s'_ fpibh g?dk eoB d/ gq'i?eN bkJ/ ikD fJ; Bkb gqd{FD dk th
ykswk j't/rk s/ fpibh ftu th tkXk j't/rk.
- gbk;fNe nkfd B{z rbk e/ j'o eJh soQK dhnK uh}K pDkJhnK iKdhnK jB.
- e{Vk eoeN B{z fv;g'ib ;kfJN; ftu fJZemk eoe/ o;kfJfDe fefonk okjh_ BFN
ehsk ik ;edk j?. fwZNh d/ GKv/ nkfd B{z pohe u{ok eoe/ BFN ehsk iKdk j?.
- xoK ftZu fJeZmh j'Jh oZdh ekr} ns/ rZs/ d/ ;wkB B{z w[V tos'_ ftu fbnkT[D
bJh c?eNohnk B{z t/u d/Dk ukjhdk j?.

- xo/b{ c'eN B{z BFN eoB dk fJe j'o Yzr fJj j? fe fwZNh uhBh s/ gkbhEhB d/
p?rK B{z S'N/ S'N/ N[efVnK ftu pdb e/ ftfrnkfBe YzrK okjh_ gbkNk ftu BFN
eoe/ fpibh g?dk ehsh ik ;edh j?.
- T[d:'fre c'eN gdkoEK fit/_ fe rzzBk fwb dk pfunk c'eN, c?eNohnK ftu'_ skpK,
GZmhnK s'_ fBebD tkbh ekbh ;[nkj B{z ;Ve pDkT[D tkb/ skoe'b d/ Bkb tos'_
ftu fbnKdk ik ;edk j?, iK ftfrnkBe Yzr okjh_ B;N ehsk ik ;edk j?.
- gbk;fNe dh wksok s/ gkbhEhB dh tos'_ fdB' fdB tZX ojh j?. fJBQK Bkb BkbhnK
s/ ;hto/i th pzd j' iKd/ jB, ykd ;wZroh B{z th fJjh }fjohbk pDk fdzd/ jB.
i/ fJBQK dh d[pkok tos'_ ehsh ikt/ sK fJBQK ftu' jkBhekoe r?;k fBebdhnK jB.
- fJ; bJh }o{oh j? fe ;kd/ eZgV/ iK ekr} d/ pD/ j'J/ E?fbnK dh tos'_ ehsh ikt/.
- BthnK seBheK okjh_ nfijk gbk;fNe fsnko ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? i' ;{oih feoBk
Bkb fgxb ikt/. iK nfijk gbk;fNe j't/ i' fwZNh ftu dpD s/ BFN j' ;e/.
- recycle (w[V uZeo) okjh m'; c'eN gdkoEK d[pkok g:'r ehsk ikt/.
- gkbhEhB s/ gbk;fNe d/ gq:'r d/ tkX/ B{z o'eD bJh ekB{zBK B{z ;ysh Bkb bkr{
ehsk ikt/.
- fBZih s/ ;oekoh j;gskbk ftu g?dk j'J/ c'eN gdkoEK B{z fJe EK fJeZmk eoe/
ftfrnkfBe Yzr Bkb pDkJh rJh gbk}wk GZmhnK d/ okjh BFN eoBk ukjhdk j?.
- b'eK B{z ikro{e eoBk ukjhdk j? fe nkbk d[nkbk ;kc oZyD s/ e'Jh th uh} y[bQh
EK Bk ;[ZNh ikt/.
1H9H4H8 ;w[z doh gq d {FDL
;w[zdo gqd{FD nXhB ;w[zdoh ijkiK ;w[zdoh tgko, ib ;?Bk ijkih p/fVnk nkfd s'_ i'
gqd{FD j[zdk j?. ;w[zdo ik wjK;kroK dk gqd{FD T[; ;w/_ j[zdk j? id'-yfDi s/b B{z fJe
EK s'_ d{ih EK ;w[zdoh o;fsnK s'_ b? e/ ikfJnk iKdk j?. fJ; ;w/_ N?eoK ftu'_ s/b brksko
fo;dk ofjzdk j? s/ ;w[zdoh gkDh ftu gqd{FD tXdk j?. g[okD/ ;w[zdoh ijkiK d/ N[ZND iK
ftu o[VB Bkb jh nB/eK ;wf;nktK g?dk j[zdhnK jB.
- s/} jtktK d/ Bkb ;wz[doh feBkfonK s/ fgnk e{Vk eoeN gbk;fNe d/ p?r nkfd
T[v e/ ;wz[do ftZu ub/ iKd/ jB s/ ;w[zdoh gqd{FD ftZu tkXk eod/ jB.
;w[zdoh sb s'I id'I yfDi gdkoE eZY/ iKd/ jB sK eJh soQK dhnK XksK dh fwbktN gkDh
ftZu j' iKdh j?. fJj XksK iht izs{nK d/ nzdo ik e/ ;wZf;nktK tXkT[IdhnK jB. iht izs{
th disturb j[zd/ jB.
eJh gbk;fNe d/ p?r tr?ok ;w[zdoh iht izs{nK d/ rb ftZu c; iKd/ jB s/ T[BQK d/ ;kj
d/ o[eD dh ;wZf;nk j' iKdh j?.
;w[zdoK ftZu tXdk s/}kph gkDh ;w[zdoh e'ob ehV/ s/ th n;o eodk j?.
i/ gkDh ftZu chemical nutrients ftZu tkXk j' ikt/ sK gkDh d/ iht izs{nK d/ tkX/ s/ th
n;o g?Idk j?.
;w[zdoh feBko/ tkb/ FfjoK dk }fjohbk e{Vk eoeN id'I ;w[zdo ftZu iKdk j? sK gkDh tkb/
iht izs{ i/ fJ; Bz{ yk b?D sK nZr'I fishery nkfd okjhI b'eK sZe th gj[zu iKdk j?. 1967
ftZu s/b d/ N?Ieo d/ eo'; j'D s/ ;w[zdoh gqd{;aD ftZu pj[s tkXk j'fJnk. T[d:'fre s/
FfjoK dk ;hto/i id'I ;w[zdo ftZu iKdk j? sK th gqd{FD tZXdk j?.
eJh fishing eod/ j'J/ ikb jh gkDh ftZu ofj iKd/ jB sK ;w[zdoh iht izs{nK d/ s?oB
ftZu ftxB gkT[Id/ jB, T[BQK dk ;kj th x[ZND brdk j?. eJh tkoh gbk;fNe dhnK uh}K
iK g'bhEhB i/ iht izs{nK d/ wz{j okjhI nzdo ubk ikt/ sK T[BQK Bz{ gukT[Dk n"yk j' iKdk
j?. T[BQK dh y[oke Bkbh th pzd nk iKdh j?, eJh tkoh S'NhnK wZShnK dh w"s th j' iKdh
j?.
id'I ;w[zdoh sb s/ ijk} ubd/ jB sK F'o gqd{FD ftZu th tkXk j[zdk j?. i' ;w[zdoh iht
izs{nK Bz{ B[e;kB gj[zukT[Idk j?. eJh ihtK dh B}o ew}'o j' iKdh j? s/ T[j nkg th T[uh-
T[uh nktk}K eZYD br g?Id/ jB. eJh tko NZeo Bkb iht izs{n K dh w"s th j' iKdh j?.
}o{oh j? fe b'eK Bz{ fJ; gqsh ikro{e eotkfJnk ikt/ ;w[zdoh iht izs{nK dh ;zGkb ehsh
ikt/. Xosh d/ ;w[zdo i' fJ; dh ;sj dk 70 gqshFs fjZ;k gkDh Bkb Yeh p?m/ jB, Xosh
d/ c/cV/ jB. nke;hiB dk brGr 50 gqshFs fjZ;k ;w[zdok fty/ w"i{d ckfJN'I-gb/eNB
d[nkok g?dk ehsk iKdk j?. nw[Zb XksK fit/I fe ;'Bk, uKdh, sKpk, w?rBhFhnw s/ gbkNhBw
nkfd d/ nEkj Gzvko ;w[zdoK d/ ;hB/ ftZu S[g/ gJ/ jB. ;w[zdoK j/mbh ;sj ftZu s/b r?;
s/ tZvw[bhnK XksK d/ nEkj Gzvko w"i{d jB. go nZi ;w[zdo th wB[Zyh fefonktK d/
cb;o{g gqd{FD dk f;aeko j[zdk ik fojk j?. s/b dh 60 bZy NB s'I th tZX dh wksok
;w[zdoh ;sj T[s/ c?b e/ ib-pB;gsh s/ ib ihtK dh w"s dk ekoB pD ojh j?. wB[Zyh
Y'n-Y[n kJh ekoiK ekoB ;w[zdoh ;sj T[s/ jo ;kb 6 bZy NB s/b v[Zb iKdk j? i' gkDh
Bz{ ;kca BjhI ofjD fdzdk. rZb eh wB[Zy B/ rqfj d/ e[dosh yikfBnK Bz{ nDikD/ jh tZvh
Ykn bkJh j?.
1H9H5 gkm dk ;ko
fJ; gkm ftZu gqd{FD dhnK tZyohnK-tZyohnK fe;wK d/ ekoB, gqGkt ns/ T[BQK s'I puD d/
T[gkn dZ;/ rJ/ jB. wB[Zy Bz{ ;[u/s j'D dh b'V do;kJh rJh j? feT[Ife ni'e/ ;w/I ftZu
ftfrnkB s/ seBkb"ih d/ y/so ftZu nkJh eqKshekoh spdhbh ekoB T[d:'rheoB s/
FfjoheoB dk tZv/ g?wkB/ s/ ftek; j'fJnk j?. T[d:'rK ftZu tkgo oj/ T[sgkdB ekoiK s'I
g?dk j'J/ o;kfJDh gkdoEK s/ ckbs{ fBek; B/ ns/ Ffjoh fBowkD ekoiK B/ tksktoD Bz{
d{fFs eo e/ oZy fdZsk j?. nZi wB[Zyh ;fGnsk e[dos Bkb ysoBke NeokT[ ftZu j?. fJ;
bJh wB[ZyK ftZu ikro{esk fbnkT[D dh b'V j?.
1H9H6 nfGnk; bJh gq ; a B L
- G{wh gqd{FD s'I eh Gkt j?, fJ; d/ ekoB d;d/ j'J/ fJ; d/ wkV/ gqGktK dk
toDB eo'.
- X[Bh gqd{FD d/ noE dZ;d/ j'J/ fJ; d/ wkV/ gqGktK s/ ukBDk gkU.
- m'; c'eN gdkoE fe; Bz{ efjzd/ jB fJ;d/ ekoB dZ;d/ j'J/ fJ; d/ gqpzXK T[Zs/
ukBDk gkT[.
1H9H7 ;jkfJe g[ ; se-;{ u h

- tksktoDh w;b/ s/ ;wkXkBl ;zgkH vkH pbd/t f;zx uhwk, gpbhe/FB fpT{o',
gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk.
- tksktoD f;Zfynk, ;o'i ;'psh s/ ;[oihs f;zx, NtzNh c;N ;I?u{oh gpbhe/
FB}, gfNnkbk, 2009
phHJ/H/phHekwH/phH;hHJ/H$phHphHJ/H Gkr^d{ik tksktkoD f;Zfynk
gqd{PDL o'eEkw ns/ e/; nfXn?B

(Pollution : Prevention and Case studies)
gkm dh o{g o/yk
1H10H1 G{fwek
1H10H2 T[d/P
1H10H3 gqd{PD eh j?<
1H10H4 gqd{PD g?dk eoB tkb/ sZs (pollutants)
1H10H5 gqd{PD d/ w[Zy o{g
1H10H6 gqd{PD d/ ekoD
1H10H7 gqd{PD d/ gqG kt
1H10H8 gqd{PD dh o'eEkw
1H10H9 gqd{PD o'eD ftu ftnesh dh G{fwek
1H10H10 e/; nfXn?B
1H10H11 ;ko
1H10H13 tZv/ ns/ S'N/ T[Zs oK tkb/ gqPB
1H10H1 G{fwek^ nZi gqd{PD ;ko/ ;z;ko dh ;wZf;nk pD u[Zek j?. jtk, gkDh,
Xosh, do\s, iht izs{ ;ko/ e[dos wK dh nz; pz; jB i' fwb e/ ;kvk tksktoD
f;oid/ jB. Xosh dk ;G s'A f;nkDk iht wB[Zy jh nkgD/ bkbu ns/ ;[nkoE dk
wkfonk e[dosh nz;K dh b[ZN y;[ZN eoB bZrk j?. T[;dhnK r?ofIzw/tkohnK ns/
nkgj[dohnK rshftXhnK ekoD e[dosh tksktoD rzXbk ns/ n;z[sfbs j' frnk
j?. nZi T[; B{z nkg jh fJ;dk joikBk ns/ \fwnkIk G[rsDk g? fojk j?. T[;
d[nkok ehsh iKdh e[dosh ;kXBK dh b[ZN y;Z[N fiZE / x'o gqd{PD c?bk ojh j? T[E/
nkT[D tkbhnK B;bK bJh th ezv/ phi ojh j?. Xosh dk ;w[Zuk g"D, gkDh, fwZNh
ns/ tk:{ wzvb d[orzfXs ns/ rzXbk j' u[Zek j?. i/ n;hA jkb/ th Bk ;zGb/ sK
wB[Zysk dk ftBkP j' ikt/rk. ;' b'V j? fe n;hA gqd{PD d/ ekoDK ns/ Bzd gqGktK
B{z ;wM e/ fJ;dh o'eEkw d/ T[gqkb/ eohJ/.
phHJ/ H/phHekwH/phH;hHJ/H$phHphHJ/ H Gkr^d{ik 135 tksktkoD f;Zfynk
1H10H2 T[d/P^ ;w[Zu/ iht irs ns/ pB;gshnK bJh ;k| ;[Eok tksktoD
Io{oh j? sK i[ ;ko/ ;[yh ihtB fpsk ;eD. ;ko/ iht izs{, g/V g"d/, ehV/ we"V/
e[dosh fB:wK dk gkbD eod/ jB go p[ZXh ihth ejkT[D tkbk wB[Zy jh e[dosh
fB:wK dk T[bzxDk eodk j?. f;ZN/ ti'A fJ;B/ Xosh, nzpo, BdhnK, gjkV ;G B{z
ftrkV fdsk j?. d{fPs eo fdsk j?. fgSbh fJe ;dh s'A sK wB[Zy dh j'Ad fgqEth
bJh ;zeN jh pD rJh j?. nZi ;fEsh fJj j? fe Xosh row j' ojh j?, o[Zs K ftu
T[pkb nk oj/ jB, MZyV M[Zb oj/ jB, jVQ nk oj/ jB, wB[ZyK dh t;'A fBozso tX
ojh j?, tD ;z[rVh ik oj/ jB, ;j'D h e[dos okDh eo{g j[zdh ik ojh j? ns/
T[gikT{ FG'fJA pzio pDdh ik ojh j?. o;kfJDe gdkoEK, ehNBkPeK ns/ Ifjohb/
gdkoEK dh o;kJh ;kv/ ;ohoK sZe j'D bZr gJh j?. wB[Zysk phwko j' ojh j?.
wB[Zy B{z tksktoD gqsh ;[u/s eo e/ nkgDhnK e[uZIhnK d\b nzdkIhnK s'A o'eDk
jh fJ; gkm dk T[d/P j?.
1H10H3 gqd{PD eh j?< wB[Zyh ekotkJhnK d/ f;ZN/ fiBQK Bkb e[dosh ;ws'b ftu
ftrkV g?dk j' iKdk j? ns/ fco fJj ftrkV w'Vt/A o{g ftu wB[Zy T[Zs/ jh wko{
n;o eodk j?, gqd{PD ejkT[Aadk j?. d{i/ PpdK ftu tksktoD ftu nDb'VhAd/ sZsK
dk j'Dk gqd{PD nytkT[Adk j?. jtk, gkDh ns/ G{wh ftu ftj[b/ gdkoEK dk j'Dk jh
gqd{PD j? i' wB[Zyh f;js ns/ ;wZ[u/ tksktoD bJh ftBkPekoh j?.
e[dos B/ ihts ns/ nihts tksktoD B{z pVh ;{M p{M Bkb ;ws'b ftu oZfynk
j'fJnk j?. fJ; ;zs [bB ftu nkJh e'Jh th spdhbh fe;/ th iht iksh bJh \so/
dh xzNh pD iKdh j?. gfjbK fe;/ iksh dh frDsh xNdh j? fco j"bh j"bh T[j
T[Zek jh nb'g j' iKdh j?. d{[i/ ihtK dh B;bePh eoe/ wB[Zy h frDsh B{z tXkJh
ikDk \soBke o[MkB j?. i/ e[dosh ;zrbh dhnK j'o ihtB eVhnK nb'g j'
rJhnK sK fJe fdB wB[Zy dh th tkoh nk ikDh j?. j[D ;kB{z ;wMdkoh s'A ezw b?
e/ t;'A d/ ft;c'N B{z o'eDk, izrbK B{z pukT[Dk ns/ tksktoD B{z ;zG kbDk pDdk j?.
1H10H4 gqd{PD g?dk eoB tkb/ sZs^ (Pollutants)
tksktoD ftu Io{os s'A tZX wksqk ftu gkJ/ ikD tkb/ sZs gqd{PD c?bkT[Ad/ jB.
fJj m'; ns/ sob nt;Ek ftu gkJ/ iKd/ jB ns/ w[Zy s"o s/ wB[Zyh nDrfjbh dk
f;ZNk j[zd/ jB. fJBQ K sZsK B{z fszB Pq/DhnK ftu tzfvnK ik ;edk j?.
(i) yzfvs j'D tkb/ sZs (Degradable)^ nfij/ sZs i' e[dosh Yzr Bkb ;"y/
jh BPN iK yzfvs j' iKd/ jB fit/A ;pIhnK, cb, xo/b{ e{Vk eoeN
nkfd.
(ii) j"bh j"bh yzfvs j'D tkb/ sZs (Slowly-Degradable)^ fJj sZs bzw/
;w/A sZe yzfvs BjhA j[zd/ fit/A gbk;fNe, gkbhfEB, vhHvhHNhH nkfd.
(iii) nyzfvs sZs (Non-degradable)^fJj sZs ed/ th yzfvs BjhA j[zd/ ns/
tksktoD ftu jw/PK feqnkPhb ofjzd/ jB. fJj fInkdk xkse j[zd/ jB
fit/A gowkD{ gdkoE, f;Zek, gkok nkfd.
1H10H5 gqd{PD d/ w[Zy o{g^ e[dos dh r'd ftPkb ns/ nBzs j? fi; ftu
nB/eK soQK d/ g"d/, gP{, gzSh, ehV/, ihtkD{, wB[Zy, nkfd jh BjhA ;r'A T[BQK
d/ t;/p/ bJh gjkV, ;w[zdo, wko{E b, w?dkB, izrb, yZvK, yzvo, uPw/,
po|kBh fJbke/ ns/ r[|ktK Pkwb jB.e[dos dh tzB ;[tzBsk ;[G ktesk,
;fjisk ns/ fJe;kosk Bkb ubdh ofjzdh j?. id'A j/m fby/ sZsK dk ;zs[bB
ftrVdk j? sK ;kok tk:{wzvb ftrV iKdk j?. gqd{PD d/ w[Zy o{g fJj jB^
(i) jtk gqd{PD^ id'A tk:{wzvb ftu r?PK dk nB[gks BPN eoB tkb/ G"fse,
o;kfJDe ns/ i?fte gdkoE fwb iKd/ jB sK jtk rzXbh ns/ d{fPs j'
iKdh j?. X{V eD, ekopB wB'nke;kJhv ns/ ekopB vkfJe;kJhv fijhnK
ftj[bhnK r?;K, X{znK, whE/B, pdp{, ;bco vkfJnke;kJhv nkfd jtk B{z
gqd{fPs eod/ jB. e'fJb/ ns/ bZeVh dk fInkdk T[g:'r jtk B{z rzXbk
eodk j?. s/b P'Xe ekoykB/, fJZNK d/ GZm/ ns/ j'o T[d:' rK dhnK fuwBhnK
dk Ifjohbk X{znK th jtk ftu ftrkV g?dk eodk j?. fJ;s'A fJbktk e[M
e[dosh fefonktK fit/A itkbkw[yh dk cNDk, izrbK dh nZr, dbdb ftu'A
r?;K dk fo;kT[ ns/ Xosh ftu'A o/vhT[n?efNt feoBK, dk fBebDk th g"D
gqd{PD bJh fIzw/tko jB.
(ii) ib gqd{PD^ Xosh dk 71# Gkr gkDh Bkb fxfonk j'fJnk j?. Xosh dk
ihtB gkDh s/ fBoGo j?. i?fte, ni?fte ns/ o/v hT[n?efNt sZs ib ftu
fwb e/ fJ;B{z gqd{fPs eo fdzd/ jB. T[d:'rK d/ Ifjohb/ sZs, xo/b{ ns/
BkbhnK dh rzdrh, o;kfJDe ykdK, s/b ns/ gowkD{ euok nkfd th ib
gqd{PD g?dk eod/ jB.
(iii) fwZNh gqd{PD^ fwZNh ftu jh g"d/ d/ |;bK T[Zr e/ ;kB{z ;kfonK B{z G'iB
gqdkB eod/ jB. eJh soQK d/ G"fse, o;kfJDe ns/ i?fte gdkoE fwZNh B{z
gqd{fPs eo fdzd/ jB ns/ fJj y/sh d/ :'r BjhA ofjzdh. ehNBkPe
dtkJhnK, Pfjoh e{Vk eoeN, j;gskbK dk euok, gowkD{ euok, s/Ikph
toyk, ;/w ns/ e'fJb/ B{z ibkT[D T[gqzs pudh oky fwZNh B{z gqd{fPs eodh
j?.
(iv) ;wzdoh gqd{PD^ ;wz[do ftu nB/eK iht izs{ ofjzd/ jB. id'A ;w[zdoh ib
d{fPs j[zdk j? sK fJ; ftu ofjD tkb/ ihtK d/ ihtB B{z \sok g?dk j' iKdk
j?. tZv/ sNh y/s oK ftu t;/ PfjoK dh e{Vk eoeN, rzdrh ;wz[do d/ gkDh
ftu ;[ZND Bkb, T[d:'fre rzdrh ns/ s/b nkfd iK gqwkD{ gdkoEK ekoD
;w[zdoh gqd{PD tXdk j?. fJ; Bkb ;w[zdoh pB;gsh ns/ iht wo iKd/
jB.
(v) X[Bh gqd{PD^ ;kv/ ezB e[M v?;hpb sZe sK X[Bh B{z ;jko ;ed/ jB go
fInkdk P'o Pokp/ ekoD fJBQK s/ p[ok n;o g?Adk j?. G{ukb, itkbkw[yh,
s{|kB, pZdbK dh roiD, fpibh fvZrD, T[d:'rK dk P'o, N?qfce, r'bkpkoh
nkfd X[Bh gqd{PD d/ w[Zy ekoD jB. X[Bh gqd{PD ekoD ;[DB dhnK ns/
;'uD dhnK feqnktK gqG kfts j[zdhnK jB ns/ f;odod iK oes ukg
fijhnK ;wZf;nktK g?dk j' iKdhnK jB.
(vi) skgwkB gqd{PD^ fpibh g?dk eoB bJh fpibh xoK ftu Gk| dh tos'A
j[zdh j?. fJ; Gk| B{z d[pkok gkDh ftu pdbD bJh BdhnK ns/ MhbK ftu
fwbkfJnk iKdk j? fi; ekoD T[BQK dk skgwkB tX iKdk j?. pko pko
nfijk eoB Bkb gkDh ftub/ iht ns/ pB;gshnK wo iKd/ jB.
(vii) gqwkD{ gqd{PD^ gqwkD{ gdkoEK dh tos'A fpibh g?dk eoB bJh iK
jfEnko pDkT[D bJh ehsh iKdh j?. fJj gdkoE fiZE/ tk:{, ib ns/ fwZNh
B{z gqd{fPs eod/ jB, T[E/ f;ZX/ o{g ftu th xkse jB. Xosh ftub/ gqwkD{
gdkoEK ftu'A o/vhT[ feoBK fBebdhnK jB i' jkBhekoe j[zdhnK jB.!
! ;t? nfGnk; bJh gqPB
1H gqd{PD eh j?< gqd{PD g?dk eoB tkb/ sZs fejV/ fejV/ jB<
2H j/m fbfynK s/ B'N fby'^
jtk gqd{PD, ib gqd{PD, fwZNh gqd{PD, X[Bh gqd{PD
1H10H6 gqd{PD d/ ekoD^ gqd{PD d/ ekoDK B{z w[Zy s"o s/ d' fjZf;nK ftu
tzfvnk ik ;edk j?^
(i) e[dosh ekoD^ fJ; ftu e[dos ftu tkgoB tkbhnK feqnktK ns/ ;o'sK
B{z Pkwb ehsk ik ;edk j? fit/A dktkBb, itkbkw[yh, gqqwkD{ feoBK, s{|kB,
fpibh froBk, pZdb roiD/, pZdb cND/, s/Ikph whAj, rb/Phno nkfd.
(ii) wB[Zyh ekoD^ gqd{PD c?bkT[D ftu w[Zy d'Ph wB[Zy jB fiBQK dhnK rbs
ekotkJhnK ekoD tksktoD B{z pj[s B[e;kB j[zdk j? fit/A dfonktK BdhnK
ftu rzd rh ;[ZNDk, ehNBkPe ns/ IfjohbhnK dtkJhnK dk fSVekT[,
X{wqgkB, P'o, bVkJhnK, PfjoheoD, izrbK dh eNkJh, gowkD{ Xwke/
nkfd. tXdh t;'A ns/ w[ed/ iKd/ e[dosh ;kXBK ekoD bZrGZr ;kY/ d;
bZy j? eN/ wko G{wh jo ;kb izrbK s'A ofjs j[zdh j?, jo ;kb 25 nop
NB nwho fwZNh dh T{gikT[ sfj o[VQ ojh j? ns/ 60bZy j?eN/no gqsh ;kb
dh do Bkb wko{Ebh eoD j' fojk j?. e[dos s'A nB/eK nBw'b t;sK b? e/
pdb/ ftu wB[Zy T[;B{z rzdrh jh d/ fojk j?. wB[Zyh jZE jh jo o'I o[ZyK B{z
eNd/ jB, ikBtoK B{z wkod/ jB ns/ tksktoD B{z rzXbk eod/ jB.
1H10H7 gqd{PD d/ gqGkt^ nZi ;kok ;z;ko gqd{PD d/ wkV/ n;o j/m nk u[Zek
j?. ;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ gtD B{z ro{ ns/ gkDh B{z fgsk efj e/ tfvnkfJnk
;h. nZi fJj d't/A sZs J/B/ rzXb/ j' u[Ze/ jB fe ihtB fJe ;Ik pD e/ ofj frnk
j?.
jtk gqd{PD d/ gqGkt^ tk:{ d/ rzXb/gD d/ e[M jkBhekoe gqGkt j/m fby/ jB^
(i) g"fdnK ihtK ns/ wB[ZyK T[Zs / tk:{ gqd{PD dk wkVk gqGkt g?Adk j?. jtk dk
gqd{PD g"fdnK dhnK e'fPektK B{z BPN eo fdzdk j? ns/ gZs/ ghb/ g? iKd/
jB. d{fPs g"fdnK dk G'iB eoB Bkb gP{ s/ wB[Zy th phwko j' iKd/ jB.
X{zJ/A ns/ IfjohbhnK r?;K ekoD ;kj dhnK phwkohnK, dwk ns/ y{B dh
ewh j' iKdh j?.
(ii) fJwkosK s/ gqd{PD dk p[ok gqGkt g?Adk j?. fJj y[oB brdhnK jB ns/
ekbhnK iK ghbhnK j' iKdhnK jB. ski wfjb dk ftrfVnk ozr o{g fJ;/
dk Bshik j?.
(iii) tk:{ gqd{PD Bkb UI'B gos ftu S/e g? rJ/ jB fi; eoe/ ;{oi dhnK
gokp?ArDh feoBK s'A pukT[ n"y k j' frnk j?.
(iv) tk:{ gqd{PD ekoD Xosh dk n";s skgwkB tX iKdk j?. whE/B,
ekopBvkfJe;kJhv ns/ eb'o'cb{o'ekopB dh wksqk tXD Bkb ibtk:{ s/
p[ok gqGkt g?Adk j?. eJh EktK s/ jkBhekoe s/Ikph toyk j[zdh j?.
ib gqd{PD d/ gqGkt^
(i) ihtK, g"fdnK ns/ wB[ZyK T[Zs/ ib gqd{PD dk pj[s p[ok n;o j[zdk j?.
wbhB j'J/ ib ftu wZShnK s/ j'o iht wo iKd/ jB. gP{nK ns/ wB[ZyK
ftu eJh gqeko dhnK phwkohnK j' iKdhnK jB fit/A ghbhnK, NkJhckJhv,
d;s, j?Ik nkfd. gP{nK dk d[ZX Ifjohbk j' iKdk j?.
(ii) d{fPs ib Bkb gbhnK c;bK dh r[ DtZsk \okp j' iKdh j?. b[fXnkD/ d/ pZ[Y/
Bkb/ d/ wbhB ib Bkb f;zihnK ;pIhnK ftu ehV/ g?dk j' iKd/ jB.
(iii) gqd{fPs ib gfo;fEsh gqD kbh dk ;zs[bB ftrkV fdzdk j?.
fwZNh gqd{PD d/ gqGkt^ fwZNh dk gqd{PD Xosh dh T[gikT{ Pesh B{z \sw eo
fdzdk j?. fwZNh d/ Ifjohb/ sZs gkDh ftu x[b e/ g"fdnK sZe gj[zud/ jB. nfij/
d{fPs g"fdnK B{z yk e/ gP{nK ns/ wB[Zy K B{z e?A;o torhnK fGnkBe phwkohnK j'
iKdhnK jB.
;wz[doh gqd{PD d/ gqGkt^ gkDh ftu nke;hiB dh ewh ns/ Ifjohb/ sZsK dh
pj[bsk ekoD ;w[zdoh iht wo iKd/ jB. ;w[zdoK ftu e[M d[obZG soQK dh
pB;gsh j[zdh j?, T[j th wo iKdh j?. ;w[zdoh G'iB ykD Bkb gfo;fEfse szso
ns/ i?fte ftftXsk s/ p[ok gqGkt g?Adk j?.
X[Bh gqd{PD d/ gqGkt^ brksko P'o ;[DB Bkb ;kvh ;[DB Pesh spkj j' ;edh
j?. fuVfuVkgD, T[BhAdok ns/ oesukg j'D d/ Bkb Bkb eJh wkB;e phwkohnK
th j' ;edhnK jB. fJ; Bkb ;kvh ;kj gqDkbh ns/ BkVh szso s/ th p[ok gqGkt
g?Adk j?.
skgh gqd{PD d/ gqGkt^ BdhnK ns/ MhbK ftu skg tXD ekoD fJBQK dk
gfo;fEfse ;zs[bB ftrV iKdk j?. fJ; Bkb gkDh ftub/ g"d/ s/ iht wo iKd/
jB.
gqwkD{ gqd{PD d/ gqGkt^ gqwkD{ gqd{PD pj[s jh ysoBke n;o gkTA[dk j?. fJ;
Bkb uwVh d/ fGnkBe o'r ns/ e?A;o nkfd j' iKd// jB. fJj nB[tzfPe ;wZf;nK
th g?dk eo ;edk j? fi; Bkb nkT[D tkbhnK ghVQhnK ftu ftrkV g?dk j' iKd/
jB.
1H10H8 gqd{PD dh o'eEkw^ gqd{PD ;kv/ ;ohoe, wkB;e, ;wkie,
;ZfGnkukoe nkfd ;ko/ gZXoK s/ wko{ n;o gkT[Adk j?. ;kok d/P fJe ftPkb
e{VkdkB BIo nkT[Adk j?. gqd{PD dh ;wZf;nk ;G dh ;KMh j?, fJ; bJh fJj ;kv/
;kfonK d/ ;KM/ :sBK Bkb jh ;[bM ;edh j?. fJj e/tb ;oekoK dh jh BjhA ;r'A
;kvh ;G dh ftneshns fIzw/tkoh th j?.
tk:{ gqd{PD dh o''eEkw^
(i) izrbK dh eNkJh pzd eoe/ Bt/A oZ[y p{N/ brkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB.
(ii) otkfJsh pkbDK yk; eo e/ e'fJb/, s/b, vhIb ns/ bZeVh dh EK gqd{PD
ofjs T{oiK ;o's K dh tos'A eoBh ukjhdh j? fit/A ;{oih T{oik, g"D T{oik
nkfd.
(iii) tkjBK ftu gqd{PD ofjs pkbD fit/A ;hH n?BHih (ezgo?;v B?u{ob r?;) dk
gq:'r eoBk ukjhdk j?.
(iv) c;bK dh gokbh nkfd B{z ;kVB s/ ;\sh Bkb o'e brkT[Dh ukjhdh j?.
(v) T[d:'r PfjoK s'A d{o brkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB. fuwBhnK ftu Ifjohb/ gdkoEK
B{z ;'yD tkb/ :zso, fcbNo nkfd brkT[Ad/ ukjhd/ jB.
(vi) jtk ftu o/vhT[ n?efNt ftehoD B{z o'eD bJh fBT{ebh ft;c'NK ns/ pzpK
dh tos'A s/ o'e bkT[D h ukjhdh j?.
(vii) jtk gqd{PD d/ f;ZX/ ns/ nf;ZX/ gqGktK ekoB g?Adk j'J/ \sfonK fit/A s/Ikph
pkoP, ;kt/ xo dh shposk ns/ UI'B gos ftu wx'o/ j'D nkfd B{z ;wMd/
j'J/ T[fuZs ftT[Aspzdh eoBh ukjhdh j?.
ib gqd{PD dh o'eEkw^
(i) T[d:'fre euo/ B{z gkDh d/ ;o'sK ftu BjhA ;[ZNDk ukjhdk.
(ii) Pfjoh s/ xo/b{ rzdrh gkDh ftu BjhA ;[ZNDh ukjhdh.
(iii) BdhnK, ;{fJnK nkfd ftu eZgV/ X'D/, tkjB X'D / ns/ gP{ B[jkT[D / BjhA
ukjhd/.
(iv) ehNBkPe o;kfJDK dk gq:'r xZN eoBk ukjhdk j?.
(v) gkDh B{z ;k| eoe/, T[pkb e/ iK g[D e/ ghDk ukjhdk j?.
fwZNh gqd{ PD dh o'eEkw^
(i) b'eK B{z fwZNh gqd{PD d/ ekoDK ns/ p[o/ n;oK s'A ikD{ eokT[D k ukjhdk j?.
(ii) y[ZbQh EK s/ e{Vk eoeN ns/ rzdrh BjhA ;[ZNDh ukjhdh.
(iii) j;gskbK dh rzdrh B{z ;kV e/ BPN eo d/Dk ukjhdk j?.
(iv) ehNBkPe dtkJhnK ns/ o;kfJDe ykdK dh EK d/;h ns/ i?fte ykdK dk
gq:'r eoBk ukjhdk j?.
(v) T[d:'fre rzdrh B{z Ifjohb/ sZsK s'A w[es eoBk ukjhdk j?.
;wz[doh gqd{PD dh o'eEkw^
(i) T[d:'fre ns/ Pfjoh rzdrh B{z ;w[zdoK ftu BjhA ;[ZNDk ukjhdk.
(ii) ;w[zdo ftu gqwkD{ siofpnK ns/ o/vhT[n?efNt gdkoEK B{z ;[ZND s/ gkpzdh
brkT[Dh ukjhdh j?.
(iii) ;w[zdo ftu'A s/b eZYD dh seBhe B{z ;[XkoBk ukjhdk j? sK fe fJ;dh sfj
gkDh dh T[Zgobh ;sQk s/ Bk nkt/.
X[Bh gqd{PD dh o'eEkw^
(i) wPhBK ns/ tkjBK ftu ;kfJb?A;o brkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB sK i' pj[sh nktkI Bk
nkt/.
(ii) fojkfJPh y/s oK ftu jkoB tikT[D s/ gkpzdh bkT[Dh ukjhdh j?.
(iii) bkT[v;gheoK, vhHi/H nkfd s/ gkpzdh bkT[Dh ukjhdh j?.
(iv) eko\kB/ t;'A s'A d{o j'D/ ukjhd/ jB.
skgh gqd{PD dh o'eEkwL^
(i) row gkDh B{z BdhnK ftu ;[ZND s'A gfjbK mzYk eo b?D k ukjhdk j?.
(ii) tZv/ sbkn pDkJ/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB fiBQK d/ fJe feBko/ s/ row gkDh gkfJnk
ikt/ s/ d{i/ feBko/ s'A mzYk eoe/ eZfYnk ikt/.
gqwkD{ gqd{PD dh o'eEkwL^
(i) gqwkD{ gohyDK T[s/ gkpzdh bZrDh ukjhdh j?.
(ii) gqwkD{ gdkoEK B{z nktk;h ;EkBK s'A d{o ;[ZNDk ukjhdk j?.
(iii) nfijhnK seBheK dk fBek; eoBk ukjhdk j? fe o/vhU feoBK dk fo;kD
Bk j't/ s/ d[oxNBk Bk tkgo/.
1H10H9 gqd{PD o'eD ftu ftnesh dh G{fwekL^
jo ftnesh B{z tksktoD gqsh nkgDk |oI gSkDBk ukjhdk j?. n;hA jh tksktoD
B{z d{fPs ehsk j? ns/ ;kB{z jh pukT[ eoB/ g?Dr/. w[Zy s"o s/ j/m fby/ nB[;ko jo
ftnesh B{z nkgDk o'b fBGkT[Dk ukjhdk j?L
(i) jo ftnesh B{z nkgD/ u[frod/ pkps frnkB j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ fJ;dhnK
;wZf;nktK gqsh ;[u/s j' e/ j'oK B{z th ikDekoh d/Dh ukjhdh j?.
(ii) jo ftnesh B{z nkgDhnK nkdsK ns/ nkgDh ihtBP?bh ;[XkoBh ukjhdh
j?.
(iii) Xosh dk f;edko j'D dk wkD gqkgs eoB tkb/ wB[Zy B{z nkgD/ ;kEh ihtK
izs{nK ns/ pB;gshnK dk f\nkb oZyDk ukjhdk j?.
(iv) xo/b{ e{Vk eoeN jw/PK pzd e{V/dkBK ftu eoe/ eZgV/ d/ E?fbnK B{z tos'A
ftu fbnkT[Dk ukjhdk j?.
(v) gbk;fNe d/ fb|kf|nk dk gq:'r pzd eoe/ eZgV/ d/ E?fbnK B{z tos'A ftu
fbnkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB.
(vi) tZX s'A tZX g"d/ brkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB.

(vii) e'fJb/, bZeVh nkfd dk xZN s'A xZN gq:'r eoBk ukjhdk j?.
(viii) BthBheoD T[oik ;o'sK dk T[g:'r eoBk ukjhdk j?.
(ix) o;kfJDe ykdK ns/ ehNBkPeK dh tos'A xZN s'Z xZN eoBh ukjhdh j?.
i?fte ykdK dh tos'A eoBh ukjhdh j?.
(x) jo wB[Zy B{z e[dos ns/ tksktoD dk nkdo eoBk ukjhdk j?. T[;B{z
e[dosh ;zs[bB ftu d\b nzdkIh BjhA eoBh ukjhdh.
(xi) c;bK dh ofjzd y[zjd B{z nZr BjhA bkT[Dh ukjhdh.
(xii) ftfdnkoEh tor, B"itkB tor ns/ nfXnkge tor B{z tksktoD ;zGkb
gqsh u/s Bsk g?dk eoB bJh nZr/ nkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. nBikD b'e N{D /
eoe/, eZgV/ ;[ZN e/ ns/ eJh soQK dh ;wZroh ;[ZN e/ ib ;o'sK dh d[otos'A
eod/ jB. T[j BK B{z ;jh ikDekoh d/Dk ;kvk |oI j?.
(xiii) nkgD/ bkbu, w[Bkc/ iK }oIK s'A T[Zgo T[Zm e/ ;kB{z ;G B{z ;opZs d/ Gb/
bJh ;'uDk ukjhdk j?.
(xiv) e[dosh ;'fwnK ns/ e[dosh b[ZN y;[ZN B{z pzd eoBk ukjhdk j?.
(xv) t;'A xNkT[D bJh jo fJe B{z :sBPhb j'Dk ukjhdk j?.
(xvi) f;ftnK ftu w[odk ;ohoK dk ;;eko eoB bJh bZeVh dh EK fpibJh
PwPkB xkNK dh tos'A eoBh ukjhdh j?.
(xvii) nkgD/ nkb/ d[nkb/ B{z ;k| oZy Dk ukjhdk j?.
(xviii) fgzvK, ;EkBe fJbkfenK, ;e{bK nkfd ftu fJj' fij/ g';No brk e/
gqd{PD ;zpzXh ikro{esk g?dk ehsh ik ;edh j? fit/AL^
^ ;kv/ T[Zs/ YkT{ efjo
gqd{PD dk tXdk Ifjo.
^ gqd{PD dk y{Bh yzio
X;dk ikt/ ;kv/ nzdo.
^ xZN t;'A s/ pj[s/ o[Zy
fJBQK d/ jB ;[Zy jh ;[Zy
;t?^nfGnk; bJh gqPB
1 gqd{PD dh o'eEkw ftu ftnesh dh eh G{fwek j? ?
2 gqd{PD d/ tksktoD T[Zgo fejV/ gqG kt g?Ad/ jB ?
1H10H10 e/; nfXn?B^ e[M e/; nfXn?B eoB Bkb ;kB{z gqd{PD s'A g?dk j'J/
fGnkBe f;ZfNnK dk gsk brdk j?.
(i) b[fXnkD/ dk pZ[Yk Bkbk^ fJ; ftu Pfjoh ns/ T[d:'fre rzdrh ;[ZNh
iKdh j? fi; Bkb ib ns/ fwZNh gqd{PD tfXnk j?. fJ; Bkb b'eK B{z eJh
fGnkBe phwkohnK j' ojhnK jB. fJ;d/ ib Bkb f;zihnK ;pIhnK ftu
ehV/ g?dk j' iKd/ jB. b[fXnkD/ tor/ j'o T[d :'fre PfjoK dh jtk ftu
gqd{PD ekoD ;kj b?Dk n"yk j?. gfNnkb/ ftu pj[s/ pkr prhu/ j'D ekoD fJ;dk
gqd{PD gZXo ;G s'A xZN j?.
(ii) fJfsjk;e fJwkosK^ wEok fockJhBoh Bkwh s/b P'fXs eko\kBk wJh
1983 ftu ukb{ j'fJnK. fJj jo o'I 24 NB ;bco vkfJnke;kJhv d/
eD jtk ftu Svdk j? fi; Bkb 40 feb'whNo dh d{oh s/ ;fEs skiwfjb
ekbk j'D k P[o{ j' frnk j?. nkro/ d/ d' sgs fpibh xoK s'A fBebd/ X{zJ/A d/
ekopBh eD th jtk B{z ftj[bh pDk oj/ jB. fdZbh dk bkb febQk, ikwk
w;fid, e[sp whBko, T[V h;k dk ;{oi wzdo, n"ozrkpkd B/V / pDhnK irs
gqf;ZX nizsk n?b'ok r[cktK, phikg[o d/ r' b r[zpd tor/ fJfsjk;e ;wkoe
th tk:{ gqd{PD dk fPeko pD oj/ jB. g[oksst ftGkr fJBQK s'A ekb\
g{zMdk ofjzdk j?. Gkos ftu 32000 nfij/ ;wkoe jB i' g{oh soQK
nD;[oZfyns j' rJ/ jB. jtk ftub/ ftj[b/ eD id'A ;zrwowo, bkb gZEo
iK ozrK d/ ;zgoe ftu nkT[Ad/ jB sK gZEoK B{z iK fJBQK T[Zs / T[Zeo/ fuZsoK B{z
BPN eo fdzd/ jB.
(iii) ykVh :[ZX^ Bkb c?b/ s/b ekoD thj bZy gzSh wo rJ/. fJ; ;w[zdoh
gqd{PD B/ ;kT{dh nop, eZso ns/ pfjohB B{z nkgD/ x/o/ ftu b? e/ gzShnK
s/ ;w[zdoh ihtK d/ ihtB B{z \so/ ftu gk fdsk. gzShnK d/ yzG ekb/ j' rJ/
ns/ pj[s/ gzSh phwko j' rJ/. ykVh :Z[X ;w/A d{odoPB s/ s/b ftu fbZpV/
ib eK dh ftbeDh fdb B{z tb{zXo rJh ;h. ;w[zdoh w[orkphnK s/ Gh pj[s
wkVk n;o j'fJnK ;h.
1H10H11 ;ko^ wB[Zy d[nkok ;ki/ wko{Eb, Bzr/ gjkV, pzio, Xosh, gbhs
tksktoD, ftj[bh g"D ns/ gkDh wB[Zyh r[BkjK dh T[gi jB. wB[Zy B/ nkgDhnK
rbs ekotkJhnK ekoD Xosh wK, gkDh fgsk ns/ g"D r[o{ B{z pj[s I\w fds/
jB. f;ZN/ ti'A ;kok u[frodk wbhB ns/ gqd{fPs j' frnk j?. fJ; tksktoD ftu
fiT[D k w[jkb j[zdk ik fojk j?. nkpkdh d/ tkX/, T[d:'rheoD, PfjoheoD ns/
izrbK dh eNkJh ekoD gqd{PD dh ;wZf;nk rzG ho j' rJh j?. fJ;dh GogkJh ;kB{z
jh eoBh gt/rh. gqd{PD d/ ekoDK, gqGktK ns/ wB[Zyh d\b nzdkIh B{z ;wM e/
pukT[ ;kXBK ns/ ;[oZfynk gqDkbhnK tZb fXnkB d/Dk gt/rk. ;kB{z nkgD/ u[frod/
ns/ ;fj gqkDhnK Bkb gq/w, fwbtosD ns/ ;ws'b Bkb fiT[D k gt/rk sK i[ n;hA
e[dos B{z fbskV/ fpBK nkg ;[jDk ;[uZik ihtB fiT[AJhJ/ ns/ j'oBK B{z fiT[D
d/JhJ/. e[dos dh ;KG ;zG kb ;kvk Xow j? ns/ fJ; Xow dh gkbDk eoBk ;kvk
|oI j?. e[dos ekdo dk jh ;o{g j?. fJ; ftoZ[X ehsh e'Jh eoBh ;kB{z ;Ik dk
Gkrh pDkJ/rh. nkgD/ |oI B{z gSkDBk s/ fBGkT[D k jh ;kv/ ihtB dkB dk ekoD
pD/rk.
Gkos d[BhnK d/ nfs gqd{fPs d/PK ftu'A fJe j?. fe;/ gk;/ th ub/ ikT[, ofjzd
y{zjd, rzdrh ns/ e{V/ eoeN d/ Y/o BIo nkT[Ad/ jB. tZv/ PfjoK dh jkbs j'o
Gh \okp j[zdh ik ojh j?. fgSb/ ;fwnK ftu Gkos jo// Go/ izrbK ns/ ob ob
trd/ dfonktK dh Xosh ;h. fJZE/ gqd{PD BKwkso jh ;h. fJT[A ihtB fJe fBowb
Xkok ftu tfj fojk ;h ns/ ;kvk d/P ;tor dk BIkok fdzdk ;h. fit/A fit/A ihtB dh
s'o ns/ wB[Zy d/ s"o sohe/ pdbd/ rJ/, gqd{PD dk g;kok Gh tXdk frnk. izrbK dh EK
s/ tZv/ PfjoK dh T[;koh j' rJh, t;'A d/ ft;c'N B/ g"D gkDh sK wbhB ehsk jh,
pB;gshnK ns/ j'o iht izs{nK dk Gh ihtB \so/ ftu gk fdZsk. eko\kfBnK, tkjBK
ns/ wPhBoh d/ Xz{J/A B/ jtk ftu Ifjoh sZs fwbk fds/. ;VeK s/ fJwkosK d/ ikb B/ jo/
Go/ fpoy p{fNnK B{z ;kE'A y'j fbnk j?.
nZi pj[s xZN b'e tksktoD B{z P[ZX oZyD bJh f|eowzd ns/ ;[u/s jB. j[D
jkbks J/B/ ftrV u[Ze/ jB fe i/ gqd{fPsk fto[ZX g{oh bkwpzdh Bk ehsh rJh ns/
tksktoD P[ZXsk gqsh bfjoK Bk ubkJhnk rJhnK sK wB[Zyh ihtB Boe pD ikt/rk
ns/ Xosh dk ;wZ[uk ihtB \so/ ftu g? ikt/rk. tX ojhnK ;ohoe s/ wkBf;e
phwkohnK, nzrK dk BekokgD, g/N d/ tX oj/ o'r, e?A;o torhnK fGnkBe
phwkohnK gqd{PD dh jh d/D jB. o'I \poK gVQd/ jK fe b'eK B{z d{fPs gkDh ghD
bJh wip{o j'D k g? fojk j?. y/shpkVh ftu toshnK ikD tkbhnK o;kfJDe ykdK,
T[ZbhBkPe s/ ehNBkPe dtkJhnK B/ Xosh ftubk gkDh d{fPs eo fdsk j?. ;w/A
dh b'V j? fe ;oeko tZb'A gqd{PD xNkT[D bJh ;\s ekB{zB pDkJ/ ikD ns/ b'eK B{z
ikro{e ehsk ikJ/.
1H10H12 gVQB:'r g[;seK^
(i) tksktoD f;Zfynk^nkoH;hHuKdBK
(ii) tksktoD dog/P ;wZf;nktK^fsqb'uB f;zx

(iii) tksktoD u/s Bk^;shP e[wko towk
(iv) n?BtkfJoBw?ANb g"fbT{PBî/wI
(v) d ;ekJh fJI d fbfwN^fwbo
tZv/ T[ZsoK tkb/ gqPB^
(i) ftneshrs s"o s/ n;hA gqd{PD d/ ezNo'b ftu eh :'rdkB gk ;ed/ jK<
(ii) tk:{ gqd{PD d/ ekoD, gqG kt ns/ pukT[ ;kXBK dk toDB eo'.
(iii) ib gqd{PD feT[A j[zdk j?< fJ;s'A puD d/ eh T[gkn jB<
(iv) fwZNh, X[Bh ns/ skgh gqd{PD pko/ s[;hA eh ikDd/ j'<
(v) ;w[zdoh gqd{PD ns/ gowkD{ gqd{PD pko/ uouk eo'.
(vi) gqd{PD d/ w[Zy o{g ns/ sZsK dk toDB eo'.
(i) s/Ikph toyk eh j[zdh j?<
(ii) ib gqd{PD dk g"fdnK T[Zs/ eh gqGkt g?Adk j?<
(iii) tk:{ gqd{PD dk wB[ZyK T[Z/s / eh gqGkt g?Adk j?<
(iv) ;w[zdoh gqd{PD Bkb ib ihtK B{z eh jkBh jz[dh j?<
(v) G{wh gqd{PD d/ eh ekoD jB<
(vi) X[Bh gqd{PD B{z fet/A o'fenK ik ;edk j?<
(vii) gqd{PD c?bkT[D ftu wB[Zy dh eh G{fwek j?<
phHJ/HII/phHekwHII/ phH;hHJ/HII$phHphHJ/HII tksktkoD f;Zfynk
nkgdk gqpzXB
(Disaster Management)
gkm dh o{g o/yk

2H1H1 G{fwek
2H1H2 T[d/P
2H1H3 nkgdk dh gfoGkPk ns/ fe;wK
2H1H4 jVQK d/ ekoD, gqGkt ns/ pukT[ ftXhnK
2H1H5 G{ukb d/ ekoD, gqGkt ns/ pukT[ ftXhnK
2H1H6 uZeotks d/ ekoD , gqGkt ns/ pukT[ ftXhnK
2H1H7 G{^;ybB d/ ekoD, gqGkt ns/ pukT[ ftXhnK
2H1H8 nkgdk gqpzXB oDBhsh
2H1H9 nkgdk gqpzXB d/ sZs
2H1H10 ;ko
2H1H11gVQB:'r g[;seK
2H1H1 G{fwek^
jo ;kb ;kB{z e[dosh ns/ r?o e[dosh ;wZf;nktK, w[;hpsK, ns/ nkgdktK Bkb
i{MDk g?Adk j?. fes/ jVQ, fes/ s{|kB, fes/ itkbkw[yh, fes/ ;'ek, fes/ gqd{PD,
fes/ nksze spkjh wkukJh oyd/ jB. fJBQ K nkgdktK d/ ekoD, wkV/ gqGkt ns/
pukT[ pkps ikDekoh b?D k ;kv/ ;kfonK dk |oI j?. w[;hpsK dk ;kjwDk xpokjN
ns/ vo Bkb BjhA, ;r'A fjzws, j";b/ ns/ Xhoi Bkb eoBk ukjhdk j?. tXhnk
oDBhsh ngDkJh ikt/ sK fJBQK e[dosh ns/ nzdo{Bh nk|sK s'A eJh ehwsh ikBK
pukJhnK ik ;edhnK jB. p[ZXhihth wB[Zy nkgDh ;jh ;'u ns/ neb Bkb ezw
bt/ sK wkVhnK gq;fEshnK s'A pukT[ ns/ ezNo'b j' ;edk j?.
phHJ/HII/phHekwHII/phH;hHJ/HII$phHphHJ/ II 147 tksktkoD f;Zfynk
2H1H2 T[d/P^
ihtB fJe ;zxoP j?. jo gb ;kB{z \sfonK, w[;hpsK ns/ fpgsktK Bkb i{MDk
g?Adk j?. i/ n;hA ihtB ftu nkT[D tkb/ ;zGkfts \sfonK ns/ nk|sK pko/ ikD
ns/ ;wM bJhJ/ sK j'D tkbk B[e;kB pj[s jZd sZe xN ;edk j?. fJBQK e[dosh
ns/ wB[Zyh nkgdktK d/ ekoD, gqGkt ns/ pukT[ ftXhnK B{z ;wMDk, ngBkT[Dk ns/
jo jkbs ftu nkgD/ nkg B{z ;zs[fbs s/ ;fji oZyDk jh fJ; gkm dk T[d/P j?.
2H1H3 nkgdk dh gfoGkPk ns/ fe;wK^
e[dos ftu eJh \so/ jB i' ;kB{z B[e;kB gj[zuk ;ed/ jB. wB[Zy d[nkok ehshnK
rJhnK rbs joesK ns/ bVkJhnK MrV/ th wko{ j' ;ed/ jB. nkgdk T[j xNBk
j? fi; Bkb ikB wkb dk B[e;kB j[zdk j?. fJj wB[ZyK s/ iht izs{nK B{z pj[s p[oh
soQK gqGkfts eodh j?. nkgdktK B{z d' fjZf;nK ftu tzfvnK ik ;edk j?^
(i) e[dosh nkgdktK^ jVQ, s{|kB, G{ukb, itkbkw[yh, uZeotks, ;[Bkwh, ;'ek
nkfd gqfeose nkgdktK jB i' fe;/ ;w/A th tgko iKdhnK jB ns/ ;kB{z
tZvk ikBh wkbh B[e;kB gj[zukT[AdhnK jB.
(ii) wB[Zyh nkgdktK^ wB[ZyK d/ rbs ezwK, feqnktK ns/ wkV/ wkB;oK dhnK
rshftXhnK ekoD tkgoB tkbhnK wB[Zyh nkgdktK ;kvk pj[s B[e;kB
eodhnK jB fit/A bVkJhnK, nkszeh d[oxNBktK, gqd{PD, phwkohnK
nkfd.!
! 16 i[bkJh 1943 B{z nwohek B/ gfjbh tko gqwkD{ pzpK dk siopk ehsk. 6
nr;s 1945 B{z gfjbk gqwkD{ pzp igkB d/ Pfjo jho'Phwk s/ ;[ZfNnk frnk fi;
Bkb 66 jIko b'e wko/ rJ/ ;B ns/ 67 ch;dh pB;gsh BPN j' rJh ;h. 9
nr;s B{z Bkrk;keh ftu ;[ZN/ pzp Bkb 39 jIko b'e wo/, 25 jIko I\wh j'J/ ns/
40 ch;dh fJwkosK Y/o j' rJhnK. wjKGkos d/ :[ZX B{z jIkoK ;kb phs rJ/ jB,
jkb/ th e[oe{P/so dh Xosh pzio ikgdh j?. jho';hwk s/ Bkrk;keh ftu j[D sZe
phwkohnK ns/ thokBhnK jB. ;kvh izrK :Z[XK dh Bhsh Bkb ;wZ[uk iht wzvb
nk|sK ftu fxo ;edk j?. fBT{ebhno pzp K ekoD fJe nzBQk y{j fsnko j' frnk
j? fi; ftu j;dh t;dh d[BhnK fe;/ th ;w/A roe j' ;edh j?.
2H1H4 jVQK d/ ekoD, gqGkt ns/ pukT[ ftXhnK^
id'A gkDh p/wfonkdk j' e/ jo gk;/ c?b iKdk j? ns/ c;bK, xoK, ;VeK nkfd B{z
o'VQ e/ b? iKdk j?, fJ;B{z jVQ nkT[ADk nkyd/ jB. ;kv/ d/P ftu pj[s ;ko/ y/so
jVQK s'A gqGkfts jB. T[Zsogqd/P, fpjko, pzrkb, nk;kw, ;wz[doh sN y/so ns/
gzikp d/ e[M fJbkfenK ftu jo ;kb jVQK dk \sok wzvokT[Adk ofjzdk j?. jVQ ikB
wkb dk Gkoh B[e;kB eod/ jB.
jVQK d/ ekoD^ jVQK d/ pj[s ;ko/ ekoD j' ;ed/ jB fiBQK ftu'A w[Zy ekoD j/m
fby/ jB^
(i) Gkoh whAj^ brksko ns/ Gkoh toyk j'D ekoD gkDh BdhnK, BkfbnK,
dfonktK d/ ezY/ s'V e/ y/so d/ fBPkB s'A T[Zuk j' e/ tfjDk P[o { j' iKdk j?.
j"bh j"bh fJj jVQ dk o{g XkoB eo iKdk j?.
(ii) ;[Bkwh ekoD ;w[zdoh sN y/soK ftu fGnkBe jVQ nk iKd/ jB fit/A ;zB
2004 ftu spkjh j'Jh ;h.
(iii) po|kBh BdhnK d/ fgxbD Bkb th ib ;'fwnK ftu gkDh dk gZXo tX iKdk
j? ns/ jVQ nk iKd/ jB.
(iv) ;wz[doh sN y/soK ftu uZeotks (Cyclone) nkT[D ekoD jVQ nk iKd/ jB.
(v) G{ ;EbB iK b?Av;bkJhvK ekoD dfonktK d/ tfjD ftu o[ektN g?Adh j? ns/
gkDh fJeZm k j' e/ jVQK dk o{g XkoB eo b?Adk j?.
(vi) ib fBek; gqpzX mhe Bk j'D ekoD gkDh fJeZmk j' e/ jVQK dk o{g XkoB eo
b?Adk j?.
(vii) izrbK dh nzB/Qtkj eNkJh ekoD gkDh d/ tjkT[ B{z o'eD tkb/ o[Zy BjhA ofjzd/,
fJ; ekoD th jVQK ftu tkXk j[zdk j?.
(viii) BfjoK d/ ezY/ N[ZND ekoD th jVQ nk iKd/ jB.
jVQK d/ gqGkt^ jVQK d/ pj[s jh wkV/ gqGkt j[zd/ jB fit/A^
(i) wB[Zy K ns/ gP{nK dh ikB ubh iKdh j?.
(ii) wekB, fJwkosK, ;VeK nkfd N[ZN iKdhnK jB ns/ ehwsh ;wkB o[VQ iKdk
j?.
(iii) |;bK BPN j' iKdhnK jB ns/ nzB T[sgkdB ftu Gkoh ewh j' iKdh j?.
(iv) fwZN h dh T[Zgobh T[gikT{ gos jVQK ftu o[VQ iKdh j? fi; Bkb Xosh pzio
j' iKdh j?.
(v) fpibh ns/ gkDh dh ;gbkJh p[oh soQK gqGkts j'D ekoD b'eK dk ihtB
n;s ftn;s j' iKdk j?.
(vi) ikBtoK ns/ wB[Zy K dhnK bkPK dh pdp{ ekoD gqd{PD, wjKwkohnK ns/
phwkohnK c?b iKdhnK jB.
(vii) phwkoK, pZfunK roGtshnK ns/ pI[orK d/ fdb' fdwkr s/ ;fjw SK ikD
ekoD wkBf;e phwkohnK tXdhnK jB.
(viii) pj[s/ jVQ nkT[D ekoD ekb g?D dh ;fEsh nk iKdh j?. rohph ns/ wip{oh
ekoD eJh wB[Zy b[ZNK y'jK eoB brd/ jB.
(ix) d/P dh nkofEesk B{z tZvk B[e;kB gj[zudk j?.
jVQK s'A pukT[ eoB dhnK ftXhnK^
;oeko B{z ns/ b'eK B{z isB eoB/ ukjhd/ jB fe gfjbK s'A jh fsnkoh ehsh ikt/
sKfe jVQ ;zGkfts fJbkfenK ftu spkjh Bk j't/. e[M pukT[ ftXhnK j/m fbyhnK
jB^
(i) tZX s'A tZX p{N/, do\s brk e/ G'A^y'o s'A pukT[D dk gqpzX eoBk ukjhdk j?.
(ii) jVQ ;zGkth y/soK dk ;ot/yD, eoe/ BeP/ fsnko eotkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB sK i[
;w/A f;o :' r pukT[ ekoi j' ;eD.
(iii) ib fBek; gqDkbh T[Zsw fe;w dh j'D h ukjhdh j? sK i[ Gkoh toyk ekoD
ib fJZemk Bk j' ;e/. fiZE/ fJj gqD kbh mhe BjhA, T[E / s[ozs ;[Xko j'Dk
Io{oh j?.
(iv) w";w ;zpzXh ikDekoh b? e/ :'iBkpZX sohe/ Bkb/ toyk d/ u[wk;/ dh fsnkoh
eoBh ukjhdh j?.
(v) jVQK dh ;zGkth fusktBh gqDkbh fsnko eoBh ukjhdh j? ns/ b'eK B{z fJ;
;zp zX h b'VhAdh ikDekoh d/Dh ukjhdh j?.
(vi) dfonktK T[Zs/ g[b pDkT[D k, MhbK ns/ sbkpK ftu gkDh fJZemk eoBk, NZ[N/
g[bK dh w[o zws eotkT[D h ;oeko ns/ b'eK dh fIzw/tkoh j?.
(vii) ;e{bK ekbiK ftu n?BHn?;HtkbzNhnoK ns/ n?BH;hH;hH e?f vNK B{z Nq/fBzr
d/Dk, o?Zv eok; ns/ c;N J/v dh ikDekoh d/Dk Io{oh j? sK i[ nkgks
ekbhB ;w/A fJBQK dhnK ;/tktK bJhnK ik ;eD.
(viii) i/ jVQ nk jh ikD sK xpokT[Dk BjhA, b'eK B{z PKs oZyDk, okjs ;wZroh
gj[zukT[Dk ns/ ikBK B{z pukT[D k ;kv/ ;kfonk dk |oI j?. bzro brkT[D/,
dtkJhnK tzvDhnK, eZgV/ tzvD/ ns/ j";b/ p[bzd eoB/ tZvh ;wki ;/tk j?.
2H1H5 G{ukb d/ ekoD, gqGkt ns/ pukT[ ftXhnK^
G{ukb e[dosh nk|sK ftu'A ;G s'A tZX popkdh eoB tkb/ ns/ \soBke j[zd/ jB.
G{ukb fpBK fe;/ fusktBh s'A nkukBe nk iKd/ jB ns/ tZv/ gZXo s/ ftBkP eod/
jB. G{u kb T[j e[dosh nkgdk jB i' itkbkw[yh iK uNkBK d/ cND iK fy;eD
ekoD Xosh d/ ezgB Bkb nkT[Ad/ jB. id'A fe;/ ekoD Xosh d/ nzdo jbub T[m dh
j?, T[j G{ukb dk ekoD pDdh j?. Xosh d/ fi; e/Ado s'A G{ukb sozrK T[mdhnK jB
T[;B{z G{ukb e/Ado efjzd/ jB.
G{ukb d/ ekoD^
(i) Xosh dhnK nzdo{Bh ezp DhnK ns/ jbubK
(ii) itkbkw[yh dk cNDk
(iii) Xosh ftubhnK r?;K dk fJZemk j'Dk
(iv) gowkD{ Xwke/, pzp Xwke/ iK gowkD{ gqhyD nkfd.
jkb/ sZe G{ukb nkT[D d/ ;w/A, irQk ns/ gZXo dk gsk BjhA bZr ;fenk. fgSb/
foekov B{z tku e/ ns/ G{r'fbe ;fEshnK dk gqhyD eoe/ G{ukb ;zG kth y/soK dk
gsk brkfJnk ik ;edk j?. bZrGZr fJe djke/ ftu 200 tZv/ G{ukb nkT[Ad/ jB
tXdh nkpkdh, tXdhnK fJwkosK ns/ PfjoheoD d/ GhV GVZe/ Bkb G{ukb dh
;zGktBK th tXdh j?.
G{ukb d/ gqGkt^
(i) G{ukb tZvh gZXo s/ spkjh wukT[Ad/ jB. fJBQK Bkb ikB ns/ wkb dk tZvk
B[e;kB j[zdk j?.
(ii) g/V g"d/ iVQK s'A T[ZyV iKd/ jB ns/ fvZr iKd/ jB.
(iii) c;bK dk T[i kVk j' iKdk j?.
(iv) Io{oh ;/tktK fpibh, gkDh nkfd c/bQ j' iKdhnK jB.
(v) phwkohnK ns/ G?n c?b iKdk j?.
(vi) jkd;/ j' iKd/ jB ns/ ;ZNK brdhnK jB.
(vii) o'I kBk iBîhtB ftrV iKdk j?.
(viii) ;w[zdoh sNh y/soK ftu ;[Bkwh bfjoK nkT[D Bkb tZv/ gZXo s/ popkdh j[zdh
j?.
(ix) Xosh ftu s/qVK g? iKdhnK jB.
(x) dfonktK d/ o[y pdb iKd/ jB, pzBQ NZ[N iKd/ jB.
(xi) gjkVh y/soK ftu G{^;ybB j[zdk j?.
(xii) fJwkosK ns/ ;zgsh B{z Gkoh B[e;kB j[zdk j?.
(xiii) ;wkie ns/ wkB;e ihtB n;s ftn;s j' iKdk j?.
G{ukb s'A pukT[^
;kB{z fJj fXnkB oZyDk ukjhdk j? fe pj[sk B[e;kB Xosh dhnK G{ukb sozrK ekoD
BjhA ;r'A wbp/ EZb/ dpD, wkBf;e G?n ns/ GkohnK t;s{nK T[Zgo fvZrD Bkb j[zdk
j?. fJ; bJh e[M rZbK dk fXnkB oZyDk Io{oh j? fit/A^
(i) xoK ftu pj[sk Gkok ;wkB T[ZuhnK P?b|k s/ BjhA oZyDk ukjhdk, Bk jh Gko/
g"f dnK d/ rwb/ T[Zgo NzrD/ ukjhd/ jB.
(ii) r?;, fpibh nkfd tkb/ :zsoK B{z ;[oZfyns oZyDk ukjhdk j? sK[ fJj bhe Bk
j' ;eD.
(iii) G{ukb ;[oZfyns fJwkosK dh T[;koh eoBh ukjhdh j?.
(iv) G{ukb ;zGkth y/soK d/ BeP/ fsnko eo e/ b'eK B{z ;us eoBk ukjhdk j?.
(v) b'eK B{z ;t?^;[oZfynk eoB dh :'r N/qfBzr d/Dh ukjhdh j?.
(vi) ;oekoh, r?o;oekoh ;z;EktK, n?BH ;hH ;hH e?fvNK, n?BH n?;H n?;H
tbzNhnoK, o?Zv eok; ns/ ;wki ;/th ;z;EKtK B{z ob fwb e/ b'eK dh wdd
eoBh ukjhdh j?.
(vii) G{ukb ghVsK B{ z ;w/A f;o okjs ;wZroh, dtkJhnK nkfd gj[zukT[DhnK
ukjhdhnK jB.
(viii) jo xo ftu iK ekoK nkfd ftu n?woi?A;h ;N'o fit/A gkDh, G'iB d/ g?eN,
c;N J/v feN, p?N oh nkfd T[gbpX j'Dh ukjhdh j?.
(ix) jo jkb ftu ;fji s/ PKs ofjD Bkb, Xhoi s/ moZ[wk oZy D Bkb jkbks s/
ekp{ gkfJnk ik ;edk j?.!
! ;t? nfGnk; bJh gqPB
1H nkgdk fe;B{z nkyd/ jB< fJ;dhnK fezBhnK fe;wK j[zdhnK jB<
2H jVQK ns/ G{ukbK d/ ekoD, gqGkt ns/ pukT[ ftXhnK pko/ fby'.
2H1H6 uZeotks (Cyclone) d/ ekoD, gqGkt ns/ pukT[ ftXhnK^

e[dosh nkgdktK ftu'A ikBh ns/ wkbh B[e;kB eoB bJh ;G s'A tZX fIzw/dko
uZeotks jB. uZeotks tk:{wzvb dh T[j ;fEsh j? id'A pkjoh y/soK ftu tk:{
dpkn tZX ns/ ftub/ y/soK ftu tk:{ dpkn xZN j' iKdk j?. fJj nkgD/ Bkb
fGnzeo s{|kB, whAj, jB/oh b? e/ nkT[Ad/ jB i' ikB wkb dk ;|kfJnk eod/ iKd/
jB. Gkos ftu nop ;kro ns/ pzrkb dh ykVh ftu jo ;kb 5^6 uZeotks
nkT[Ad/ jB fiBQK ftu'A 2^3 uZeotks pj[s fGnkBe j[zd/ jB. fJBQ K dh nkw o|sko
300^500 feHwh gqsh xzNk j[zdh j?. g{o ph sN s/ nkXoK gqd/P, skfwbBkv{, gZZSwh
pzrkb ns/ T[Vh;k uZeotks d/ gqG kts y/s o jB. gZSwh sN s/ r[ioks fInkdk
gqGkts j[zdk j?. uZeotks d' fe;wK d/ jB^
(i) T{PD efNpzXh uZeotks (Tropical cyclone) : fJBQK dk nkeko sK
S'Nk j[zdk j? go jtk dh rsh J/Bh s/I j[zdh j? fe fJ;dh o|sko 300feHwh gqsh
xzN/ s'A th tX iKdh j?. fJj tZv/ gZXo s/ spkjh eod/ jB. fJj T{PD efNpzXh
y/soK ftu nkT[Ad/ jB.
(ii) ;hs T{PD efNpzXh uZeotks (Temperate cyclone) : fJj pj[s/
ftBkPekoh BjhA jz[d/, Gkt/A fJBQK dk nkeko ek|h tZvk j[zdk j?. fJj efNpzXh y/soK
ftu nkT[Ad/ jB.
uZeotks d/ gqGkt^
(i) uZeotks pj[s tZv/ gZXo s/ ikB ns/ wkb dk B[e;kB eod/ jB. uZeotks d/
e/Ado s'A 100 feHwhH sZe pj[s fInkdk ftBkP j[zdk j?.
(ii) pj[s s/I cokN/dko jtktK ubdhnK jB fiBQK Bkb iB ihtB n;s ftn;s
j' iKdk j?.
(iii) I'o K d/ whAj g?Ad/ jB, pZdb roid/ jB ns/ fpibh fbPedh j? fi; Bkb
Io{oh ;/tktK ftu ftxB g?Adk j?.
(iv) uZeotks Bkb eJh EkJh jVQ nk iKd/ jB fi; ekoD ehwsh ;wkB s/ ikBK
\so/ ftu g? iKdhnK jB.
(v) |;bK ns/ do\s spkj j' iKd/ jB.
(vi) ;wz[doh ijkI ns/ p/V/ bfjoK dh rofdP ekoD v[Zp iKd/ jB.
(vii) izrbK, y/s K nkfd dk ftBkP j' iKdk j?.
(viii) eJh fJwkosK, MZ[rhnK nkfd spkj j' iKdhnK jB.
uZeotks s'A pukT[^
uZeotks s'A pukT[ bJh ;oekoh, noX;oekoh, gqkJht/N J/iz;hnK ns/ iBsk B{z
fwb e/ :sBPhb j'D k ukjhdk j?. Gkos ftu S/ uZeotks fusktBh e/Ado jB i'
b'eK B{z ;zG kts uZeotks dh fusktBh d/ e/ ;[u/s eod/ jB. fJj ebeZsk,
G[tB/Pto, ftPkykgNBw, fuZBJh, w[zpJh ns/ nfjwdkpkd fty/ ;fEs jB. ovko,
fJB;?N ns/ fdPk ;{ue :zso uZeotks dh ;fEsh dk ikfJIk b?Ad/ jB. j/m fby/
pukT[ ;kXBK okjhA uZeotks d/ ftBkP B{z xZN ehsk ik ;edk j?^
(i) w";w dh GftZy pkDh ;zpzXh seBheK dk j'o ftek; j'Dk ukjhdk j? sK i[
gfjbK jh nkgksêkbhB ;fEsh Bkb fBgND d/ gqpzX eo bJ/ ikD.
(ii) nkgdk gqp zXB NhwK dk rmB eoBk ukjhdk j? sK I' T[j ;ezN ekb ;w/A
soz[s joes ftu nk ;eD.
(iii) uZeotks bJh fusktBh gqDkbh dk ftek; eoBk ukjhdk j? fi; okjhA b'eK B{z
;w/A f;o fusktBh fdsh ik ;e/.
(iv) ;zuko gqDkbh ftef;s eoBh ukjhdh j? sK I' b'eK dh ;[o Zfynk mhe Yzr Bkb
j' ;e/.
(v) i/ do\s eskoK ftu bkJ/ rJ/ j'D sK T[j jtk dh rsh B{z xZN eo ;ed/
jB. ;' oZ[yK B{z soshp s/ esko ftu brkT[D k ukjhdk j?.
(vi) b'eK B{z ;t?oZfynk f;ykT[D d/ Bkb Bkb ;zeN ;w/A XhoitkB ns/ fjzwsh j'D
dh gq/oBk d/Dh ukjhdh j?.
(vii) gqG kts y/soK d/ BeP/ fsnko eoe/ s[ozs jh okjs ;wZroh, G'iB, dtkJhnK
nkfd gj[zukT[DhnK ukjhdhnK jB.
(viii) ;w[zdo sNh fJbkfenK s/ fojkfJPh fJwkosK BjhA pDkT[ADhnk ukjhdhnK.
(ix) uZeotks s'A pknd bkPK dh ;KG ;zGkb ns/ ;ckJh dk ezw pj[s Io{oh j? sK
i[ phwkoh Bk c?b/.
(x) c;N J/v, w?vheb ;j{bsK ns/ nktk; dk gqpzX eoBk ukjhdk j? sK i[ b'eK
ftu p/u?Bh ns/ vo Bk c?b/.
(xi) ikBtoK d/ fwqse ;oho, rzdrh d/ Y/o S/sh s'A S/sh ;w/ND/ ukjhd/ jB sK i[
d[o rzX, ehNkD{nK ns/ wjKwkohnK s'A pukT[ j' ;e/.
2H1H7 G{;ybB (Landslide)
G{;ybB fJe e[dosh feqnk j? fi; ftu gjkVK dhnK YbkBK s'A uNkBK fy;e e/
EZb/ nk iKdhnK jB ns/ T[BQK EZb/ dp e/ ikBh ns/ wkbh B[e;kB j[zdk j?. G{;ybB
nkw s"o s/ gjkVh fJbkfenK ftu tkgodk j?. Gkos ftu nZi wB[Zyk, ihtK,
pB;gshnK, ;kroK ns/ ;wZ[u/ tk:{wzvb B{z ykVh :[ZX d/ wko{ n;oK dk th ;kjwDk
eoBk g? fojk j?. Gkt/A ykVh :[ZX pzd j'fJnk eJh ;kb phs rJ/ jB go o;kfJDe
jfEnkoK dh tos'A, s/b d/ y{jK d/ ibD ns/ ftj[bhnK r?;K B/ tksktoD d/ e'wb
fgzv/ s/ v{zxhnK MohNK gk fdshnK jB. s/b dk fJj fJfsjk;e o'V 90 feb'whNo
bzwk,15 feb'whNo u"Vk ns/ 200 fwbhwhNo w'Nk ;h, fi;B{z rbD ns/ x[bD bJh
d' ;" ;kb bZr ikDr/. s/Ikph toyk ftPt ftnkgh skg, ;kt/ xo dh goGktesk,
gkDhnK ns/ jtktK ftu ofbnK Ifjo ykVh :[ZX dk Bshik j?. gzShnK d/ yzG K dk
ekbkgD, wZShnK dk IfjohbkgD ns/ pB;gsh dk BkP fJ; wB[ Zyh ekotkJh dk
Bshik j?. ykVh :[ZX Bkb c?b/ s/b ekoD 20 bZy gzSh wo rJ/ ns/ ihtK dhnK eJh
B;bK \sw j' rJhnK. fJ; rbx'N{ god{PD ekoD ;w[zdoh ihtB sfj; Bfj; j'
frnk j?. jIkoK dh frDsh ftu d"Vd/ fwbNoh tkjBK B/ G{wh B{z Gh pzio pDk fdsk
j?. ekbh toyk, ekbh po| s/ ekb/ Xz{J/A B/ fet/A wkswh ;| ftSk fdsh j?. s/b d/
;q'sK T[Zs/ epfInK bJh bVh rJh wB[Zyh izr B/ J/Bh tZvh nk|s ;j/V bJh j? i'
;w[Zu/ iht wzvb bJh xkse pD rJh j?. fJ;bJh nkgdktK d/ pukT[ bJh ;kB{z
izrK :Z[XK s'A d{o ofjDk ukjhdk j?. fjwkbk gops y/so, gZSwh xkN, T[Zso g{oph
y/so ns/ e/Adoh gops y/so G{ ;ybB Bkb gqGkts j[zd/ jB.
;t? nfGnk; bJh gqPB^
1H nkgdk gqp zX B d/ sZsK pko/ s[;hA eh ikDd/ j'<
2H nkgdk gqp zX B okiBhsh eh j'Dh ukjhdh j?<
G{^;ybB d/ ekoD^ Gkt/A G{;ybB e[dosh ekoDK eoe/ jz[dk j? go fJ; ftu
wB[Zy dk jZE th j?. izrbK dh nzB/Qtkj eNkJh eo e/ fojkfJPh fJwkosK ns/
eko\kB/ brkT[D/ Bkb G{;ybB j' ;edk j?.
G{;ybB d/ gqGkt^ fJ;d/ gqGkt pj[s p[o/ j[zd/ jB fit/A^
(i) uNkBK fvZrD Bkb o;s/ pzd j' iKd/ jB ns/ o/b iK ;Ve nktkikJh ftu
ftxB g? iKdk j?.
(ii) fJwkosK Yfj Y/oh j' iKdhnK jB.
(iii) eJh ikBtoK ns/ wB[ZyK dh w"s j' iKdh j?.
(iv) BdhnK dk gqtkj o[eD Bkb gkDh fJeZm k j' e/ jVQ nk iKd/ jB.
(v) Io{oh ;/tktK gqGkts j[zdhnK jB.
(vi) ;VeK ns/ o/bt/ No?e N[ZN iKd/ jB.
(vii) uNkBK d/ N[ZND Bkb fwZNh pDdh j?.
pukT[^
(i) G{;ybB gqGkts y/soK dk ;ot/y D eo e/ BeP/ pDkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB.
(ii) gjkVh fJbkfenK ftu fJwkosK xZN pDkT[DhnK ukjhdhnK jB.
(iii) tZX s'A tZX do\s brkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB. izrbK dh eNkJh pzd eoBh ukjhdh
j?.
(iv) b'eK B{z gqGkts y/soK ftu ikD s'A o'eDk ukjhdk j?.
(v) G{ ;ybB s'A ghVs b'eK dh jo ;zGt ;jkfJsk eoBh ukjhdh j?.!
! ;t? nfFGnk; bJh gqPB^
1H G{;ybB d/ eh ekoD jB< fJ; s'A fet/A pukT[ ehsk iK ;edk j?<
2H uZeotks d/ ekoD, gqG kt ns/ pukT[ ftXhnK pko/ s[;hA eh ikDd/ j'<
2H1H8 nkgdk gqpzXB oDBhsh (Mitigation Strategy) :'r nkgdk gqpzX bJh
oDBhsh B{z fszB GkrK ftu ngBkT[Dk ukjhdk j?^
(i) nkgdk s'A gfjbK^ b'eK B{z ;zGkth nkgdk pko/ dZ; e/ fe;/ th ;fEsh dk
;kjwDk eoB bJh fsnko eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJT[A eoB Bkb ;wK nkT[D s/
fpgsk s'A puD ns/ T[;dk n;o xZN eoB ftu ;jkfJsk fwbdh j?.
(ii) nkgdk d"okB^ id'A w[;hps nk jh ikJ/ sK mzY/ fdb' fdwkr Bkb fJ;s'A
puD d/ T[gqkb/ eoB/ ukjhd/ jB. b'eK B{z ;zeN ftu'A eZYDk ns/ pukT[Dk,
fgqse ;ohoK B{z ;KGDk, rzdrh B{z jNkT[Dk, phwkoK B{z dtkJhnK ns/ b'eK B{z
b'VhdK ;wkB ns/ G'iB d/Dk ;kohnK ;wki ;/th ;z;EktK, ;oekoK ns/ r?o
;oekoh ndkfonK dk |oI j?.
(iii) nkgdk s'A wro'A^ p/xo j'J/ b'eK B{z xo wj[ZJhnK eotkT[D k, nkoEe
;jkfJsk eoBh, o[Irko d/Dk ns/ j";bk d/Dk fJ; ftu Pkwb j?.
2H1H9 nkgdk gqpzXB d/ sZs^nkgdk gqpzXB d/ e[M Io{oh sZs j/m fby/ nB[;ko
jB^
(i) b'eK ftu ikro{esk ns/ Nq/fBzr^ ;G s'A wjZstg{oD rZb fJj j? fe b'eK
B{z jo ;zGkth \so/ ;zpzXh ;[u/s s/ ikro{e ehsk ikt/. T[BQK B{z nkgD/ pukT[
d/ :'r pDkT[D bJh f;ybkJh fdsh ikt/, c;N J/v dh ikDekoh fdsh ikt/
sK i[ j'D tkb/ B[ e;kB B{z xZN ehsk ik ;e/.
(ii) \so/ dk nB[wkB^ fiBQK ;EkBK s/ fe;/ nkgdk dk \sok j?, T[E/ \so/ ns/
j'D tkb/ B[e;kB dk ikfJIk b? e/ ftPb/PD ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.
(iii) y'i seBheK^ w";w dh GftZypkDh, fusktBh gqDkbh bJh b'VhAdh ;wZroh,
wPhBoh nkfd mhe j'D h ukjhdh j?. j'o seBheK ns/ y'iK eoe/ tXhnk
pukT[ gqDkbhnK bZGDhnK ukjhdhnK jB. d{o ;zt/dh :zso (Remote
control), T[grqfj, rb'pb g[IhPfBzr f;;Nw, w";w ftGkr, f;zukJh ftGkr
ns/ P'y ;z;EktK fJ; ftu wjZs tg{oD fjZ;k gkT[AdhnK jB.
(iv) ftZsh ;jkfJsk bJh b'VhAd/ czv nkfd T[gbpX j'D ukjhd/ jB. phwK
ezgBhnK th fJ; ftu ftP/P G{f wek fBGk ;edhnK jB.
(v) GtB fBowkD seBhe GtB fBowkD bJh :'r ;wkB s/ tXhnK seBheK tos
e/ fJBQK B{z wIp{s ns/ ;[oZfyns pDkfJnk ik ;edk j?.
(vi) G{wh T[g:'r fB:'iB^ nkgdk ;zG kts y/soK ftu T[fuZs gb?fBzr eoe/ G{wh
dk T[g:'r ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.
(vii) ekB{zBh T[gkn^ Gkos ftu okPNoh nkgdk gqpzXB e/Ado ftek; wJh ezwK B{z
fB:zfsqs eodk j?. fB:wK dh T[bzxDk eoB tkb/ bJh ;\s ekB{zBh ekotkJh
j'Dh ukjhdh j?.
(viii) jo wB[Zy B{ z jo ;zGkfts \so/ bJh jw/Pk fsnko ofjDk ukjhdk j?, e[dos
dk ;zs[bB ftrVB BjhA d/Dk ukjhdk ns/ nkgDk pukT[ eoB d/ ekpb j'Dk
ukjhdk j?.!
2H1H10 ;ko ^
id'A s'A Xosh pDh j?, e[dosh nk|sK th nkT[AdhnK ojhnK jB. itkbkw[yh cNd/
oj/ jB, ekb g?Ad/ oj/ jB, jVQ nkT[Ad/ oj/ jB, s{c kB s/ G{ukb T[ikVk eod/ oj/
jB. Gkt/A fJj wB[Zy d/ t;'A pkjobhnK nkgdktK jB go wB[Zy e[dos Bkb ;ws'b
eoB/ fJBQK B{z xNk Io{o ;edk j?. wB[Zyh rbs ekotkJhnK d/ f;ZN/ T[;B{z nkg jh
G[rsD/ g?Ad/ jB. e[dos ftu d\b nzd kIh eoe/ T[;B/ nkgDh jh j'Ad bJh \sok
;j/V fbnk j?. tksktoD B{z ftrkV e/ n;hA nkgDk nkg fet/A ;ztko ;ed/ jK< b'V
j? fe n;hA jkb/ th ;zGb ikJhJ/, e[dos dk ;fseko eohJ/ ns/ i/ e'Jh nkgdk
nkT[Adh th j? sK T[;dk fdqVsk ns/ db/oh Bkb ;kjwDk eohJ/. w[;hpsK dk Nkeok
eoB dh Pesh ;kB{z nkgD/ nzdo'A jh fwbDh j?. vo ns/ xpokjN Bkb fe;/
;wZf;nK dk jZb BjhA j[zdk. ;' b'V j? fe n;hA nkgdktK d/ ekoD, gqGkt bZG e/
T[BQK dk b'VhAdk jZb eo ;ehJ/ ns/ ;[yh ihtB fiT[A ;ehJ/.
1H gqkro?Z; nk| J/ ;wkb gb?f BN^pkopok tkov
2H fEzfezr bkJhe J/ wkT{AN/BîkB ;hv
3H b?ZN d noE fbt^gqthB gqd/Ph
4H ezBIot/PB nkc ebuob gqkgoNh^B?PBb fo;ou b?p 'o /Noh byBT{
5H d g[b n?Av g[P nk| nopB fbftzr^;H;HGZNh
6H w?B n?Av fjI j?phN/PBI^ gq'H okXk ewb w[eoih
7H tksktoD f;Zfynk ^ nkoH ;hH uKdBk
tZv/ gqPB^
(i) nkgdk s'A eh Gkt j?< nkgdk d/ gqp zX B ns/ oDBhsh dh uouk eo'.
(ii) jVQK d/ ekoD, gqGkt ns/ pukT[ ftXhnK pko/ ft;Eko g{ope dZ;'.
(iii) G{ukb feT[A nkT[Ad/ jB< fJBQK d/ eh n;o j[zd/ jB< fJBQK s'A puD bJh
n;hA eh T[gkT[ eo ;ed/ jK<
(iv) uZeotks fe;B{z nkyd/ jB< fJj feT[A nkT[aAd/ jB< fJBQK s'A puD bJh eh
ehsk ik ;edk j?<
(v) G{^;ybB d/ ekoD, gqGkt ns/ pukT[ ftXhnK pko/ ukBDk gkT[.
(vi) nkgdk dhnK fezBhnK fe;wK j[zdhnK jB< nkgdk gqpzXB d/ fejV/ Io{o h sZs
jB<
(vii) nkgdk gqp zX B ftu s[;hA eh :'rdkB gk ;ed/ j'<
S'N/ gqPB^
(i) nkgdk eh j?< fJ;B{z fezB/ GkrK ftu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?<
(ii) uZeotks s/ ;zy/g B'N fby'.
(iii) G{ ;ybB eh j[zdk j?< fJ;d/ eh ekoD j[zd/ jB<
(iv) jVQK d/ eh gqGkt j[zd/ jB<
(v) e[dosh nkgks ftu wB[Zy dh G{fwek eh j?<
(vi) e[dosh nkgks d/ pukT[ ekoiK bJh s[;hA eh eo'r/<
(vii) wB[Zy nkgdktK s'A eh Gkt j?<
(viii) Gkos d/ uZeotks fusktBh e/Ado feZE / feZE/ ;fEs jB<
;wkfie wZ[d/ ns/ tksktoD

(Social Issues and Environment)
gkm dh o{g o/yk
2H2H1 G{fwek
2H2H2 T[d/P
2H2H3 bx{ekbhB s'A fuo;EkJh ftek; (From Unsustainable to
Sustainable Development)
2H2H4 T{oik ;zpzXh ;wZf;nktK (Problems related to Energy)
2H2H5 ib ;zGkb, toyk ib fJZesoheoD, ib ftGkie gqpzXB (Water
Conservation, Rain Water Harvesting and Water Shed-
Management)
2H2H6 g[Botk; ns/ g[Bo;EkgB dhnK ;wZf;nktK (Problems of
Resettlement and Rehabilitalion of People)
2H2H7 ibtk:{ gqhtosB, ftPt ftnkgh skgwkB ftu tkXk, s/Ikph toyk ns/
gowkD{ d[oxNBktK (Climate change, Global Warming, Acid
Rains and Nuclear Accidents)
2H2H8 pzio G{wh ;[Xko ns/ g[Bogqkgsh (Wasteland Reclamation)
2H2H9 T[gG'rsktkd ns/ e{Vk eoeN (Consumerism and Waste Products)
2H2H10 ;ko
2H2H1 G{fwek^
;kv/ nkb/ d[nkb/ izrb, p{N/, iht izs{, jtk gkDh, Xosh nkfd i?fte ns/ ni?fte
nzP jB i' ob fwb e/ ;kvk tksktoD f;oid/ jB. ;kfonK dh Bo'Jh f;js bJh
;k| ;[Eok tksktoD io{o h j?. wB[Zy fJe ;wkie gqkDh j?. ;kvk G"fse ns/ i?fte
tksktoD ;kv/ ;wkie ihtB B{ z th gqGkfts eodk j?. wB[Zy ftu T[j p[ZXh ns/
:'rsk j? fi; nB[;ko T[j tksktoD B{z ikD e/, ;wM e/, ;[Xko eo ;edk j? sK i[
tksktoD fJ;d/ nB[e{b j' ;e/. nkgDh p[ZXh Bkb wB[Zy B/ ftfrnkBe soZeh sK
pj[s eo bJh j?, nkgD/ xoK ns/ fJwkosK B{z tksktoD nB[e{b pDk fbnk j?,
pzio IwhBK nkpkd eo fdshnK jB go fJ;B/ pj[s ;kohnK ;wZf;nktK th g?dk
eo bJhnK jB. iB;zfynK ftu p/w[jkok tkXk, e[dosh ;kXBK dh fInkdk tos'A,
T[d:'rheoD, PfjoheoD, gqd{PD nkfd ;wZf;nktK eoe/ fiZE/ e[dos dk ;zs [bB
ftrV frnk j?, T[E / wB[Zy nkg th d[yh j' frnk j?. fJ;B/ izrbK, gjkVK B{ z eZN e/
p;shnK pDk bJhnK jB. T[;dh fJ; d\bnzdkIh ekoD tksktoD BPN j' fojk
j?.Xosh sK tzB ;[tzB/ ihtK dk ;KMk xo j? go j[D fJ; T[Zs/ wB[Zy B/ epIk eo
fbnk j?. n;hA nkgDh iksh dhnK ;[y ;j{bsK, n?P'nkokw ns/ XB pN'oB dh
bkb;k ftu tksktoD dh J/esk B{ z Gzr eo fdsk j?. d{i/ ihtK dh B;be[Ph eoe/
n;hA nkgD/ xo pDk bJ/ jB, ;k| ;[Eo/ tksktoD B{z rzXbk ns/ wbhB eo fdsk j?
fi;d/ \soBke f;ZN/ fBeb oj/ jB. i/ e[dos dhnK pkeh iht eVhnK N[ZN rJhnK
sK fJZe fdB wB[Zyh i{B dh eVh th N[ZN ikt/rh. b'V j? fe n;hA tksktoD dhnK
;kohnK ;wZf;nktK B{z ;wMhJ/, ftukohJ/ ns/ nkgDhnK nkdsK B{z ;[XkohJ/.
2H2H2 T[d/P^
;kvh ;z[do Xosh ib, iB"o, yfDi, g"D, gkDh, gP{, ehN gzsr/ ns/ c[ZbK cbK Bkb
bZfdnK j'fJnk ;tor j?. fJj ;ko/ fJe' skD/ pkD/ ftu pzBQ/ j'J/ e[dosh ihtB
fiT[Ad/ jB. e[dos d/ Go/ j'J/ GzvkfonK dh f;oiDk ftu eo'VK ;kb bZr/ go wB[Zy
dhnK e[M ghVQhnK B/ jh T[j wZ[eD tkb/ eo fds/ jB. n;hA e[dos d/ p?Ae ftu'A
brksko \IkB/ eYkJh ik oj/ jK go pdb/ ftu T[;B{z dhtkbhnk eo oj/ jK. ;kvk
ftek; jh tksktoD dk ftBkP pD frnk j?. d[BhnK dh 35# Pfjoh t;'A tksktoD
d/ gZy'A Boe ftu ofj ojh j?. tXdh t;'A, w[ed/ ;kXBK ns/ e{V/ eoeN Bkb bZdh
Xosh pj[s jh bkuko }ohp ns/ phwko j' rJh j?. n;hA Xosh wK s'A nBw'b
\IkB/ b? e/ fJtIkB/ ftu T[;B{z rzdrh Bkb gbhs eo oj/ jK. i/eo n;hA nkgDk
pukT[ eoBk j? ns/ ;[yh bzwk ihtB G'rDk j? sK ;kB{z tZv/ g?wkB/ s/ ;'uD ns/ ihtB
P?bh B{z pdbD dh b'V j?. nkgD/ ;tkoE ftu'A fBeb e/ ;ko/ iht izs{nK,
pB;gshnK, g"D gkDh dk ;fseko eoBk, e[dos dk ;ws'b ekfJw oZy Dk ns/
fiT[D d/ jZe ;kfonK B{z d/D dh iku f;ykT[D k jh fJ; gkm dk T[d/P j?.
2H2H3 bx{ekbhB s'A fuo;EkJh ftek;^
nkoEe gZy'A d[BhnK d/ ;ko/ d/PK B{z ftef;s ns/ nftef;s d/PK ftu tzfvnk ik
;edk j?. nftef;s iK ftek;Phb d/PK B/ e[dosh ;kXBK B{z J/Bh jkBh BjhA
gj[zukJh, fizBh ftef;s d/PK B/ gj[zukJh j?. nwho, ;owkJ/dko ns/ T[ZBs d/PK B/
}ohp d/PK dk ns/ e[dos dk J/Bk ;'PD ehsk j? fe T[j nkg j'o nwho j'Jh ik
oj/ jB ns/ }ohp d/P j'o rohp jz[d/ ik oj/ jB. nwohek, :{og, e?B/vk,
nk;Nq/bhnK, fBT{I hb?Av nkfd d/P nwho j' rJ/ ns/ nkoEe gZy'A gZSV/ d/P j'o
}ohp j' rJ/. fJ; soQK g{ok ;wki nwho ns/ fBoXB d' Pq/DhnK ftu tzfvnk
frnk j?. gfjbK n;hA bx{ekbhB ftek; B{z ftukod/ jK^
bx{ekbhB ftek; d/ bZSD^
e[dosh ;kXBK d/ ;'PD ns/ p/b'Vh tos'A ekoD T[d:'fre ftek; j'fJnk j?. fJ;
ftek; d/ ekoD tksktoD gqGkts j'fJnk j?. S/sh ns/ ssekbhB T[ZBsh bJh n;hA
;wMdkoh s'A ezw BjhA fbnk. fJj fJ; soQK j? fit/A e[dos dk fJe jZE n;hA
;jkfJsk bJh wzfrnk ns/ d{ik jZE eZN fdsk. E'VQ fuo/ iK bx{ ftek; d/ bZSD j/m
fby/ jB^
(i) tksktoDh bZSD (Ecological Indicators) : wB[Zy B/ e[dos Bkb
S/VykBh eoe/ tksktoD dk i' B[e;kB ehsk j?, T[;d/ e[M ekoD jB^
(T) jtk, gkDh, fwZNh, P'o ns/ o/vhT[ n?efNt gqd{PD
(n) Xosh dh oZfyne UI'B gos dk BPN j'D k
(J) ibtk:{ gqhtosB ns/ skgwkB ftu j' fojk tkXk
(;) s/Ikph toyk j'Dk
(j) izrbK dk ns/ izrbh ihtK dk BPN j'D k
(e) e[dosh ;'fwnK dh e[tos'A
(ii) nkoEe bZSD^(Economic Indications)
(T) nwho ns/ }ohp d/PK dk gkVk
(n) tZy' tZy d/PK d/ gqsh wB[Zy nkwdB ftu |oe
(J) fte;s ns/ nDfte;s iK ftek;Phb d/PK ftu |oe
(j) ihtB gZXo ns/ ihtB P?bh ftu nzso
(iii) ;wkie bZSD^
(T) tZy' tZy fcofenK ns/ d/PK ftu ;wkie sDkn
(n) :Z[X ns/ fBT{ebhno \so/
(J) f;fynk ns/ f;js dhnK ;j{bsK ftu nzso
(;) e[dosh ;kXBK T[s/ nwho b'eK dk nfXeko
bx{ekbhB ftek; d{onzd/P BjhA j?. fJ; Bkb nkT[D tkb/ ;w/A ftu eJh ;zeN yVQ/
j' iKd/ jB fit/A gzikp ftu eDe ns/ M'Bk d' wZ[y c;bK jB. jo ;kb bZrGZr 20
fwbhnB NB gokbh y/sK ftu ;kV fdsh iKdh j? fi; Bkb fiZE/ ;kok tksktoD
X[nkfynk iKdk j?, T[E/ fwZNh em'o j' iKdh j? ns/ fJ; ftub/ ;{yw iht izs{ ;V e/
wo iKd/ jB. fJ; X{zJ/A ekoD rb/ dhnK phwkohnK, nZyK dh oVe ns/ dw/ d/
wohiK dhnK sebh|K tX rJhnK jB. y/sh dk wPhBheoD fJ; bJh fIzw/tko j?.
dhtkbh dh oks fiZE/ XB dh popkdh j[zdh j? T[ZE / gNkfenK nkfd Bkb eJh iht
wko{ r?;K g?dk j[zdhnK jB ns/ ;kj dhnK phwkohnK brdhnK jB. y/sK B{z ;kj
d[nkT[Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ o[ZyK dh :'iBk pzdh eoBh ukjhdh j?. ;|?d/ tor/ o[ZyK s/
gzSh nkjbD/ BjhA gkT[Ad/ ns/ fJj gkDh th pj[s ;'yd/ jB. y/sh ftfGzBsk B{z
ngBkT[ADk ukjhdk j?.
(n) fuo;EkJh ftek;^ nfijk ftek; i' GftZy ftu jkBh Bk eo/ ns/
gqrshPhb j't/, fuo;EkJh ftek; nytkT[Adk j?. fe;/ th ftek;Phb :'iBk B{z
pDkT[D s'A gfjbK T[;dh mhe ftT[Aspzdh ns/ tksktoD T[Zs / g?D tkb/ gqGkt dk
fXnkB oZy Dk ukjhdk j?. j[D ;oeko B/ th tZv/ gqki?eNK bJh fJj :'iBkpzdh Io{oh
eo fdsh j?. fuo;EkJh ftek; d/ f;XKs j/m fby/ jB^
(i) e[dosh ;kXBK dh tos'A mhe Yzr Bkb eoBk
(ii) izrbK ns/ ihtK dh ;[oZfynk eoBk
(iii) ftek; ns/ tksktoD ftu ;ws'b oZy Dk
(iv) iB;zfynk B{z ezN o'b ftu oZyDk
(v) iks gks, nwho rohp ns/ n"os wod d/ G/d Gkt B{z \sw eoBk
(vi) ihtB gZXo T[Zuk eoBk
(vii) tksktoD ftu d\b nzdkIh ns/ gqd{PD \sw eoBk
fuo;EkJh ftek; n"y k j? go n;zGt BjhA. fJ;B{z eJh u[B"shnK dk ;kjwDk eoBk
g?Adk j? fit/A rohph, p/o [Irkoh, ;oekoK dh wkVh ewo e; bJhJ/ sK fJBQK
u[D"shnK Bkb ;[bM ;ed/ jK. fuo;EkJh ftek; jk;b eoB ftu j/m fbyhnK rZbK
wddrko j' ;edhnK jB^
(i) b'eK dh GbkJh pko/ ;'uDk^ ;oekoh BhshnK, :'iBktK ns/ ftT[AsK ftu
;G s'A tZX fXnkB b'e GbkJh tZb d/D k ukjhdk j?. ;wki d/ ;'fPs, gZSV/
ns/ rohp tor dh jo ;zG t ;jkfJsk eoBh ukjhdh j?.
(ii) ekB{zBh wdd^ j[D eJh ekB{zB pD/ j'J/ jB fiBQK dh ;\sh Bkb gkbDk eoe/
tksktoD B{z pukfJnk ik ;edk j?.
(iii) okiBhsh ns/ gqPk;B^ ;kohnK okiBhse gkoNhnK B{z ;[nkoEK s'A T[go
T[Zm e/ nkw b'eK dh GbkJh bJh ;'uDk ukjhdk j?. ftXkB ftu nfijhnK
BhshnK pDBhnK ukjhdhnK jB i' tksktoD, nkoEe ftek; ns/ ;wkie
ftek; bJh bkj/tzd j'D. gqPk;B B{z f;js ;j{bsK, gqd{PD ezNo'b ns/ t;'A
d/ ezNo'b gqsh ;[u/s ofjDk ukjhdk j?, sK jh fuo;EkJh ftek; ;zGt j?.
(iv) ftneshrs ns/ ;wki ;/th ;z;EktK^ fuo;EkJh ftek; ;kvh ;kfonK dh
fIzw/tkoh j?. r?o ;oekoh ns/ ;wki;/th ;z;EktK th fJ;bJh tXhnk
:'rdkB gk ;edhnK jB.
(v) tXhnk seBkb'ih^ ftfrnkBe Yzr dh tXhnk wPhBoh ns/ BthnK seBheK
tos e/ tksktoD B{z jkBh g[ukJ/ p}?o ftek; ehsk ik ;edk j?. T[grqfjK
s'A w";w dh GftZypkDh, e[dosh nk|sK nkfd dk ;ot/yD ehsk ik ;edk j?.
ohw'N ezNo'b ns/ G{r'fbe ;{uBk gqDkbh dh wdd th bJh ik ;edh j?.!
!;?_^nfGnk; gqPB^
1H bx{ekbhB ftek; d/ eh bZSD jB<
2H fuo;EkJh ftek; feT[A Io{oh j?<
2H2H4 T{oik ;zpzXh ;wZf;nktK^
;kB{z jo ezw eoB bJh Pesh iK T{oik dh b'V j[zdh j?. ;{o ih T{oik s'A fpBK sK
Xosh s/ ihtB ;zGt jh BjhA j?. T{oik eqKsh dk nkozG wB[Zy d[nkok rowh, o'PBh
ns/ nZr dh tos'A Bkb j'fJnk. T{oik ;kXkB tXkT[D ftu wB[Zy B/ neb ns/
T[Zdw s'A ezw fbnk j? fit/A tk:{ T{oik B{z g"D uZeh okjhA, e'bk, s/b, g?No'bhnw
ns/ e[dosh r?;k nkfd ftu iwQK j'Jh T{oik B{z T[d:'rK ftu tosD bJh ns/
;{oih T{o ik B{z y/shpkVh ftu tosD bJh. ib fpibh, bZeVh, c;bK dk e{Vk,
r'jk, fBT{bhno Pesh th T{oik d/ ;kXB jB. j'o G"fse ;kXBK tKr T{oik dk
g[Bo uZeoD iK oh;kJhefbzr BjhA j' ;edk go fJ;dk o{g pdfbnK ik ;edk j?.
T{oik dh tZvh ;wZf;nk fJj Gh j? fe fJj tksktoD dh gqd{Pe th j?. iB ;zfynk
d/ tkX/ ns/ T[d:'rheoD iK PfjoheoD Bkb T{oik dh wzr tX rJh j?. fizBh
T{oik wB[Zy fJe ;kb ftu \ou fdzdk j?, T[;B{z g?dk eoB bJh e[dos B{ z fJe
fwbhnB ;kb bZr iKd/ jB. i/ T{oik dh tX ojh wzr B{z j'o T{oik T[sgsh Bkb
g{ok Bk ehsk frnk sK ihtB fiT[D k n"yk j' ikJ/rk. nZi g{o/ ftPt ftu 330
eo'V b'ehA PfjoK ftu t; oj/ jB i' e[Zb nkpkdh dk nZXk Gkr j?. PfjoK ftu
T{oik dh b'V j'o th fInkdk j[zdh j?. T{oik ;zp zX h ;wZf;nktK fJ; gqeko jB^
(i) g[okD/ g/Av{ xoK ftu bZeVh, xkj c{; fwZNh nkfd dh pj[sh tos'A j[zdh ;h.
fJBQK xoK ftu mzY/ iK row eoB tkb/ :zso th xZN jh tos/ iKd/ ;B. go
ni'e/ xoK ftu ;hfwzN, pioh, PhPk, ;Nhb nkfd dh tos'A ehsh iKdh j?.
fJBQK fBowkD gdkoEK B{z pDkT[D s/ fiZE/ fInkdk T{oik brdh j?, T[ZE/ jh
fJBQK xoK B{z row iK mzfYnK oZyD bJh th fpibJh T{oik dh b'V j[zdh j?.
(ii) nktkikJh d/ ;kXBK ftu iB;zfynk ns/ PfjoheoD Bkb pj[s tkXk j'fJnk
j?. fJBQ K ftu pkbD ti'A tos/ ikD tkb/ g?Nq'b, vhIb ns/ fpibh dh tos'A
th j[zdh j?. nkT[D tkb/ ;w/A ftu fJj tos'A j'o th tXD ns/ T{oik ;zeN
g?dk eoB dh ;zGktBk j?.
(iii) g[okD/ ;fwnK ftu G'iB gekT[D bJh e'fJb/, bZeVh, gkEhnK (r'po) nkfd
dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk ;h. j[D fwZNh dk s/b, r?; ns/ fpibh dh tos'A j'D
ekoD T{o ik dh b'V tX rJh j?.
(iv) gfjbK SKdko do\sK ns/ jZE d/ gZfynK Bkb, fwZNh d/ xfVnK ns/ fuyK
nkfd Bkb b'ehA rowhnK eZN b?Ad/ ;B. j[D fpibh d/ gZfynK, e{boK,
J/noezvhPBoK ns/ cfoiK nkfd dh tos'A nkw j' rJh j?. ;odhnK ftu
jhNo, pb'no nkfd tos/ iKd/ jB. fJ; soQK j[D mzY/ ns/ row oZyD tkb/
T[geoDK dh tos'A eoB Bkb T{oik dh ygs pj[s tX rJh j?.
(v) PfjoK dh pj[^wzIbk fJwkosK ftu fb|NK dh tos'A ns/ wPhBoh dh tos'A
ekoD th T{oik dh ygs tXh j?.
;kB{z tkX{ T{oik g?dk eoB bJh T[j seBheK tosDhnK ukjhdhnK jB i' tksktoD
s/ xZN s'A xZN dpkT[ gkT[D. T{oik dk BthBheoD eoBk ukjhdk j?. nfij/ T{oik
;q'sK dh tos'A eoBh ukjhdh j? fijV/ xZN s'A xZN gqd{Pe sZs, X{znK ns/ gqwkD{
gdkoE SZvD. e[dosh r?; g?No'bhnw ns/ s/b Bkb'A fInkdk ;k| j[zdh j?. g?No'b
ns/ s/b e'fJb/ Bkb'A tX/o/ ;k| j[zd/ jB. r?; Bkb g?dk ehsh iKdh fpibh e'fJb/
Bkb g?dk ehsh ikD tkbh fpibh Bkb'A 50# xZN ekopB vkfJe;kJhv Svdh j?.
xZN ftef;s d/PK B{z bZeVh, r'j/, y/sh dh ofjzd y{zjd dh tos'A B{z SZv e/ T[BQK ;q'sK
dh tos'A eoBh ukjhdh j? i' tksktoD B{z tX/o/ ;[oZfyns oZyD. T{oik dh tos'A
pj[s ;ziw, e[Pbsk s/ nebwzdh Bkb eoBh ukjhdh j?. fJe eko ftu eJh ifDnK
Bz{ fwbe/ ;|o eoBk ukjhdk j?, |kbs{ gZy / ns/ bkJhNK BjhA irkT[D hnK
ukjhdhnK.
iBse ;EkBK, ;VeK, rbhnK, gkoeK nkfd T[Zs/ o'PBh eoB bJh ;{oih T{oik dh
tos'A eoBh ukjhdh j?.! g"D T{oik, ;hH n?cH n?bH pbpK, G'iB pDkT[D bJh
;{oih e[ZeoK nkfd dh tos'A eoe/ th n;hA T{oik dh pus eo ;ed/ jK. fpibh
g?dk eoB bJh e{V/ eoeN dh tos'A ehsh ik ;edh j?. pfmzv/ dk skg fpibh xo
dk X{znK T[ZE/ b'eK dhnK f;js ;wZf;nktK ftu tkXk eo fojk j?. vZfpnK ns/
vozwK T[Zgo ozrK iK j'o o;kfJDe gdkoEK dk fSVekn, tksknB[e{bD ftXhnK ns/
T[d:'rK B/ fiE/ ;kB{z ;[y h ehsk j? T[E/ Xosh dh UI'B o{gh Ykb jh rkb fdsh j?.
skg fpibh xoK dk X{znK e?B/vk ns/ nwohek ftueko sDkn dk ftPk pfDnk
j'fJnk j?. yfDi s/bK ns/ e'fJb/ dh tXdh ibD fefonK ekoD ;bco
vkfJe;kJhv r?; g?dk j[zdh j? i' rzX eh s/I kp ftu pdb e/ ;kv/ fJfsjk;e ;EkBK
B{z y'o k bk ojh j?. nkro/ dk ski wfjb, ebeZsk dk fteN'ohnk ns/ n?bpoN
w?w'ohnb dk ;zrwowo fJ;/ ekoD \okp j[zd k ik fojk j?. ;kB{z ukjhdk j? fe
T{oik dh ;jh ns/ ;hws tos'A eohJ/.!
! j[D ;qh dopko ;kfjp, ifbQnK tkb/ pkr ns/ d[ofrnkDk wzdo nzfwqs;o
fty/ th ;{oih T{oik gqki?eN P[o{ ehs/ ik oj/ jB.
!;?_^nfGnk; gqPB^
1H T{oik ;zpzXh ;wZf;ntK dk toDB eo'.
2H fJBQK ;wZf;nktK B{z fet/A ;[bMkfJnk ik ;edk j?<
2H2H5 ib ;[oZfynk, toyk ib fJZesoheoD, ib ftGkie gqpzXB^
ib e[dos dk nBw'b s'j|k j?. fJ;s'A fpBK ihtB ;zzGt jh BjhA j?. ;kvk rqfj
n;b ftu ‘ib wzvb* j?, Xosh BjhA feT[Afe fJ;dk 7$10 Gkr ib Bkb fxfonk
j'fJnk j?. wB[Zyh ;oho dk w[Zy Gkr th gkDh jh j?. gkDh jo iht dh b'V j? go
fJ;d/ ;'w/ th ;[ed/ ik oj/ jB. BdhnK, ;kro, y{j gqd{fPs j[zd/ ik oj/ jB, Xosh
j/mb/ gkDh dk gZXo fdB^p^fdB BhtK j[zdk ik fojk j?. fJ;bJh j[D ib ;[oZfynk
nfsnzs Io{oh j?. fJ; bJh j/m fby/ T[gqkb/ eoB/ ukjhd/ jB^
(T) ib dh ;zGkb (Water conservation) : jtk s'A pknd ib wBZ[yK ns/
;ko/ ikBdko gqkDhnK bJh, g"fdnK bJh ;G s'A tZX Io{oh j?. jo soQK dk ihtB
gkDh ftu jh g?dk j[zdk j?. r[o pkDh ftu th ib dh wjZssk pkps c[owkfJnk frnk
j?^
‘ gfjbk gkDh ihT[ j? fis jfonk ;G j'fJ.*
ib j? sK ihtB j?, fJ;bJh ;kB{z ib dh p/b'Vh tos'A, d[otos'A ns/ e[tos'A B{z o'e
e/ fJ;dh ;zGkb bJh :sB eoB/ ukjhd/ jB. gkDh ghD s'A fJbktk f;zikJh, T[d:'r
ns/ T{oik g?dk eoB bJh th Io{oh j?. iht izs{nK d/ ;oho ftu 70# gkDh j[zdk
j?. i/ T[BQK ftu'A 10# gkDh dh wksok th xN ikt/ sK w"s j' iKdh j?. Gkt/A ;kv/
nkb/ d[nkb/ gkDh jh gkDh j? go ghD:'r gkDh pj[s xZN j?. j[D gzikp th gkDh d/
rzGho ;zeN Bkb i{M fojk j?. ;zro{o, b[fXnkDk, ibzXo ns/ o'gV B{z ekb/ y/so
(vkoe J/o hnK) n?bkfBnk frnk j? feTA[fe fJj gkDh ;zeN dh wko j/m jB. Gkos
d/ y[Pjkb ejkT[Ad/ ;{p / gzikp dk fJj jkb j? sK pkeh y[Pe fJbkfenK dk eh jkb
j't/rk< ;z:[es okPNo ;zx dh fJe fog'oN nB[;ko nkT[D tkb/ 50 ;kbK sZe
;z;ko d/ 7 nop b'e fgnk;/ j' ikDr/. gkDh dh ;zG kb bJh ;kB{z j/m fby/ T[gkn
eoB/ g?Dr/^
(i) BdhnK, MhbK, wjK;kroK nkfd ftu e{Vk eoeN, rzdrh nkfd BjhA ;[ZNDh
ukjhdh. gkDh B{ z d{fPs eoB tkfbnK ftoZ[X ;\s ekotkJh j'D h ukjhdh j?.
(ii) ;kB{z gkDh dh tos'A ;ziw Bkb eoBh ukjhdh j?. ed/ th gkDh dhnK N{NhnK
y[ZbQhnK BjhA ofjD d/D hnK ukjhdhnK. BjkT[D ns/ eZgV/ X'D ;w/A pj[sk
gkDh BjhA v'bQD k ukjhdk.
(iii) rzd/ gkDh B{z ;'X e/, fBsko e/ iK ;k| eoe/ T[;dh d[pkok tos'A eoBh
ukjhdh j?.
(iv) nfijhnK c;bK phiDhnK ukjhdhnK jB fiBQK B{z gkDh dh xZN b'V
j't/.f;zikJh ;kXBK d/ nkX[fBe sohe/ tosD/ ukjhd/ jB.
(v) gkDh dh pus ns/ mhe tos'A eoBk pj[s Io{oh j?. y/sK B{z gkDh dh E'VQh
wksqk gkJhgK okjhA iK fSVekn okjhA d/Dh ukjhdh j?. po;ksh gkDh B{ z
fJeZm k eo b?Dk ukjhdk j?.
(vi) gkDh dh tXdh popkdh B{z d/yd/ j'J/ ;wZ[uh ;hto/i gqDkbh B{ z ;'XDk Io{oh
j?. cbZPK ftu gkDh dh tos'A xNkT[D bJh S'NhnK gkDh N?AehnK dk gq:'r
eoBk ukjhdk j?.
(vii) ib ;'Xe gbKN, wb w{so ;'Xe gbKN nkfd brk e/ gkDh dh :'r tos'A
eoBh ukjhdh j?.
(viii) gkDh B{z g[okD/ YzrK nB[;ko SZgVK ns/ sbkpK ftu fJeZmk eoBk ukjhdk j?.
S'NhnK BdhnK T[s/ S'N/ S'N/ pzBQ pDkT[D / ukjhd/ jB.
(ix) tZX s'A tZX g"d/ bkT[D / ukjhd/ jB sK i[ gkDh B{z pzBQ e/ oZy ;eD. izrbK dh
eNkJh pzd j'D h ukjhdh j?.
(x) gkDh B{ z ed/ th IkfJnk BjhA eoBk ukjhdk.
(xi) IwhB j/mb/ gkDh dh fyZuD dh do fJ;B{z w[V GoB dh do s'A xZN oZyDh
ukjhdh j?.
(xii) fiZE/ ;zGt j't/, ;kroK d/ gkDh dk ykokgD d{o eoe/ T[;B{z tos'A:'r pDkT[D k
ukjhdk j?.
toyk ib fJeZsoheoD^
nZi ;ko/ ;z;ko ftu jh ib ;zeN g?d k j' frnk j?. fJ; s'A puD bJh fiZE / gkDh
dh ;jh tos'A eoBh ukjhdh j?, T[E / whAj dk gkDh fJeZmk eoe/ T[;B{z ;zeN ;w/A
tofsnk ik ;edk j?. wko{Ebh fJbke/ ftu P[o{ s'A jh gkDh dh ewh ojh j?. S'N/
fij/ toyk ekb d"okB MhbK ns/ sbkpK ftu gkDh fJeZm k eo fbnk iKdk j?. id'A
whAj BjhA g?Adk sK fJjh gkDh ezw ;ko dk j?. nZieZbQ BthB YzrK Bkb gkDh fJeZmk
ehsk iKdk j?. nkX[fBe xoK dhnK SZsK s'A gkJhgK d[nkok gkDh Xosh ftu
gj[zukfJnK iKdk j? fi; Bkb Xosh j/m b/ gkDh dk gZXo tXdk j?. |sfjrVQ u{VhnK
wkor TZ[s/ ;fEs ekb'Bh ftzqdktB rkovB nzfwqs;o fty/ fJ;soQK dh seBhe dh
tos'A j' ojh j?. gjkVh fJbkfenK dhnK fsoShnK SZsK d/ gkDh B{z th gkJhgK okjhA
N?Aek ftu fJeZmk ehsk ik ;edk j?. G{wh ftu v{zx/ gkJhg gk e/ whAj dk ;kok gkDh
T[BQK ftu gkfJnk ikDk ukjhdk j?. jkb/ fJj seBhe fes/ fes/ j? go fJ;B{z ;ko/
PfjoK ftu ngBkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. fiBQK fJbkfenK ftu b'eK B{z pj[s d{o d{o s'A
gkDh b?D ikDk g?Adk j?, T[BQ K bJh th toyk d/ gkDh dk fJeZsoheoD bkj/tzd k j?.
ikwhnk fwbhnk fJ;bkwhnK :{Bhtof;Nh ftu th whAj d/ gkDh B{z fJeZmk eoB dh
ftXh ngDkJh rJh j?. fJ; seBhe B{z J/Bk ftef;s ehsk frnk j? fe whAj d/
gkDh ftu'A fwZN h, o/s nkfd B{z tZy eoe/ e/tb ;k| gkDh B{z jh gkJhgK okjhA G{wh
nzdo gj[zukfJnk iKdk j?. fJ;d/ Bkb gkDh dk gZXo th tfXnk j? ns/ ;[nkd th.
fJj fwZmk gkDh ghD :' r pD frnk j?. whAj dk gkDh ;k| GKfvnK ftu fJeZmk
eoB/ fJ;B{z fv;fNbv gkDh dh soQK p?NohnK, fJBtoNoK, ns/ ftfrnkBe gq:'rK
bJh tofsnk ik ;edk j?.
ib ftGkie gqpzXB^
MofBnK ns/ S'NhnK S'NhnK BdhnK, e{jbk nkfd s'A fwb e/ tZvhnK BdhnK
pDdhnK jB. jo d/P dh ;ZfGnsk dk iBw BdhnK d/ feBkfonK s/ j'fJnk j?.
;kv/ dfonk s/ BdhnK fiBQK dh g{ik ehsh iKdh ;h, j[D T[j J/B/ gbhs j' rJ/ jB
fe gkg X'D dh EK ;kB{z uwVh d/ o'r brk ;ed/ jB. BdhnK dfonk rzd/ j'D d/
Bkb ;[Zeh th ik oj/ jB. id'A e[zG dk w/bk brdk j? sK fJBQK ftu j'o ;o'sK s'A
gkDh gkT[ADk g?Adk j?. gkDh dhnK tZy' tZy fJekJhnK B{z ib ftGkie(Watershed)
fejk iKdk j?. id'A pkoPK ekoD BdhnK Bkb/ gkDh Bkb Go iKd/ jB sK fJBQK dk
gkDh Bht/A y/soK tZb tfjDk P[o{ j' iKdk j?. mhe ;zG kb Bk j'D ekoD e[M y/so
y[Pe ofj iKd/ jB ns/ e[M y/soK ftu jVQ nk iKd/ jB. gkDh B{z fJeZmk eoe/
fe;/ yk; y/so dh G{wh ns/ gq;fEsh gqDkbh d/ :'r gqp zX B{z ibftGkie gqpzXB
(Watershed Management) efjzd/ jB. fJ; ftu T[; y/so dh G{wh, y/shpkVh
nkfd B{z ;zG kfbnK iKsdk j? fi; ekoD g{o/ y/so dk ftek; j[zdk j?. fJ; gqpzXB
bJh j/m fbyhnK rZbK dk fXnkB oZyDk ukjhdk j?^
(i) G'A y'o B{z o'eD d/ gqpzX eoB/ ukjhd/ jB. nfijk tZX s'A tZX g"d/ brk e/
ehsk ik ;edk j?.
(ii) S'N/ S'N/ N'G/ ns/ sbkp pDkT[D / ukjhd/ jB i' f;zikJh ns/ wZSh gkbD bJh
tos/ ikD.
(iii) pzBQ pDkT[D ns/ xkj nkfd brkT[D Bkb Gh gkDh d/ tjkT[ B{z o'fenk ik
;edk j?.
(iv) g"Vh B[wk y/s pDk e/ y/sh eoB Bkb gkDh dh pus j't/rh.
(v) gkDh B{z fJeZmk eoe/ T[;dh gkJhgK okjhA IwhB ftu ;zG kb eoBh ukjhdh
j?.
(vi) gP{nK dh uokJh s/ fB:zs qD oZyDk ukjhdk j?.
(vii) dbdbK, SzGK ns/ ibrkjK B{z ;[oZfynk d/D h ukjhdh j?.!
!;_?^nfGnk; bJh gqPB
1H ib dh ;zGkb feT[A Io{o h j?<
2H toyk d/ gkDh B{z fJeZmk eoB d/ eh bkG jB<
3H ib ftGkie gqpzXB dk eh wjZst j?<
2H2H6 g[Botk; ns/ g[Bo;EkgB dhnK ;wZf;nktK^
eJh t/o e[dosh nk|sK, izrK, ;oekoh gqki?eNK nkfd ekoD b'eK B{z nkgDhnK
IwhBK ns/ xo SZvD/ g?Ad/ jB. e[M ftek;wJh gqki?eNK fit/A SkT[DhnK, pzBQ, tk:{
;?Bk e/AdoK, ;VeK d/ fBowkD, s/b ;'X e ekoykB/, o/bt/ bkJhBK nkfd dh T[;koh
bJh b'eK s'A T[BQK d/ fBtk; \kbh eotk bJ/ iKd/ jB. fJ; Bkb b'eK B{z pj[s
;ohoe, wkBf;e, nkoEe ns/ GktBkswe gq/PkBhnK MZbDhnK g?AdhnK jB. T[BQK
dhnK ;wZf ;nktK pj[s tX iKdhnK jB fit/A^
(i) T[BQK dh ihtB P?bh n;s ftn;s j' iKdh j?.
(ii) T[BQK B{z g{ok w[nktIk xZN jh fwbdk j?.
(iii) T[BQK dhnK GkJhukoe ns/ ;wkie ;KMK N[ZN iKdhnK jB.
(iv) BthnK EktK s/ ik e/ ;Ekgs j'Dk pj[s n"yk j[zdk j?.
(v) T[BQK d/ pZfunK dh gVQkJh ns/ T[BQK dk o[Irko gqGkts j[zdk j?.
(vi) nkgDh G{wh, nkgD/ ephb/ ns/ nkgD/ ;ZfGnkuko Bkb'A d{o j'D dh T[BQK B{ z
wkBf;e gq/PkBh MZbDh g?Adh j?.
(vii) T[j nkgD/ fJbke/ d/ e[dosh ;kXBK, tksktoD, y/shpkVh ns/ Xosh s'A
ftZSV iKd/ jB.
(viii) BthA EK T[BQK d/ gP{nK, pI[orK, pZfunK ns/ gfotkoK d/ nB[e{b BjhA j[zdh,
fJ;bJh T[j fuzsk ns/ sDkT[ ftu nk iKd/ jB.
(ix) T[; g{o/ y/so fi;B{z T[j Svd/ jB ns/ T[j y/so fiZE/ T[j ik e/ t;d/ jB,
dh noEftt;Ek ns/ gqf;fEfse gqD kbh gqG kts j' iKdh j?.
(x) T[BQK ftu n;[oZfynk ns/ vo dh GktBk tX iKdh j?.
(xi) eJh t/o T[j ibtk:{ pdbD Bkb phwko j' iKd/ jB.
(xii) T[BQK d/ BkVh szso s/ p[o k n;o g?Adk j?.
;oeko tZb'A g[Botk; ns/ g[Bo;EkgB (Rehabilitation and Resettlement)
ftGkr ;Ekgs ehsk frnk j?. e[M }?o ;oekoh ;zrmB th fJ; ftu :'rdkB gk
oj/ jB. fJBQK gq"i?eNK nXhB gqG kts b'eK B{z w[nktI/ d/ Bkb Bkb ofjD dh EK th
fdZsh iKdh j?. fco th fJ; ftu eJh ;wZf;nktK nkT[AdhnK jB fit/^
(i) w[nktI/ dk ;jh nB[wkB bkT[Dk n"yk j[zdk j?. g?;k tzvD ;w/A th f;|koP
ns/ fGqPNkuko gqXkB j[zdk j?. fJ;bJh :'r ns/ rohp b'eK B{z g{oh wdd
BjhA fwbdh.
(ii) :'iBktK pDkT[D ;w/A eJh t/o f;nkDg ns/ d{onzd/Ph s'A ezw BjhA fbnk
iKdk. fJj f;o| ezw ubkT{ j[zdhnK jB.
(iii) g[Botk; :'iBk ftu eJh t/o T[Zi V e/ nkJ/ b'eK ns/ ;EkBe b'eK ftu
skbw/b BjhA p?mdk ns/ ;wkie ;wZf;nktK iK MrV/ g?dk j' iKd/ jB.
(iv) nkoEe B[e;kB d/ Bkb Bkb d[pkok tZ;D tkb/ b'eK B{z wkB;e ns/
GktBkswe sDkT[ ftu'A bzxDk g?Adk j? feT[Afe nkgDh iZdh G{wh ns/ xoK B{z
SZvDk pj[s n"y k j?.
fco th ;oekoh ;{M p{M, b'eK dh ;w{bhns ns/ ;k| ;[Eo/ B/e gqp zXK okjhA
fJj ;wZf;nktK ek|h jZd sZe jZb j' iKdhnK jB.!
!;?_^nfGnk; bJh gqPB
1H g[Botk; eh j[zdk j?< fJ;dh b'V feT[A g?dh j?<
2H g[Bo;EkgB ftu eh w[PebK nkT[AdhnK jB<
2H2H7 ibtk:{ gqhtosB, ftPt ftnkgh skgwkB ftu tkXk, s/Ikph toyk
ns/ gowkD{ d[oxNBktK^
tksktoD B{z pukT[D k nZi jo wB[Zy dk Xow ns/ B?fse fIzw/tkoh pD u[Zeh j?.
wB[Zy B{z nkgDh ihtB P?bh, fdqPNhe'D ns/ tshok pdbDk g?Dk j?. gqd{PD Bkb
ibtk:{ ftu gqhtosB j'fJnk j? fi; Bkb gfo;fEfse szso dk ;zs[bB ftrV
frnk j?. t;'A d/ ysoBke tkX/ ekoD fiZE/ e[dosh ;q'sK dh ygs tXh j? T[E/ j'o
iht izs{nK dk ihtB \so/ ftu g? frnk j?. efjD B{z n;hA e[dos B{z fiZs fbnk j?
go n;b ftu n;hA jko rJ/ jK. w[ed/ t;hb/ ns/ tXdh t;'A B/ tksktoD B{z
ftrkV fdsk j?.
(T) ibtk:{ gfotosB (Climatic Change) :
wB[Zyh iB;zfynk d/ s/Ih Bkb tXD ekoD Xosh fJ;dk Gko u[ZeD s'A fJBekoh j[zdh
ikgdh j?. t;/p/, o[Irko d/ w"e/, gkDh, ;hto/i, nktkikJh, f;js ;j{bsK tXdh
nkpkdh ;kjwD/ ;KthnK Bjh s[b ojhnK. shih d[B hnK d/ PfjoK ftu j[D fJe
nop b'e t; oj/ jB go 2025 JhH sZe fJj t;'A uko nop j' ikDh j?. fJ; Bkb
fiZE/ e[dosh ;kXBK dk xkD j' fojk j? T[E/ jh T[d:'rh ftek; ns/ PfjoheoD
eoe/ ibtk:{ ftu spdhbh j' ojh j?. Xosh dh ;[o Zf ynk eoB tkbh UI'B gos
\sw j' ojh j?. pj[sh ekopBvkfJe;kJhv ns/ T[d:'fre r?;K SZvD Bkb tksktoD
ftu r?;K d/ nB[gks ftu spdhbh nkJh j?. X{znK, fwZNh, rzdrh, e{V/ nkfd
gqd{PeK ftu tkXk j'D Bkb ibtk:{ ftu gfotosB j' oj/ jB. fJ; gqhtosB d/
p[o/ gqGkt j/m fby/ jB^
(i) tksktoD dk skgwkB brksko tX fojk j?. fJjd/ Bkb fiZE/ fjzw BdhnK dh
po| fgxb/rh, T[ZE/ jVQ ns/ ;'ek g?dk j't/rk. ;wz[do dk n";sB ib gZXo
tXD Bkb feBko/ t;d/ PfjoK d/ roe j'D dk \sok j?.
(ii) ;odh dk w";w S'Nk ns/ rowh dk w";w bzwk j' ikt/rk.fJ; bJh mzY/ d/PK
ftu ofjD tkb/ b'eK dk ihtB vktKv'b j' ikt/rk.
(iii) skgwkB d/ tkX/ ekoD pB;gshnK ns/ izs{ ihtB th gqGkts j'Dr/.
gfo;fEsh szso ftu ftrkV g?dk j' ikt/rk.
(iv) fJ; ;dh d/ nzs sZe Bhb Bdh dk v?bNk, rzrk^pqjwg[Zso v?bNk, eJh dhg
;w{j ns/ e[dosh pzdorkjK gkDh ftu v[Zp ikDrhnK.
(v) ykD:'r gdkoEK dh xkN j't/rh ns/ j?IK, ghbhnk, wb/ohnK, d{f Ps gkDh s'A
j'D tkbhnK phwkohnK tX ikDrhnK .
ibtk:{ gqhtosB s'A pukn^
(i) ibtk:{ gqhtosB d/ ekoDK ns/ gqGktK pko/ b'eK ftu u/sBk ns/ ikfrqsh
c?bkT[D h ukjhdh j?.
(ii) gqd{PD ns/ nkpkdh B{z xZN eoB bJh :sBPhb j'Dk ukjhdk j?.
(iii) wB[Zy dh nkokwgq;sh, bkgqtkjh ns/ pBkT[Nh t;sK dh tos'A B/ th tksktoD
dk xkD ehsk j?. T[;B/ izrb eZN e/ ezeohN d/ xo pDk bJ/ jB ns/ T[BQK
B{z pBkT[Nh c[ZbK Bkb ;ik fbnk j?. fJ;soQK mzYe s/ ;k| jtk d/D tkb/ o[ZyK
dh nDj'Ad ftu skgwkB ns/ d{fPsk tX ojh j?. fJ;bJh ;kB{z tZX s'A tZX
o[Zy bkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB ns/ nkgDh ihtB P?bh ftu pdbkT[ fbnkT[D k ukjhdk
j?.
(iv) c;bh ftfGzBsk ns/ :'iBkpZX y/sh B{z ngBkT[Dk ukjhdk j?.
(v) ftek; ekoiK dh e[dosh gqD kbh Bkb fJe;[osk Io{oh j?.
(vi) ftfdnkoEhnK, nfXnkgeK,ns/ ;wki ;/th ;z;EktK B{z b'eK ftu ik e/
tksktoD gqsh frnkB d/Dk ukjhdk j?.
(vii) e'bk, g?No'b ibkT[D dh EK ;{o ih T{oik tor/ e[dosh ;o'sK dh tos'A eoBh
ukjhdh j?.
(viii) Xkowe nzX ftPtk;K ekoD b'ehA N{D/ eoe/, eZgV/ ;[ZN e/, w'w, fxT[, s/b
nkfde dh pj[sh tos'A eoe/ gkDh d/ ;'fwnK B{z gbhs eod/ jB ns/
skgwkB ftu tkXk eod/ jB. fJ;bJh fJBQK ekotkJhnK s'A r[o/I eoBk
ukjhdk j?. dhtkbh dh oks B{z gNke/ nkfsPpkIhnK okjhA skg ns/ d{fPsk
BjhA tXkT[Dh ukjhdh.
(ix) fte;s d/PK B{z fBT{ebhno siofpnK ns/ n?Nwh pzpK nkfd s/ gkpzdh
bkT[Dh ukjhdh j?.
(x) i?fte ns/ o;kfJDe jfEnkoK s/ gkpzdh brk e/ e[dosh ;'fwnK d/ xkD ns/
gqd{PD B{z o'fenk ik ;edk j?. yVQK gkDh whE/B r?; g?dk eodk j?, ;' fJ;s'A
pukn Io{o h j?.!
!;?_^nfGnk; bJh gqPB^
1H ibtk:{ gqhtosB d/ eh gqG kt jB<
2H ibtk:{ spdhbhnK s'A fet/A pfunk ik ;edk j?<
(n) ftPtftnkgh skgwkB ftu tkXk (Global Warming)
izrbK d/ ;kV/ ikD, ;Bwksh ofjzd y{zjd d/ Y/oK B{z IfjohbhnK r?;K d/ o{g ftu
tk:{wzvb nzdo Y/oK B{z IfjohbhnK r?;K d/ o{g ftu tk:{wzvb nzdo Y/oh eoB,
UI'B gos d/ bzrko, o/vhT[ n?efNt gqd{PD, ;kt/ xo dh goGktesk (Green
House Effect) nkfd ekoD ;wZ[uh Xosh dk skgwkB fdB' fdB tXdk ik fojk j?.
tk:{wzvb Xosh dh SZvh rJh T{oik ekoD row j[zdk j?. ;{oi s'A T{oik b?D T[gqzs
i' T{{oik Xosh Svdh j? T[;B{z tk:{wzvbh r?;K ns/ fwZNh d/ eD ;'y b?Ad/ jB.
T{oik ;'yFD tkbhnK r?;K B{z ;kt/ xo iK (Green House)r?;K ftu tkXk j'D Bkb
ftPtftnkgh skgwkB tXdk ik fojk j?. ftfrnkBhnK nB[;ko fJ; ;dh ftu
ftPt skgwkB 3H5° ;?ANhr/qv s'A b? e/ 10° ;?ANhr/qv sZe tX ;edk j?.
ekoD^ ftPt gZXo s/ skgwkB tXD d/ ekoD j/m fby/ jB^
(i) izrbK dh eNkJh
(ii) t;'A ftu tkXk
(iii) T[d:'rheoD ns/ PfjoheoD
(iv) nktkikJh d/ ;kXBK ftu tkXk
(v) pkbD dh ygs ftu tkXk
(vi) gqd{PD ns/ o/vhJ/PB ftu tkXk
gqGkt^ fJ;d/ wkV/ gqGkt fJ; gqeko jB^
(i) ibtk:{ ftu gqhtosB ns/ rowh dk tXDk
(ii) po|K dk fgxbDk, ;w[zdoh ib d/ gZXo ftu tkXk
(iii) pkfoPK ftu tkXk ns/ jVQK dh ;zGktBk
(iv) ;w[zdoh fJbkfenK d/ row j'D dh ;zG ktBk
(v) ;'e/ ftu tkXk, g?dktko ftu xkNk, MZyVK dh ;zG ktBk
T[gkn^ ftPt skgwkB tXD d/ ftBkPekoh n;o B{z d/yd/ j'J/ j/m fby/ T[gkn eoB/
ukjhd/ jB^
(i) rohB jkT{; r?;K B{z xZN eoBk
(ii) izrbK B{ z pukT[Dk, izrbh oep/ B{z tXkT[Dk
(iii) fJ; ftu ;ko/ ftPt dh ;KM/dkoh dh b'V j?.
(iv) t;'A ns/ gqd{PD T[s/ ezNo'b
(v) tksktoDh u/sBsk nzd'bB g?dk eoe/ Xosh B{z ;[jktk pkr pDkfJnk ik
;edk j?.
(J) s/Ikph toyk (Acid Rain)^ gqd{PD d/ tXD Bkb e[M jkBhekoe r?;K ns/
o;kfJD whAj d/ gkDh ftu fwb iKd/ jB. fJ;B{z s/Ikph toyk efjzd/ jB i' mzY
gkT[D dh EK ;kB{z ibB ns/ phwkohnK fdzdh j?.
ekoD^ g?N q'b, e'fJb/, vhIb nkfd d/ pbD s'A ;bcovkfJe;kJhv ns/ BkJhNo'iB
nke;kJhv r?;K g?dk j[zdhnK jB. gkDh ftu x[b e/ fJj ;bfcT{foe n?f;v,
BkfJfNqe n?f;v iK s/IkpK dk o{g XkoB eo b?AdhnK jB. whAj d/ gkDh ftu x[b e/
fJj id'A Xosh s/ fvrd/ jB sK s/Ikph toyk j[zdh j?.
gqGkt^
(i) s/Ikph toyk izrbK d/ izrb BPN eo fdzdh j?. fJj fwZNh d/ g'Pe sZsK B{z
th o'VQ fdzdh j?.
(ii) fJj gZfsnK ftu S/e eo fdzdh j? fi; ekoD T[j G'iB pDkT[D d/ ;woE
BjhA ofjzd/.
(iii) fJj MhbK, pB;gshnK ns/ ib ihtK dk ihtB spkj eo fdzdh j?.
(iv) fJ; Bkb gqf;fEfse szs o s/ wko{ gqGkt g?Adk j?.
(v) X{zJ/, X[zd nkfd Bkb fwb e/ fJj nB/eK phwkohnK g?dk eodh j?.
(vi) fJj wB[Zyh ihtB ns/ G'iB bVhnK B{z nwzs ftnwzs eo fdzdh j?.
T[gkn^ s/Ikph toyk s'A puD d/ e[M T[gkn j/m fby/ jB^
(i) ;kB{z e[dosh T{oik ;o'sK dh tos'A eoBh ukjhdh j? fit/A ;{oih T{oik, ib
T{oik iK g"D T{oik
(ii) e'fJb/, g?Nq'b ns/ pbDPhb r?;K dk gq:'r xZN eoBk ukjhdk j?.
(iii) nktkikJh d/ ;kXBK ftu gqd{PD ezNo'b izso bZr/ j'D/ ukjhd/ jB.
(iv) eko\kfBnK dhnK fuwBhnK ftu fcbNo nkfd brk e/ Ifjohb/ sZsK B{z
tk:{wzvb ftu ikD s'A o'eDk ukjhdk j?.
(v) s/Ikph toyk s'A gqGkts fwZNh B{z u{B/ d/ gZEo Bkb mhe ehsk ik ;edk j?.
(;) gowkD{ d[oxNBktK (Nuclear Accidents)
o/vhT[^n?efNt gdkoE :{o/Bhnw, E'o hnw nkfd B{z fpibh g?dk eoB bJh tofsnk
iKdk j?. go o/vhT[ n?efNt gqd{PD pj[s jh \soBke j?. igkB ftu jho';hwk s/
Bkrk;keh d/ wjKd[yKs fgZS/ gowkD{ jfEnko jh ;B. fJ;dk wko{ n;o ghVQhnK
sZe th fgZSk eodk ofjzdk j?. n?Nwh o/vhJ/PB Bkb ;kv/ ;oho d/ ;?Zb, fNP{ N[ZN
iKd/ jB, uwVh T[ZXV iKdh j? ns/ e?A;o torhnK phwkohnK bZr iKdhnK jB.
gqGkt^ ;kohnK wB[Zy h fpgsktK ftu'A gqwkD{ d[oxNBktK ;G s'A tZX ftBkPekoh jB.
i/ seBheh o{g ftu e'Jh \okph j' ikt/, iK fJ;dh d[otos'A ehsh ikt/ sK Gkoh
B[e;kB j[zdk j? fit/A^
(i) fJ; Bkb tZv/ gZXo s/ ikBh ns/ wkbh B[e;kB j[zdk j?. d{o d{o sZe IwhB
pzio j' iKdh j?.
(ii) f;js ;wZf;nktK, rzGho phwkohnK ns/ nB[tzPe phwkohnK th j' iKdhnK
jB. w'shnk, pKMgD ns/ e?A;o j' iKdk j?.
(iii) |;bK ns/ iht izs{ spkj j' iKd/ jB.
(iv) gqwkD{ XwkfenK Bkb nZrK bZr iKdhnK jB ns/ wjKftBkP j[zdk j?. fJBQK dk
n;o d{o sZe jz[dk j?.
T[gkn^
(i) gqwkD{ XwkfenK s'A puD bJh :'r ;[oZfynk gqpzX j'D/ ukjhd/ jB.
(ii) gqwkD{ T{oik g?dk eoB s'A pknd pu/ y[u/ e{V/ eoeN B{z ;jh sohe/ Bkb
BPN eoBk ukjhdk j?.
(iii) nzB/Qtkj n?e;o/, o/vhT[E?o/gh iK o/vhT[ nkJh;'N'gK d/ gq:'r s'A puDk ukjhdk
j?.
(iv) n?Nwh jfEnkoK d/ fBowkD, goy ns/ ftek; T[Zs/ o'e brkT[Dh ukjhdh j?.
(v) fBT{ebhno dtkJhnK, o/vhJ/PB ufes;k ;w/A ;ktXkBh tosDh ukjhdh j?.
(vi) gq:'rPkbk ftu ezw eoB ;w/A ;[oZfynk etu gfjBDk ukjhdk j?.
(vii) fBT{ebhno gkto gbKNK dh T[;koh ns/ ekoi gqDkbh th ;[oZfynk nXhB
j'Dh ukjhdh j?.!
!;?_^nfGnk; bJh gqPB^
1H ftPt gZXo s/ skgwkB feTA[ tXdk ik fojk j?<
2H gowkD{ d[oxNBktK d/ eh gqG kt j[zd/ jB<
2H2H8pzio G{wh ;[Xko ns/ g[Bogqkgsh (Wasteland Reclamation)
pzio G{wh nfijk eZbo j[zdh j? fiZE/ e[M BjhA T[rdk. fwZNh d/ y[oB Bkb fJj G{wh
yokp j' u[Zeh j[zdh j?. ;kB{z Bk e/tb pzio G{wh B{z pukT[Dk ukjhdk j? ;r'A yokp
j'Jh ns/ tos'A nXhB Bk nkT[D tkbh G{wh B{z d[pkok y/sh:'r pDkT[Dk ukjhdk j?.
go fJ;B{z mhe eoB bJh ;\s fwjBs dh b'V j[zdh j?. pzio G{wh B{z d[pkok
T[gikT{ pDkT[D d/ j/m fby/ bkG jB^
(i) fJ; s'A ykX gdkoE, ;pIhnK, bZeVh, ukok nkfd gqk gs j't/rk.
(ii) fJj rohpK bJh ewkJh ns/ o[Irko dk ;kXB pD/rh.
(iii) fJ; Bkb gfo;fEfse szso T[Zs/ uzrk gqGkt gt/rk.
pzio G{wh ftu'A Bwe dh wksqk xN eoe/, ykdK dh tos'A eoe/, ftfrnkBe
sohfenK Bkb y/sh eoe/, o[Zy brke/, f;zikJh eoe/ ns/ ;jh d/yGkb eoe/
fJ;B{z g[Bo ;Ekgs ehsk ik ;edk j?.
!;?_^nfGnk; bJh gqPB
1H G{wh d/ pzio j'D d/ eh ekoD jB<
2H pzio G{wh B{z ;'X e/ fet/A T[gikT{ pDkfJnk ik ;edk j?<
pzio G{wh ;[Xko ns/ d[pkok tosD:'r pDkT[D dh ftXh (Process of
Wasteland Reclamation)
fJ; ezw bJh ;G s'A gfjbK ;ot/y D eo e/ ;wZf;nk dh gSkD eoBh ukjhdh j?.
fco mhe BePk fsnko eoBk ukjhdk j? sK i[ ;jh ikDekoh fwb ;e/. fiBQK ekoDK
eoe/ G{wh pzio j'Jh, T[BQK ekoDK dh gSkD eoe/, d{o eoBk ukjhdk j?. gzukfJsK,
b'eK, nfXekohnK, gqPk;eK, tksktoD wkfjoK nkfd dh wdd Bkb :'i BktK B{ z bkr{
eoe/ fe;kBK B{z T[fus ikDekoh d/D h ukjhdh j?. fwZNh dh iKu goy eo e/ T[;dk
;[Xko eoBk ukjhdkk j?. ;/w B{z o'eD d/ T[gqkb/ eoB/ ukjhd/ jB. |;bK ns/
g"fdnK dh ;jh u'D eoe/ T[E'A dh tksktoD gq;fEsh nB[;ko fpikJh eoBh ukjhdh
j?. fe;kBK B{z y/sh bJh xZN ftnki ns/ fePsK s/ eoIk d[nkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. ;KM/
:sBK Bkb :'iBktK B{z ;|b pDkfJnk ik ;edk j?. ;zB 1985 ftu okPNoh pzio
G{wh ftek; p'ov ;Ekgs ehsk frnk i' pzio G{wh d/ g[Bo ftek; ns/ ;[Xko bJh
:sBPhb j?.!
2H2H9 T[gG'rsktkd ns/ e{Vk eoeN^ nkgDhnK b'VK dh g{osh bJh j'o uhIK
dk gq:'r ns/ tos'A eoBk T[gG'rsktkd nytkT[Adk j?. ftef;s d/P Io{os s'A tZX
;kXBK dh tos'A eod/ jB id fe ftek;Phb d/P xZN ;kXBK Bkb r[Ikok eod/ jB.
j[D s/Ih Bkb ftek; eo oj/ d/P th e[dosh ;kXBK dh fInkdk ygs eoB bZr/ j'J/
jB.
ekoD^
(i) pj[s/ b'e nkgDhnK b'VK dh g{osh bJh ygs eod/ jB.
(ii) nwho b'e nkgD/ pj[s/ XB ekoD ygs pj[sh eod/ jB.
(iii) fJPfsjkopkIh ns/ wP{johnK t/y e/ th BthnK BthnK uhIK yohdD dh
fJZSk g?dk jz[dh j?.
(iv) e[M b'e nkgDhnK fJSktK, bkb;ktK ns/ fdyktk eoB bJh th pj[shnK
uhIK, yohod/ jB.
gqGkt^
(i) fJ; Bkb gqfeose ;kXBK dk ftBkP j[zdk jB.
(ii) fInkdk T[gG'rsk Bkb fInkdk e{Vk eoeN th tXdk j? ns/ tksktoD wbhB
j[zdk j?.
(iii) fJ; Bkb f;js dhnK ;wZf;nktK th tX iKdhnK jB.
(iv) ftef;s ns/ ftek;Phb d/PK, nwhoK ns/ rohpK dk gkVk tX iKdk j?.
T[gkn^
(i) ;ziwh ;[G kn^;kB{z ;ziw ns/ f;nkDg Bkb nkgDhnK fJSktK s/ ekp{ gkT[D k
ukjhdk j?.
(ii) ;kB{z nkgDhnK Io{osK B{z ;hfws eoBk ukjhdk j?.
(iii) gbk;fNe fb|kfcnK dh EK eZgV/ d/ E?b/ tosD/ ukjhd/ jB fi; Bkb e{Vk
eoeN xZN c?b/rk.
(iv) ckbs{ gdkoEK dk g[Bo T[g:'r ehsk ik ;edk j? fiE/ e{V/ s'A fpibh g?dk
ehsh ik ;edh ns/ o;'Jh d/ euo/ s'A ykd pDk e/ T[; ftu rzv'J/ g?dk ehs/
ik ;ed/ jB. fJj ykd pj[s T[g:'rh j[zdh j?.
(v) g[okD/ b'j/, sKp/, gbk;fNe, fgZsb, PhP/ nkfd B{z fgxbk e/ iK oh;kJheb
eoe/ d[p kok gq:'r ftu fbnKdk ik ;edk j?.
(vi) nkgD/ XB d/ fdykt/ bJh BjhA ;r'A b'V nB[;ko jh uhIK dh yohd eoBh
ukjhdh j?.
e{Vk eoeN^
tXdh t;'A, tXdhnK b'VK ns/ b'eK dh ihtB P?bh ftu pdbkT[ nkT[D Bkb euo/
iK e{V/ eoeN ftu th tkXk j'fJnk j?. fJe Gkosh gotko jo o'I n";sB nZXh
N'eoh rzdrh g?dk eodk j? fi; ftu wb w{so, gkbhfEB fb|kc/, oZdh, ;pIhnK dk
euok, e{Vk nkfd nk iKd/ jB. gfjbK gfjb euok ns/ rzdrh ;G e[M rb ;V
iKdk ;h ns/ fwZNh dk fjZ;k pD iKdk ;h. go nZi ebQ Bk rbD tkb/ gdkoE fit/A
gbk;fNe, p'sbK, g/go gb/N K nkfd ;G e[M e{V/ ftu ;[ZN iKdk j? ns/ jo ;kb
rzdrh dk Y/o T[Zuk j[zdk iKdk j?. fJeZbk nwohek jo ;kb 20eo'V NB euok g?dk
eodk j?. n;hA e{Vk eoeN ;[ZN e/ BdhnK ns/ ;kro gbhs eo fds/ jB. nZi
rzrk wbhB j' u[Zeh j?, vb Mhb woB feBko/ j?, wBhg[o dh b'esko Mhb th nk\oh
;kjK s/ j?. Pokp d/ eko\kfBnK dk o'VQ jo gk;/ pdp{ c?bk fojk j?. ftj[b/ euo/
s'A g?dk j'fJnk tksktoDh ;zeN ;kvh f;js bJh \sok pD frnk j?. n;hA ;koh
Xosh B{z jh e{V/dkB pDk fdsk j??. e{V/ B{z BPN eoB bJh j/m fby/ T[gkn jB^
(i) m'; e{Vk eoeN g[Bo uZeoD, ykd pDkT[D ns/ fpibh g?dk eoB bJh
tofsnk ik ;edk j?.
(ii) j;gskbK dk e{Vk eoeN ;kV d/Dk ukjhdk j?.
(iii) Ifjohb/ e{V/ B{z tZy eoe/ T[fus sohe/ Bkb BPN eoBk ukjhdk j?. gZfsnK
ns/ NkjDhnK s'A ykd pDkJh ik ;edh j?.
(iv) T[d:'fre ns/ Pfjoh rzdrh B{z ;'X e/ BPN eoBk ukjhdk j?.
(v) gkbhfEB dh tos'A T[Zs/ ;\sh Bkb o'e bkT[Dh ukjhdh j?.
!;?_^nfGnk; gqPB^
1H T[gG'rsktkd ftu fejVhnK rZbK dk fXnkB oZyDk ukjhdk j?<
2H ;kB{z e{V/ eoeN dk fBek; fet/A eoBk ukjhdk j?<
2H2H10 ;ko^
;kvhnK pj[shnK ;wZf;nktK ;kvhnK nkg ;j/VhnK j'JhnK jB. fijVk ;wki
e/tb w[Bk|/ ns/ Pesh B{z jh nkgDk nkdoP pDk b?Adk j?, T[j ed/ Gh PKs, ;fji
ns/ ;[yh BjhA j' ;edk. n;bh nkBzd sK e[dos Bkb ns/ T[;d/ pDkJ/ ihts
;z;ko Bkb fwb i[b e/ fIzdrh wkDB ftu j?. n;bh fBZx sK e[dos dh r'd ftu
j?, tksktoD dh P[ZXsk, fBowb ib ns/ skIh jtk cZeD ftu j?. oZp B/ ;kB{z Xosh
dh ;odkoh p\Ph j?, ;ko/ iht izs{ ;kv/ Bkb fgnko ns/ fwbtosD Bkb g/P
nkT[Ad/ jB, ;ko/ o[Zy p{N/ ;kvh ;/t k ftu i{N/ j'J/ jB go n;hA ;koh ;z[dosk ns/
y/V/ B{z eo{gsk ns/ T[dk;h ftu pdb fdsk j?. ftek; dk wsbp fJj BjhA fe j'o K
dk ftBkP eo fdsk ikt/. ;kB{z n;bh ftek; dk wjZst ;wM e/ e[dosh ;'fwnK dh
d[otos'A, gqd{PD, T[gG'rsktkd B{z o'eDk ukjhdk j?. Xosh wK dh ;zGkb, gkDh fgsk
dh ;[oZfynk ns/ e[dos B{z fPzrkod/ izrbK dh ;zGkb d/ Bkb Bkb ;kB{z nkgDhnK
}bs joesK s/ nze[P brkT[D k ukjhdk j?. tksktoD B{z \okp eoB dh EK fJ;B{z
fPzrkoBk ns/ ;ztkoBk ;kvk Xow j?. e[dos ftu jh ekdo dk ibtk d/y Dk ukjhdk
j?.
(i) fJekb'i h n?Av chbv pkfJnkb'ih (nkoHn?bH;fwE)
(ii) n?BtkfJoBw?ANb g"fbT{PB (i/wI ;g?E)
(iii) ebhfBzr ng (i"jB n?bfezrNB)
(iv) t/;N w?B/iw?AN N?eBkb'ih (i'B?EB P"gb/)
(v) tksktoD f;Zfynk^(Bo/P e[wko)
(i) bx{ekbhB ns/ fuo;EkJh ftek; s'A eh Gkt j?< fJBQK d/ eh bZSD jB<
(ii) T{oik ;zpzXh ;wZf;nktK dk y'bQ e/ toDB eo'.
(iii) ib dh ;zGkb dhnK eh ftXhnK jB<
(iv) pzio G{wh ;[Xko ns/ g[Bogqkgsh d/ eh T[gkn jB<
(v) T[gG'rtsktkd s/ fJe B'N fby'.
(i) e{V/ eoeN dk fBek; fet/A eoBk ukjhdk j?<
(ii) s/Ikph toyk d/ ekoD ns/ gqGktK pko/ s[;hA eh ikDd/ j'<
(iii) toyk ib dk fJeZsoheoD fet/A eoBk ukjhdk j?<
(iv) ib ftGkie gqpzXB s/ B'N fby'.
(v) g[Botk; ns/ g[Bo;EkgB s'A eh Gkt j?<
(vi) gowkD{ d[oxNBktK s'A fet/A pukT[ j' ;edk j?<
(vii) ibtk:{ gqhtosB d/ eh ekoD j' ;ed/ jB<
(viii) ftPt ftnkgh skgwkB ftu tkXk j'D d/ eh gqGkt g?Dr/<
(ix) fuo;EkJh ftek; B{z fejVhnK u[D"shnK jB<
(ix) tksktoD d/ ;[Xko iK ftrkV ftu wB[Zy dh eh G{fwek j?<
tksktoD ;[oZfynk nfXfB:w ns/ b'eK ftu ikro{esk

(Environment Protection Acts and Public Awareness)
gkm dh o{g o/yk
2H3H1 G{fwek
2H3H2 T[d/P
2H3H3 tksktoD ;[oZfynk nfXfB:w(Environment Protection Acts)
2H3H3 (i) tk:{ ;[oZfynk nfXfB:w
2H3H3 (ii) ib ;[oZfynk nfXfB:w
2H3H3 (iii) izrbh iht ;[oZfynk nfXfB:w
2H3H3 (iv) izrb ;[oZfynk nfXfB:w
2H3H4 b'eK ftu ikro{esk (Public Awareness)
2H3H5 ;ko
2H3H1 G{fwek^
wB[Zy B/ fJfsjk; B{z tofenK TZ[s/ BjhA ;r'A e[dos d/ fujo/ T[s/ fby fdsk j?.
Xosh T[s/ g?dk j' oj/ wko{Eb, izrbK dk ;|kfJnk, skgwkB ftu tkXk, fgxbd/
rb/Phno, yfDi GzvkoK dh E[VQ ns/ jo gk;/ c?b/ gqd{PD B/ e[dos dk fujok
ftrkV fdsk j?. wB[Zy d/ nkg ;j/V/ ;zskg B{z T[;B/ nkg jh \sw eoBk j?. j[D
wB[Zy B/ Xosh d/ I\wK B{z GoB bJh jzG bk wkfonk j?. tksktoD gqsh u/sBsk ns/
fceo g?dk j'fJnk j?. 22 ngq?b 1990 B{z d[BhnK B/ ‘fgqEth fdt;* wBkfJnk ns/
Xosh wK B{z pukT[D dk gqD fbnk. ;oekoK tZb'A Gh tksktoD dh ;[oZfynk gqsh e[M
ekB{zB, e[M n?eN iK nfXfB:w pDkJ/ rJ/ fiBQK ftu fB:wK dh T[bzxDk eoB bJh
;IktK th oZyhnk rJhnK. Gkos B/ nkgD/ ;zftXkB ftu tksktoD ;[o Zfynk bJh
200 s'A tZX ekB{ zB pDkJ/ jB.
2H3H2 T[d/ P^
tksktoD gqsh wB[[Zyh bkgqtkjh ekoD n;hA Gkoh B[e;kB T[mkJ/ jB. j[D nkT[D
tkbhnK ghVQh nK bJh th \sok g?dk j' frnk j?. fJ;B{z d/yd/ j'J/ fiZE/ nkw b'eK
ftu tksktoD gqsh ikro{esk ns/ u/sBsk g?dk eoB dh b'V j?, T[[E/ Gkos ;oeko
tZb'A pDkJ/ nfXfB:wK dk gkbD eoBk th io{oh j?. tksktoD ;zGkb ;zpzXh pDkJ/
ekB{zB, n?eN ns/ T[BQK dh gkbDk ;zpzXh ikDekoh d/D k fJ; gkm dk T[d/P j?. ib,
tk:{, izrbK ns/ izrbh ihtK dh ;[oZfynk bJh pDkJ/ rJ/ fB:wK gqsh ;G B{z
frnkB j'Dk Io{o h j?. fJ;bJh b'eK ftu tksktoD ;[oZfynk gqsh u/sBk c?bkT[D k
ns/ fB:wK B{ z Bk gkbD tkfbnK gqsh ekB{zBh ekotkJh dk frnkB fJ; gkm ftu
fdsk ikt/rk.
2H3H3 tksktoD ;[oZfynk nfXfB:w (Environment Protection Acts)
tksktoD ;[oZfynk gqsh Gkos ;oeko B/ rzGhosk Bkb e[M ekB{zB pDkJ/ fiBQ K dh
gkbDk eoBh Io{oh j?. nzsookPNoh gZXo s/ th pj[s T[gqkb/ j' oj/ jB. ;zB 1972
dh ;Nkejkw ekBcoz; ;thvB fty/ j'Jh fi; ftu tksktoD ;zpzXh w[ZfdnK T[Zs/
ftuko j'fJnk. ;zB 1992 ftu :{BkJhfNv B/PBI d/ nXhB ‘noE ;fwZN* pqkIhb
fty/ j'Jh fi; ftu 178 d/PK d/ gqshfBXhnK B/ Gkr fbnk. fJ; fJeZsosk ftu 27
f;XKs fds/ rJ/ fiBQK nB[;ko gq;fEsh gqD kbh dh ;KG, ;[o ZfynK ns/ nyzvsk,
ftfrnkBe ns/ seBheh frnkB, ftek;, tksktoD ;zpzXh ftXkB pDk e/ T[;dh
gkbDk eoBr/. tksktoD ;zpzXh ;GktK, ekB|oz;K ns/ r'PNhnK eotkJhnK
rJhnK. Gkos B/ tksktoD ;zpzXh ekB{zB pDkJ/ jB fiBQK nB[;ko d/P d/ tDK ns/
izrbh ihtK dh ;[oZfynk, MhbK, dfonktK nkfd dh ;zGkb ns/ i?fte ftfGzBsk dh
oZfynk fij/ n?eN jB. e[dosh tksktoD dh ;[oZfynk ns/ ;ko/ ihtK bJh
jwdodh BkroeK d/ w{b eosZtK ftu'A fJe j?.
Gkos ftu tksktoD ;[o Zfynk nfXfB:w ;zB 1986ftu gk; j'f Jnk. fJj ;ko/ d/P
ftu bkr{ j[zdk j?. fJ; ;zpzXh e/Ado ;oeko oki ;oekoK Bkb skbw/b eoe/
tksktoD, gqd{PD nkfd ;zpzXh ikDekoh b? e/ e[M wkgdzY ;Ekgs eodh j?.
T[d:'rK dh ;fEsh, :zsoK ns/ ekoi ftXhnK dk fBohyD ehsk iKdk j?. tZy ' tZy
y/soK d/ ib, tk:{, fwZNh nkfd d/ Bw{B/ b? e/ T[BQK B{z gq:'rPkbk ftu gofynk iKdk
j?. fJBQK fB:wK B{z ;\sh Bkb gkbD dh jdkfJs fdsh iKdh j?^
(i) e'Jh th ftnesh fBoXkos jZd s'A tZX gqd{Pe sZs BjhA SZv ;edk.
(ii) fe;/ ftnesh B{z fPeko nkfd okjhA ikBtoK B{z wkoB dk nfXeko BjhA j?.
(iii) e'Jh th izrbK iK do\sK dh eNkJh BjhA eo ;edk.
(iv) ekB{zB dh T[bzxDk eoB tkb/ B{z 5 ;kb sZe dh e?d ns/ fJe bZy o[gJ/ sZe
i[o wkBk j' ;edk j?.
(v) i/ T[j ;Ik G[rsD s'A pknd fco ekB{zBh T[bzxDk eodk j? sK gqshfdB 5000
o[H d/ fj;kp Bkb i[owkBk ehsk ik ;edk j?.
(vi) i/ e'Jh ftnesh fJe ;kb s'A tZX ;w/A sZe ekB{zBh T[bzxDk eodk oj/ sK
T[;B{z 7 ;kb sZe ;Ik j' ;edh j?.
(vii) ekB{zB dh T[bzxDk eoB tkbh ezgBh d/ fBod/Pe, gqpzXe nkfd B{z th ;Ik
G[rsDh g? ;edh j?.
(viii) ;oekoh ftGkr d/ w[yh B{z ekB{zB s'VB dh ;fEsh ftu ;Ik fdsh ik ;edh
j?.
(ix) tksktoD ;zpzXh ikro{esk ns/ pukT[ gqpzXK bJh ;oekoh nfXekoh fB:[es
ehs/ iKd/ jB.
fJ; soQK tXhnK gqPk;B, BhshnK, fBnKgkbek ns/ b'eK d/ ;fj:'r Bkb tksktoD
dk pukT[ ehsk ik ;edk j?.!
! ;?_^nfGnk; gqPB^
1H tksktoD ;[o Zfynk nfXfB:w pDkT[D dh b'V feTA[ gJh<
2H 1986 d/ tksktoD nfXfB:w ftu feBQK ;ktXkBhnK s/ I'o fdsk frnk j?<
2H3H3 (i) tk:{ ;[oZfynK nfXfB:w^
Gkos ftu fJj nfXfB:w ;zB 1981 ftu gk; j'fJnk. fJ; n?eN dk T[d/P jtk
dh P[ZXsk j??. ;oeko B/ gqd{PD fB:zsoD p'ov ;Ekgs ehs/ jB i' tk:{ gqd{PD B{z
wkgD ns/ ezNo'b eoB dk ezw eod/ jB^
(i) tk:{ gqd{PD ;zpzXh fB:wK B{z bkr{ eoBk p'o vK dk w[Zy ezw j?.
(ii) tk:{ gqd{PD ;zpzXh nzeV/ fJeZm/ eoBk
(iii) ;oeko B{z gqd{PD o'eD bJh ;[Mkn d/D/
(iv) eko\kfBnK, wPhBK ns/ fBo:ks ;kXBK B{z iKuDk goyDk
(v) T[d:'rK bJh gqd{PD SZvD d/ wkg dzv pDkT[D /
(vi) gq:'rPkbk ;Ekgs eoBhnK ns/ tk:{ d/ Bw{fBnK dh iKu eoBh
(vii) e[M y/soK ftu gqd{PD eoB tkb/ pkbD ns/ T[geoBK s/ gkpzdh bkT[Dh ns/
T[BQK B{z ‘tk:{ gqd{PD fB:zsoD y/so* x'fPs eoBk
(viii) e[M \k; y/soK ftu jh T[d:'r ;Ekgs eoB dh nkfrnk d/Dh tZy ' tZyo/
okiK d/ nkgD/ gqd{PD fB:zsoD p'ov j[zd/ jB.
i/ e'Jh p'ovK d/ nkd/PK dk gkbDk BjhA eodk sK T[;B{z 3 wjhfBnK dh ;Ik,
10,000 o[$^ i[owkBk i' d't/A j' ;ed/ j?. gzikp ftu y/sK ftu yVQh eDe dh BkV,
M'B/ dh gokbh ns/ okJh; P?boK s'A fBebdh cZe B{z jo ;kb nZr brkJh iKdh j?
fi; Bkb ;kok tksktoD Ifjohbk ns/ X{zJ/A Gfonk j' iKdk j??. j[D fJj nZr
brkT[D s/ o'e brkJh rJh j?. f;roNB'Ph fto[ZX th n?eN gk; ehsk frnk j? sK
i[ jtk B{z nP[ZX j'D s'A pukfJnk ik ;e/. jtk B{z ;k| eoB tkb/ jo/ Go/ g"fdnK B{z
eZNDk ekB{zBh i[o w j?. jtk gqd{PD wBkjh ns/ ezNo'b ekB{zB (1981) dh Xkok 21
nB[;ko fe;/ th T[d:'r dh ;Ekgsh bJh oki gqd{PD ezNo'b p'ov dh nkfrnk b?Dh
Io{oh j?.
2H3H3(i) ib ;[oZfynk nfXfB:w^
fJj n?eN 1974 ftu pfDnk. fJ;dk T[d/P ib gqd{PD B{z o'e e/ ib dh P[ZXsk
pDkJh oZy Dk j?. fJj n?eN e/Adoh ;oeko B{z e/Adoh ib gqd{PD ezNo'b p'o v
;Ekgs eoB ns/ oki ;oekoK B{z oki ib gqd{PD ezNo'b p'o v ;Ekgs eoB dk
nfXeko fdzdk j?. fJBQK gqd{PD ezNo'b p'o v ;Ekgs eoB dk nfXeko fdzdk j?.
fJBQK gqd{PD fB:zsqD p'ovK d/ w[Zy ezw fJ; gqeko jB^
(i) n?eN dh Xkok 16 nXhB ib gqd{PD d/ ezNo'b bJh y'i ekoiK B{z T[sPkfjs
eoBk
(ii) eowukohnK B{z ib gqd{PD ;zpzXh f;ybkJh d/Dk (Xkok 16)
(iii) BdhnK ns/ y{j K ftu rzdrh ;[ZND dh wBkjh eoBk (Xkok24)
(iv) ib gqd{PD dh ikDekoh gqkgs eoB bJh tZy' tZyo/ y/soK dk ;ot/yD eoBk
(Xkok 20)
(v) ib gqd{PD sZsK d/ Bw{B/ GoB/ (Xkok 21)
(vi) fe;/ th Pzekrq;s gbKN, :{fBN iK T[d:'r d/ foekov dh iKu eoB bJh
T[;dh gVskb eoBh (Xkok 21)
(vii) ib gqd{PD ;zp zX h e/Adoh ns/ oki ;oekoK B{z wPtok d/Dk (Xkok 16)
(viii) wb w{so fBek; d/ Bt/A YzrK dh nkfrnk d/D h (Xkok 25)
(ix) i/ fe;/ B/ n?eN dk gkbD BjhA ehsk ns/ gqd{PD c?bkfJnk sK T[;B{z i[owkBk
eoBk ns/ B[e;kB dh bkrs t;{b eoBk (Xkok 30)
(x) BdhnK ns/ y{j K dh ;|kJh bJh iK gqd{PD o'eD bJh ndkbsh ekotkJh
eoBh (Xkok 33)
(ix) d{fPsk c?bkT[D tkb/ T[d:'rK B{z pzd eoB dk j[ew d/Dk iK nfij/ T[d:'rK dh
fpibh ;gbkJh pzd eo d/Dh (Xkok 33J/)
fJ; n?eN dhnK tZy tZy XkoktK nXhB ehshnK rJhnK T[bzxDktK ekoD Xkok 41
s'A b? e/ Xkok 50 sZe tZy ' tZy ;IktK dk T[b/y ehsk j'fJnk j?. Xkok 20 dh
T[bzxDk eoB s/ 3 wjhB/ dh e?d iK 10,000 o$^ i[owkBk iK d't/A ehs/ ik ;ed/
jB. i/ ;Ik eZN e/ ftnesh fco T[bzxDk eodk j? sK gqsh fdB 5000 o[$^ d/
fj;kp Bkb T[Bk fuo i[owkBk GoBk gt/rk fizBk fuo T[j nkgDh }bsh B{z ;[X ko Bk
bt/. Xkok 32,33 ns/ 33J/ dh T[bzxDk ekoD 18 wjhfBnK s'A 72 wjhfBnK sZe
e?d ns/ i[owkBk j' ;edk j?. i/ d[pkok rbsh j't/ sK Gkoh i[o wkBk ehsk iKdk j?.
T[d:'r tZb'A T[bzxDk eoB s/ T[;d/ vkfJo?eNo iK w?B/io ns/ ;oekoh ftGkr tZb'A
rbsh eoB s/ ftGkr d/ w[y h B{z ;Ik j' ;edh j?. fJ; n?eN nB[;ko^
(i) e'Jh th wB[Zy fe;/ th ib ;q's B{z gqd{fPs BjhA eo ;edk.
(ii) ib gqd{PD eoB tkb/ T[d:'rK dh ;Ekgsh BjhA j' ;edh.
(iii) fe;/ B{z th T[d:'r bkT[D s'A gfjbK gqd{PD p'ov s'A nkfrnk b?Dh Io{oh
j't/rh.
(iv) p'ov d/ nfXekoh fe;/ ;w/A fe;/ th ib fBek;h ;EkB dh iKu gVskb eo
;ed/ jB.
(v) e'Jh th nkgDh woIh Bkb SZgVK, ibrkjK B{z fwZNh Bkb Go e/ T[E/ fJwkosK
BjhA pDk ;edk.
ib gqd{PD pko/ nzsookPNoh ekB{zB pDkT[D dh b'V j?. ftef;s ns/ T[d:'fre d/PK
ftu rzXe BkJhNo'iB d/ fwPoD toyk dh sk;ho s/Ikph eo fdzd/ jB. s/Ikph toyk
|;bK, izrbK ns/ iht izs{nK ;G bJh jkBhekoe j?. ni/ th Gkosh T[gwjKdhg
ns/ b?fNB nwohek ftu BdhnK d/ gkDh ftu rzdrh, wbw{so nkfd ;[ZfNnk iKdk
j?. fpqN/B nkfd ftu th gkDh d{fPs eoB tkfbnK fto[ZX xZN ekotkJh ehsh iKdh j?
fit/A fJE/ jo ;kb ib gqd{PD d/ bZrGZr 20,000 wkwfbnK dh fog'oN doi j[zdh j?
go e/tb 250 wkwfbnK ftu jh w[eZdwk ubkfJnk iKdk j?. T[d:'rgshnK bJh th
fJE/ i[owkBk xZN jh brkfJnk iKdk j?. :{Hn?;HJ/ ftu gqd{PD ;zpzXh ekB{zB ek|h
;\s j?. fJE/ e'Jh th Bkrfoe gqd{PD eoB tkb/ ftoZ[X w[eZdwk doi eotk ;edk
j?. gfjbh tko ib gqd{PD eoB tkb/ B{z 25,000 vkbo s'A 42,000 sZe i[owkBk j'
;edk j?. d{ih t/o ngokX ehsk ikt/ sK i[owkB/ d/ Bkb e?d th eZNDh g?Adh j?. pko
pko T[bzxDk eoB tkb/ s'A 10,000 vkbo gqsh fdB d/ fj;kp Bkb i[owkBk t;{b
ehsk iKdk j?. fJ;/ bJh nwoheBK B{z ib gqd{PD s'A j'D tkbhnK phwkohnK Bkwkso
jh jB.
;kB{z e/tb ib gqd{PD n?eN d/ vo ekoD jh BjhA, ;r'A nkgDh nkswk d/ Xow
eoB/ th ib B{z nP[ZX eoB s'A pkI nkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. ;kv/ XowK ftu ib B{z
d/tsk ns/ fgsk efj e/ ;BwkfBnK frnk j?. ;kvhnK BdhnK ns/ dfonk g{iD:'r
shoE n;EkBK ti'A ikD/ iKd/ ;B fiBQK B{z j[D n;hA nkgD/ wbw{so s/ e{V/ eoeN
Bkb wbhB ns/ ngftZso eo fdsk j?. bZrGZr ;kohnK ;ZfGnksktK dk iBw
BdhnK iK dfonktK d/ ezY/ j'fJnk wzfBnk iKdk j? go n;hA J/B/ n;ZfGne j' rJ/
jK fe ;kv/ sB wB B{z ;hsb s/ fBowb eoB tkb/ ib ;'fwnK B{z gbhs eoh ik oj/
jK. ;kB{z ngokX eofdnK PkfJd ekBz{B Bk d/y/ go ekfJBks sK d/y ojh j?.
fJ;bJh ;kB{z nkgD/ tehb ns/ iZi nkg jh pDBk g?D k j?. ;kv/ d[nkok ehs/
e[eow ;kB{z s/ j'o iht izs{nK B{z sK G[rsD/ g? jh oj/ jB, nkT[D tkbhnK ghVQhnK
th ;kB{ z ed/ wk| BjhA eoBrhnK. Xosh j/m b/ gkDh dk brksko EZb/ ikDk fiZE/
fe;kBK d/ nkswxks dk ekoD pD fojk j? T[E/ nZXh d[BhnK fgnk;h wo ojh j?.
n;hA BjkT[D X'D dh fijVh :{oghB ftXh ngDk oj/ jK, T[; Bkb th gkDh pj[s
you j[zd k j?. ;' ;kB{z ;G B{z gkDh dh e[tos'A ns/ d{fPsk s'A r[o/I eoBk ukjhdk
j?.!
! ;?_^nfGnk; bJh gqPB^
1H tk:{ gqd{PD fB:zsoD p'ov dhnK eh fIzw/tkohnK jB<
2H ib ;[oZfynk nfXfB:w dh T[bzxDk eoB tkb/ B{z eh ;Ik fwbdh j?<
2H3H3(i) izrbh iht ;[oZfynk nfXfB:w^
wB[Zyh t;'A ft;c'N, ihtB gZXo T[Zuk eoB dh j'V, T[d:'fre ftek; ns/ gqd{PD
ekoD fiZE/ izrbK ns/ tksktoD dk ftBkP j'fJnk j? T[E/ pj[s ;ko/ g"fdnK ns/
iht izs{nK dh j'Ad th \sw j' ojh j?. nB[wkB brkfJnk frnk j? fe ;zB 1900 s'A
fgZS'A Xosh s'A n";s fJe u[gkfJnk iksh jo ;kb nb'g j' ojh j?. pj[s ;ko/
g"fdnK ns/ izs{nK dhnK ikshnK th \ksw/ d/ B/V/ gj[zu u[ZehnK jB. bZrGZr 10#
ihtK dk \kswk fB;fus j? i/eo fJBQK B{ z pukT[D bJh TZ[dw Bk ehs/ rJ/. izrbh
ihtK d/ ‘nzsookPNoh pukU ;/tk efwPB* B/ d' g[;seK o?v p[e ns/ pb?e p[Ze
fsnko ehshnK jB. bkb feskp ftu T[BQK g"fdnK ns/ ikBtoK dh ;{uh j? i' j"bh
j"bh nb'g j' oj/ jB Gkt T[j \so/ dh bkb o/yk T[Zgo yVQ/ jB. ekbh ;{uh T[BQK
ihtK s/ g"fdnK dh ejkDh d;dh j? i' ;zB 1600 JhH s'A b? e/ j[D sZe Xosh s'A ;dk
bJh nb'g j' u[Ze/ jB. iBtoh 1972 sZe bkb beho T[Zgo 236 EDXkoh iht
tzBrhnK ns/ 287 gzSh tzBrhnK B{z ;{uhpZX ehsk frnk ;h. pj[s ;kohnK ibrkjK
d/ gqd{PD ekoD fJjBK dk ib ihtB th \so/ ftu g? frnk j?. SZgVK, SzGK ns/
e[dosh sbkpK N'fGnK B{z Go e/ T[BQK T[Zs/ GtB T[;koh eoB Bkb nB/eK iht izs{nK
d/ xo T[ZiV rJ/ jB.
j[D nzsookPNoh gZXo s/ ibrkjK dh ;[oZfynk bJh eJh n?eN pD/ jB. JhokB
ftu e?;ghnB ;kro d/ ezY/ t;/ okw;o Pfjo ftu 2 cotoh 1971B{z fJe
nzsookPNoh eBt?BPB j'Jh ;h fi; ftu e[dosh ibrkjK d/ pukT[ bJh fB:w
pDkJ/ rJ/. j[D sZe 52 d/PK B/ fJ; ;zXh T[Zgo j;skyo eoe/ pukT[ w[fjzw S/Vh
j?. fJBQK ftu'A 40 d/P J/PhnK wjKdhg d/ jB. fJBQK ;ko/ d/PK B/ 434 ibrkjK dh
;[oZfynk dk phVk u[ZfenK j?. Gkos dh T[Vh;k fty/ ;fEs fubek Mhb ns/
oki;EkB fty/ ;fEs Gosg[o ibrkj B{z th wkBsk fwb u[Zeh j?. wkBsk dh Pos
fJj j? fe fJBQK ibrkjK ftu 20,000 gzShnK dk tk;k j't/ ns/ gqDkbh gzShnK bJh
th ;j{bsK fdshnK ikD. Gkos ftu 24 nzsookPNoh wkDsk tkbhnK oZyK ns/
e"wh gkoe jB.
Gkos ftu EDXkoh ihtK dhnK 70 B;bK, gzShnK dhnK 38 B;bK ns/ ;ZgK dhnK
B;bK \so/ d/ fBPkB T[Zgo yVQhnK jB. izrbh ihtK dhnK B;bK B{z pukT[D bJh
izrbh iht nfXfB:w 1972 pDkfJnk frnk i' izw{ ePwho B{z SZv e/ Gkos d/ ;ko/
okiK s/ bkr{ j[zd k j?. fJ; n?eN ftu w[Zy o{g ftu izrbh g"fdnK, ikBtoK ns/
gzShnK B{z ;[oZfyns oZyD d/ fB:w pDkJ/ rJ/ jB. fJ;dh ftt;Ek fJ; gqeko j?^
(i) fJ; n?eN nXhB izrbh iht ;bkjeko p'ov ;Ekgs ehs/ iKd/ jB.
(ii) fJ; n?eN ftu Xkok 1 s'A 4 sZe ;ko/ ikBtoK d/ fPeko T[Zs/ gkpzdh brkJh
rJh j?.
(iii) fJ; ftu Xkok 6 ftu Pkwb g"fdnK B{z fe;/ gqeko dk B[e;kB g[ukT[D iK
eZND dh wBkjh j?.
(iv) ;zB 2002 s'A ;EkBe b'eK bJh e[dosh ;z;XkBK d// tgko T[Zs/ o'e brkJh
rJh j?.
(v) nB[;{uh 1 ns/ 2 ftu Pkwb ikBtoK dk wk; ykD ns/ T[BQK s'A t;s{nK
gqk gs eoB T[Zs/ th gkpzdh j?.
(vi) e/tb T[BQK jkbsK ftu ihtK B{z wkfonK ik ;edk j? id'A T[j jbe ikD iK
ihtB bJh \sok pD ikD.
(vii) nkgD/ ihtB d/ pukT[ bJh th xkse ikBto B{z wkfonK ik ;edk j?.
(viii) y'i, f;Zfynk, Bw{B/ fJeZm / eoB bJh iK ;[oZfyns EktK s/ b? e/ ikD bJh
nfXekohnK s'A nkfrnk b?D h Io{oh j?.
n?eN dh T[bzxDk s'A dzv^
i/ e'Jh ftnesh fPeko eodk j? iK gofwN ns/ bkfJ;?A; dh d[otos'A eodk j? sK
T[;B{z ekB{zB Gzr eoB dk ngokXh wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJ; ekoD T[;B{z fJe ;kb s'A
b? e/ fszB ;kbK dh ;Ik ns/ 25,000 o[gJ/ i[owkBk ehsk ik ;edk j?. i/ ;{uh
ftu doi 1 iK 2 wd tkb/ ikBtoK B{z wkfonk ikt/ sK T[;B{z 6 ;kb sZe ;Ik ns/
Gkoh i[owkBk j' ;edk j?. fco th eJh fPekoh dkn brk iKd/ jB. fJBQK s/ ekp{
gkT[D bJh ;[oZfynk rkovK B{ z tZX jfEnko ns/ skes d/Dh ukjhdh j?.
‘;z;ko izrbh iht czv* okjhA pukT[ nzd'bBK bJh nkoEe ;jkfJsk fdsh iKdh j?.
;z;ko d/ 105 d/PK B/ jkEh dzd d/ tgko T[Zs/ gkpzdh brk fdsh j?. ;zB 1989 ftu
ehBhnK d/ fPekohnK e'b'A YkJh jIko jkEh dzd y'j/ rJ/ ;B. ni/ sZe wbkth,
IKphnk, fIzpkt/, p'N;ktkBk ns/ dZyDh n|ohek B/ jkEh dzd tgko dh gkpzdh B{z
;theko BjhA ehsk. n?bk;ek ftu b{zpVK dk fPeko jtkJh ijkIK s'A r'bhnK toQK
e/ ehsk iKdk j?. nwohek ftu fJ; r?oêkB{zBh fPeko s'A jo ;kb 20 eo'V
vkboK dh ewkJh j[zdh j?. ;z:[es oki ftu e/tb c?PBgq;sh bJh 60,000 izrbh
iht jo ;kb wko fdZs/ iKd/ jB. ;G s'A wfjzr/ gP{nK d/ fgZs/ fted/ jB feT[Afe
fJBQK dh tos'A dtkJhnK ftu Gh j[zdh j?. uhB ftu ehV/wko dtkJhnK B/ fuVhnK
dk \kswk eo fdsk ;h. fJBQK fto[ZX ;\s ekB{zB h ekotkJh j'Dh ukjhdh j?. p?A v{zr
ftu 10 jIko ftfdnkoEhnK B/ ;kJheb o?bh eZY e/ w[ed/ izrbh ihtB gqsh o';
gqrNkfJnk ;h.
;z;ko d/ ftfrnkBhnK B/ tD ihtB dh ;[oZfynk bJh tobv eBIot/PB ;N?qN ih iK
ftPt pukT[ oDBhsh fsnko ehsh j? fi; nB[;ko tD ihtB dh ;KG ;zGkb bJh
pj[s ;ko/ ;[M kn fds/ rJ/ jB. eBt?BPB nkB fJzNoB?PBb No/v fJB n?Bv/Aiov
;gh;hI (CITES) dh ;zX h T[Zgo 100 s'A tZX d/PK B/ j;skyo ehs/ jB. fJ;
nB[;ko \so/ nXhB gP{ gzShnK ns/ g"fdnK d/ tgko T[Zs/ o'e brk fdsh rJh j?.
tZy tZy d/PK d[nkok ngDkJ/ j'J/ okPNoh ;KG ;zGkb gq'rokwK ftu ;koh d[BhnK dk
;KMk TZ[dw s/ skbw/b j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; gZy'A :{B?;e' (United Nations
Education Scientific and Cultural Organisation) dh G{wh gq;z;k:'r j?.
Gkos ftu izrbh iht ;[oZfynk d/ ftXkB dk fJfsjk; sK pj[s g[okDk j?. ;wokN
nP'e B/ Jh;k s'A fszB ;dhnK gfjbK tD ihtB ns/ tksktoD dh ;[oZfynk dk
ekB{zB pDkfJnk ;h. g[okD/ foPh w[Bh, ;kX ;zs th izrbK ns/ izrbh ihtK dh
;[oZfynk d/ jZe ftu ;B. fpqfNP Pk;B d"o kB 1887 JhH ftu tD ihtB dh
;[oZfynk bJh izrbh gzSh ;[oZfynk n?eN (Wild Birds Protection Act) pDkfJnk
frnk. fJ; ekB{zB nB[;ko izrbh gzShnK dhnK ftP/P ikshnK d/ tgko fPeko T[Zs /
gkpzdh brk fdsh rJh. ;zB 1912 ftu fpqfNP ;oeko B/ fJe j'o ekB{zB pDkfJnk
fi; dk BK ‘izrbh gzSh ns/ izs{ ;[oZfynk n?eN* (Wild Birds and Animals
Protection Act of 1935) oZfynk frnk. fJ; ftu j'o ;[Xko ;zB 1935 ftu
ehsk frnk. fJ; ftu j'o ;[Xko ;zB 1935 ftu ehsk frnk.
Gkosh ;zftXkB B/ nkgDh oki ;{uh ftu izrbh gzSh ns/ iht ;[o Zfynk B{z Pkwb
ehsk. ;Nkej'w fty/ 1972 ftu gfjbh noE ;fwN B/ d/P dh tD ihtB ;[oZfynk
bJh ftXkB pDkT[D dh gq/oBk fdsh. 9 ;szpo 1972 B{z Gkos d/ okPNogsh B/ fJ;
n?eN B{z wBI{oh d/ fdsh . ;zB 1982, 1986, 1991 ns/ 1993 ftu fJ; n?eN
ftu ;zP'XB ehs/ rJ/. fJ; n?eN ftu 66 XkoktK jB. fJ; ftu vZv{ tor, ohArD
tkb/ ihtK gzShnK ehN tor, u"gkfJnK nkfd dh ;{uh fdsh rJh j? fiBQK B{z
ftXkBe ;[oZfynk gqkgs j?.
izrbh iht n?eN 1972 fJ; soQK dk ekoi eodk j?^
(i) tD ihtB ;[oZfynk bJh nfXekohnK dh fB:[esh (Xkok 3^8)
(ii) ftP/P tor d/ g"fdnK dh ;[oZfynk (Xkok 17J/)
(iii) izrbh ikBtoK d/ fPeko dh wBkjh (Xkok 9 ns/ 11)
(iv) ikBtoK dhnK gBkjK (Xkok 18), e"wh gkoe (Xkok 35) ns/ ;[oZfyns PoD
xoK dk gqpzX (Xkok 38)
(v) e/Adoh fuVhnK xo nEkfoNh dk gqpzX (Xkok 38J/)
(vi) pkjoh ;EkB ;[oZfynk (Exsitu consewation) dh x'PDk (Xkok 37)
(vii) iht izs{ gkoeK B{z wkBsk d/Dh (Xkok 38n?u)
(viii) f;Zfynk, ftfrnkBe y'i nkfd bJh ikBtoK d/ fPeko ;zpzXh bkfJ;z; iK
gofwN d/D k (Xkok 12)
(ix) izrbh ikBtoK, T[BQK s'A gqkgs t;sK nkfd d/ tgko bJh bkfJ;z; ikoh
eoBk (Xkok 44, 48, 49)
(x) f;Zfynk, ftfrnkBe y'i, gqdoPB nkfd d/ wzst bJh ftP/P fe;w d/
g"f dnK B{ z g[ZND, s'VB nkfd ;zpzXh bkfJ;z; d/Dk (Xkok 17ph)
(xi) ftP/P g"fdnK B{z T[rkT[D bJh gofwN d/Dk (Xkok 17;h)
(xii) nB[;{fus ephbk iB;zfynk d/ nfXekoK dh ;[oZfynk eoBh (Xkok 65)
(xiii) n?eN d/ nB[;ko ngokXK B{z bZGDk ns/ o'eDk (Xkok 50)
(xiv) n?eN dh T[bzxDk eoB tkfbnK bJh ;IktK (Xkok 51)
fJ; n?eN dh T[bzxDk eoB tkfbnK B{z tZy' tZy XkoktK nB[;ko ;IktK fwbdhnK
jB. i/ e'Jh izrbh ikBtoK d/ tgko dk d'Ph gkfJnk ikJ/ sK T[;B{z 5000 o[gJ/ s'A
tZX i[o wkBk ns/ 6 wjhB/ s'A fJe ;kb sZe dh e?d j' ;edh j?. i/ e'Jh Xkok 38
nXhB bJ/ rJ/ gofwN iK bkfJ;z; dh d[otos'A eodk j? sK T[;dk bkfJ;z; iK
gkofwN oZd eoB d/ Bkb Bkb T[;B{z 3 wjhB/ dh e?d ns/ 25,000 o[gJ/ sZe dk
i[owkBk j' ;edk j?. i/ T[j PoDxoK iK okPNoh gkoeK ftu fPeko eodk j? sK
T[;B{z Gkoh i[owkB/ d/ Bkb Bkb 6 ;kb sZe dh e?d j' ;edh j?.
;zB 1975 ftu :{B?;e' d[nkok ‘wB[Zy ns/ iht wzvb gq'rokw nXhB ;ko/ ;z;ko ftu
400 iht ;[o Zfynk ;EkB ekfJw ehs/ rJ/. Gkos ftu fJj gq'rokw 1986 ftu P[o{
j'fJnk ns/ 13 ihtwzvb ;[oZfyns ;EkB pDkJ/ rJ/ fiBQK ftu ek|h ;[oZfynk
gqdkB ehsh rJh. Gkos ftu uhfsnK dh ;zfynk brksko fPeko ekoD pj[s xN
rJh ;h. Gkos ;oeko d[nkok ;zB 1973 ftu gqki?eN NkJhro P[o{ ehsk frnk.
fJ; ;dek j[D uhfsnK dh frDsh ek|h tX rJh j?. fJ;/ soQK jh gqki?eN n?bhc?AN
nXhB jkEhnK dh xNdh nkpkdh T[Zs/ ek|h fB:zs qD eo fbnk frnk j?. j[D b'eK
ftu th tksktoD ns/ izrbh ihtB pko/ ek|h u/sBsk g?dk j' u[Zeh j?. oki:'rk
n?i[e/PB n?Av fo;ou ckT{Av/PB d/ ftfrnkBeK, fJzihBhnoK ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK B/
d/P Go dh g?db :ksqk eoe/ b'eK ftu ikrqsh g?dk ehsh j?. e[M ;wki ;/teK ns/
tksktoD gq/whnK B/ gZSwh xkN pukU gd :ksqk ftu 4000 feb'whNo dh g?db
:ksqk eoe/ e[dos dh ;zGkb pko/ :sB ehs/ jB. Gkos d/ tksktoDh ns/ tD
wzsokb/ nXhB uZb ojh y'i ;z;Ek nbw'Vk B/ ‘fjwkbk pukT[ nzd'bB* P[o{ ehsk
j'fJnk j?. gzikp ftu tksktoD ;[;kfJNh eg{oEbk B/ fJPfsjkoK, ;?whBko
B[wkfJPK, r'PNhnK, GkPDK ns/ p?BoK okjhA b'eK ftu tksktoD ;{M g?dk ehsh j?.
eg{oEbk d/ B/V/ eKibh B{z ibrkj dk doik fdtkT[D bJh fJBQK d/ :sB Pbkxk:'r
jB. fJE/ gzShnK bJh PoBrkj ns/ izrbh ihtK d/ t;/p/ T[;ko/ ikDr/. crtkVk
tksktoD n?;';hJ/PB B/ th j[D sZe crtkVk T[gwzvb d/ fgzvK ftu jIkoK oZ[y
brkJ/ jB. Gkt/A izrbh ihtB ;[oZfynk bJh fJj n?eN bkGdkfJe jB go ;kB{z
ftneshrs s"o s/ th nkgD/ fgnko/ tD ihtB B{z ;KGD ns/ pukT[D d/ T[gqkb/ eoB/
ukjhd/ jB.
2H3H3(iv) izrb ;[oZfynk nfXfB:w ^
e[M e[dosh ekoD fit/A dktkBb (izrb dh nZr), G[ukb, itkbkw[yh, ;[Bkwh nkfd
izrbK dh popkdh dk ekoD pDd/ jB. ehV/ we"V/, phwkohnK ns/ wB[Zy d[nkok
izrbK dh eNkJh fJBQK d/ ftBkP dk ekoD j?. g[o kD/ ;fwnK ftu o[ZyK gqsh ;zskB
fizBk w'j ;h. izrbK ftu ;kX{, ;zs , foPh w[Bh Grsh eod/ ;B. ;ko/ oZ[y fpoyk
iht izs{ ns/ wB[Zy fJe;[o sk ftu ofjzd/ ;B. ;koh Xosh izrbK eoe/ joh Goh
ns/ ufjedh \[;jkb gqshs jz[dh ;h. N?r'o tor/ ;zs BthnK B/ PKsh fBe/sB ftu
fpoyK EZb/ jh ftfdnk gVQk T[D dk gqpzX ehsk j'fJnk ;h. f;Zy r[o{ ;kfjpkB B/
pj[s ;ko/ do\s ns/ pk} brtkJ/. o[ZyK B{z dot/PK dk doik gqkgs ;h. izrb Bk
e/tb y/V/ ns/ t;d/ o;d/ ihtB dk gqshe jB ;r'A ;ko/ iht izs{nK d/ ihtB dk
nkXko jB. cb, c[Zb, bZeVh, mzYhnK SktK ns/ ;[rzX hnK d/D tkb/ izrb wB[ Zy d/
e[jkV/ dk fPeko j' rJ/. izrbK dh ;[o Zfynk bJh Gkos ftu fpqfNP ;oeko B/ ;zB
1927 ftu Gkos izrb fB:w pDkfJnk ;h fi; nB[;ko izrbK dk torheoD
fJ;soQK ehsk frnk ;h^
(i) okyt/A izrb (Reserved Forests) fJBQK izrbK B{z ;oeko nkgD/ fjZsK bJh
tos ;edh ;h.
(ii) ;[oZfyns izrb (Protected Forests) fJ; ftu ;EkBe b'eK ns/ ;oeko tZb'A
izrbh ;z;kXBK dh tos'A T[s/ fB:zsoD oZfynk frnk ;h.
(iii) g/Av{ izrb (Rural Forests) fJBQK izrbK T[s/ g/Av{ b'eK dk ezNo'b j[z dk ;h.
nkIkd Gkos ftu ;zB 1952 ftu gfjbh izrb Bhsh j'Ad ftu nkJh go izrbK dk
tkYk ikoh fojk. fJ; w;b/ B{z rzGhosk Bkb b?Ad/ j'J/ ;zB 1980 ftu izrb
;[oZfynk nfXfB:w iK ekB{zB bkr{ ehsk frnk. ;zB 1988 ftu fJ; n?eN ftu ;'X
ehsh rJh. e/Ado ;oeko e'b fJ; nfXfB:w B{z bkr{ eoB ns/ b'VhAd/ gqpzX eoB
dk nfXeko j?. ;zB 1976 ftu ;zftXkB dh Xkok 48 J/ ftu tDK d/ pukT[ d/
fBod/P fds/ rJ/ jB. fJ; dh Xkok 51 J/ ftu tDK ns/ tD ihtB dh ;[oZfynk dk
nkd/P j?. Gkt/A Gkos ftu izrbK dh ;[oZfynk bJh 200 s'A tZX ekB{zB pDkJ/ rJ/
jB go fJjBK ftu'A ;G s'A wjZs tg{oD ekB{zB fJj jBL^
1972 dk tkJhbv bkJh| gq"N?ePB n?eN, ;zB 1974 dk ib n? eN, 1980 dk
cko?;N eBIot/PB n?eN nkfd. fJ; n?eN nB[;ko okyt/A ns/ ;[oZfyns izrbK B{z
B[e;kB gj[zukT[D dhnK tZy tZy ;IktK jB. ;zB 1972 d/ n?eN nXhB ;Ik fJ;
gqeko j?L^
okyt/A izrb ngokX dh ;IkL^
okyt/A izrb B{ z eZND ns/ ;kVB T[s/ g{oB gkpzdh j?. fJE/ gP{nK B{z uokT[D k th
wBQK j?. bZeVh, gZs/ ns/ j'o gdkoE fJeZm/ eoB s/ th gkpzdh j?. i/ e'Jh fJBQK
rZbK dh T[bzxDk eodk j? sK T[;B{z 6 wjhB/ dh e?d, 500 o[gJ/ i[o wkBk iK d't/A
ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB. eJh t/o ;wrbo nkg jh izrbK B{z nZr brk fdzd/ jB. T[BQK B{z
;\s ;IktK fdshnK ikdhnK jB.
;[oZfyns izrb ngokX dh ;IkL^
fJ; ftu th doysK dh eNkJh, uokJh, fSbek T[skoBk nkfd wBQK jB. nfij/
izrbK B{z B[e;kB gj[zukT[D tkb/ ftnesh B{z 6 wjhB/ dh e?d iK 500 o[gJ/ i[owkBk
ehsk ik ;edk j?.
;zB 1980 d/ cko?;N eBIot/PB n?eN nXhB Gkosh ;zftXkB dh Xkok 48 J/
nB[;ko do\sK dh eNkJh B{z o'eDk ns/ tD ;zGkb eoBh ;G dk |oI j?. ;zpzXs
;oekoK nkgD/ e[dosh tksktoD dh ;[oZfynk bJh fIzw/tko jB. fJ; dh Xkok 51
J/ nB[;ko d/P d/ jo Bkrfoe dk w{b eosZt j? fe T[j tDK ns/ toD ihtB dh
;[oZfynk eo/. tD ;zGkb n?eN 1980 Xkok 2 d/ nXhB oki ;oekoK B{z e/Ado dh
g{ot nkfrnk b?Dh Io{oh j? i/ T[BQK B/ fe;/ tD B{z okyt/AeoD s'A w[es eoBk j? iK
r?o tD ;wzstK bJh fe;/ to G{wh dh jtos'A eoBh j?. 1988 ftu fJ; ftu Xkok
3 J/ i'Vh rJh i' n?eN dh T[bzxDk ekoD ;Ik fBoXkos eodh j?. fJj ;Ik 15
fdB dh e?d j' ;edh j?. ;oekoh ftGkr dh fIzw/tkoh ftGkr d/ w[Zyh d/ f;o j[zdh
j?. izrbK dh eNkJh dk fto'X eoB bJh iB nzd'bBK dh th G{fwek j?. Gkos d/
e[M GkrK ftu fuge' nzd'bB, fpPB'Jh nzd'bB nkfd toDB:'r jB. fuge' nzd'bB
1973 ftu ;[o { j'fJnk. id'A T[Zso gqd/P d/ izrbks wfjew/ B/ rVQtkb fJbke/ d/
izrbK B{z eZNDk ;[o{ ehsk sK b'eh do\sK Bkb fuge rJ/. fJj nzd'bB j"bh j"bh
fjwkub gqd/P, eoBkNe, fpjko, oki;EkB wZX gqd/P ns/ ftzfXnkub gops sZe
c?b frnk. fJ;/ soQK fpPB'Jh wZs d/ b'e tksktoD gq/wh jB ns/ do\sK B{z eZND
BjhA fdzd/. ;zB 1730 ftu i'X g[o d/ okik ni? f;zx B/ fpPB'Jh fgzvK ftu'A do\s
eZND dk j[ew fdsk sK nzfwqsk d/th Bkwe wfjbk do\sK Bkb fuzpV rJh. T[;B{z
d/y e/ j'o b'eK B/ T[;dk ;kE fdsk. oki/ d/ f;gkjhnK tZb'A 363 b'eK B{z wko fdsk
frnk fiBQK dh :kd ftu fgzv ftu 363 do\s T[rkJ/ rJ/ jB. tksktoD ftGkr
Gkos ;oeko B/ j[D nzfwqs k d/th fpPB'Jh g[oPeko dh th ;EkgBk ehsh j?. Gkos
d/ tZy tZy GkrK ftu j[D sZe b'e nzd'bBK okjh 30 fwbhnB j?eN/no tD eNkJh
tkb/ y/soK ftu do\s brkJ/ ik u[Ze/ jB. fJBQK B/ shih d[BhnK B{z okj fdykfJnk
j?.
T[g'qes tksktoD ;[oZfynk ekB{zBK B{z bkr{ eoB ftu eJh ;wZf;nktK jB fiBQk d{o
eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJe sK sZEK B{z fJeZmk eoB ns/ ;{uBk d/D dk tXhnk gqpzX j'D k
ukjhdk j?. b'eK B{z ekB{zB dh ;jkfJsk eoBh ukjhdh j?. d'PhnK B{z ;\s ;IktK
d/DhnK ukjhdhnK jB. ekB{zB bkr{ eoB bJh tksktkoD gqGkt dk fBoXkoB eoBk
Io{oh j?. tksktoD ns/ izrbks wfjew/ B/ 30 T[d:'rK dh fJe ;{uh pDkJh j?.
fiBQK Bkb tksktoD ftu gqd{PD c?bdk j?. fJ;/ soQK nktkikJh d/ ;kXBK ns/
T[oik Bkb ;zpzfZX s gqki?eN th pDkJ/ rJ/ jB. ekB{zBh wkfjoK B{z th ekB{ zB bkr{
eotkT[D ftu wdd d/Dh ukjhdh j?. T[d:'rK B{z Pfjo' d{o T[fuZs ;EkBK s/ brkT[Dk
ukjhdk j?. tZX s'A tZX g"d/ bkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB. ekB{zBK dh gkbDk fJwkBdkoh Bkb
eoBh ukjhdh j?. b'eK dh Gkrhdkoh pj[s Io{oh j?.
2H3H4 b'eK ftu ikro{esk (Public Awareness)
tksktoD B{z B[e;kB g[ukT[D ftu b'eK dh nfrnkBsk th fIzw/tko j?. nkw b'eK dh
XkoBk j? fe e[dos d/ Gzvko nw[Ze jB, fJ;bJh fJBQK dk fceo eoB dh b'V
BjhA. pZu/ oZp dh d/D jB fJ;bJh t;'A s/ ezNo'b wB[ Zy dk ezw BjhA j?. pj[s ;ko/
nzXftPtk;K ekoD b'ehA N{D / eoe/ soQK soQK dh ;wZroh gkDh ftu ;[ZN fdzd/ jB
ns/ T[;Bz{z rzXbk eo fdzd/ jB. ib ftu s/b d/ dht/ gqtkj eoB/, v{B/ nkfd ;[ZND/,
c[Zb ;[ZND/, w'wpZshnK irkT[DhnK nkfd gqd{PD ftu tkXk eod/ jB. fsT[j koK s/
nfsPpkIh ns/ gNke/ ubkT[D Bkb th gqd{PD c?bdk j?. P'o Pokpk, fpBQK
;kfJb?A;o d/ tkjB, bkT{v;gheo nkfd P'o gqd{PD eoe/ ;kvhnK BkVhnK B{z EekJh
oyd/ jB. e[dosh jfonktb dh EK s/ pBkT[Nh ;iktNK ns/ bkJhNK dh ueku"AX th
p/nkokwh fdzdh j?. nfij/ b'eK ftu u/szBsk ns/ ikro{esk g?dk eoB dh ;\s b'V
j?.
tksktoD B{z ftrkVB ns/ pukT[D tkbk wB[Zy jh j?. b'eK ftu ikro{esk g?dk eoB
bJh nfXnkgeK, ftfdnkoEhnK ns/ ;wkie iE/p zdhnK B{z nZr/ nkT[D k ukjhdk j?.
tksktoD dhnK ;wZf;nktK bJh fJeZbh ;oeko fIzw/tko BjhA j?. ;G s'A tXhnK
gqpzX b'eK dk nkgDk ehsk j[zdk j?. b'eK B{z e[dosh ;kXBK, fwZNh, gkDh, T{oik dh
;zGkb gqsh frnkB d/Dk ukjhdk j?. nfijk j/m fby/ sohe/ ngDkT[D Bkb j' ;edk
j?^
(i) n\pkoK ns/ o;kfbnK ftu tksktoD ;zpzXh tXhnK b/y, eftsktK nkfd
SgD/ ukjhd/ jB fiBQ K B{z gVQ e/ b'e ;[u/s j' ;eD.
(ii) d{o doPB d/ gq'rokwK ftu nfij/ p[js ;ko/ gq'rokw Pkwb ehs/ ikD/ ukjhd/
jB i' b'eK B{z frnkB d/ ;eD ns/ tksktoD gqsh ikDekoh gqdkB eoB.
(iii) fgzvK ftu gzukfJsK dh wdd Bkb jo tor ns/ jo T[wo d/ b'eK B{z fcbwK
nkfd fdyk e/ ns/ b?euo d/ e/ tksktoD pukU gqs h gq/oBk d/Dh ukjhdh j?.
(iv) ;e{bK ekbiK ftu tksktoD ;zpzXh ;?whBko eotke/ ns/ tZy tZy y/soK ftu
fbik e/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z f;Zfyns ehsk ik ;edk j?.
(v) tksktoD gqsh wjZstg{oD fdB wBk e/ b'eK B{z fJBQK pko/ ikDekoh fdsh ik
;edh j? fit/A^
^ ftPt izrb ;[oZfynk fdt; 21 wkou B{z wBkfJnk iKdk j?. fJ; fdB tZX s'A
tZX g"d/ brkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB ns/ b'eK B{z izrbK d/ wjZst pko/ dZ;Dk ukjhdk
j?.
^ 2 cotoh B{z ftPt ibrkj fdt; wBkfJnk iKdk j?. fJ; fdB b'eK B{z
ibrkjK dh wjZssk pko/ dZ;Dk Io{oh j?.
^ 7 ngq?b B{z ftPt f;js fdt; wBkfJnk iKdk j?. fJ; fdB phwkohnK d/
ekoD, pukT[ nkfd pko/ dZ; e/ b'eK B{z f;jswzd ihtB dhnK i[rshnK
dZ;DhnK ukjhdhnK jB.
^ 22 ngq?b B{z fgqEth fdt; wBkfJnk iKdk j?. fJ; fdB wK Xosh dh
;[oZfynk dk gqD b?Dk ukjhdk j?.
^ 5 i{B B{z ftPt iB;zfynk fdt; wBkfJnk iKdk j?. fJ; fdB tksktoD
;zp zX h f|bwK nkfd fdyk e/ iK e[dosh EktK s/ fbik e/ ;wMkT[Dk ukjhdk
j?.
^ 11 i[bkJh B{z ftPt iB;zfynk fdt; wBkfJnk iKdk j? feT[Afe 11 i[bkJh
1987 B{z ;z;ko dh t;'A 5 nop j' rJh ;h. b'eK B{z tXdh nkpkdh d/ wkV/
BshfinK pko/ dZ;e/ nkpkdh ezNo'b eoB bJh gq/fos eoBk ukjhdk j?..
^ 16 ;szp o B{z ftPt UI'B fdt; ti'A wBkfJnk iKdk j?. fJ; fdB UI'B
gos BPN j'D d/ p[o/ gqGkt dZ; e/ fJ;B{z pukT[D d/ :sB eoB dh gq/o Bk
d/Dh ukjhdh j?.
^ 28 ;szp o B{z rohB T[gG'rsk fdt; wBkT[Ad/ ;w/A fJj' fijhnK t;s{nK dh
ygs s/ I'o d/D k ukjhdk j? i' tksktoD B{z jkBh Bk g[zukT[D.
^ jo ;kb 1 s'A 7 nes{p o sZe izrbh iht j|sk wBkfJnk iKdk j?. fJBQK
fdBK ftu izrbh ihtK pko/ gVQB ;wZroh iK s;thoK tzvDhnK ukjhdhnK
jB. izrbh ihtK B{z pukT[D dh gq/oBk d/Dh ukjhdh j?.
fJ;/ soQK tDwj's;t d/ w"e/ g"d/ brkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB. fe;/ gkoNh iK iBw fdB
nkfd ;w/A j'o s'jf|nK dh EK g"d/ tzvD/ ukjhd/ jB. tksktoD gqsh BkNe y/vD/
ukjhd/ jB. pZfunK B{z ed/ ed/ e[dosh tksktoD ftu fbik e/ e[dos dh wjZssk
pko/ dZ;Dk ukjhdk j?. pugB s'A jh T[BK B{ z c[ZbK g"fdnK, ihtK izs{nK Bkb fgnko
eoBk f;ykT[D k ukjhdk j?. tksktoD ;zpzXh tZX s'A tZX ;kfjs SgDk ukjhdk j?.
;kJhB p'ovK, p?BoK, o?bhnK, B[wkfJPK nkfd okjhA nkw b'eK ftu tksktoD ;zpzXh
fdbu;gh g?d k eoBh ukjhdh j?. gfjbK ;kv/ b'e rhsK ftu oZ[yK, c[ZbK, gzShnK
nkfd dk pj[s fIeo j[zdk ;h. j[D th ethnK s/ rhsekoK B{z nfij/ rhs fbyD/
ukjhd/ jB fiBQK B{z gVQ ;[D e/ ;kvk nkgD/ u[frod/ Bkb fgnko gt/. ;e{bK ekbiK
dhnK ukodhtkohnK ns/ fgzvK PfjoK dhnK ezXK s/ fJj' fij/ p'b TZ[eo/ j'D / ukjhd/
jB^
^ eohJ/ o[ZyK Bkb fgnko
fJj jB Xosh dk fPzrko
^ SzG K (ibrkjK) dh fdbu;g ejkDh
eod/ jB fJj fB:ws gkDh
^ s{s , NkjbhnK, fBzwK, feZeo
fJj jB ;kv/ gZe/ fwZso
^ BfjoK pzB/ ;{J/ ykb
;id/ jB fJj o[ZyK Bkb.
gfjbK ;kv/ y/sK ftu oZp t;dk ;h fiZE/ P[ZX ;k| jtk ns/ g'Pe sZsK Bkb Gog{o
|;bK j[zdhnK ;B. j[D o;kfJDe ykdK, ehNBkPeK dh nzBQ/tkj tos'A B/ ;G e[M
ftjbk eo fdsk j?. fgzvK ftu e?Ag nkfd brk e/ fe;kBK B{z g[oksB e[dosh y/sh
tZb gq/oBk ukjhdk j?. T[BQK B{z gP{nK s/ ;pIhnK s/ Nhe/ nkfd bkT[D s'A o'eDk
ukjhdk j?. gokbh ;kVB Bkb d{fPsk g?dk j[zdh j? fi; Bkb rzGho phwkohnK
j[zdhnK jB. fJBQK rZbK pko/ b'eK B{z ;[u/s eoBk ukjhdk j?. f;o| nkgDh E'VQh
fijh ;j{bs bJh y/sK B{z bkJh nZr tksktoD ns/ Xosh d/ ihtK B{z pj[s tZvk
B[e;kB gj[zukT[Adh j?. gzikp ftu M'B/ dh p/b'Vh y/sh B/ po;ksh uZeo jh BjhA
pdfbnK ;r'A Xosh j/m gkDh dh ewh ns/ eJh EkJh ;/w th g?dk ehsk j?.
b'eK ftu e[dosh ;'fwnK gqsh th nfrnkBsk j?. f;Zfynk dh xkN ekoD T[j ;G
e[M w[|s dk wkb ;wM e/ tosh ik oj/ jB. rohph dh wko j/m nkJ/ wB[Zy th
nkgD// nkb/ d[nkb/ s'A nt/;b/ jz[d/ jB. fi; wB[Zy e'b p[fBnkdh b'VK d/ ;kXB th
Bk j'D. T[j tksktoD ;zGkb pko/ eh ;'u ;edk j?< nZi d/ nwho wB[Zy e'b
nkokwgq;sh J/Bh j? fe T[j bkgqtkj j' frnk j?. p'sbK dk gkDh, vZp/ pzd \[o ke,
NhHth, cfoi, J/no ezvhPBo ns/ BfPnK ftu roe j'fJnk ftnesh tksktoD
gqsh feT[A fuzss j't /rk< ;oekoh fJwkosK ftu gkDh dhnK N{NhnK trdhnK
ofjzdhnK jB gZy/ ubd/ ofjzd/ jB ns/ pZshnK nikJh irdhnK ofjzdhnK jB.
fJ;soQK fiZE/ nfrnkBsk ns/ rohph t; j'fJnk wB[Zy tksktoD gqsh bkgqtkj ns/
p/fceo j[zdk j?. T[j fBowb ib B{z w[odk ;ohoK d/ n;s ns/ ok\ Bkb d{fPs
eodk ofjzdk j?, w[Bk|k b?D \kso fwbktNK eodk ofjzdk j?. j[D e[d os T[;s'A
T[dk; j' rJh j?. i/ T[j jkb/ th nt/;bk fojk sK fJj Xosh fiT[D i'rh BjhA
oj/rh.
2H3H5 ;ko^
nZi b'V j? fe wB[Zy tksktoD d/ ftBkPe ti'A BjhA ;r'A ;zGkbe ti'A T[ZGo/ ns/
e[dos wK gqsh nkgD/ |oIK dh ndkfJrh eo/. nZi n;hA y/shpkVh :'r G{wh dk
70 |h;dh, izrbK dk 50 |h ;dh ns/ dfonktK dk seBohpB 10 |h ;dh nkgDh
tos'A ftu fbnk oj/ jK. fdB' fdB nkpkdh tXdh ik ojh j? ns/ ;'w/ xNd/ ik oj/
jB. n;hA e[dos e'b'A T[BQK fuo jh b? ;ed/ jK fizBK fuo ;kv/ ftu w'VB dh
;woEk j't/. j[D b'V j? fe n;hA ;ziw, ;ze'u ns/ ;zGkb s'A ezw bJhJ/. G{N kB
ftu pZfunK dk nkgD/ rbK ftu s\shnK gk e/ ;?bkBhnK B{z fJj o'; gqrNkT[D k fe
T[j rzdrh c?bk e/ gjkVh ;[zdosk B{z BPN eo oj/ jB, fjwkbhnB izrbK B{z pukT[D
bJh b'eK dk oZ[ZyK B{z pZ[eb ftu b? b?D k, Bowdk gq:'iB fto[ZX b'eK dk o'j , fgqEth
pukT[ o?bhnK, fJzrb?Av ftu pZfunK dk wkfgnK Bkb fJ; rZb'A MrVk fe xo ftu
fv;g'I/pb t;s{nK feTA[ nkT[AdhnK jB fiBQK Bkb euo ns/ gqd{PD tXdk j?,
nk;Nq/bhnK ftu b'eK d/ tZYh bZeVh d/ NoZeK w{jo/ b/N e/ izrbK dh eNkJh fto[ZX
o';, tDwj's;t nkfd fJ; rZb dk ;ze/s jB fe n;hA tksktoD ;[oZfynk gqsh
fceowzd j' rJ/ jK. fceowzd b'e nBikD b'eK ftu u/s Bk g?dk eo oj/ jB. go
ni/ th j'o isBK dh b'V j?.
;oeko tZb'A th tksktoD ;[oZfynk, tk:{, ib, izrbK ns/ izrbh ihtK dh ;[oZfynk
bJh ewo e; bJh rJh j?. eJh soQK d/ n?eN pD/ jB fiBQK dh T[bzxDk eoB
tkfbnK B{z ;IktK ns/ i[owkB/ j[zd/ jB. b'eK ftu ikro{esk c?bkT[D bJh tksktoD
;wZroh, fcbwK, BkjfonK ns/ wjZstg{oD fdBK gqs h u/szBsk dk g;ko ns/ gquko
j' fojk j?. go gkDh dh feZbs ns/ M'B/ torh c;b dh brksko ekPs j'D Bkb
fiZE/ IwhB ftub/ gkDh dh fwedko xNdh ik ojh j?, T[E / IwhBK d/ T[gikT{ sZs th
\sw j[zd/ ik oj/ jB. b'eK ftu ftfrnkBe u/sBk dk g;ko eo e/ T[BQK B{z gqd{PD
ns/ tksktoD ;[oZfynk gqsh ;[u/s ehsk ik ;edk j?. nZi ;w{je T[gokfbnK dh
b'V j? sK i[ tksktoD u/sBk ;ko/ wBK ftu ikr ikt/. n;hA e/tb pzd p'sbK dk
gkDh gh e/, X[Zg dhnK eohwK bk e/ iK ekbhnK n?BeK bk e/ nkgDk pukT[ BjhA eo
;ed/. wB[Zy B{z ;ko/ tksktoD Bkb fJe;[osk pDkT[Dh gkt/rh.
(i) J/no g"fbT{PB N"b nkB cko?;N; n?Av eokg;î/wI n?e?ABI/
(ii) fJb ftzvI^w[jzwd nPo/
(iii) d tobv nk| w?B fJB d tobv nk| B/uo^b?gNo
(iv) tksktoD u/sBk^;shP e[wko towk
(v) tksktoD f;Zfynk^Bo/P e[wko
(i) tksktoD ;[o Zfynk nfXfB:w pko/ uouk eo'.
(ii) tksktoD ;[oZfynk gqsh b'eK ftu ikro{esk g?dk eoB bJh eh eoBk
ukjhdk j?<
(iii) izrbh ihtK dh ;[oZfynk bJh ;oeko tZb'A eh T[gqkb/ ehs/ rJ/ jB<
(iv) tk:{ ns/ ib ;[oZfynk nfXfB:wK pko/ s[;hA eh ikDd/ j'<
(v) izrbK dh ;[oZfynk feTA[ Io{o h j?< izrb ;[oZfynk n?eN pko/ y'bQ e/ fby'.
(i) tksktoD ;[o Zfynk ftu ftnesh dk eh :'rdkB j?<
(ii) tksktoD Bkb ;zpzX s wjZstg{o B fdt; fejV/ fejV/ jB<
(iii) tksktoD ;[oZfynk n?eN dh T[bzxDk eoB tkfbnK bJh fejVhnK ekB{zBh
;IktK jB<
(iv) tk:{ gqd{PD fB:zsoD p'ov dhnK eh fIzw/tkohnK jB<
(v) izrbK dhnK fe;wK nB[;ko T[BQK dh ;[o Zfynk fet/A ehsh iKdh j?<
(vi) 1986 d/ tksktoD ;[oZfynk nfXfB:w ftu e/Adoh ;oeko dh eh G{fwek j?<
(vii) tk:{ gqd{PD fB:z soD p'ov eh ezw eodk j?<
(viii) fuge' nzd'bB pko/ s[;hA eh ikDd/ j'<
(ix) izrbh iht ;[oZfynk n?eN dh ekoiftXh eh j?<
(x) ibrkjK dh ;[oZfynk feT[A Io{oh j?<
phHJ/HII/phHekwHII/phH;hHJ/H II $phHphHJ/H II tksktkoD f;Zfynk
wB[Zyh iB ;zfynk ns/ tksktoD^1

(Human Population and Environment-I)
gkm dh o{g o/yk

2H4H1 G{fwek
2H4H2 T[d/P
2H4H3 iB;zfynk tkXk (Population Growth)
2H4H3H1 ;z;ko ftu iB;zfynk tkXk
2H4H3H2 Gkos ftu iB;zfynk tkXk
2H4H3H3 iB;zfynk tkX/ ftu nzso d/ ekoD
2H4H4 iB;zfynk ft;c'N (Population Explosion)
2H4H5 tksktoD ns/ wB[ Zyh f;js
2H4H6 n?uHnkJhHth$J/vI
2H4H7 Bkoh ns/ pkb efbnkD (Women and Child Welfare)
2H4H8 ;ko
2H4H1 G{fwek^
iB ;zfynK ns/ tksktoD dk vz{xk foPsk j?. fJj Xosh tzB ;[tzB/ ihtK ns/
pB;gshnK dk ;KMk xo j?. wB[Zy dh g?dkfJP s'A gfjbK ;ko/ okIh y[Ph ns/ ;zs[bB
ftu t;d/ ;B. wB[Zy dh ;z;ko s/ nkwd e/tb bZy e[ ;kbK s'A j? id fe j'o iht
ikshnK fJE/ eo'VK tfoQnK s'A t; ojhnK jB. J/B/ E'VQ/ ;w/A ftu jh wB[Zyh B;b B/
iht J/esk Gzr eo fdsh j?, tksktoD B{z rzXbk eo fdZs k j?, e[dos dh b[ZN y;[ZN
eo e/ fJ;B{ z ezrkb pDk fdsk j? ns/ ;koh ekfJBks B{z nkgD/ wkV/ tsho/ ekoD
gq/PkB eo fdsk j?. iowB fcbk;co BhN;/ B/ fejk ;h fe Xosh dh nkgDh uwVh
j[zdh j? fi;B{z wB[Zy o{gh fGnkBe o'r bZrk j'fJnk j?. p/sjkPk tXdh wB[ Zyh t;'A
ekoD Xosh izrbK s'A ftj{Dh j' rJh j?, ibtk:{ pdb frnk j?, iht izs{nK d/
fBtk; ;EkB T[ZiV rJ/ jB, e[dos d/ \IkB/ ykbh j' rJ/ jB ns/ jo gk;/ rzdrh
c?b rJh j?. fJ; Bkb wB[Zy dk nkgDk th B[e;kB j' fojk j?. fGnkBe phwkohnK,
phHJ/HII/phHekwHII/phH;hHJ/H II $phHphHJ/HII 197 tksktkoD f;Zfynk
wkB;e sDkn, nPKsh ns/ eb/P dk fxfonk wB[Zy nZi nkgDhnK eoBhnK dh ;Ik
G[rs fojk j?. b'V j? fe fJj jkb/ th ;zGb ikJ/ ns/ nkgDh neb B{z Pow;ko Bk
eo/.
2H4H2 T[d/P^
fJ; gkm dk T[d/P iB;zfynk ft;c'N ekoD tksktoD s/ gJ/ wzd / n;oK B{z ;wMDk
ns/ ;fji, ;zs[fbs, ;fjj'Ad tkbh ihtB iku f;ykT[Dk j?. wB[ Zyh fttjko B/
e[dosh ;z[dosk B{z rqfjD brk fdsk j?. ed/ ;tZS fBowb tksktoD ns/ e[dos dh
r'd ;kB{z ;e{B s/ \[PhnK y/V/ p\P dh ;h nZi ;G e[M X[nKfynk frnk j?. wB[Zyh
dh p/;wMh, nDfrjbh, bkgqtkjh, ;tkoE ns/ wkVh ;'u B/ Xosh dh ;tor torh
nkGk B{z wbhnkw/N eo fdsk j?. nkgD/ GkD/ sK fJj ftek; ns/ gqrsh eo fojk
j?. Gkos ftu iB;zfynk d/ p/sjkPk tkX/ d/ ekoD, gqGkt ns/ fB:zsoD, n"osK ns/
pZfunK dh GbkJh, wB[Zyh f;js d/ \sfonK ns/ J/vI torhnK fGnkBe phwkohnK
dh ikDekoh d/Dk fJ; eKv dk T[d/P j?.
2H4H3 iB ;zfynk dk tkXk^
nZi s'A 1000 ;kb gfjbK d[BhnK dh wB[Zyh nkpkdh e/tb 25 eo'V ;h, 100 ;kb
gfjbK fJj frDsh fJe nop j' rJh, ;zB 2000 ftu fJj nZm nop j' rJh.
fJZehthA ;dh d/ nzs sZe iB;zfynk 14 nop j'D dh ;zGktBk j?. n;hA brksko
ehfVnK d/ G"D tKr tXd/ ik oj/ jK. wB[Zyh nkpkdh d/ jVQ nZr/ pB;gsh ns/ gqkDh
wzvb fet/A fNe ;e/rk< i/ wB[Zy fJT[A jh nkgD/ nkg B{z Io[pK fdzdk fojk sK T[j
Xosh bJh fJe fGnkBe e?A;o pD ikt/rk. tXdh t;'A ekoD e[dosh t;hb/ \sw j'
oj/ jB, e[dos dk ftxNB j' fojk j?, tksktoD dk gqd{PD tXdk ik fojk j?, izrbK
o{gh ;kth ukdo bho' bho j' ojh j? iht izs{nK dh B;be[Ph j' ojh j?.
2H4H3H1 ;z;ko ftu iB;zfynk tkXk^
nZi iB;zfynk dh tX ojh o|sko s'A ;kok ;z;ko fuzfss j?. iB;zfynk dk tkXk
iBw do ftu ftek; ns/ w"s do ftu froktN ekoD j[zdk j?. g[okD/ ;fwnK ftu
wjKwkohnK, nfrnkBsk ns/ f;js ;j{bsK dh ewh ekoD w"s do pj[s fInkdk
j[zdh ;h. w?vheb frnkB, T[d:'fre eqKsh ns/ ihtB ;j{bsK tXD ekoD j[D w"s
do ftu pj[s ewh nk rJh j?. fJ;soQK iBw do ns/ w"s do d/ nzs o tXD ekoD
iB;zfynk ftu brksko tkXk j[zd k frnk. ftPt nkpkdh dk foekov d/yD s'A gsk
brdk j? ;kb 8000 Jh;k g{o t ftu ;z;ko dh e[Zb nkpkdh e/tb 80 bZy ;h. ;zB
1750 ftu fJj 80 eo'V, 1808 JhH ftu 100 eo'V (1 nop), ;zB 1928 ftu 200
eo'V (2 nop) ;zB 1960 ftu 300 eo'V (3 nop), ;zB 1975 ftu 400 eo'V (4
nop),1987 ftu 500 eo'V (5 nop) ns/ 1999 ftu 600 eo'V (6 nop), sZe
gj[zu rJh. fi; fdB ftPt dh nkpkdh 5 nop j'Jh ;h, T[; fdB 11 i[bkJh 1987
;h, fJ;/ bJh 11 i[bkJh B{z ftPt iB;zfynk fdt; d/ o{g fdt; wBkfJnk iKdk j?.
;z;ko d/ tZy ty d/PK ftu iB;zfynk dh ftek; do tZy tZy j?. ;zB 1950 sZe
ftek;Phb d/PK Bkb'A ftef;s d/PK dh iB;zfynk tX/o / ;h. go j[D fJ; s'A T[bN
j?. uhB, Gkos, nwohek, fJzv'b/Phnk, pqkIhb, gkfe;skB, pzrbkd/P, o{;,
BkJhihohnk, ns/ igkB ftPt d/ ps[sh nkpkdh tkb/ d/PK ftu nkT[Ad/ jB. xZN
iB;zfynk tkXk do tkb/ d/PK ftu'A w'bv'Bk, ikoihnk, :{eo/B, p[brkohnk,
bkNthnk nkfd w[Zy jB. wjKdhgK ftu'A ;G s''A tZX t;'A do dk tkXk n|ohek ftu,
fco eqwtko dZyDh nwohek, J/Phnk n;Nq/bhnk, T[Zsoh ns/ e/Adoh nwohek ns/
:{og ftu gkfJnk frnk j?. fJ; ;w/A ftPt dh ;kbkBk iB;zfynk 1H6% dh do
Bkb tX ojh j?. thjthA ;dh ftu iB;zfynk ftu pj[s tkXk j'fJnk j?. fJj
e[dosh ;q'sK dh ;wkgsh dk w[Zy ekoD j?.
2H4H3H2 Gkos ftu iB;zfynk tkXkL^
e[dosh nk|sK, jVQK ;'fenK, nekb, wjKwkohnK ns/ nzX ftPtkPK fit/ pbh d/Dh,
;sh gqEk, pkb ftnkj nkfd ekoD gqkuhB ;w/A ftu Gkt/A Gkos ftu iBw do tZX
;h go w"s do th pj[s fInkdk ;h, fJ; bJh nkpkdh fJe ;hwk nzdo jh ;h.
fJeZbh thjthA ;dh ftu jh ;kvh iB;zfynk uko r[Dk tX rJh. fJ; ;dh d/
iB;zfynk tkX/ B{z uko torK ftu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?L^
(i) ;fEo iB;zfynk ekbL^
;zB 1901 s'A 1921 sZe bZrGZr iBw do ns/ w"s do ;wkB ojh ns/ t;'A tkXk Gh
;fEo fojk. ;zB 1911 s'A 1921 sZe d/P ftu gb/r, u/ue, j?Ik nkfd wjKwkohnK
c?b rJhnK fi; eoe/ w"s do pj[s tX frnk ns/ iB ;zfynk xN rJh. fJBQK 20
;kbK ftu iB;zfynk dh tkXk do f;o| 5H42% ;h.
(ii) wzd tkXk do ekbL^
;zB 1921 s'A 1951 sZe d/ fszB djkfenK ftu tkX/ dh o|sko ek|h wzd iK j"bh
ojh. fJ; ;w/A iBw do tXh ns/ f;js ;/tktK d/ ftek; ekoD w"s do ftu th
ewh nkJh. fJBQK ;kbK ftu iB;zfynk ftu 47H3% dk tkXk j'fJnk.
(iii) T[Zu tkXk do ekbL^
nrb/ fszB djkfenK Gkt 1951 ^1981 ftu iB;zfynk ftu s/I o|sko Bkb tkXk
j'fJnk. phwkohnK T[as/ ekp{ g?D ekoD w"s do pj[s xN rJh go iBw do ftu
fJedw tkXk j'fJnk. fJBQK 30 ;kbK ftu t;'A ftu 8H9% tkXk j'f Jnk , fJ; bJh
fJ; tkX/ B{z ft;c'N dk BK fdsk frnk. ;zB 1951 dh iB;zfynk 36H1 eo'V ;h i'
1981 s'A 2001 sZe iB;zfynk d/ tkX/ ftu e[M ewh nkJh . nfijk ikro{esk ekoD
j'fJnk fejk ik ;edk j?. ;zB 1981 s'A 1991 d/ djke/ ftu t;'A tkXk do 23H86%
;h id fe 1991^2001 ftu fJj 21H34% ;h. ;zB 2001 dh iBrDBk nB[;ko

;kbkBk iB;zfynk tkXk do f;o| 1H93% ;h.
2H4H4 iB;zfynk tkX/ ftu nzso d/ ekoDL^
fJj wzfBnk iKdk j? fe ftef;s d/PK d/ w[ekpb/ ftek;Phb d/PK ftu iB;zfynk dh
tXD do fInkdk j?. fJT{A jh M[ZrhnK M"AgVhnK tkb/ rohp b'eK ftu nwhoK Bkb'A
nkpkdh fInkdk tXdh j?. fJ; tkX/ d/ nzso d/ e[M ekoD fJj j' ;ed/ jBL^
(i) nBgVQsk ns/ nfrnkBsk eoe/ pj[s/ b'e pzfunK B{z oZph dks wzBd/ jB ns/
totko fB:'iB bJh e'Jh T[gokbk BjhA eod/. d{i/ gk;/ gVQ/ fby/ ns/ ;ZfGne b'e
xZN pZu/ g?dk eod/ jB.
(ii) rohp b'e fJj ;'ud/ jB fe T[BQK d/ gotko d/ fizB/ tZX ih j'Dr/ , T[j jh
ewkT[Dr/. fJ; eoe/ T[BK dh tkXk do fInkdk j[zdh j?.
(iii) Xkowe ftPtk;K nB[;ko fgZsoK d/ T[Xko bJh g[ZsoK dk j'Dk Io{oh j?. ;'
nfij/ spfenK ftu Gkt/A fezBhnK jh XhnK izw g?D go T[j g[Zso gqk gsh dh nk;
ftu gotko tXkJh iKd/ jB.
(iv) eJh ;wkiK ftu pj[s/ pZfunk ns/ eJhnK ftu xZN pZfunK B{z uzrK ;wfMnk
iKdk j?. w[;bwkB GkJhuko/ d/ b'e pj[shnK PkdhnK ns/ pj[s/ pZfunK B{z soihj
fdzd/ jB.
(v) p'Xh, i?Bh pqj w e[wkohnK, ;kX{ ;zs iK pqjwukoh b'e rqfj;E ihtB ftu
BjhA g?Ad/ ns/ t;'A s/ fB:z soD oyd/ jB.
(vi) row ibtk:{ d/ y/soK ftu t;'A tZX j[zdh j? ns/ mzY/ d/PK ftu xZN j[zdh j?.
(vii) wB'oziB d/ ;kXBK dh E[V ekoD eJh ftnesh pZu/ g?dk eoB B{z jh
fdbgquktk ;wMd/ jB.
(viii) fJZSk Pesh dh ewh, BP/ nkfd th t;'A B{z gqGkts eod/ jB.
(ix) ftef;s d/PK ftu uzrhnK ;j{bsK, f;js ;j{bsK d/ pkti{d th p/;wMh ekoD
rohp ns/ gZSV/ d/PK ftu t;'A tkXk fInkdk j[zdk j?.
iB;zfynk ft;c'N (Population Explosion)
t;'A wkfjoK nB[;ko ;zB 1700 JhH ftu wB[Zyh nkpkdh d[zrDh j'Jh ;h. nZi f;o|
310 ;kbK sZe fJj nkpkdh fszB t/o d[ZrDh j' u[Zeh j?. ;zB 1830 ftu d[BhnK dh
iB;zfynk fJe nop ;h, ;zB 1980 ftu fJj v/Y ;" ;kbK ftu d' nop j' rJh ns/
T[;s'A pknd e/tb 30 ;kbK ftu fJj fszB nop s'A NZg rJh j?. i/ nkpkdh dh
tXdh do fJT[A jh ekfJw ojh sK ;zB 2070 sZe Xosh T[s/ ;kY/ d; nop b'e t;
oj/ j'Dr/. jo fszB ;kbK ftu d[BhnK ftu e?B/vk ns/ nwohek fizBh t;'A tXdh ik
ojh j?. J/B/ fInkdk t;'A tkX/ B{z iB;zfynk ft;c'N dk BK fdsk frnk j?. nkyo
Xosh ed'A e[ sZe J/Bh Gkoh t;'A B{z nk;ok d/ ;edh j?< iB;zfynk dpkT[ ekoD
tksktoD, ibtk:{ G'iB gqDkbh, g"PfNe sZsK d/ uZeo, ib ftfrnkBe uZeo ns/
i?fte ftfGzB sk T[Zgo wkVk n;o g? fojk j?. fJ; d/ w[Zy ekoD w"s do ftu ewh
j'Dk, wjKwkohnK s/ ekp{ gkT[DK ns/ iBw do ftu tkXk j'Dk j?. ftekP;hb d/PK
ftu jkb/ th iB;zfynk s/Ih Bkb tZX ojh j?. fJj fJe fuzs kiBe ftPk j?.
iB;zfynk ft;c'N d/ gqGktL^
iB;zfynk, e[dosh ;kXB ns/ tksktoD fJe d{i/ Bkb v{zxk ;zpzX oZyd/ jB.
nkws"o s/ fJj ;ko/ fJe ;ws'b ftu ofjzd/ jB go iB;zfynk ft;c'N Gkoh
n;zs[bB ns/ gqd{PD g?dk eo fdzdk j?. fJ; s'A fpBK ;w[Zu/ ;wkie ns/ nkoEe
YKu/ d/ ftrVB dh ;zGktBk j' iKdh j?. e[dos d/ t;hb/ ;hws jB ns/ fJj nkgDh
r[zi kfJP s'A tZX wB[Zy K dh gkbDk BjhA eo ;edh. t;'A ft;c'N B/ tksktoD, e[dos
pB;gsh ;z;zko ns/ iht ;z;ko ftu T[bko ns/ p/u?Bh Go fdsh j?. Xosh row j'
ojh j?. o[ZsK ftu T[pkb nk oj/ jB, tDK nXhB G{wh f;wN ojh j?. fJ;d/ e[M
rzGho f;ZN/ fJ; gqeko jBL^
(i) G'iB dh ewhL^ fizB/ ykD tkb/ w[zj j'D, T[sBk jh fInkdk G'iB ukjhdk j?.
t;'A ft;c'N ekoD ykX gdkoEK dh ewh j[zdh ik ojh j?. ehwsK tXdhnK ik
ojhnK jB ns/ bkbu iK ;tkoE ekoD fwbktNy'o h th tXdh ik ojh j?.
fJ; Bkb fijVh y[oke fwbdh th j?, T[j th Ifjohbh j' u[Zeh j?. fJ; Bkb
fGnkBe phwkohnK I'o cVdhnK ik ojhnK jB. d[BhnK ftu 1 nop b'e
G[Zy woh dk fPeko jB.
(ii) tksktoD dk B[e;kBL^ tXdh nkpkdh ekoD izrb eZN / ik oj/ jB, ;eEK
ns/ fJwkosK pDB Bkb izrb, izrbh iht ns/ j'o gqikshnK B{z B[e;kB j[zdk
j?. wB[Zy K dh pj[sh nkpkdh ;kj b?D ;w/A Ifjohbh r?; ekopBvkfJe;kJhv
th pj[sh wksqk ftu Svdh j? ns/ jtk gqd{Ps jz[dk j?. fJBQK d[nkok e{Vk
eoeN ;[ZND Bkb ib gqd{Ps j[zdk j? do\sK dh eNkJh ekoD jtk P[ZX BjhA
j' ;edh. fJ; soK jo gZy'A tksktoD B{z jkBh j[zdh j?. fJ;dk ;zs[bB th
ftrVdk j?. jo ;kb 110 bZy j?eN/no G{wh izrbK e'b'A y'jh iKdh j?.
(iii) e[dosh ;kXBK dk ;a'PDL^ G{wh ,izrb, dfonk ns/ yfDi gdkoE ;kvh
nkofEesk dk nkXko jB. tXdh t;'A ekoD y/shpkVh tkbh G{wh dk 70#
dfonktK dk 10#, izrbK dk 50# wB[Zy tos oj/ jB. S/sh jh fjZ;k wB[Zy
B{z gqk gs ;kohnK XksK d/ I\ho/ w[Ze ikDr/. fBeb ns/ sKpk 2100 JhH sZe,
e'pkbN, w?ArBhI ns/ n?b{whBhnw 2200 JhH sZe \sw j' ikDr/. ;zB 2935
sZe ;z;ko Go d/ s/b ns/ r?; d/ ;kXB w[Ze ikDr/. jo ;kb 60^70 bZy
j?eN/no G{wh jVQK ns/ G'A y'o Bkb y[Z; ojh j?. G{wh dh w[V ;[oihsh B{z eJh
:[Zr bZr iKd/ jB. e[dosh ;kXBK T[s/ tXd/ dpkn ekoD ns/ wB[Zyh ;'PD
ekoD fJj fJe fdB g{o h soQK \sw j' ikDr/.
(iv) ;j{bsK dh xkNL^ ;kvh fBZs tos'A dhnK uhIK T[Zs/ dpkT[ tXD ekoD
BkrfoeK B{z fwbD tkbhnK ;[y ;j{bsK dh xkN j' rJh j?. fit/A r?; fpibh
ns/ gkDh dh ;gbkJh, jfonktb iK gkoeK dh ;j{bs, xo pDkT[D bJh G{wh
dh ewh nkfd. fBowkD, T[d:'rK, ;VeK, o/bK, y/sh nkfd ;G rZbK s/ tXdh
t;'A dk wkVk gqGkt g?Adk j?.
(v) nktkikJh dh ;wZf;nkL^ tXdh iB;zfynk ekoD fiZE/ tkjBK dh frDsh
ns/ P'o tfXnk j?, T[E/ ;VeK s/ GhV ns/ n?e;hv?AN th tX/ jB. fJ; Bkb
wkB;e sDkT[ th tfXnk j?.
(vi) ;wkie sDknL^ iB;zfynk tXD bJh p/o [Irkoh ns/ rohph th tXdh j?.
fJ; Bkb fiE/ nkoEe ns/ ;wkie sDkn g?dk j[zdk j?, T[E/ ngokX, u'ohnK,
b[ZNK y'jK nkfd ftu th tkXk j[zd k j?.
(vii) T{oik dh tX/o/ wzrL^ tX ojh nkpkdh Bkb T[gG'rsk th tXdh j? ns/
T{oik dh wzr th tX iKdh j?. fpibh g?dk eoB bJh tofsnk iKdk e'fJbk
tk:{ ns/ ib gqd{PD, G{wh dh ;sfj B{z \okp eoB ns/ oZdh gdkoE g?dk
eoB d/ Bkb Bkb gfo;fEsh gqDkbh ftu th ftrkV g?dk eodk j?. fJ; Bkb
g"PfNe sZsK d/ uZeoK ftu th ftxB g?Adk j?.
(viii) ;zxDhnK nkpkdhnK th wB[Zyh f;js B{z ftrkVdhnK jB. iB ;zfynk d/ tkX/
ekoD fiE/ xZN G'iB ns/ }bs \[oke fwbD brdh j?, T[E/ bkr dhnK
phwkohnK th c?b iKdhnK jB.
(ix) iB;zfynk dpkT[ ekoD b'e PfjoK ftu ik e/ t;D bZr/ jB. tX fojk
PfjoheoD pj[sk gkDh fyZuD s'A fJbktk pj[s ;koh rzdrh ns/ P'o gqd{PD
g?dk eodk j?. pj[sh t;'A pj[s/ d{Pe sZs g?dk eoB/ u[frod/ B{z wbhB
pDkT[dh j?.
;?_^nfGnk; bJh gqPB
1H ;z;ko ftu ns/ Gkos ftu iB;zfynk tkX/ s/ B'N fby'/.
2H iB;zfynk ft;c'N d/ ekoD ns/ gqG ktK pkps fby'.
2H4H5 tksktoD ns/ wB[Zyh f;jsL^
f;jswzd ihtB jh y[Pjkb ihtB j?. f;js dk noE e/tb phwkoh dk Bk j'Dk jh
BjhA, ;r'A e[dosh ns/ ;wkie tksktoD ftu ;oho, wB ns/ fdwk} dk nkg;h
;dGkt j'Dk th j?. wB[Zy dh j'Ad tksktoD Bkb i[Vh j'Jh j?. T[j e[dos s'A ;k|
gkDh jtk, X[Zg, G'iB nkfd b? e/ ;t;E ns/ fBo'r ofjzdk j?. tksktoD d/ d{fPs
j'D Bkb wB[Zy h f;js T[s/ th pj[s p[ok n;o g?Adk j?. iB f;js T[j ftfrnkB j?
fi; ftu wB[ Zyh ;wki B{z no'r oZy e/ fJ;d/ Gb/ bJh ezw ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; ftu
j/m fbyhnK rZbK s/ fXnkB fdZsk iKdk j?^
(i) ftneshrs ;|kJh fit/A Bj[znK, tkbK, uwVh dh ;|kJh pko/ :'r f;Zfynk
ns/ N/qfBzr fdZsh iKdh j? sK i' j'NbK nkfd s/ ezw eoB tkb/ ekw/ ;k| ;[Eo/
j'D.
(ii) ;w[Zu/ tksktoD dh ;|kJh tZb fXnkB fdsk iKdk j? sK i[ e'Jh e{Vk eoeN
;VeK s/, ib ftu iK iBse ;EkBK s/ Bk ;Z[N/ ns/ fe;/ soQK dk gqd{PD Bk
c?bkJ/.
(iii) ihtB gZXo T[Zuk uZ[eD bJh ;jh ;j{bsK fit/A ;k| gkDh nkfd fdZsk iKdk j?,
f;jswzd ihtB d/ B[es/ f;ykJ/ iKd/ jB. BfPnK d/ ;/t B iK f;roNB'Ph dh
wBkjh ehsh iKdh j??.
(iv) phwkohnK dh gSkD, T[BQK T[Zs/ fB:zsoD ns/ T[BQK dh o'eEkw bJh :sB ehs/
iKd/ jB. bkr iK S{s dhnK phwkohnK d/ c?bD s'A pukT[ ehs/ iKd/ jB.
Gkt/A f;js ;j{bsK ns/ ufes;k ftfrnkB d/ ftek; ekoD w"s do xNh j?
go tXdh nkpkdh, izrbK dh eNkJh, e[dosh ;kXBK dh ;wkgsh,
T[d:'rheoD, gqd{PD, PfjoheoD nkfd Bkb eJh phwkohnK j'Ad ftu
nkJhnK jB. nZi |;bK B{z d/;h ykd dh EK s/ o;kfJDe ykdK Bkb gkfbnk
iKdk j?. fco fJBQK s/ ehNBkPe, BdhB BkPe ns/ T[Zbh BkPe dtkJhnK
fSVehnK iKdhnK jB. c;bK s'A pj[sk MkV b?D bJh ns/ gP{nK s'A tX/o/
d[ZX b?D bJh T[BQ K B{z Nhe/ brkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJj ;kohnK uhIK IfjohbhnK
jB i' ;kv/ nzdo ik e/ rzGho phwkohnK B{z iBw fdzdhnK jB fit/A e?A;o,
r[ofdnK d/ o'r, fdb d/ o'r nkfd. jtk dk gqd{PD n?boih dk ekoD pDdk
j?. dwk, yzx ns/ Sksh dhnK phwkohnK, gkuD szso dhnK phwkohnK Gh
fJ;/ ekoD jz[dhnK jB. pj[shnK dtkJhnK dk gq:'r th jkBhekoe j[zdk j?.
:'r ibtk:{, w";w, G'iB dh r[D tZsk, ;k| gkDh ns/ w[YbhnK b'VK dh g{osh
;kB{z f;jswzd pDkJh oydh j?.
tksktoD ns/ wB[Zyh f;js d/ nkg;h ;zpzX fJe d{i/ dh ;[oZfynk ns/ ;zG kb
T[s/ fBoGo eod/ jB. wbhB tksktoD f;js ;wZf;nktK g?dk eodk j?,
fit/AL
(i) jo ;kb brGr 200 eo'V b'e rzdk gkDh ghD ekoB fpwko j[zd/ jB. jo
;kb brGr 30 bZy pZu/ d;sK, T[bNhnK nkfd ekoB w"s d/ w{zj ftu ub/
iKd/ jB.
(ii) nktkikJh d/ ;kXBK s'A SZv/ X{zJ /A, szpke{ ns/ T[d:'fre gqd{PD ekoB bZyK b'e
NhHphH, dwk, c/cfVnK d/ e?A;o ns/ ;kj gqD kbh dhnK fpwkohnK s'A ghVs
jB.
(iii) T[d:'rK, yfDi y/soK, ykDK ns/ y/sK ftu ;go/n eoB tkb/ wId{o th eJh
fpwkohnK s'A ghVs jB.
(iv) rzd/ G'iB, rzd/ gkDh iK rzd/ u"frod/ dk f;js T[s/ p[o k gqGkt g?Adk j?. rohp
ns/ nftef;s d/PK ftu ;zeqfwe o'r pj[s fInkdk jB.
(v) tZv/ PfjoK d/ u"frod/, ;bZw p;shnK, M[ZrhnK, M"AgVhnK iK rzdhnK p;shnK
ftu ofjD tkb/ b'e ne;o fpwko ofjzd/ jB ns/ phwkohnK c?bkT[Ad/ jB.
(vi) PfjoK d/ GhV GVZe/, No?fce nkfd ekoB jo o'I ;?AeV/ d[oxNBktK ns/ P'o
gqd{PD j[zdk j?.
(vii) tXdh iB;zfynk, w[ed/ t;hfbnK ns/ nfrnkBsk ekoB pj[s/ b'eK dh f;js
yokp ofjzdh j?.
tksktoD B{z ;kc ns/ P[ZX oZy e/ wB[Zy h f;js dh ;[oZfynk ehsh ik ;edh
j?. fuo;EkJh ftek; ns/ :'r gqpzX tksktoD B{z mhe oZyD ftu ;jkJh j[zd/
jB. fJ; bJhj/m fby/ T[gkT[ wddrko j' ;ed/ jBL
(i) ;kfonK B{z ghD :'r gkDh dh ;j{bs d/D h ns/ gkDh B{z P[ZX eoB dh f;ybkJh
d/Dh.
(ii) e[dosh T{oik ;q's fit/A ;{oih T{oik, g"D T{oik nkfd dh tos'A eoe/ gqd{PD
xNkT[Dk.
(iii) o;kfJDe ykdK dh EK s/ i?fte ykdK dh tos'A eoBk.
(iv) ehNBkPe dtkJhnK dh EK s/ fBzw, yZNh bZ;h iK ;[nkj dk gq:'r eoBk.
(v) ekfwnK ns/ wId{o K B{z ;kc ;[EohnK EktK ns/ uzr/ jkbks d/D /.
(vi) b'eK dh nkoEe dPk ;[X koBk, f;js ;j{bsK d/Dk ns/ t;'A s/ ezNo'b eoBk.
(vii) e[dosh ;z;kXBK dh ;jh tos'A eoBk, T[d:'rK ftu tXhnk wPhBoh dh tos'A
eoBk ns/ nktkikJh ;kXBK ftu gqd{PD ezNo'b :zso brkT[D/.
Gkos ftu iB f;js L
Gkos ftu :' iBk pZX sohe/ Bkb f;js ;/tktK dk ftek; ehsk frnk j?. f;js ;/tk
gqPk;B fszB gZXoK T[s/ ezw eodk j?L
(i) ;EkBe f;js ;/tktK bJh fwT{A;gb ew/Nh fIzw/tko jz[dh j?.
(ii) oki ;oeko B/ f;js ns/ gfotko efbnkD ftGkr ;Ekgs ehs/ j[zd/ jB.
(iii) e/Ado ;oeko B/ e/Adoh f;js ftGkr ekfJw eoe/ iB f;js dk fXnkB oZyDk
j[zdk j?.
:{Bh;?c B/ 1986 ftu fJe ftPb/PD eoe/ fijV/ nzeV/ Gkosh pZfunK pkps Skg/,
T[j ;kv/ fBZ xo oj/ tksktoD tZb fJPkok eod/ jB, fit/AL
(i) jo ;kb ftNkfwB ‘J/* dh xkN ekoB nzBQ/ j'D tkb/ pZfunK dh frDsh ^ 40
jIko
(ii) fJe ;kb s'A xZN T[wo d/ pZfunK dh w"s do ^ 97 gqsh jIko
(iii) gzi ;kb s'A xZN T[wo d/ pZfunK dh w"s do ^ 4 eo'V gqsh ;kb
(iv) e[g'PD iK b'VhAdk G'iB Bk fwbD tkb/ pZfunK dh gqshPs ^ 40
ewI'o, ;'eV/ wko/ pZfunK dh frDsh sK pj[s fInkdk j?. G[Zywoh dk fPeko j'J/
pZfunK dh frDsh e/tb fszB d/PK Gkos, gkfe;skB ns/ pzrbk d/P ftu jh j?.
izwD ;w/A xZN Gko ns/ wkVu{ pZfunK dh frDsh dZyDh J/Phnk d/ ;ko/ d/PK ftu'A
Gkos ftu ;G s'A tZX j?. jo o'I ;Zs jIko pZfunK dk wo'VK ns/ gkDh dh xkN
Bkb wo ikDk ns/ nZm jIko pZfunK dk ekbhyzx nkfd Bkb wo ikDk fJ; rZb dk
;p{s j? fe n;hA T[BQK B{z phwko tksktoD ;"Afgnk j? fi; ftu T[BQK dk ;kj x[ZNdk
j?. nfij/ tksktoD ftu j'D tkbhnK e[M fpwkohnK fJ; gqeko jBL
(i) ib nkXkos fpwkohnK L
d{fPs ib ghD Bkb j?Ik, d;s, g'bhU, NkJhckJhv, j?g/NkJhfN;, ghbhnk nkfd
o'r j[zd/ jB. yVQ/ gkDh ftu eJh goihth nwhpk, g?okwhPhnw, p?eNhohnk nkfd
jz[d/ jB i' ;kv/ nzdo phwkohnK g?dk eod/ jB. o[e/ j'J/ gkDh s/ wZSo jz[d/ jB i'
v/Ar{, wb/o hnk torhnK nbkwsK g?dk eod/ jB. gkDh dh ewh tkb/ y/soK ftu
;ckJh dh xkN ekoB NhHphH, e'jV, N?NB; nkfd fpwkohnK c?bdhnK jB.
(ii) tk:{ nkXkos fpwkohnK L
d{fPs jtk ftu e[M ;{y w ehNkD{ jz[d/ jB i' fJe d{i/ d/ ;kj okjhA c?bd/ jB fit/A
NhHphH, ekbh yK;h, fJBcb{n?AIk, I[ekw nkfd.
(iii) G'iB nkXkos fpwkohnK L
o;kfJDe gdkoEK ns/ ehNBkPe dtkJhnK d/ Ifjo c;bK s'A ;kv/ nzdo th nk
iKd/ jB. p/jk ns/ fwbktNh G'iB th ;kB{z o'rh eodk j?. y{Bh d;s, j?Ik,
T[bNhnK nkfd o'r G'iB dh nP[ZX sk s'A g?dk j[zd/ jB. eJh tko c{v gkfJIfBzr th
j' iKdh j?.
;' n;hA uzrh soQK ;wM fbnk j? fe tksktoD dh ;zGkb s/ ;[oZfynk eoe/ jh n;hA
nkgDh f;js dh ;zGkb ns/ ;[oZfynk eo ;ed/ jK.
;_?^nfGnk; bJh gqPB L
1H tksktoD ns/ wB[ Zyh f;js dk gq;go eh ;zpzX j?<
2H ib, tk:{ ns/ G'iB dh d{fPsk s'A fejV/ o'r c?bd/ jB<
2H4H6 n?uHnkJhHthH$J/vIH L
nZi J/vI d/ BK s'A jh ;ko/ vod/ jB feT[Afe fJj fJe wko{ fpwkoh j? ns/ fJ;dk
fJbki jkb/ sZe BjhA fwfbnk. ;G s'A gfjbK 1981 ftu fJj o'r nwohek ftu
gkfJnk frnk. nZi pj[s ;ko/ d/P fJ; dh wko j/m jB fiBQK ftu'A ;G s'A gqGkfts
d/P ncohek, nwohek, dZyD g{oph J/Phnk (Gkos, fwnKwko, EkJhb?Av),
nk;No/bhnk nkfde jB. J/vI dk fGnkBe o'r fJe tkfJo; (HIV) s'A c?bdk j?.
fJj o'rh ftnesh d/ ;ohoe dqtK d/ d{i/ ftnesh ftu ikD ekoB j[zdk j? fit/A y{B
uVQkT[Dk, bkr tkbh ;{Jh, T[;sok, dzdK d/ n"i ko nkfd okjhA, wksk s'A pZu/ skJhA
ns/ n;[oZfyns ;zG 'r ekoB. fJj ;zeqwD o'rh d/ GKv/ tosD Bkb, jZE fwbkT[D
Bkb, rb/ fwbD Bkb iK wZSoK d/ eZN D Bkb BjhA c?bdk. fJ; o'r d/ bZSD j/m fby/
j[zd/ jBL
(i) Gko xNDk ns/ ewI'oh nkT[Dh
(ii) uwVh T[s/ bkb bkb uNke g?D /
(iii) pko pko d;sK dk nkT[Dk, ykoP j'Dk ns/ brksko yzx nkT[Dk
(iv) o'rh B{z Bw{Bhnk j' iKdk j? ns/ ;oho ftu o'r fBtkoe Pesh xND Bkb
pj[s S/sh fpwkohnK bZrdhnK jB.
Gkos ftu J/vI dk gfjbk o'rh 1988 ftu u/BJh fty/ gkfJnk frnk ;h. T[; s'A
pknd nZi sZe fJ; o'r dk brksko tkXk j[zdk ik fojk j?. ;zB 2002 sZe Gkos
ftu 40 bZy J/vI d/ o'rh pD u[Ze/ ;B. jkb/ sZe fJ; o'r dk e'Jh fJbki ;zGt
BjhA j' ;fenk. e[M ;kbK ftu jh o'rh nZvhnK orV e/ wo iKdk j?. gZSwh d/PK
ftu e[M dtkJhnK pDhnK jB i' o'r s/ e[M ezNo'b eodhnK go nfsnzs wfjzrhnK
j'D ekoB fJj nkw b'eK dh gjz[u ftu BjhA jB. nc;'; dh rZb j? fe Gkos tork
foPhnK, w[BhnK, ntskoK ns/ ;zsK GrsK dk d/P, fiE/ ;dkukoe f;Zfynk T[s/ pj[s
I'o fdZsk iKdk ;h, nZi nkuoD ftu froktN nkT[D eoe/ fJ; o'r s'A rq;s j' u[Zek
j?. Gkos ftu fJ; o'r d/ w[Zy ekoD fJj j' ;ed/ jBl
(i) nBgVQsk ns/ nfrnkBsk
(ii) BP/ ns/ ;dkukoe froktN
(iii) y{B dh iKu ehs/ fpBK tos'A eoBk ns/ ;zeqfws ;{JhnK, NhfenK dh tos'A
(iv) vokJhto spe/ ns/ j'o b'eK dk pkjo nkT[D ikD eoe/ o'rh n"osK Bkb
ekw ;zpzX oZyDk.
fJbki ns/ pukn L Gkt/A J/vI dk jkb/ sZe e'Jh fJbki BjhA fwfbnk go fJ; s'A
pukn ehsk ik ;edk j?. ;G s'A Io{oh j? nkgD/ nkuoD B{ z T[Zuk oZy Dk. ;kv/ ;ko/
XowK B/ ;dkuko T[s/ I'o fdZsk j?. ‘fJbkI Bkb'A goj/I fpjso* J/vI *s/ g{oh soQK
bkr{ jz[dk j?. j/m fby/ T[gkn fJ;d/ fB:zsoD ftu ;jkfJe j' ;ed/ jBL
(i) J/vI ;zpzXh f;Zfynk, ikro{esk ns/ u/sBk g?dk eoBk

(ii) nDikD iK d{i/ b'eK Bkb ;zG 'r BjhA eoBk
(iii) Nhe/ brkT[D bZfrnK ed/ th gfjbK tosh j'Jh ;{Jh dk gq:'r BjhA eoBk.
eJh t/o BP/Vh b'e fJe d{i/ dhnK toshnK ;{JhnK bk b?Ad/ jB i' xkse j?.
(iv) rohp s/ phwko b'e g?;/ d/ bkbu ftu y{B t/u fdzd/ jB. y{B b?D iK o'rh Bz{
uVQkT[D bZfrnK T[;dh uzrh soQK goy eoBh ukjhdh j?.
(v) d{finK d/ pb/v, e?Auh, T[;so/, poZP nkfd dh tos'A BjhA eoBh ukjhdh.
(vi) ;e{bK, ekbiK, fgzvK, PfjoK ftu fcbwK, NhHthH, o/vhU, nypkoK, o;kfbnK
nkfd okjhA J/vI ;pzXh ikDekoh d/Dh ukjhdh j?. J/vI fto'Xh o?bhnK eZY
e/, wkN' pDk e/, ukoN ns/ wkvb pDk e/ th fJ; ;zpzXh ikDekoh fdZsh ik
;edh j?. gVQkJh ftu J/vI ;zpzXh ikDekoh Pkwb j'Dh ukjhdh j?.
J/vI d/ o'rhnK Bkb Bcos Bkb BjhA ;r'A fgnko ns/ jwdodh Bkb g/P nkT[D k
ukjhdk j?.
2H4H7 Bkoh ns/ pkb efbnkD L
n"os gfotko dk X[ok ns/ wB[Zy dh iBBh j?. pZu/ ;kvk GftZy jB. e'wb j'D eoe/
pZu/ ns/ n"osK gqd{PD s'A S/sh gqGkfts j' iKd/ jB. ftek;Phb d/PK ftu n"o sK B{z
pj[s w[PZes eoBh g?Adh j?. nZi d[BhnK Go dh n"os xo ns/ pkjo d'jK ezwK B{z
;zGkbdh j?. i/ T[;dh nkgDh f;js mhe Bk j't/rh sK T[j pkeh NZpo dh d/yGkb
fet/A eo/rh. fJ; bJh n"osK d/ efbnkD ns/ GbkJh gqsh ;kB{z fuzfss ns/
:sBPhb j'Dk ukjhdk j?. n"osK d/ wkV/ jkbks fJBQK ekoDK eoe/ j[zd/ jBL
(i) nBgVQsk, rohph ns/ nfrnkBsk L PfjoK dhnK ekch bVehnK gVQhnK
fbyhnK j[zdhnK jB go f;Zf ynk wzfjrh j'D ekoD rohp b'eK dh gjz[u ftu
BjhA j?. fgzvK ftu ;e{b xZN iK d{o d{o j[zd/ jB. fJ; bJh ;kohnK
bVehnK gVQkJh BjhA eo ;edhnK. nfrnkBsk ns/ fBoXBsk Bkb i{M dhnK
n"osK nkgD/ nkg B{z f;jswzd ns/ ;[v"b BjhA oy ;edhnK.
(ii) wkV/ jkbks L fgzvK ftu f;js ;j{bsK dh xkN j[zdh j?. wZyhnK, wZSo,
ehV/ we"V/, r'jk e{Vk, X{zJ/A tkbk pkbD nkfd n"osK dh f;js d/ d[PwD j[zd/
jB. eJh fJbkfenK ftu d{o 'A gkDh Y'D s'A fJbktk n"osK B{z y/shpkVh dk ezw
th eoBk g?Adk j?.
(iii) e[g'PD L Gkosh n"osK jkb/ th ;ko/ gfotko B{z uzrk G'iB d/ e/ nkg pfunk
y[funk yKdhnK jB i' eJh tko Bk sK g"PfNe j[zdk j? ns/ Bk jh g{ohnK
e?b'ohnK fdzdk j?. e[VhnK d/ w[ekpb/ w[zfvnK B{z uzrh y[oke fdZsh iKdh j?.
pj[shnK n"osK ftu e?bPhnw ns/ b'j/ dh xkN j' iKdh j? ns/ xNhnk G'iB
T[BQK d/ ;oho ns/ fdwkr T[go p[o k n;o gkT[Adk j?.
(iv) bVehnK Bkb G/d Gkt L d/thnK g{iD tkb/ fJ; d/P ftu ezfBnk Go{D
jZfsnk dh do pj[s fInkdk j?. i/ T[j izw th g?D sK T[BQK Bkb G/d Gkt
ehsk iKdk j?. T[BQK B{ z jw/Pk w[zfvnK s'A d{i/ doi/ s/ ofynk iKdk j?. fiZE/
bVehnK s'A xo dk ;kok ezw eotkfJnk iKdk j?, T[BQK B{z ;j{bsK pj[s xZN
fdZshnK iKdhnK jB. nDrfjbh ns/ EektN ekoD bVehnK uzrh soQK
ftek; BjhA eo ;edhnK.
(v) ;wkie fBxko L ;kvk ;wkie YKuk e[M fJ; soQK dk j? fe pkjo ezw
eoB tkb/ wod B{z xo dk e'Jh ezw BjhA eoBk g?Adk idfe B"eoh g/Pk n"osK
B{z xo dh g{oh fIzw/tkoh ;zGkbDh g?Adh j?. nkoEe s"o s/ th T[j wodK s/ jh
fBoGo jB. d{joh fIzw/tkoh fBGkT[Adh n"os B{z id'A xo ns/ ;wki g{o k
;fseko Bk d/D sK T[j wkBf;e s"o s/ ghVs j' iKdh j?. ezw d/ dpkn ekoB
ns/ o'e N'e ekoB T[j sDknrq;s j' iKdh j?.
;oeko B/ j[D Bkoh efbnkD bJh eJh fBZro edw T[mkJ/ jB. okPNoh
wfjbk nk:'r ns/ Bkoh efbnkD ftGkr, pkb ns/ ;wki efbnkD ftGkr
nZi Bkoh d/ fjZsK bJh :sBPhb jB. nkIkdh s'A pknd n"osK dh dPk ftu
ekch ;[Xko nkfJnk j?, fit/A L
(i) ;kyosk L ;zB 1951 ftu n"osK dh ;kyosk do e/tb 8# ;h i' j[D tX e/
54# j' rJh j?. fco th fJ; y/so ftu j'o :sB eoB dh b'V j?. nZi
ekch n"osK ezwekih jB. gVQkJh fbykJh ekoB T[j BK d/ ;_?ftPtk; ftu
tkXk j'fJnk j?. j[D T[BQK B{z nkgD/ jZeK ns/ nfXekoK dh ;wM j?.
(ii) n";s T[wo L uzrhnK f;js ;j{bsK fwbD ekoB j[D n"osK dh n";s T[wo
68 ;kb sZe j' u[Zeh j?. nB[wkB j? fe ;zB 2025 sZe fJj T[wo 75 ;kbK
sZe gj[zu ikJ/rh. nZiebQ BfPnK dh bg/N ftu nkJ/ wodK dh T[wo xN
rJh j? idfe n"o sK nkw s"o s/ bzwk ihtB fiT[AdhnK jB.
(ii) ;op f;Zfynk nfGnkB, fJzdok wfjbk :'iBk, g/Av{ o'Irko :'iBk nkfd
;oekoh ;ehwK j[D n"o sK d/ efbnkD bJh eJh T[gokb/ ehs/ rJ/ jB. j[D
n"osK nksw fBoGo ns/ f;Zfyns j[zdhnK ik ojhnK jB. f;js ns/
efbnkD ftGkr B/ Gh n"osK d/ T[EkB bJh eJh ekoi nkozG/ jB.
;oeko d/ Bkb Bkb ;wki B{z th n"os gqsh nkgDk tshok pdbDk ukjhdk j?. T[BQK
d/ ;fseko, nkIkdh, pokpoh dk nfXeko d/Dk, ;wki dk eosZt j?. T[BQK d/
efbnkD bJh okytKeoB ns/ g[fb; wdd, ekB{zBh wdd w[jZJhnk eotkT[Dh ukjhdh
j?.
pkb efbnkD L
pZu/ d/P dk GftZy jB. T[BQK d/ efbnkD bJh :sB eoBk ;kvk ;kfonK dk eosZt
j?. tksktoD dk y'ok pZfunK dh f;js s/ th wkVk gqGkt gk fojk j?. d[BhnK d/
82# pZu/ ftek;Phb d/PK ftu jB fiBQ K ftu'A 20 eo'v pZu/ tksktoDh nkcsK dk
fPeko jB. gzi ;kb s'A xZN T[wo d/ fJe eo'V 40 bZy pZu/ jo ;kb fJ; bJh w"s
dh r'd ftu ub/ iKd/ jB feT[Afe T[BQK B{z fBxod/ ik oj/ tksktoD d/ o'rK B/ rq;
fbnk j? ns/ G'iB dh mhe wksok BjhA fwb ojh. pzpJh d/ ;e{bK dk f;js
w[nkfJBk ehsk frnk sK 15# pZu/ fpwko fBeb/. wZX ekfjok ftu Gh goihth o'rK
Bkb pZu/ fpwko gJ/ jB. ;kv/ pZfunK ftu'A pj[fsnK B{z sK fiT[Ad/ ofjD bJh o'Nh,
f;o b[ekT[D bJh nk;ok, sB YZeD bJh eZgV/ jh B;hp BjhA, gVQkJh dh rZb sK
d{o dh j?. pj[s ;ko/ pZu/ S'Nh T[wo ftu jh pkb wId{oh eod/ jB iK ngokX
eod/ jB iK wzrs/ pD/ fcod/ jB. Btzpo 1990 ftu ;z:[es okPNo ;zx B/
fBT[:koe fty/ pZfunK bJh ‘;z;ko f;yo ;zw/bB* p[bkfJnk ;h fi; ftu pZfunK d/
ftek;, ;[oZfynk ns/ ;kXBK dh g{osh dk phVk u[Zfenk frnk ;h. ;kv/ d/P dh e[b
tZ;'A dk 42# fjZ;k 15 ;kb s'A xZN T[wo d/ pZfunK dk j?. Xosh d/ fJj tko; uzrk
ihtB fiT[D bJh so; oj/ jB. Gkos ftu pkb ;wki eJh gq/PkBhnK Bkb i{M fojk
j?, fit/A L
(i) pkb wId{oh L
pj[s ;ko/ rohp pZfunK B{z j'N bK, d[ekBK, ekoykfBnK nkfd d/ wkV/ tksktoD ftu
brksko eJh eJh xzN/ xZN sBykj s/ ezw eoBk g?Adk j?.
(ii) e[g'PD L
;kv/ d/P ftu pj[s/ pZfunK B{z iK sK g{ok G'iB BjhA fwbdk iK xNhnk G'iB fwbdk
j? fi; Bkb T[BQK dk g'PD mhe BjhA j[zdk. fJ; eoe/ T[BQK dk ;jh ;ohoe ns/
wkBf;e ftek; BjhA j' ;edk ns/ T[j eJh o'rK dk fPeko j' iKd/ jB.
(iii) f;Zfynk ;j{bsK dh ewh L
;ko/ pZu/ rohph iK gSV/gD ekoD gVQkJh jk;b BjhA eo ;ed/. fgzvK d/ pZu/ d{o d/
;e{bK ftu nktkikJh d/ ;kXB Bk j'D eoe/ gVQB BjhA ik ;ed/. ch;K ns/ feskpK
dk youk Bk eo ;eD eoe/ th T[j ftfdnk gqkgsh s'A tKM/ ofj iKd/ jB.
(iv) wktK dh wkVh f;js eoe/ eJh pZu/ ewI'o g?dk j[zd/ jB ns/ ;jh d/y Gkb Bk
j'D eoe/ 1000 ftu'A 70 pZu/ S'Nh T[wo ftu jh wo iKd/ jB. ezfBnk Go{D jZfsnk
eoe/ bVehnK dh nkpkdh th xNdh iKdh j?.
j[D pkb efbnkD bJh ;oeko tb'A eJh :sB ehs/ ik oj/ jB fiBQK dk ekch uzrk
n;o fgnk j?, fit/A L
(i) ;oeko B/ ;e{bK ftu pZfunK B{z w[cs f;Zfynk dh ;j{bs fdZsh j? ns/ ;ko/
pZfunK dh gVQkJh bkIwh eo fdZsh j?.
(ii) j[D d/P Go d/ ;e{bK ftu d[gfjo dk G'iB w[cs fdZsk iKdk j? fi; Bkb G[Zy
ns/ n;zs[fbs G'iB dh ;wZf;nk ;[bMh j? ns/ pZfunK dh frDsh ftu tkXk
j'fJnk j?.
(iii) ekB{zB nB[;ko pkb wId{oh T[s/ o'e brkJh rJh j?. fJ;/ soQK ;wki B{z th
pkb efbnkD gqsh :'rdkB d/D k ukjhdk j?.
(i) n"osK d/ efbnkD bJh ;oeko eh eo ojh j?<
(ii) pkb efbnkD bJh eh edw g[ZN D/ ukjhd/ jB<
(iii) J/vI pko/ s[;hA eh ikDd/ j'<
2H4H8 ;ko L
nZi ;z;ko ftu ftrVd/ tksktoD ns/ w[Zed/ ik oj/ ;kXBK dk ;G s'A tZvk ekoB
t;'A dk p/P[wko tkXk j?. e[dos pB;gshnK, gzy/o {nK, ikBtoK ns/ wB[ZyK dh ;KMh
wK j? go nZi ;q/PN p[ZXh tkb/ wB[Zy B/ fJeZfbnK jh fJ; s/ epIk eo fbnk j?.
fJ;d/ cb;o{g Xosh dk ozrbk tksktoD, tzB^;[tzBk ihtB ns/ jfonktb, g"D
gkDh ns/ G{wh ;G yso/ ftu g? rJ/ jB. t;'A ft;c'N pzp ft;c'NK tKr wko{ ns/
ysoBke j?. iB;zfynk d/ tkX/ B/ sK Xosh s/ n;zs[bB g?dk eo fdZsk j?. pkeh
iht izs{ ns/ o[Zy sK wB[Zy fpBK th fiT[A ;ed/ jB go wB[Zy fJBQK s'A pr?o BjhA
fiT[ ;edk. izrb Xosh dk fPzrko ns/ y[Pjkbh dk nkXko sK jB jh, ;ko/ gqkDhnK
dk nkjko th jB. fJ; bJh tksktoD dh P[ZXsk Bkb fiZE/ izrbK dh tZ;'A tXkT[D dh
b'V j?, T[E/ wB[Zy h f;js Bkb f;ZXk ;zp zX j?. d{fPs tksktoD ;kvh f;js yokp
eodk j? ns/ n;hA eJh fpwkohnK dk fPeko j' iKd/ jB. nkgDh ;dkukoe froktN
ekoB n;hA J/vI torhnK fGnkBe fpwkohnK ;j/V bJhnK jB. fJBQK dk T[guko
th wB[Zy d/ jZE ftu j?. n"o sK ns/ pkb, ;wki d/ Io{oh nzr jB. fJBQK dh f;js,
;zGkb, ;kyosk ns/ efbnkD bJh ;kB{z ;kfonK B{z ;KM/ :sB eoB/ ukjhd/ jB.
(i) How Societies Learn - Jerome B. Wiesner
(ii) Populations of People and Other Living Beings - Paul R. Bing
(iii) Quality of LIfe - Donella H. Meadows
(iv) tksktoD f;Zf ynk ^ Powk gpbhe/PBI
(v) tksktoD dog/P ;wZf;nktK ^ fsqb'uB f;zx
2H4H10 tZv/ ns/ S'N/ T[ZsoK tkb/ gqPB L

tZv/ T[ZsoK tkb/ gqPB L
1H iB;zfynk ft;c'N d/ ekoD, gqG kt ns/ T[gkn eh jB<
2H tksktoD ns/ wB[ Zyh f;js d/ gq;go ;zpzXK pko/ ft;Eko ;fjs dZ;'<
3H J/vI s'A eh Gkt j?< fJ;d/ ekoD, bZSD ns/ pukT[ ;kXBK pko/ s[;hA eh
ikDd/ j'<
4H Bkoh efbnkD feT[A Io{oh j?< fJ; B{z fet/A f;o/ uVQkfJnk ik ;edk j?<
5H pkb efbnkD B{z dog/P ;wZf;nktK ns/ T[BQK d/ jZb bJh eh eoBk ukjhdk
j?<
S'N/ T[ZsoK tkb/ gqPB L
1H ;z;ko ftu iB ;zfynk dk tkXk fe; ocsko Bkb j' fojk j?<
2H Gkos ftu iB ;zfynk tXD d/ eh ekoB jB<
3H tZy tZy d/PK ftu iB ;zfynk tkX/ ftu nzso d/ eh ekoB jB<
4H iB ;zfynk ft;c'N s'A eh Gkt j?<
5H d{fPs gkDh ghD Bkb fejVhnK fpwkohnK j' ;edhnK jB<
6H J/vI s'A fet/A pfunk ik ;edk j?<
7H pkb wId{oh s'A eh Gkt j?<
8H n"osK dh GbkJh bJh ;oeko eh eo ojh j?<
phHJ/H II $phHekwH II $ phH;hHJ/H II $phHphHJ/H II tksktoD f;Zfynk
gkm BzL 2H5 b/fyek L vkH ;opihs e"o ;zXktkbhnk
wB[Zyh iB;zfynk ns/ tksktoD-II

(Human Population and Environment-II)
gkm dh o{g o/yk
2H5H1 G{fwek
2H5H2 T[d/P
2H5H3 wB[Zyh nfXeko (Human Rights)
2H5H4 B?fse f;Zfynk (Value Education)
2H5H5 tksktoD ns/ wB[ Zyh f;js ftu ;{uBk seBkb'ih dk :'rdkB (Role of
Information Technology in Environment and Human Health)
2H5H6 e/; nfXn?B
2H5H7 ;kozP
2H5H9 tZv/ ns/ S'N/ T[~soK tkb/ gqPB
2H5H1 G{fwek L
nZi iB;zfynk ft;|'N dk w;bk d[BhnK dk ;G s'A fGnkBe ns/ wjZstg{oB w;bk
pD u[Zek j?. fJ; Bkb e[dosh tksktoD Bz{ pj[s tZvh jkBh j'Jh j?. j[D fJ; dh
rzGhosk Bkb fuzsk eoBh pDdh j? go nkpkdh Bz{ nfij/ Yzr Bkb xNkT[Dk ukjhdk j?
fe b'eK dh ;dkukoe froktN Bk j't/. Gkos dh gqkuhB gqzgok ftu 25 ;kb dh
T[wo s'A gfjbK ns/ 50 ;kb dh T[wo s'A pknd rqfj;E ftu ofjD dh wBkjh ;h.
;kBz{ nkgDk ihtB nebwzdh, ;[uZi ns/ ftT[Aspzdh Bkb fiT{D k ukjhdk j? sK i[ T[BQK
sebhcK, phwkohnK ns/ ;wZf;nktK s'A pfunk ik ;e/ i' p/fB:wK ns/ p/wfonkdk
ihtB g?dk eodk j?. T[FZiV ojh Xosh, w[Ze oj/ ;kXB, tZXd/ j'J/ wo{Eb, G[Zy ns/
d[Zy T[BQK r[BkjK dk Bshik j? i' n;hA tksktoD dh n:'r tos'A eoe/ ehs/ jB.
;kXBK dh ;kV c{e, e[dos dh b[ZN y;[ZN ns/ tksktoD dh d\bnzdkih eoe/ wB[Zy
B/ nB/eK w[;hpsK ;j/V bJhnK jB. wB[Zyh rzdrh ekoD g"D ns/ gkDh ftj[b/ j' rJ/
jB, G"A^y'o tZX frnk j?. Xosh T[FZgo e[opb e[opb eod/ wB[Zy fNZvh db tKr
izrbK dhnK fSZbK th uZNd/ ik oj/ jB. nZi s'A jIkoK ;kb gfjbK ou/ nEott/d
dk fJe ;{so fJe wkD Gfonk ;zd/P fdzdk j? fe ‘n? Xosh ` s/o hnK gjkVhnK, s/o/
pocK bZd/ gopsK dhnK u'NhnK, s/o/ izrb ;kv/ T[s/ fwjo eoB. ftPkb, wip{s,
nfiZs, nB/eK ozrK dhnK GkjK wkodh Xosh i' wjkB nkr{ ns/ oZfyne j?, i' o[ZyK
ns/ g"fdnK Bz{ ghvh geV ftu oZydh j?, T[; T[~s/ w?A nkgDk xo pDkfJnk j?.* nZi
fJ; gftZso wwskwJh Xosh B{z n;hA gbhs ns/ fxBkT[D k pDk fdZsk j?. nZi ;kBz{
d[pkok B?fse ns/ ;dkukoe f;Zfynk dh b'V j? sK i[ n;hA nkgDh iBw G{wh ns/
T[;s/ nkPfos ;ko/ iht izs{nK, g/V g"fdnK Bz{ fPzrko, ;tko ns/ ;zGkb ;ehJ/,
f;jswzd, ;fji ns/ ;zs[fbs ihtB fiT[Dk ;kvk jZe th j?, nfXeko th ns/ eosZt
th. ;' ‘ihT[ ns/ ihD fdT[* d/ f;XKs Bz{ nwbh o{g d/D dh io{os j?.
2H5H2 T[d/P L
wB[Zy Xosh dk ;G s'A ;/qPm gqkDh j?. nkgDh p[ZXh d/ ;dT[g:'r Bkb fiZE/ fJj
d[BhnK Bz { y{p;{os ns/ ofjD:'r pDk ;edk j? T[E/ wzdp[ZXh ekoD fJ;Bz{ T[ikV Gh
;edk j?. B?fse edoK ehwsK, ;dkukoe w[ZbK Bz{ nkgDk e/ ;ko/ ihtBK ftu fJe'
i's dk gqekP d/yD dh BIo g?dk eoBk jh fJ; gkm dk T[d/P j?. wB[Zy h f;js ftu
;{uBk seBkb'ih d/ nfjw o'b pko/ th ikDekoh d/D k gkm dk wzst j?. wB[Zyh
nfXekoK gqsh ;[u/s eoB d/ Bkb Bkb wB[Zy d/ eostK dh u/sBk d/ e/ P[G eowK dh
gq/oBk d/Dk fJ;dk fJe j'o T[d/P j?. jT[w?, bkbu, ;tkoE s'A T[~go T[Zm e/ ;ko/
;z;ko dk Gbk b'uDk ns/ tksktoD dh fpjsoh bJh ekoiPhb j'Dk fJ;dk nkPk j?.
2H5H3 wB[Zyh nfXeko L
jo fJe wB[Zy Bz{ Xosh s/ ;[ywJh ihtB fiT[D dk nfXeko j?. T[j ekfJBks dk ;G
s'A nebwzd gqkDh j?. T[;B/ nkgDh p[ZXh dk gq:'r eoe/ gjkVK, ;kroK ns/ rrB
wzvbK dk frnkB jh BjhA jkf;b ehsk ;r'A tksktoD Bz{ jh pdb fdZsk j?. pkeh
;ko/ iht nkgD/ nkg Bz{ tksktoD d/ nB[e{b Ykbd/ jB go wB[Zy B/ u[frod/ Bz{ jh
nkgD/ nB[;ko YkbD dk :sB ehsk j?. T[j nkgD/ nkg Bz{ e[dos dk i/s{ ns/ gqkDh
irs dk ;odko ;wMdk j?. fco th T[j fuzs ktK, sDkT[ ns/ wkB;e phwkohnK dk
fPeko j[zdk ik fojk j?. nZi jo gk;/ d[Zy, o'r, ;'r, rohph, wbhBsk, gq/PkBh dk
oki j?. ;ko/ iht e[dos d/ fB:wK nB[;ko fiT[ad/ jB ns/ ;[yh jB go wB[Zy B/
nkgDhnk rbshnK ekoD jh nkgDh B;b dh popkdh eo bJh j?. PKs, ;[oZfyns,
f;jswzd u[frod/ ftu ;[yg{ote fiT[Dk jo wB[Zy dk jZe j? jo fJe wB[Zy Bz{ e[dos
B/ nkgD/ ihtB Bz { ;tkoB fPzrkoB dk nfXeko fdZsk j?. tksktoD dk wB[Zyh ihtB
Bkb vz{xk ;zpzX j?. fJ; bJh tksktoD d/ w[ZfdnK Bz{ th wB[Zyh nfXekoK dh Pq/Dh
ftu oZfynk frnk j?.
10 d;zpo, 1948 Bz{ ;z:[es okPNo ;zx B/ wB[Zyh nfXekoK Bz{ ngDkfJnk, fJ;/ bJh
jo ;kb 10 d;zpo Bz{ ‘;z;ko wB[Zyh nfXeko fdt;* d/ o{g ftu wBkfJnk iKdk j?.
Gkos ftu th e"wh wB[Zy h nfXeko nk:'r dh ;EkgBk ;zB 1993 ftu ehsh rJh.
Gkosh ;zftXkB ftu w"fbe nfXekoK dh ftt;Ek j? go jkb/ th e[M tor nfij/ jB
fiBQK Bz{ oZithA o'Nh, ;k| tksktoD, ofjD Bz{ xo ns/ f;js ;j{bsK B;hp BjhA
jB. wB[Zyh nfXekoK Bkb ;zp zfXs e[M Io{o h B[es/ j/m fby/ jB.
i. G'iB ns/ f;js L
f;jswzd ihtB fiT[D bJh jo wB[Zy Bz{ T[~fus G'iB b'VhAdk j?. go d[BhnK ftu
y[oke gZy'A Bk pokpoh BIo nkT[aAdh j?. nwho ns/ ftef;s d/PK ftu J/Bk nzB
j[zdk j? fe T[j jo ;kb jIkoK NB nzB ;w[zdoK ftu tjk fdzd/ jB. d{i/ gk;/
ftek;Phb ns/ rohp d/PK ftu ykD tkb/ wz{j fInkdk jB ns/ G'iB xZN j?. nwho
b'e pj[sk yk e/ w'Nkg/, oesukg iK PZeo o'r Bkb ghVs jB id fe rohp b'e G[Zy
Bkb iK e[g'PD Bkb wo oj/ jB. eJh b'eK e'b eJh eJh xo jB, eJh ;VeK d/
feBko/ ;"Ad/ jB. eJhnK e'b eZgfVnK d/ Y/o jB, eJhnK d/ sB Bz r/ jB.
ftek;Phb d/PK dh 30# t;'A G[Zy s'A ghVs j?. nkoEe gZy'A ewI'o d/PK ftu wB[Zyh
ftek; ;{ue nze (Human Development Index) pj[s BhtK j?. fJzBQK d/PK ftu
T[fus f;js ;/tktK th BjhA jB iK pj[s xZN jB. pj[s ;ko/ y/so e[dosh iK wB[Zy
dhnK ;j/VhnK fpgsktK Bkb i{M oj/ jB. n|oheB d/PK dh jkbs pj[s wkVh j?.
jVQK, ;'fenk, ekb, s{|kB s/Ikph toyk ekoD b'e T[~iV oj/ jB, fofcT{i h pD oj/
jB, wzrs/ iK u'o ve?s pD oj/ jB. bZyK b'e rzdh jtk gkDh ns/ G'iB dhnK
phwkohnK s'A ghVs jB. nktkikJh d/ ;kXBK, T[d:'rK d/ Xz{J/A ns/ szpke{ ekoD
c/cfVnK dk e?A;o, sgfdZe, dw/ nkfd d/ o'r c?b oj/ jB. M[ZrhnK M'AgVhnK ns/
rzdhnK p;shnK ftu ofjD tkb/ eo'VK b'e Bht/A gZXo dk ihtB fiT[A oj/ jB.
yfDi y/soK ftu ezw eo oj/ wId{oK B{z IfjohbhnK r?;K ekoD ;kj gqDkbh ns/
uwVh dh phwkohnK j' ojhnK jB. pfunk y[funk, i{mk, p/jk ns/ gqd{fPs G'iB
ykD Bkb firo d/ o'r, y{Bh d;s ns/ g/N dhnK phwkohnK j' iKdhnK jB. ykD
tkb/ gdkoEK ftu ehsh rJh fwbktN eJh tko ikB b/tk j' iKdh j?. n;hA jo o'I
N?bhftIB s/ d/yd/ jK fe fet/A c?eNohnK ftu Bebh d[ZX, fxT[, gBho nkfd
pDkfJnk iKdk j?. e/b/, uhe{, nzp nkfd Bz{ S/sh gekT[D bJh e?bPhnw ekopkJhv
tor/ Ifjohb/ o;kfJD dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. dtkJhnK th Bebh fwbD bZr
gJhnK jB. uzrk ns/ g"PfNe G'iB, ;k| gkDh ns/ f;js ;j{bsK wkDBk jo nwho
ns/ rohp dk e[dosh nfXeko j?.
ii. P[ZX ns/ uzrk tksktoD L
f;jswzd, fBowb, P[ZX tksktoD ;kvk e[dosh ns/ w"fbe nfXeko j?. d{fPs g"D, gkDh ns/
wbhB u[frodk ;kv/ ihtB bJh ;okg ns/ \sok pfDnk j'fJnk j?. nZi T[d:'fre ns/
wB[Zyh rzdrh ekoD jtk ns/ gkDh ftj[b/ j' rJ/ jB. Xosh dk oZfyne UI'B eto fSidk ik
fojk j?. Gkt/A fJj ;kohnK dksK ;kBz{ e[dos B/ w[|s ftu d/ e/ ;kv/ e[dosh nfXekoK dk
;fseko ehsk j? go nZi n;hA nkgDh jh d'PK ekoD nkgD/ nfXeko y' bJ/ jB. eko\kB/
;bcovkfJnke;kJhv, jkJhvo'iB ;bckJhv, nw'Bhnk, jkJhvo'ekopB, f;Zek, UI'B nkfd

Ifjohb/ gdkoE Svd/ ofjzd/ jB fi; Bkb jtk dh e[nkfbNh ftrV iKdh j?. uwVk, ekrI,
r[Zdk, uhBh ns/ Pokp dhnK c?eNohnK jkBhekoe pdp{nK c?bkT[AdhnK jB, eZgVk T[d:'r
dwk ns/ ;hw?AN T[d:'r sgfde torhnK fGnkBe phwkohnK g?dk eoB dk ekoD pDdk j?.
skgwkB ftu tkXk eoB d/ Bkb Bkb w'No rZvhnK d[nkok SZv/ d{Pe sZs ;kvh f;js bJh
rzGho ;wZf;nk pD iKd/ jB. g/Av{ y/soK ftu Gkt/A tkjBK dk Xz{nK J/Bk BjhA j[zdk go c;bK
s/ ehsk o;kfJDe fSVekT[ jtk ftu c?b iKdk j?. fJ; bJh j[D y/sK dh jtk th P[ZX BjhA
ojh. ykDk pDkT[Ad/ ;w/A Xz{J/A dhnK fPeko roGtsh n"osK d/ pZfunK ftu 50# tX/o/ ;kj
dhnK phwkohnK ns/ w"s do gkJh iKdh j?. ghD tkb/ ;[oZfyns gkDh dh xkN Bkb nzsVhnK
dhnK phwkohnK j' iKdhnK jB. fgzvK ns/ PfjoK ftu y[ZbQhnK EKtK s/ ;[ZfNnk e{Vk eoeN
wZyhnK, u{fjnK, ;{oK nkfd dk fNekDk pD iKdk j? fi; ekoD fGnkBe o'r c?bd/ jB. fiZE/
;ko/ BkrfoeK Bz{ uzrk ns/ ;k| ;[Eok tksktoD d/Dk ;oekoK dh fIzw/tkoh j?, T[E/ jo
Bkrfoe Bz{ th ukjhdk j? fe gqd{PD Bk c?bkJ/, nkb/ d[nkb/ dh ;|kJh oZy/, Xosh Bz{ e{V/dkB
Bk pDkJ/ ns/ nkgDhnK nkdsK ;[Xko/.
iii. ;z;kXBK dk nfXeko L
e[dosh ;z;kXBK T[s/ ;kfonK dk pokpo dk nfXeko j?. go d/fynk iKdk j? fe e[M
b'e fJBQK ;o'sK s/ nkgDk epIk iwk b?Ad/ jB id fe rohp, nBgVQ ns/ g/Av{ spek
fJBQK nfXekoK s'A tKMk ofj iKdk j?. ftef;s ns/ nwho d/P xZN ftef;s iK
gZSV/ j'J/ d/PK dk ;'PD eod/ jB. gjkVK ns/ izrbK ftu yfDi d/ Gzvko bZGD bJh
izrb eZN / ik oj/ jB, gjkV gZXo/ ehs/ ik oj/ jB ns/ Xosh dk ;ws'b ftrkfVnk
ik fojk j?. ;zdb, Nhe s/ ekbkjKvh dh bZeVh T[s/ ;wrboK ns/ f;nk;h b'eK dk
epIk j?. g{opKub, fjwkfbnk, p;so, T[Vh;k nkfd d/ izrbK dh spkjh ekoD
pj[s ;ko/ ;EkBe b'e ns/ nkfdtk;h fBnk;o/ j' rJ/, T[~soh nwohek d/ fJzvhnB
nkfdtk;hnK dh b'eXkok ftu fJj p'b nzfes jB L
‘id'A ;kvh Xosh phwko g? ikt/rh
id'A gkDh wzvb nb'g j'D bZr/rk
sK ;sozrh ghAx d/ i[Mko{ ikrDr/
T[j e[dosh ihtB dh okyh eoe/
Xosh d/ I\wK dh wbQw gZNh eoBr/.*
‘e'b fJzvhnk*, ukj ns/ opV pBkT[D tkbhnK ezgBhnK B/ ;z;kXBK dk pj[s B[e;kB
ehsk j?. m/e/dko, wkbdko, ekoykB/dko ns/ ;owkJ/dko nBw'b e[dosh \IkfBnK
Bz{ b[ZND bZr/ j'J/ jB go feT[Afe e[dos ;G dh ;KMh wK j? ns/ fJ;d/ \IkfBnK s/
Gh ;G dk pokpo dk jZe j?, fJ; bJh e[M fjzwsh b'eK B/ ;zxoP ftZfYnk j?.
fuge' nzd'bB, nkghe' bfjo, fpPB'Jh nzd'bB, mheoh gfjo/, fjwkfbnk pukT[
nzd'bB ns/ tksktoD pukT[ ;';kfJNhnK d/ :sBK B/ nZi b'eK ftu ikrqsh ns/
u/sBk g?dk ehsh j?. ;G s'A tXhnK gqp zX b'eK dk nkgDk gqpzX j[zdk j?. ftef;s
d/P nZi e[dosh ;z;kXBK ns/ T{oik dh tX/o/ tos'A eo oj/ jB. gkDh Bz{ b? e/ th
d/PK d/ fttkd tZX oj/ jB. fJT[A fejk iKdk j? fe nrbk ftPt :[ZX gkDh Bz{ b? e/
j't/rk.
iv. p"fXe nfXeko L
nk:[ot/d ufes;k gqDkbh Gkos dh gqkuhB gZXsh j?. g/Av{ ns/ nkfdtk;h b'e bzw/
;w/A s'A iVhnK p{NhnK, iht izs{nK d/ nzrK, ;ZgK dhnK Ifjo nkfd dk gq:'r
dtkJhnK ti'A eod/ nkJ/ jB. nZi th nfij/ b'e fwb iKd/ jB i' wzso gV e/
Ifjo T[sko fdzd/ jB iK BpI d/y d/ o'r dh gSkD eo b?Ad/ jB. go fJj nkw b'e
G'b/ Gkb/, nBgVQ ns/ f;ZX / ;kd/ j[zd/ jB. nkgD/ j[Bo Bkb fJj mZrhnK BjhA
wkod/. nZi d/ ;w/A ftu ubke, gVQ/ fby/ ns/ Pkso b'e gqzgokrs Yzr sohe/ tos
e/ nkgDhnK ezgBhnK yVQhnK eo oj/ jB. fJBQK seBheK T[s/ nkw b'eK dk
nfXeko ;h go p[ZXhihth b'e T[BQK Bz{ nkgDhnK ezgBhnK d/ Bkw s'A okytK eo oj/
jB. e[M nwoheh ezgBhnK pk;wsh u"b, s[b;h, jbdh ikwD nkfd dk gziheoD
nkgD/ Bkw eotk ojhnK jB. ;[szso wkofeN ns/ ;z;koheoD d/ Bkw j/mK ftef;s
d/P nftef;s d/PK dh b[ZN eo oj/ jB. fJBQK w[beK dh nwhoh xZN ftef;s d/PK
d/ ;'PD T[s/ yVQh j?. j'o d/PK s/ jwb/ eoe/ T[BQK d/ e[dosh ;kXBK s/ epIk
iwkT[Dk ns/ nkgD/ fjsK w[skpe d{i/ b'eK d/ p"fXe nfXekoK Bz{ BPN eoBk jh
fJBQK dk wzst jz[dk j?. f;Zfynk s'A tKM/ rohp b'e nebwzd ejkT[D tkb/ u[;s b'eK
d/ jZE'A mZr/ ik oj/ jB. T[j ;kvh y/sh ns/ v/noh T[s / th epIk eoh ik oj/ jB.
ph aNh aphi, NowhB/fNv jkJhfpqv ;{oiw[yh, o;kfJD ykdK, ehNBkPe, fBT{ebhno
jfEnko nkfd fJBQK d/ fdwkr dh T[gi jB fiBQK Bkb fiE/ b'eK dk p"fXe gsB jz[dk
j? T[E/ tksktoD ftu th ftrkV g?dk jz[dk j?. w[ekpb/ dh GktBk ns w[Bk|/ dh j'V,
nokwgq;sh ns/ bkgqtkjh ekoD Gh jkbks ftrVd/ ik oj/ jB. n"osK, fgSV/ tor
d/ b'eK ns/ rohp Bz{ f;Zfyns eo e/ n;hA T[BQK Bz{ p"fXe ftek; dk nfXeko fdtk
;ed/ jK. tgkoh b'e g/Av{nK dh nfrnkBsk dk bkG T[m kT[Ad/ j'J/ T[BQK s'A ;;s/ w[Zb
s/ uhIK yohd e/ wfjzr/ w[Zb s/ t/ud/ jB. T[BQK dhnK fiD;K Bz{ ;jh w[Zb BjhA fdzd/,
eJh t/o s'bD ftu th p/JhwkBh eod/ jB. G'b/ Gkb/ b'eK Bz[ T[Xko d/D t/b/ pj[s
fInkdk ftnki b?Ad/ jB iK T[BQ K d/ rbs ekrIK s/ nzr{m / brtk d/ X'ykXVh eod/
jB. g/Av{ wId{oK dk th Pfjoh b'e s/ m/e/d ko BkikfJI |kfJdk b?Ad/ jB. n"osK Bz{
xZN wId{oh fdZsh iKdh j?. fJ; eoe/ j[D fgzvK s/ PfjoK ftu gkVk tXdk ik fojk
j?. ;kBz{ soe, ftt/e ns/ B?fsesk s'A ezw b?Dk ukjhdk j?. ed/ th fe;/ dk p"fXe
;'PD BjhA eoBk ukjhdk feT[Afe fJ; Bkb ;kvh nkgDh nkswk th dkrh j' iKdh j?.
nkgD/ p"fXe nfXekoK dh oZfynk bJh ;kBz{ ;[u/s j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ ekBz{B pBkT[D/
ukjhd/ jB sk i{ fJ; ;'PD Bz{ o'fenk ik ;e/. fit/A wkou 1995 ftu fw;hfBgh
:{Bhtof;Nh d/ d' vkeNoK B/ nwohek d/ g/N?AN ekBz{B dk ;jkok b?AfdnK jbdh dk
okytKeoD eotk fbnk. T[BQK dh dbhb ;h fe jbdh Bkb I\w mhe eoB dk B[;\k
T[BQK B/ y'fink j? id fe Gkos ftu fJj fJbki ;dhnK s'A ehsk ik fojk j?. 13
nr;s 1997 Bz{ Gkos ;oeko B/ nzsokpNoh gZXo s/ e/; bV e/ fJj g/NA?N oZd
eotkfJnk. fJ;/ soQK nwoheB y/shpkVh ftGkr ns/ o;kfJD ezgBh ro/; B/ fBzw
dk do\s g/NA?N eotk fbnk. Gkosh dtkJhnK Bz{ g/NA?N eotkT[D dhnK e'fPPK Gkt/A
Gkos ;oeko B/ oZd eotk bJhnK go fJ; ezw bJh eo'VK o[fgnk popkd j'f Jnk.
y[Pjkb ns/ ubke, u"Xo oZyD tkb/ d/P ;kv/ e[dosh iht izs{nK Bz{ Gh g/N?AN eotk
e/ nkgD/ epI/ ftu eo oj/ jB. fJZbK, rzv'J/, Gz{v, fssbhnK, G"o/ nkfd Bz{ ;kv/
d/P e'b'A y'fjnk ik fojk j?. j"bh j"bh b'eK ftu u/sBk g?dk j' ojh j?. Gkos ftu'A
w[ed/ izrbK ns/ rzrk d/ wbhB j'D dh nktkI T[~mh j?, pqkIhb d' b'eK B/ nkgD/
izrbK Bz{ pukT[D bJh Pjhdh fdZs h, o{; ftu t'brk Bdh ns/ pkbNB ;kro Bz{
pukT[D dh g[eko T[~mh. d[BhnK d/ ;ko/ y/soK ftu'A T[~mhnK fJj ;KMhnK nktkIK
;KM/ T[~dw dk fjZ;k jB. Bowdk xkNh :'iBk dk fto'X fJ; eoe/ ehsk frnk j? fe
fJ; Bkb fiZE / 3365 tor feb'whNo izrbK dk y/so v[Zp ikDk j? T[E / 10 bZy
nkfdtk;hnK d/ xo th T[~iV ikDr/. ftef;s d/PK ftu t;d/ e/tb 20# b'e Xosh
d/ 80# t;hfbnK T[~go epIk iwkJh p?m / jB ns/ 90# gqd{Psk ns/ ;fVjKd c?bk
oj/ jB. j[D ;kv/ ikrD dk t/bk j?.
i) wB[Zyh nfXekoK dhnK fezBhnK fe;wK jB<
ii) P[ZX ns/ f;jswzd tksktoD nfXeko T[s/ fJe B'N fby'.
2H5H4 B?fse f;Zfynk (Value Education) :
B?fse f;Zfynk dk noE j? ;dkukoe w[ZbK Bz{ ;wMDk, ngDkT[Dk ns/ ewkT[D k.
e/tb feskph ftfdnk gVQBh jh ek|h Bjh l ;kBz{ ufoZso fBowkD bJh ;dkuko,
Xow, edoK ehwsK ns/ ihtB w[ZbK dk ;jkok b?D k Io{oh j?. nZi d/ seBkb'ih ns/
;kfJz;h :[Zr ftu n;hA fJybkeh ehwsK dh froktN tZb ik oj/ jK. B?fsesk ;kv/
ihtB Bz{ T[~uk u[Zedh j?, wkBtsk d/ Gb/ bJh gq/o dh j? ns/ T[~fus ;ktK fdqPNhe'D
p\Pdh j?. B?fse f;Zfynk gotko s'A P[o{ j[zdh j?. fJj tXhnk nkuoD, fttjko
ns/ ;ZfGne ihtB iku f;ykT[Adh j?. tksktoD d/ ;zpzX ftu fuo;EkJh ihtB P?bh
Bz{ ;wMDk ns/ XkoBk jh B?fsesk j?. j/m fby/ tksktoD d/ w[Zd/ B?fse f;Zfynk dk
nzr jB L
i) tksktoD B?fse w[Zb (Environmental Values) : nZi n;hA tksktoD

;zpzXh fiBQK ;wZf;nktK dk ;kjwDk eo oj/ jK, T[BQK dk ekoD tksktoD B?fse
w[ZbK gqsh ;kvh nfrnkBsk, nt/;bkgD ns/ nDrfjbh j?. tksktoD ;kv/
ihtB dk nkXko j?. fJ; dh ;zGkb ns/ ;[oZfynk ;kv/ nkgD/ jh fjs ftu j?.
tksktoD B?fse w[Zb ;w/A d/ Bkb Bkb pdbd/ oj/ jB. fe;/ ;w/A izrbK dh
pj[sks ;h ns/ izrbh ikBtoK dk fPeko okfinK wjkokfinK dk P"A e ;h. nZi
fiZE/ fPeko eoBk ns/ ikBtoK Bz[ wkoBk ekBz{Bh ngokX j?, T[E/ jh izrbK dh
eNkJh Gh ;Ik:'r ngokX j?. gfjbK o[Zy K ns/ wB[Zyk dh vz{xh ;KM j[zdh ;h.
o[ZyK p{fNnK Bz{ g[Zs oK tKr gkfbnk iKdk ;h. fgSb/ ;fwnK ftu iVQhnK p{NhnK
Bz{ d?fte PeshnK wzB e/ T[BQK dk ;fseko ehsk iKdk ;h. oks Bz{ fe;/ do\s
dk gZsk th BjhA s'fVnk iKdk ;h feT[Afe fJj ftPtk; ;h fe fJ; ;w/A fpoy
;"A oj/ j[zd/ jB. e[dos ns/ wB[Zy dk wK ns/ pZu/ tork foPsk ;h. wjkswk
p[ZX dh wksk B/ id'A p[ZX Bz{ iBw d/D k ;h sK T[j wfjbK Bz{ SZv e/ do\sK EZb/
nk rJh ;h. p[ZX Bz{ frnkB th p'jV d/ do\s j/m jh j'fJnk ;h. gfjbK o[ZyK
Bz{ dot/PK Bkb s[bBk d/ e/ T[BQK dh ;/tk ehsh iKdh ;h. pB;gshnK Bz{ B[e;kB
gj[zukT[Dk gkg ;wfMnk iKdk ;h. nZi th e[M o[Zy p{N/ T[BQK d/ r[DK ns/
Xkowe PoXk eoe/ jh fiT[Ad/ jB. ;?AeV/ ;kb g[okDhnK p/ohnK ;qh jfowzdo
;kfjp fty/, p'Xh fpoy r:k fty/, efgb fpoy nkfd nZi th ;[GkfJwkB jB.
e[dos ns/ o[ZyK gqsh fgnko g?dk eoB ftu ;G s'A gfjbh fPePe wksk dk
tZvk :'rdkB ;h. fco pZuk nkgD/ nKY r[nKY, u[frod/, gotko, ;wki ns/
;ZfGnkuko s'A B?fse edoK ehwsK f;ydk ;h. gtB Bz{ r[o { ns/ gkDh Bz{ fgsk,
Xosh Bz{ wksk efj e/ tfvnkT[D tkbh r[o pkDh dh r[VQsh pZu/ Bz{ fdZsh iKdh
;h. ;kv/ iht izs{nK ftu oZp dh ;KMh i's d/yD tkb/ fet/A T[BQK dk xks eo
;edk j?< gfjbK dfonktK, BdhnK nkfd Bz{ gftZso ;wM e/ pVh ;[Zu ns/
;|kJh Bkb T[BQK dk gkDh tofsnk iKdk ;h. y/sK ftu c;b nkT[D ;w/A iht
izs{nK, gzShnK ns/ wZShnK dk fjZ;k eZfYnk iKdk ;h. ehVhnK d/ G"D K T[s/
nkNk iK PZeo gkJh iKdh ;h. ikBtoK ns/ gP[nK d/ gkDh ghD bJh y/bK ns/
u[pZu/ pDkJ/ iKd/ ;B. w[;k|oK bJh fgnkT[ brkJ/ iKd/ ;B. b'eK ftu d[ZyK
;[ZyK dh ;KM ;h. ykD tkbhnK uhIK ftu fwbktN BjhA ehsh iKdh ;h. e{V/
eoeN ns/ r'po s'A pDh ykd jh tosh iKdh ;h. xoK ftu bkJhnK fBZwK ns/
;pIhnK s/ u[ZfbnK dh ;[nkj dk fSVekT[ jh ehNBkPe dk ezw eodk ;h. nZi
th b'V j? fe n;hA nkgD/ nwho fto;/ dhnK ;[Bfjoh edoK ehwsK B{z gSkDhJ/
ns/ tksktoD gqsh B?fse w[ZbK Bz{ ;[oihs eohJ/. ;kv/ ;fGnkuko ftu
tksktoD ns/ e[dos Bz{ pj[s ;fseko fdZsk frnk j?. fJE/ e[dosh ;kXBK Bz{
d/ts/ ns/ gP{nK gzShnK Bz{ d/tfsnK d/ tkjB wzB e/ T[BQK dh ;[oZfynk ehsh
iKdh ojh j?. rT{, p?b, ;Zg, w'o, pkI, ro[V , jz;, jkEh, P/o, e/bk, fgZgb,
po'Nk, s[b;h, nP'e nkfd ;kv/ ;fseko d/ gkso oj/ jB. gfjbK r[o {e[bK ftu
do\sK j/mK jh f;Zfynk fdZsh iKdh ;h. dfonktK d/ feBko/ ;ZfGnksktK tXhnK
c[Zbhnk. gfjbK xoK ftu c[Zbk, nropZshnK, uzdB dh ;[rzXh j[zdh ;h i' wBK
Bz{ Gh ;[rzfXs ns/ gftZso eoh oyd/ ;B. BfPnK dk o[MkB BKwkso ;h fi;
eoe/ tksktoD dh wbhBsk th pj[s xZN ;h. b'eh g?db iK x[V;tkoh eoB Bz{
soihj fdzd/ ;h, fJ; bJh tkjBK dk Xz{nK th BjhA ;h. nZi d[pkok ;kBz{ g[okD/
w[ZbK Bz{ gSkD e/ ngBkT[D dh b'V j?. fJj' w[Zb n;hA nkT[D tkbhnK ghVQhnK
ns/ pZfunK ftu GoB/ jB. ;kBz{ nkgDhnK tksktoD ;zpzXh e[skjhnK Bz{
;wMDk ukjhdk j? ns/ nkgDh ihtB P?bh Bz{ ;[XkoBk ukjhdk j?. fuo;EkJh
ftek; bJh gkDh, fwZNh, T{oik ns/ j'o ;z;kXBk dh ;ze'u ns/ f;nkDg Bkb
tos'A eoBh ukjhdh j?.
ii) e[dos gqsh B?fsesk L fi; e[dos wK dh p[Zeb ftu y/v e/ n;hA tZv/ j'J/
jK, fi;B/ ;kBz{ p/P[wko dksK p\PhnK jB, ;kj b?D Bz{ skIh jtk, ghD Bz{
;hsb ib, ;[rzfXs fwZNh, nB[e{b ibtk:{, tzB ;[tzBhnK o[Zs K ns/ ozr pozr/
c[Zb p{N/, gP{ gzSh fdZs / jB, T[; gqsh B?fse w[ZbK Bz{ ;wMDk ;kvk Xow j?.
;kBz{ e[dos gqsh P[eor[iko ns/ t|kdko ofjDk ukjhdk j?. e[dos Bz{ ftrkV
e/ n;hA ed/ th ;[yh ns/ PKs BjhA ofj ;ed/. ;ko/ wjKg[o PK ns/ r[o{
;kfjpkB B/ e[dos Bz{ fgnko ehsk j? ns/ fJ; ftu ekdo dk ibtk d/fynk
j?. ;qh r[o { BkBe d/t ih B/ ‘pfbjkoh e[dofs tf;nk* efj e/ fJ; Bz{
tfvnkfJnk j?. e[dos d/ Gzvko/ ;kvhnK ;kohnK b'VK g{ohnK eod/ jB go
bkbut; n;hA fJBQ K B{z TikVBk P[o{ eo fdZsk j?. wB[Zy e[dos dk ;G s'A
f;nkDk, ;[bfMnk j'fJnk, d{onzd/P ns/ nebwzd ;zskB j?. fJ; Bks/ ;kvk
|oi j? fe fJ;dh edo eohJ/, fJ;d/ wfjed/ ns/ Nfjed/ ehN gszfrnK dh
oZfynk eohJ/ ns/ fJ;Bz{ wK tork nkdo d/JhJ/. go n;hA t/yd/ jK fe e[dos
dh fi; NkjDh T[s/ wB[Zy p?mk j?, fJj T[;/ Bz{ eZNh ik fojk j? fi; ekoD fJj
nkg th EZb/ fvZr ;edk j?. e[dos d/ fB:wK dk gkbD eoD tkfbnK bJh i/
e[dos ;[ywJh j? sK fJBQK dh T[bzxDk eoB tkfbnK bJh fJj eq'gtkB j' iKdh
j?. fi; e[dos B/ wB[zy Bz{ ;z;ko nzdo gqt/P eokfJnk, T[;dk ihtB ns/
ftek; ;zGt pDkfJnk, wBZ[y B/ T[;/ e[dos dk ngwkB ehsk j?. nZi wB[Zyh
rshftXhnK ekoD e[dos dh r'd T[~iV ojh j?, GKs GKs d/ iht izs{ nb'g j'
oj/ jB, izrb ns/ ;w[zdo ;[zrVd/ ik oj/ jB, Xosh row j' ojh j?, w";w
pdb oj/ jB, Ifjohbh s/Ikph toyk j' ojh j? i' Bk izrbK bJh, Bk iht
izs{nK bJh ;[ykthA j?. Xosh d[nko/ ufVQnk UI'B frbk| bho' bho j'D bZrk j?, o[ZsK
ftZu T[pkb nk oj/ jB, e[dos fwjopkB BjhA ;r'A efjotkB jz[zdh ikgdh j?. wB[Zy
pKdo iK tDwkD; s'A GbwkD; sK pfDnk go fJ;d/ eow ikBtoK s'A th wkV/ jB.
gP{ sK wo e/ th ;kv/ ezw ;[nkod/ jB go wB[Zy fe;/ ezw BjhA nkT[Adk. nZi fJj
Xosh s/ Gko pD frnk j?. i/ tXdh nkpkdh, gqd{PD ns/ e[dosh t;hfbnK dh b[ZN
y;[ZN pzd Bk j'Jh sK wB[Zy e[dos d/ nfXekoK s'A tKMk j' ikt/rk. nZi fJj uzB iK
j'oK rqfjnK s/ tZ;D d/ ;[gB/ b? fojk j? go e[dos dk fsq;eko eoB Bkb fJjdh
nkgDh j'Ad th \so/ ftu j?. ;' nZi b'V j? fe wB[Zy e[dos d/ tvZgD ns/ ;[jZgD Bz{
poeoko oZyd/ j'J/ fJ;d/ wjZst Bz{ gSkD/. e[dos dh r'd ftu y/v oj/ iht izs{nK
dh ftfGzBsk, c[ZbK cbK dh y[Pp{ ns/ izrbK dh o"De ekfJw oZy/ ns/ fe;/ Bz{ th jkBh
Bk gjz[ukt/.
iii) ;ZfGnkukoe w[ZbK dh edo L ;ZfGnuko ns/ ;z;feqsh ;kvh wkD:'r
ftok;s j[zdh j?. fe;/ d/P dh ;z;feqsh T[s/ jh T[~E'A ;h ;ZfGnsk dk ftek;
yVQk j[zdk j?. ;kv/ d/P dh ;ZfGnsk ns/ ;z;feqsh pj[s gqkuhB ns/ ;fseko:'r
j?. ;kv/ d/P d/ oki/ Xowh ns/ goikgkbe j[zd/ ;B. r[o{nK, ghoK, cehoK ns/
foPhnK w[BhnK dh fJj Xosh ;dkuko, Xow ns/ B?fsesk dh fw;kb ojh j?.
foPfsnK dh gftZsosk, goT[geko dk wkdk, e[opkBh dk IIpk y{B pD e/
;kvhnK orK ftu d"Vdk fojk j?. ;zrs ns/ gzrs d/ f;XKs dk gkbD eoB
tkbh ;kvh Xosh nfsEh ;fseko, tuBpZXsk, pjkdoh ns/ nkswe nwhoh
eoe/ d[BhnK Go ftu ikDh iKdh ;h. fJ; Xosh Bz{ 33 eo'V d/tfsnK dh
Xosh fejk iKdk ;h feT[Afe T[d'A jo wB[Zy d/tfsnK tork jh ;h. fJ;d/
gftZso gkDhnK ftu t/d wzso ns/ pkDh x[bh j[zdh ;h, fJ;dhnK jtktK ftu
fJbkjh Bkd rz{id/ ;B. fJj rhs ekdo, e[dos ns/ T[; ftu t;d/ ;z;ko dk
;zrhskswe toDB eod/ ;B. uPw/, BdhnK, fpoy, izrb, sko/, uzB, ;{oi,
Xosh, jtktK ;ko/ jh fJjd/ f;Zfynk dks/ ;B. b'e feskph ftfdnk s'A BjhA,
nkgD/ ;[jD/ nwbK s'A ikD/ ikd/ ;B. b'e nkgDk foPsk ihtK izs{nK, gzShnK,
G"fonK, tDK fsqD K ns/ p/ikB t;s{nK Bkb th i'V e/ oZyd/ ;B. nzpK, s{sK,
fgZgbK, p'jVK dh SKt/A ;ZE i[Vd/ ;B, ghZxK g?AdhnK ;B, Xow ns/ ;kfjs dh
ouBk ehsk iKdh ;h, d[ZyK ;[ZyK dhnK ;KMK j[zdhnK ;B. o[Zy bkT[D/, y{j
bkT[D/, fgnkT[ bkT[D/, SphbK ns/ bzro brkT[D / g[zB eow ;wM/ iKd/ ;B.
;dGktBk, ;[szsosk, ftukoK dh nwhoh, fBwqsk, fwmk;, fgnko, ;/t k^Gkt,
jwdodh, ;po, ;zs'y, fwbtosD ns/ ;kdrh ;kv/ ;z;feqs e w[Zb oj/ jB.
nZi d/ :[r ftu gSwh ;ZfGnkuko, whvhnk, n?Pgq;s ihtB, BfPnK ns/ c?PB
B/ ;kv/ fJBQK w[ZbK Bz{ pj[s m/; gj[zukJh j?. j[D b'V j? fe n;hA nkgD/ pj[w[Zb/
fto;/ Bz{ gSkDd/ j'J/ nkgDhnK T[~sw edoK ehwsK dh okyh eohJ/. oZp dk
G?n fdb ftu j't/ sK fe;/ Bkb th XZek iK I[bw BjhA eo ;ed/. ;kv/ nzdo
dfJnk dh GktBk j'Dh ukjhdh j?. o[ZyK, gzShnK ns/ p/I[pkB ikBtoK dh ;/tk
jh oZp dh ;/tk j?. jkb/ th nkfdtk;hnK, iBikshnK ns/ g/Av{ b'eK dk e[dos
Bkb vz{xk ;zpzX j?. T[j e[dosh tksktoD ftu ;fjj'Ad Bkb ihtB pshs eod/
jB. n;hA nkgD/ ;wki d/ nkXko ;z;feqfse w[Zbk Bz{ \sw j[zdk BjhA d/y
;ed/. jo fJe ;ZfGnkuko ns/ ;z;feqsh Bz{ gqc[Zbs j'D dk nfXeko j?.
nkX[fBe ihtB P?bh ;kv/ gqzgokrs w[ZbK Bz{ ftrkV ojh j?. fJ; s'A ;[u/s j'D
dh b'V j?.
iv) tksktoD d/ fBxko Bz{ o'eDk L BfPnK, tkjBK d/ Xz{J/A , e{V/ rzdrh ns/
f;roNB'Ph ekoD fiZE/ jtk ns/ gkDh gqd{fPs j' oj/ jB T[~E/ izrbK dh
eNkJh, PfjoheoD, T[d:'rheoD ns/ o;kfJDK Bkb G{wh dh th d[o tos'A ns/
ftBkP j' fojk j?. wB[Zyh nkpkdh d/ tXD Bkb e[dosh iht izs{nK dh
B;be[Ph th j'Jh j? fi; ekoD tksktoD n;zs[fbs j' frnk j?. i/eo fJ;
fBxko Bz{ Bk o'fenk frnk sK ;kvh j'Ad th yso/ ftu g? ikt/rh. tksktoD d/
wjZst Bz{ gSkDd/ j'J/ ;kBz{ fJ;dh ;[oZfynk bJh :sB eoB/ ukjhd/ jB.
v) ;KM/ ;'fwnK dk gqpzX L ;kvk tksktoD ns/ fJ;d/ e[dosh t;hb/ ;kfonK d/
;KM/ jB Gkt/A T[j wB[Zy j'D iK iht izs{ iK pB;gsh. izrb, xkj, gkDh,
fwZNh, tk:{ nkfd ;z;kXBK s/ ;ko/ wB[ZyK dk nfXeko j?. g/Av{ ns/ iB ikshnK
d/ b'e fJBQK ;kXBK dh tos'A d/ Bkb Bkb fJBQK dh ;zGkb ns/ ;[oZfynk th
eod/ jB. Pfjoh, tgkoe ns/ u[;s b'e fJBQK dh e[tos'A iK d[o tos'A eoe/
nkg jh epIk eoBk ukjz[d/ jB. fJBQK ;kXBK dh ;KMhtkbsk Bkb ;KG ;zG kb
j'Dh ukjhdh j?. izrbks wfjewk, tk:{ ns/ ib gqd{PB o'e{ p'ov, ;EkBe
Bkrfoe, ;wki ;/th ;z;EktK ns/ }?o ;oekoh ;zrmBK Bz{ ob fwb e/ jzG bk
wkoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ ;w{fje ;z;kXBk dk e[Pb gqp zXB eoBk ukjhdk j?.
vi) ;wkie ;wkBsk L ;kv/ ;wki ftu nwho rohp, g/Av{ Pfjoh, ftef;s ns/
gZSfVnk tor, T{u Bhu, iks gks dhnK eJh tzvhnK jB. fJj n;wkBsktK
iK Bkpokpoh ;wki ftu MrV/, gkV/ ns/ sDkn g?dk eodh j?. ;'fPs ns/
gZSV/ torK Bz{, n"osK ns/ pZfunK Bz[ tZX ;j{bsK d/ e/ fJ; nzso Bz{ xZN eoBk
ukjhdk j?. nB[;{fus ikshnK ns/ rohp tor Bz{ T[~uk u[ZeD bJh ;oeko e'b
eJh :'iBktK jB go ;wki ftu jkb/ Gh pj[s tyo/t/A jB. fJBQK Bz{ d{o eoe/
;wkie fBnk gqD kbh ekfJw eoBh ukjhdh j?.
vii) ;z;kXBK dh ;jh tos'A L ftef;s ns/ nwho d/P ftek;Phb ns/ rohp
d/PK s'A tZX e[dosh ;z;kXBK dh tos'A eod/ jB. fiBQK nwho b'eK e'b tZX
;j{bsK ns/ g?;k j?, T[j Gh T{oik ns/ j'o ;kXBK dh p/b'Vh tos'A eod/ jB.
fJ; Bkb fiZE/ E'VQfuok ftek; j[zdk j? T[E/ b'eK d/ ihtB gZXo ftu th Gkoh
nzso nkT[aAdk j?. ;kBz{ fuo;EkJh ftek; tZX fXnkB e/Adfos eoBk ukjhdk j?
sK i{ ;z;kXBK Bz{ B[e;kB Bk gjz[u/ ns/ fJBQK dh tos'A T[~go ;G dk nfXeko
j't/. ;wkie n;zs[bB s'A puD bJh T[fus ;kXBK dh tos'A Io{oh j?.
viii) ftok;sh w[ZbK dh ;[oZfynk L ;kvh Xosh T[~go eJh ftok;sh w[Zb dhnK
:kdrkoK jB fit/A fJfsjk;e ;wkoe, t;s{ebk GtB, fusqekoh d/ Bw{B/ ,
r[c ktK, nkfdtk;h ebuo nkfd. nZi ftek; d/ BK s/ fJBQK ftok;sK dh j'Ad
\sw j[zdk ik ojh j?. nZi rzrk, vb Mhb ns/ e{w Bdh dh j'Ad th \so/ ftu
j?. ski wfjb, bkb febQk, ikwk i;fid, e[sp whBko, T[Vh;k dk e'Bkoe
;{oi wzdo, n?b'o k r[|ktK ns/ phikg[o dk r'b r[p zd tor/ fJfsjk;e ;wkoe
;kv/ nwho fto;/ d/ gqs he jB go gqd{PD ekoD fJj y[od/ ik oj/ jB.
eko\kfBnK ftu'A fBebd/ Ifjohb/ eD id'A ;zrwowo iK bkb gZEo d/ ;zgoe
ftu nkT[aAd/ jB sK o;kfJD fefonk d[nkok fJBQK Bz{ \okp eod/ ofjzd/ jB.
;kv/ d/P ftu ;koh d[BhnK Bkb'A tX/o/ fJfsjk;e ;wkoe jB fiBQK Bz{ d/y D
;z;ko Go d/ ebk gq/wh, fJfsjk;eko, fBowkDeko ns/ y'ih nkT[Ad/ jB. nZi
d/P d/ 32,000 ;wkoe g{oh soQK nDr"b/ ns/ n;[oZfyns gJ/ jB. ;kvk ;G
dk |oi pDdk j? fe fJBQK Bz{ pukJhJ/ ns/ nkgD/ r"otwJh fJfsjk; dh
oZfynk eohJ/. pj[s ;ko/ b'e fJBQK n;EkBK s/ ik e/ nkgD/ Bkw nkfd T[~eod/
ofjzd/ jB fiBQK Bkb fJBQK dh ;[ji, ;[zdosk ns/ fdZy yokp j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh
;kBz{ nkgD/ ;KGD:'r ftok;sh ;EkBK dh ;zG kb eoBh ukjhdh j?.
2H5H5 tksktoD ns/ wB[Zyh f;js ftu ;{uBk seBkb'ih dk :'rdkBL
nZi dk :[Zr ;{uBk seBkb'ih dk :[ r j?. fJ; Bkb jo y/so ftu ;{uBk seBkb'ih
dh tos'A j' ojh j?. tksktoD d/ y/so ftu th frnkB ns/ u/sBk c?bkT[D ftu
fJ;dk tZvk :'rdkB j?. fJT[A ikgdk j? fe wB[Zyh fdwkr B/ j[D seBkb'ih okjhA
Xosh dh B[jko ;tkoB dh, T[;d/ I\w mhe eoB dh ns/ pd;{osh Bz{ y/sK s/ gjkVK
dh y{p;{osh ftu tNkT[D dk :sB ehsk j?. nfijhnK e[M T[dkjoDK j/m fbyhnK
jB L
i) G{r'fbe ;{uBk gqDkbh L T[grqfj fusoK, ;?N/bkJhN ns/ BefPnK dh wdd
Bkb Xosh s/ j'J/ e[dosh iK wB[Zyh gqhtosBK pko/ ikDekoh bJh iKdh j?. nkgdk
gqpzXB, jVQK, s{|kBk, ;[Bkwh bfjoK, G{ukbK Bkb j'Jh spkjh d/ BeP/ pDk e/ :'r
gqpzX ehsk iKdk j?.
ii) ;kcNt/no L e[M ;kcNt/no tksktoD ;zpzXh fuZso ns/ BeP/ pDkT[D bJh
tos/ iKd/ jB. e[M ;kcNt/no phwkohnK ns/ T[BQK d/ n;o j/m nkT[D tkb/
y/so, iB;zf ynk ;zp zXh ikDekoh nkfd fJeZmh eoB bJh tos/ iKd/ jB.
iii) ezfgT{No L ezfgT{No dh tos'A j[D jo ezw eoB bJh ehsh iKdh j?.
ezfgT{No ns/ ;{uBk seBkb'ih dh tos'A eJh o'rK d/ fJbki bJh th ehsh
iKdh j?. fJzNoB?~N fJe ftPt ftnkgh ikb j? fi;B/ ;koh d[BhnK d/ ezfgT{NoK
Bz[ nkg; ftu i'V e/ ;{uBk szso Bz{ wIp{s ehsk j?. fJzNoB?~N T[s/ nB/eK
;kJhNK jB fiBQK s'A tZy tZy ;{uBk, yohd'co'y s, ;hNK dh foIot/PB nkfd
ezw bJ/ ik ;ed/ jB. fJ; Bkb ;w/A ns/ Pesh dh pus j[zdh j?. fJ; okjhA
tksktoD ;zpzXh f;Zfynk th gqkgs j[zdh j?.
iv) ;?N/bkJhN L g[bkV ftu eJh soQK d/ T[grqfj iK ;?N/bkJhN SZv/ iKd/ jB fiBQK
d[nkok d[BhnK Go dh wjZstg{oD ikDekoh gqk gs j[zdh j?. e[M T[grqfj w";w
;z;zXh frnkB fdzd/ jB fit/A Gkos ftu fJB;?N bVh d/ T[grqfj nkT[D tkb/
w";w ;zp zX h ikDekoh fdzd/ jB. fJBQK s'A ;kBz{ pZdbK dh ;fEsh, jtk d/ dpkT[,
uZeotks, toyk, jB/oh nkfd dh ikDekoh fwbdh j?. e[dosh nk|sK fit/A
;{Bkwh, G{ukb nkfd pko/ th nB[wkB j' iKdk j?. Gkos ftu d{o ;zt/dh T[grqfj
(Indian Remote Control Sattelites) nfij/ fuZso fdzd/ jB fiBQK s'A ;kBz{
wko{Ebh, ;'ek ghVQs, jVQ ghVQs , ;/w ghVQs y/soK dk gsk brdk j?. fJBQK s'A
e[dosh ;z;kXBK dh ikDekoh th fwbdh j?.
v) ;zuko wkfXnw L T[grqfj okjh N?bhft:B T[s/ tksktoD ;zpzXh ;{uBk ns/
ikDekoh fwbdh j?. tksktoD Bkb ;zpzfXs w[Zy u?Bb fit/A B?PBb fiT{ro?fce,
fv;etoh, n?Bhwb gb?fBN nkfd okjhA ;kBz[ g"fdnK, ikBtoK, ;w[zdoK, gjkVK
nkfd d/ ihtB pko/ Gog{o ikDekoh fwbdh j?. fJ; soQK whvhnk okjhA ;kvk
tksktoD ;zpzXh frnkB tXdk j?.
vi) wkJheo'gq?Po L nZi tksktoD d/ ftrkV ekoD eJh gzShnK ns/ ikBtoK
dhnK gqikshnK nb'g j' u[ZehnK jB. eJh gqikshnK ;zeN ekb ftu'A bzx
ojhnK jB ns/ yksw/ d/ feBko/ s/ jB. nfij/ ikBtoK Bz{ fe;/ \so/ s'A
pukT[D bJh, T[BQ K s/ fBrokBh oZyD ns/ T[BQK dh ;[oZfynk ;zGkb bJh T[BQK d/
;ohoK ftu wkJheo'gq?Po Bkwe :zso brk fdZsk iKdk j?. fJj :zso T[BQK dh
;fEsh ns/ \sfonK pko/ ikDekoh fdzdk ofjzdk j?.
vii) ndG[Zs seBheK L nZi f;js ;zpzXh pj[s jh ftbZyD seBheK j'Ad ftu nk
u[ZehnK jB. n?bIkJhwo o'rhnK iK fiBQK o'rhnK dh :kdkps pj[s xZN rJh
j't/, bJh nfij/ wkJheo'fug fsnko eo bJ/ rJ/ jB i' T[BQK dh :kdPs
tXkT[D ftu wdd eod/ jB. wkJheo'fug w?w'o h wB[Zy Bz{ eJh soQK dhnK rZbK
:kd eotkT[Adh j?. fit/A ;w/A f;o dtkJh ykDh, Bot f;rBb d/D / nkfd.
wPhBh o'p 'N fsnko eo bJ/ rJ/ jB i' wB[Zy bJh jo soQK d/ ezw eod/ jB.
fJzrb?Av d/ ftfrnkBhnK tZb'A fJ; soQK d/ ezBN?eN b?BI fsnko eo bJ/ rJ/ jB i'
P{ro d/ o'rhnK Bz{ T[BQK d/ y{B dpkn pko/ dZ;Dr/. nfijhnK seBheK fsnko j'
u[ZehnK jB fiBQK Bkb pBkT[Nh fdb, pBkT[Dh r[od/ nkfd pDkJ/ ik ;eDr/. ;{uBk
seBkb'ih okjh g[bkV dk frnkB th jkf;b j[zdk j?.
i) B?fse f;Zfynk s'A eh Gkt j? <
ii) ;{uBk seBkb'ih s/ B'N fby'.
2H5H6 e/; nfXn?B L
i) gzikp oki ftu G{wh ;zpzXh foekov dk g{oB ezfgT{NoheoD ehsk ik fojk j?.
fJ; Bkb fe;kBK Bz { pj[s bkG g[Zi/rk. nkw b'eK Bz{ ns/ fe;kBK Bz{ foekov
gqkgs eoB bJh e'Jh n"eV BjhA nkt/rh. fi~E/ fJj foekov fpbe[b ;jh j't/rk
T[E/ fJ;Bz{ gqkgs eoB bJh g?;k ns/ ;wK th xZN bZr/rk. gfjbK ckJhbK d/ Y/o
X{V fwZNh iK dhwe d/ fPeko j' iKd/ ;B ns/ g[okDk foekov bZGDk w[Pfeb j'
iKdk ;h. j[D fJj ezw pj[s ;"yk j' ikt/rk. fe;/ th soQK dh fdZes g/P BjhA
nkt/rh.
ii) eoBkNe oki d/P dk gfjbk nfijk oki j? fi; ftu G{wh ;zp zXh ikDekoh dk
g{o/ s"o s/ ezfgT{NoheoB j' u[Zek j?. fJ; soQK fe;kB ns/ gpfbe E'VQh fijh
ch; d/ e/ E'VQ/ fij/ ;w/A ftu nkgDh G{wh ;zp zXh ;jh foekov gqkgs eo ;ed/
jB.
j"bh j"bh d/P d/ pkeh GkrK ftu th ezfgT{NoheoD j' fojk j?. p?AeK,
j;gskbK, f;Zfynk ;z;EktK ns/ j'o ndkfonK ftu th fJj ezw ikoh j?.
2H5H7 ;kozP L
j[D sZe wB[Zy e[dos T[s/ jkth j'D Bz{ jh nkgDk wzs t ;wMdk ;h. wB[Zyh seBkb'ih
ns/ ftek; dh fdPk th fJ;/ gk;/ e/Afdqs ;h. go j[D id'A T[j Gkoh B[e;kB T[mk
fojk j?, T[;Bzz{ ;wM nk rJh j? fe fBZih fIzdrh, ;wkie GkJhuko/ ns/ ;w[Zu/ d/P
iK ftPt ftu'A T[;Bz{ T[j nkdsk fsnkrDhnK g?DrhnK fiBQK ekoD T[;d/ ihtBdks/
tksktoD dk T[i kVk j[zdk j't/. ;ZfGnkukoe, ;z;feqse ns/ B?fse w[ZbK Bz{ gSkD e/
jh e[dos dh ;[o Zfynk ns/ ;zGkb ;zGt j?. n;bh ftek; tksktoD dh okyh,
e[dosh ;'fwnK dh ;zGkb ns/ seBkb'ih dh soZeh ftu j?. fJ;d/ Bkb jh ;kBz{
fBT{ebhno jfEnkoK ns/ izrK T[~go o'e brkT[Dh gt/rh. tksktoD dh wfonkdk
Bz{ fbskVB dh gqftosh, pj[sh ygs, t;'A ns/ gqd{PD s/ o'e brkT[D h gt/rh.
tksktoD ;zpzXh f;Zfynk ns/ u/sBk gqkfJwoh gZXo s'A :{Bhtof;Nh gZXo sZe, Pfjoh
s'A g/Av{ y/so sZE, pZu/ s'A p[ZY/ sZe ;G Bz{ d/D h gt/rh. ;kv/ nkg ;j/V/ ;zskg Bz{ n;hA
nkg jh d{o eoBk j?. j[D nzBQ/tkj ygs ns/ T[ikV/ Bz{ SZv e/ ;kB{z ;zGkb ns/ ;ze'u
Bz{ ngBkT[Dk gt/rk. wB[Zyh nfXekoK dh ;'M h d/ Bkb Bkb wB[Zyh eostK gqsh th
;[u/s j'Dk gt/rk. ;{uBk seBkb'ih d/ frnkB Bz{ wB[Zyh f;js ns/ tksktoD dh
GbkJh bJh tosDk j't/rk sK jh n;hA nkgD/ ihtB dk ;jh we;d g{ok eo ;eKr/ .
i) Helping Developing Countries Help Themselves -Lee Talot
ii) The Global Possibiles -Robert Repetto
iii) An Earth Ethic -Russel W. Peterson
iv) Environmental Studies - Sharma Publications
v) tksktoD dog/P ;wZf;nktk ^fsqb'uB f;zx
vi) tksktoD f;Zfynk ^nko a;h auKdBk
2H5H9 tZv/ ns/ S'N/ T[~soK tkb/ gqPB
tZv/ T[~soK tkb/ gqPB
i) wB[Zyh nfXekoK dh y'b e/ ftnkfynk eo'.
ii) B?f se f;Zfynk pko/ ft;Ekog{o te fby'.
iii) tksktoD ns/ wB[Zyh f;js ftu ;{uBk s?eBkb'ih dk eh :'rdkB j?<
iv) wB[Zyh iB;zfynk dk tksktoD T[~go eh gqGkt j? <
S'N/ T[~soK tkb/ gqPB
i) ;ZfGnkukoe w[ZbK pko/ B'N fby'.
ii) e[dos gqsh ;kvh eh B?fse fIzw/tkoh j? <
iii) wB[Zyh G'iB ns/ f;js nfXeko eh jB <
iv) P[ZX ns/ uzrk tksktoD f;js bJh feT[A io{oh j? <
v) ezfgT{No ns/ fJzNoB?~N pko/ s[;h eh ikDd/ j' <
vi) ;?N/bkJhN eh j[zdk j?< fJj fe; soQK dh ikDekoh fdzdk j? <
vii) ;wkie ;wkBsk s'A eh Gkt j? <
viii) e[dosh ;z;kXBK dh ;zGkb bJh s[;h eh eo'r/ <
ix) ftok;sh w[ZbK dh ;[o Zfynk feT[A io{o h j? <
x) ;{uBk seBkb'ih d/ eh bkG jB <
gkm BzL 2H6 b/fyek L vkH btbhB nB[tkde L fBg[zBsk e"o
gkm dh o{g o/yk

2H6H1 T[d/P
2H6H2 ikD^gSkD
2H6H3 ;Ve ;[oZfynk dk ;zebg
2H6H3H1 ;Ve ;[oZfynk dk noE oZyd/ fJ;dk wjZst
2H6H4 nktkikJh fuzBQ
2H6H4H1 ;Ve fuzBQ
2H6H4H2 jZE d/ fJPko/
2H6H4H3 jZEK Bkb fuso/ j'J/ fuzBQ
2H6H5 nktkikJh d/ fB:w
2H6H6 nktkikJh ;zpzXh ngokX ns/ i[owkB/
2H6H7 bkJh;?A; b?D dh ftXh
2H6H8 ;Ve ;[oZfynk ftZu w[ZYbh ;jkfJsk dk wjZst
2H6H9 ;ko
2H6H10 ;[MkJh g[;se ;{uh ns/ t?p ;o's
2H6H11 ;[MkJ/ rJ/ gqPB
2H6H1 T[d/P L
fJj gkm gVQB d"okB ftfdnkoEh ikD ;ed/ jB L^
1H ;Ve ;[oZfynk d/ ;zebg ns/ wjZst pko/.

2H ;Ve ;[oZfynk dh gfoGkPk.
3H tZy^tZy soQK d/ ;Ve fuzBQK ns/ fB:wK dh gSkD.
4H ;Ve ;[oZfynk Bkb ;zpzfXs eJh fe;wK d/ ngokX ns/ T[jBK Bkb ;zpzfXs i[owkB/
5H bkJh;?A; b?D dh ftXh
6H ;Ve ;[oZfynk ftZu w[ZYbh ;jkfJsk dk wjZst
2H6H2 ikD^gSkD L
nZi eZbQ d/ jkbksK ftZu i/eo b'e ;Ve ;[oZfynk B{z fXnkB ftZu oZyD, fXnkB Bkb
vokfJftzr eoB, fB:wK dh gkbDk eoB sK b'eK e'b fJZe uzrk w"ek pD ikt/rk ;jh
fIzdrh fiT[D dk. fB:w ;[oZfynk B{z fXnkB ftZu oZy e/ jh pDkJ/ iKd/ jB. ;kfJeb
;tko ns/ w'No;kfJeb ;tko, i' fe o'IkBk ;VeK T[Zgo tkjBK okjhA nkT[Ad/ iKd/ jB,
T[jBK B{z ;VeK T[Zs/ j'D tkbhnK d[oxNBktK d/ yso/ s'A fInkdk ;ktXkB ofjD dh
Io{os j[zdh j?. ;[oZfynk bJh pDkJ/ rJ/ ;wkB fit/A fe j?bw/N nkfd dh tos'A bkIwh
j?. :ksohnK ns/ pZfunK dh ;[oZfynk vokJhto dh fIzw/tkoh j? ns/ ;ktXkBh tos e/
pj[s w[;hpsK s'A pfunk ik ;edk j?. pZfunK bJh tkjBK ftZu ;hNK pDhnK j[zdhnK jB,
T[jBK dk fJ;s/wkb pZfunK bJh jh eoBk ukjhdk j?. ;hN p?bN dh tos'A eoBh ukjhdh j?,
i/eo ;zGt j't/ sK J/nop?r tkb/ tkjBK dh tos'A j'Dh ukjhdh j?. i' tkjB s[;hA yohd oj/
j' T[;d/ ;[oZfynk o/N u?e eo b?D/ ukjhd/ jB. tkjB T[s/ b/pb ehshnK rJhnK ysoBke
uhiK pZfunK dh gj[zu s'A d{o j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB.
2H6H3 ;Ve ;[oZfynk dk ;zebg L
tXdh nkpkdh ns/ tXd/ tkjBK dh ;zfynk ekoB ;VeK T[Zs/ uZbDk pj[s w[Pfeb j'
frnk j?. fJj fJZe nfijk w[Zdk j? fi;B/ pj[s b'eK B{z gqGkfts ehsk j? feT[Afe ;VeK
T[Zs/ jkd;/ j'D ekoB eJh b'eK dh w"sK j' iKdhnK jB. fjzd[;skB NkJhwI fJzvhnk dh
fJZe ypo d[nkok fJj ;kjwD/ nkfJnk j? fe Gkos ftZu 2011 d/ nKefVnK nB[;ko
jo fJZe fwzN ftZu ;Ve T[Zs/ fJZe n?e;hv?AN j[zdk j?, fJ; nB[;ko jo 3^7 fwzN ftZu
fJZe fIzdrh ysw j' ojh j?, fi;dk nKeVk g{oh d[BhnK ftZu ;G s'A fInkdk j?. fJ;
bJh b'eK B{z ;Ve ;[oZfynk d/ fB:wK pko/ ikro{e eoB dh ;\s io{os j? sK i' GftZy
ftZu ;Ve T[Zs/ j'D tkbhnK d[oxNBktK dh frDsh xN ;e/. B"itkB ghVQh pj[s tZvh
wksok ftZu ;Ve d[oxNBktK dk fPeko pD ojh j?. fJ; bJh B"itkB ghVQh ns/
pZfunK d/ ;[oZfyns ofjD bJh fB:wK dh gkbDk eoB dh nkds gkT[Dh pj[s Io{oh
j?. ;kB{z T[jBK d/ wkg/ ns/ T[wo ftZu th T[jBK Bkb'A tZv/ j'D d/ Bks/ ukjhdk j? fe
n;hA pZfunK B{z ;Ve ;[oZfynk d/ sZEK, ;VeK T[Zs/ tosh bkgotkjh Bkb j'D tkb/ yso/,
T[jBK d/ Bshi/ dZ;hJ/ ns/ pZfunK B{z ;wMkJhJ/ fe fet/A T[j ;[oZfyns ofj ;ed/ jB.
n;hA T[jBK B{z ;wM ;ed/ jK fe fet/A T[j ;Ve fB:wK dh gkbDk eoe/, b'eK B{z ;Ve
fB:wK pko/ ikro{e eoe/, ;Ve fuzBQK pko/ dZ;d/, i?pok eokf;zr dh wjZssk dZ; d/,
fJZe uzrh T[dkjoD pD ;ed/ jK.
2H6H3H1 ;Ve ;[oZfynk dk noE oZyd/ fJ;dk wjZst L
;Ve ;[oZfynk dk noE L
e?AwpfoI fvePBoh d/ nB[;ko, ‘‘b'eK B{z ;wMkT[Dk fe fet/A n;hA ;[oZfyns sohe/ Bkb
;Ve gko eo ;ed/ jK iK vokfJftzr fet/A ;[oZfyns sohe/ Bkb eo ;ed/ jK.** ;Ve
;[oZfynk s'A Gkt j? T[j ;ko/ sohe/ fijBK dh tos'A Bkb ;VeK T[Zs/ jkdf;nK Bkb
iywh j'D tkb/ b'eK, woB tkb/ b'eK dh frDsh xNkJh ik ;e/. ;VeK dh tos'A g?db
ubD tkb/, rZvhnK, NoZe, T[jBK s/ ;tko j'D tkb/ ;ko/ jh b'e eod/ jB. nZi eZbQ
dhnK ;VeK ns/ o'v fJ; soQK pDkJ/ rJ/ jB fe i/eo tkjB dh ;ghv E'Vh fijh th
fInkdk j't/ sK fJ; Bkb e'Jh th jkd;k j'D dk vo ofjzdk j?. tZv/^tZv/ jkJht/n
ihHNhH o'vI s/ tkjBK dhnK NZeoK j' iKdhnK jB fi; d/ eJh ekoB j' ;ed/ jB fit/A
fe vokJhto dh rbsh ekoB, tkjB d/ po/e c/b j'D ekoB nkfd. ;Ve d/ yokp j'D
Bkb th jkd;k j' ;edk j?. fJjBK ;G ekoBK B{z fXnkB ftZy oZy e/ ;VeK s/ j'D tkb/
jkdf;nK B{z e[ZM jZd se xNkfJnk ik ;edk j?. ;Ve ;[oZfynk d/ T[d/P Bkb ;VeK
T[Zs/ jkd;/ xZN ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB. ;Ve ;[oZfynk d/ T[d/P Bkb ;VeK T[Zs/ jkd;/
xNkT[D bJh ;VeK B{z j/m fby/ fszB gVktK ftZu tzv d/Dk ukjhdk j? L^
1H PfjoK ftZu ;VeK T[Zs/ tkjBK dh rsh xZN eoBh ukjhdh j? ns/ ;zxDhnK ;VeK
j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB.
2H g/Av{ fJbkfenK ftZu s/I rsh tkbhnK ;VeK dk fBowkD pzd eoBk ukjhdk j?.
3H w'No tkjBK bJh nbZr jkJht/n pDkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB ns/ fJ; soQK pDkT[D
ukjhd/ jB fe tkjBK dk nkg;h Neokn xZN j' ;e/.
2H6H4 nktkikJh fuzBQ L
nktkikJh fuzBQ fszB soQK d/ j[zd/ jB L^
2H6H4H1 ;Ve fuzBQ
2H6H4H2 jZEK d/ fuzBQ
2H6H4H3 jZEK Bkb fuso/ j'J/ fuzBQ
2H6H4H1 ;Ve fuzBQK B{z nZr/ fszB GkrK ftZu tzfvnk frnk j? L^
1H bkIwh fuzBQ
2H u/sktBh fuzBQ iK ikro{e fuzBQ

3H ikDekoh tkb/ fuzBQ
1H bkIwh fuzBQ Peb ftZu r'b j[zd/ jB ns/ fJj bkb ns/ Bhb/ ozr ftZu j[zd/ jB.
;ys wBkjh fJZe fdPk Bkb fuzBQ fJZe fdPk tkbk fuzBQ d'jK fdPktK ftZu
No Entry tkjB dh wBkjh
;ko/ tkjBK bJh ;kfJeb bJh wBkjh g?db :ksohnK bJh NKr/ dh wBkjh
wBkjh wBkjh
o/jVh dh wBkjh ;kfJeb bJh wBkjh g?db :ksohnK bJh ;Zi/ gk;/ bJh wBkjh
wBkjh
yZph fdPk bJh :{^NoB bJh wBkjh UtoN/e bJh wBkjh jkoB bJh wBkjh
wBkjh
p?b rZvh bJh bzpkJh dh jZd ;ghv dh jZd Gko dh jZd

wBkjh
T[ukJh dh jZd u"VkJh bJh jZd nZe;h Gko dh jZd o'eEkw ysw dk fuzBQ
B' gkofezr gVQB dh wBkjh f;oc f;ZXk ikD dk f;oc yZp/ ubD dk
fuzBQ fuzBQ
f;oc yZp/ w[V' f;oc ;Zi/ w[V' nZr/ ik e/ ;Zi/ w[V' nZr/ ik e/ yZp/ w[V'
bkiwh f;ZXk iK yZp/ iK f;ZXk iK ;Zi/ f;oc ;kfJeb bJh (bkIwh) j'oB
w[V'
o[e' o;sk fdT[

2H u/sktBh fuzBQ, fse'Dh ;e{b d/ j[zd/ jB ns/ ghb/ ozr ftZu j[zd/ jB L^
;Zi/ jZE dh yZp/ jZE dh ;Zi/ gk;/ w[V' yZph ;kJhv w[V' ;Zih ;kJhv
r'bkJh fdPk r'bkJh fdPk foto; w[V'
yZph ;kJhv T[ukJh dh fdPk j/mK tZb B{z GhVh ;Ve nZr/ y[Zbh ;Ve
foto; w[V' fdPk j?.
GhVk$szr g[Zb fs;bD tkbk pioh ftSkDh ;kfJeb g?db bJh
o'v j'Jh j? eokf;zr
nZr/ ;e{b j? ezw ub fojk j? gP{nK bJh ezw ub fojk j? c?oh
d' o'v eok; o;sk j? wkdh f;ZXk ns/ ;Zi/ f;ZXk ns/ yZp/ f;ZXk iK yZp/
(uo[Z;sk) ftZu
f;ZXk ns/ ;Zi/ yZp/ th o'v ;Zi/ w/B o'v ;N?rov ;N?rov
th o'v
u[oZ;sk d' ;kfJv u"Ae ysoBke jzg o'v

froktN
nZr/ izg; jB 200 whH 50^100 whH 200 whH 50^100 whH
fJ; ;kJhv gkoe eo'. fe;/ th fdPk ftZu gkoe eo'.
N?e;h gkofezr nkN' foePk gkofezr
;kfJeb foePk gkofezr ;kJheb gkofezr
;e{b, w'No;kfJeb gkofezr nZr/ p?ohno j?.

2H6H4H2 jZE Bkb d/D tkb/ fJPko/ th d' soQK d/ j[zd/ jB L
1H No?fce g[fb; d[nkok fdZs/ ikD tkb/ fJPko/.
2H vokfJto d[nkok fdZsk ikD tkbk fJPko/.
1H No?fce g[fb; d[nkok fdZs/ ikD tkb/ fJPko/.
2H vokfJto d[nkok fdZsk ikD tkbk fJPkok.
1H No?fce g[fb; d/ fJPko/ L
fJZe soc d/ tkjBK d/ ikD bJh ;kjwD/ s'A nkT[D tkb/ tkjBK B{z o'eD bJh
fgS'A nkT[D tkb/ tkjBK B{z o'eD bJh ;kjwD/ ns/ fgS'A nkT[D tkb/ tkjBK B{z
o'eD bJh
;Zi/ ns/ yZp/ s'A nkT[D tkb/ tkjBK B{z o'eD yZph ;kJhv d/ tkjBK B{z o'eD bJh
bJh
;Zih ;kfJv d/ tkjBK B{z uZbD bJh fuzBQ pdbD bJh
fJZe fdPk d/ tkjBK B{z s[oB bJh nkjwD/^;kjwD/ d/ tkjBK bJh
thHnkJhHghH ;b{N eoB bJh tkjBK B{z ;?fNzr Bkb o'eD bJh T
g[nkfJzN s/
2H vokfJto d[nkok jZEK d/ fuzBQ
w?A yZph fdPk B{z w[VDk j?
w?A ;Zih fdPk ftZu w[VDk j?
w?A o[e fojk jK

w?A j"bh eo fojk jK
fgS/ nk ojh eko B{z fJPkok,
fe T[j TtoN/e eo ;edh j?.
2H6H3 jZEK Bkb pDkJ/ j'J/ fuzBQ
d' b'B o'v bJh bkJhB
N[ZNh j'Jh bkJhB bJh.
uko b/B o'v bJh pDkJh rJh ftuekobh p?ohno bkJhB
S/ b/B o'v bJh pDkJh rJh ftuekobh p?ohno bkJhB
;ys ns N[ZNhnK bkJhBK dk w/b
^ i/eo s[jkvh ;kJhv tkbh bkJhB N[ZNh j'Jh j?, sK s[;hA fJ;B{z gko eo ;ed/ j',
go f;oc sK i/eo fJ; ftZu e'Jh B[e;kBh Bk j' fojk j't/.
^ i/eo bkJhB brksko ub ojh j? sK s[;hA fJ;B{z UtoN/e BjhA eo ;ed/.
o[eD bJh bkJhB L
o[eD tkbh bkJhB fJZe f;zrb g/AN ehsh j'Jh bkJhB j[zdh j? i' fe o'v d/ p'ovo B{z
eZND s'A gfjbK pDh j[zdh j?. fJj bkJhB ;kB{z dZ;dh j? fe ed'A nktkikJh g[fb; d/
fJPko/ s/ n;hA feZE/ o[eDk j?. g?db ikD tkbhnK bJh th ;N'gbkJhB pDh j[zdh j?.
o;sk fdT[ (Give Way Line) L
d' fpzdhnK nkjwD/^;kjwD/ j? fe i' bkJhB pDh j[zdh j? T[j dZ;dh j? fe No?fce B{z
o;sk fdT[.
fJj ghb/ ozr dhnK bkJhBK j[zdhnK jB. fJj T[; ;w/A jh gko ehshnK ik ;edhnK
jB id'A o'v s/ y[bh EK j't/ fJ; bkJhB s/ fJZe ;fezN th BjhA o[e ;ed/.
fJj ekb/ ns/ fuZN/ ozr dhnK bkJhBK j[zdhnK jB, fiBQK B{z i?pok eokf;zr fejk iKdk
j?. s[jkB{z ;Ve T[s'A o[e ikDk ukjhdk j? sK fe g?db ikD tkb/ b'e bzx ;eD. fJj
bkJhBK g?db :ksohnK B{z ;Ve s/ ubD d/ nfXeko bJh jh pDkJhnK iKdhnK jB.
2H6H5 ;VeK s/ ubD d/ fB:w L
^ d'^b/B o'v s/ jw/Pk nkgD/ yZp/ gk;/ oj' sK i' d{ih fdPk s'A nkT[D tkb tkjB
th bzx ;eD. fJZe b/B o'v s'A nkgD/ s'A fgZS/ nk oj/ tkjBK B{z nkgD/ ;Zi/ gk;/
s'A UtoN/e eoB bJh irQk fdT[.
^ id'A th yZp/ gk;/ w[VBk j? sK o'v d/ yZph ;kJhv ikT[ sK fXnkB Bkb w[V'.
^ i?pok eokf;zr d/ B/V/ gj[zu e/ ;ghv xZN oZy', id'A sZe fe b'e T[E'A gko Bk eo
ikD.
^ jZE Bkb fJPkok d/Dk pj[s Io{oh j?. id'A th tkjBK B{z j"bh j'D bJh fJPkok
eoBk j? sK nkgDh ;Zih jE/bh B{z j/mK tZb B{z fjbkT[ ns/ gko eoB bJh T[Zgo
tZb B{z.
^ fdPk fdykT[D tkb/ fJzvhe/NoI Io{o tosD/ ukjhd/ jB, id'A n;hA jZE Bkb
fJPkok BjhA eo gkT[Ad/ sK fJzvhe/No Bkb fJPkok d/ d/Dk ukjhdk j?. i/eo e'Jh
n?woi?A;h j't/ sK d'jK dh tos'A ehsh ik ;edh j?.
^ d' gjhnk tkjB bJh j?bw/N dh tos'A bkIwh j?. j?bw/N ISI wkoe j'Dk ukjhdk
j?. j?bw/N fJZe eto dh soQK ezw eodk j? ;[oZfynk ofjzdh j?. j?bw/N dh oZ;h
uzrh soQK pzBh j'Dh ukjhdh j? sK i' e'Jh n?e;hv?AN d/ ;w/A *u T[j y[Zb/ Bk ns/
n;hA ;[oZfyns ojhJ/. (f;Zy i' fe gZr pzBd/ jB T[jBK B{z j?bw/N Bk gfjDB dh
S{N j[zdh j?.
^ ed/ th nkgDk tkjB ;Ve gko eoB tkbh irQk, c[NgkE s/, gjkVh, i?pok
eokf;zr s/, w/B nZr/ iK j;gskb d/ nZr/, ;e{b, pZ; ;Nkg d/ nZr/ iK fiZE/ th
tkjB yVQk eoB dh wBkjh j?, T[E/ Bk yVk eo'.
^ tkjB dk ofi;Nq/PB fuzBQ fdyD:'r ns/ ;k| j'Dk ukjhdk j?.
^ fJZe b/Bô'v s'A g[Zmh$rbs fdPk ftZu tkjB w'VD dh ;ys wBkjh j? id'A th
s[;hA UtoN/e eo oj/ j' sK yZp/ gk;/ s'A eo'.
^ id'A th s[;hA i?pok eokf;zr iK ;Nkg bkJhB s/ yV/ j' sK fJ;B{z gko BjhA eoBk
id'A sZe fJPkok Bk fwb ikt/.
^ f;oc T[jh tkjBK B{z N'uD (d{i/ tkjB Bkb oZ;h gk e/) fbikfJnk ik ;edk j? i'
fe yokp j' rJ/ j'D, T[j th T[E'A sZe fbikJ/ ik ;ed/ jB, fiZE/ T[jBK dh
;oft; ;zGt j't/ fit/A r?o/i.
jkoB dk fJ;s/wkb L
jkoB dh tos'A eo' id'A fJ;dh Io{os j?. id'A s[;hA T[; y/so ftZu j' fiZE/ jkoB dh
wBkjh j? T[E/ fJ;dh tos'A Bk eo'. e'Jh th T[Zuh nktkI tkb/, nbZr^nbZr ;[oK tkb/,
GZdh fe;w d/ jkoB Bk tos'A. i' tkjBK d/ ;kfJb?A;o bZr/ j[zd/ jB, T[jBK dh eh o'v
T[Zs/ wBkjh j?.
Direction given to Drivers :

vokJhtoK bJh i' th fB:w pDkJ/ iKd/ jB T[j vokfJftzr ;w/A wzBD/ bkIwh jB. i/eo
T[j BjhA wzB/ iKd/ sK fJ;B{z ngokX wzfBnk iKdk j?.
^ nkgD/ s'A nZr/ ik oj/ tkjB s'A E'Vh d{oh pDk e/ oZy' feT[Afe i/eo T[j tkjB
nukBe o[Ze ikt/, iK j"bh j' ikt/ sK n?e;hv?AN j'D dk ysok j?. fJ; bJh d'
tkjBK ftueko E'Vh d{oh j'Dh ukjhdh j?.
^ ed/ th nukBe po/e Bk wko'.
^ fe;/ th gjkVh s/ ikD ;w/A, T[go'A nkT[D tkb/ tkjBK d/ vokJhto s'A o;s/ pko/
ikDekoh b?Dh ukjhdh j?.
^ id'A fe;/ ;Ve s/ ezw ub fojk j't/ sK ;ghv 25 fewh gqsh xzN/ s'A fInkdk
BjhA ukjhdh j?.
^ No?eNoK d/ vokJhtoK B{z e'Jh th fdjkVh tkb/ pzfdnK B{z ;tko eoe/$b?e/ ikD
dh fJIkis BjhA j[zdh.
^ ed/ th tkjB ftZu e'Jh ;wkB fJ; sohe/ Bkb b? e/ ikT[ fe T[; Bkb fe;/
fJB;kB B{z B[e;kB gj[zu/.
Carry only one pillow rider :
^ d' gjhnk tkjB d/ fgS/ f;oc fJZe ;tkoh jh p?mDh ukjhdh j?. ekB{B
z d[nkok
fe;/ th pZu/ iK fJB;kB B{z d' gjhnk ubd/ tkjB s/ yVQ e/ ikD dh wBkjh j?,
ukj/ e'Jh th j't/. e'Jh th ;wkB fi; Bkb d' gjhnk tkjB dk jZE fjb ;edk
j't/, T[j th BjhA fbik ;edk, feT[Afe fJ; Bkb n?e;hv?AN j'D dk ysok j?.
^ ed/ th fgZS/ tb B{z tkjB BjhA ubkT[Dk ukjhdk. fizBh e[ Io{os j't/, fit/A tkjB
w'VB bJh, tkjB fgZZS/ tZb B{z ubkfJnk ik ;edk j?, fJ; s'A fInkdk BjhA.
^ ed/ th fpwkoh dh jkbs ftZu tkjB Bk ubkT[.

^ id'A th UtoN/e eoBk j? sK nrb/ tkjB dh ;Zih fdPk s'A eo' go i/ T[; tkjB
B/ gfjbK jh ;Zi/ gk;/ w[VB dk fJPkok ehsk j'fJnk j? sK n;hA yZph fdPk s'A ik
;ed/ jK. ed/ th Gkoh tkjBK B{z UtoN/e Bk eo' feT[Afe Gkoh tkjBK B{z j"bh
eoB ns/ o[eD bJh fInkdk irQk dh Io{os j[zdh j?.
2H6H6 nktkikJh ;pzXh ngokX ns/ I[owkB/ L
jo fe;/ B{z nktkikJh d/ fB:w gsk j'D/ ukjhd/ jB sK i' ;Ve s/ ubD tkfbnK dh
;[oZfynk j' ;e/. nktkikJh d/ fB:wK dh T[bzxDk eoB Bkb ;kB{z Gkoh i[owkB/ GoB/ g?
;ed/ jB, ;kvk bkJh;?A; th oZd ehsk ik ;edk j?. rbs sohe/ Bkb ehsh rJh
vokJhftzr, fi; Bkb e'Jh wB[Zy dh ikB rJh j't/ sK Iywh j'fJnk j? sK vokJhto B{z
i/b th j' ;edh j?. ;VeK dh ubD tkb/ b'e fe;/ th sohe/ Bkb Iywh j' ;ed/ jB.
^ ;e{bK, wkb ns/ ofj; tkb/ fJbkfenK ftZu ;VeK s/ bkJhNK j'DhnK ukjhdhnK
jB.
^ B"itkB i' fe ;VeK s/ tkjB ubkT[Dk f;Zy oj/ j[zd/ jB, T[jBK s'A th n?e;hv?AN
j[zd/ jB.
^ pI[or b'eK s'A th n?e;hv?AN j' ;ed/ jB.
nktkikJh d/ fB:w s'VB bJh i[owkB/ iK ;ik fdZsh iKdh j? i' fe j/m fby/ gzi ekoBK
eoe/ j' ;edh j? L^
1H d;skt/IK eoe/ L i/eo e'Jh fJB;kB bkfJ;?A; s'A fpBQK fJzB;'o?A; s'A fpBQk iK
ofi;Nq/PB s'A fpBK tkjB ubk fojk j't/ sK T[;B{z 100 o[gJ/ s'A 10,000 o[gJ/ sZe dk
i[owkBk iK 3 wjhB/ s'A 1 ;kb sZe dh i/b j' ;edh j?.
2H tkjB B{z d{i/ tkjB Bkb pzBQ e/ ubkT[D dk ngokX L fJ; bJh tZX s'A
tZX 600 o[gJ/ sZe dk i[owkBk j' ;edk j?.
3H vokJhftzr ;zpzXh ngokX L 18 ;kb s'A xZN T[wo dk pZuk i/eo tkjB
ubkt/, j?bw/N s'A fpBK d' gjhnk tkjB ubkT[D, ;hN p?bN dh tos'A Bk eoB s/, rbs
fdPk ftu tkjB ubkT[D s/, 1000 o[gJ/ sZe dk i[owkBk ns/ 6 wjhB/ dh i/bQ dh ;Ik
j' ;edh j?.
4H gqd{PD ;zpzXh ngokX L ezNo'b tZX gqd{PD T[Zuh nktkI d/ j'oB bJh,
10,000 o[gJ/ sZe dk i[owkBk j' ;edk j?.
5H gkofezr ;pzXh fB:w L 'No Parking' y/so ftZu gkofezr eoB s/ 500 o[L
dk i[owkBk j' ;edk j?.
2H6H7 bkJh;?A; b?D dh ftXh L
vokJhftzr bkJh;?A; fJZe nfXekoh d;skt/I j? fi; okjhA fJj gsk bZrdk j? fe fJj
d;skt/I tkbk wB[Zy e'Jh th tkjB ubkT[D d/ :'r j?.
Gkosh vokJhftzr bkJh;?A; L
Gkos ftZu d' soQK d/ bkfJ;?A; pDkJ/ iKd/ jB L^
1H f;Zfyne dk bkfJ;?A; 2H gowkB?AN bkfJ;?A;
1H f;Zfyne bkfJ;?A; L f;Zfyne bkfJ;?A; dh fwnkd ysw j'D s'A fJZe wjhBk
pknd fwbdk j?.
2H gowkB?AN bkfJ;?A; L gowkB?AN bkfJ;?A; b?D bJh gfjbK f;Zfyne bkfJ;?A;

b?Dk Io{oh j?. fe;/ th tkjB bJh bkfJ;?A; pDtkT[D bJh T[wo xZN s'A xZN 18 ;kb
j'Dh ukjhdh j?.
f;Zfye bkfJ;?A; pDtkT[D bJh j/m fby/ d;skt/I dh Io{os j[zdh j? L^
1H gk;g'oN ;kJhI c'N'nK
2H iBw ;oNhfce/N
3H o?ihv?A; ;oNhfce/N
4H w?vheb fcNB?; ;oNhfce/N
5H Io{oh ch;
;oNhfce/N g{o/ j'D s'A pknd fJZe N?;N d/Dk j[zdk j? i/eo T[j N?;N gk; j' ikt/ sK
bkfJ;?A; fwb iKdk j?, i/eo N?;N gk; BjhA j[zdk jK, bkfJ;?A; BjhA fwbdk j?.
2H6H8 ;Ve ;[oZfynk ftZu w[ZYbh ;jkfJsk dk wjZst L
1H e'fPP eo' fe s[;hA y[d ;zGb e/ d{i/ dh wdd eo ;e'.
2H d{i/ iywh fJB;kB B{z d/y' L fco d{i/ fJB;kB B{z d/y' fit/A fe f;o u'A y{B, BZe
u'A y{B nkfd. ;kc eZgVk b? e/ T[;dk y{B ;kc eo'. wohI B{z s[ozs gkDh fgbkT[.
3H ;kj d/ bZSD d/y' L wohi dh BpI d/y' fe T[j fizdk j? iK BjhA<
4H wdd bJh p[bkT[ L ibd jh n?p[b?A; B{z c'B eo' ns/ wohI dh jkbs dZ;'.
5H T[;dh fIzdrh pukT[D bJh e[ZM th eo' L T[;B{z ;kj fdT[ fit/A fe w{zj s'A, BZe
okjhA, w{zj s'A w{zj okjhA nkfd.
6H i/eo iywh fJB;kB T[bNhnK eo fojk j? sK T[;B{z T[;dh jh fdPk ftZu x[wk
fdT[. fJ; Bkb (T[;B{z jZE d/ uK; xZN ikDr/). rbk x[ZN ikD d/ uK; xZN
ikDr/.
7H i/eo e'Jh pj[s tZvk iyw j'fJnk j? sK T[; ftZu'A tr oj/ y{B B{z o'eD dh e'fPP
eo'.
8H i/eo wohI ;jh jkbs ftZu BjhA j?, sK T[;B{z Bk fjbkT[. Bkb dh Bkb n?Ap{b?A;
p[bkT[.
9H d[oxNBk ekoB wohi d/ jZE g?o mzY/ g? ;ed/ jB, e'fPP eo' fe T[;B{z rowh
wfj;{; j't/, T[;d/ jZE g?o wb'.
10H wohI B{z e[M th ytkU, fgbkT[ Bk fJ; Bkb B[e;kB j' ;edk j?.
2H6H9 ;ko L
w[PfebK ns/ d[oxNBktK s[jkv/ ezNo'b s'A pkjo j' ;edhnK jB go s[;hA E'Vk ;'u
ftuko e/ T[; w[Pfeb ;w/A ftu'A pkjo fBeb ;ed/ j'. ;[oZfynk dh fsnkoh jh fe;/ dh
ikB puk ;edh j?. n;hA ;Ve ;[oZfynk pko/ fJBk e[M ikDB s'A pknd fJjh efj
;ed/ jK fe tkjB ubkT[D ;w/A ;ko/ ;jh d;skt/I fit/A fe bkfJ;?A;, gqd{PD
;oNhfce/N, tkjB dh ofi;Nq/PB ekgh Bkb oZyDh ukjhdh j?. tkjB ubkT[D ;w/A
j?bw/N, ;/cNh p?bN, w[ZYbh ;jkfJsk dh feZN Bkb oZyDh Io{oh j? sK i' n;hA nkgD/
gfotko dh ns/ nkgDh ;[oZfynk eo ;ehJ/ ns/ Gkos d/ fJZe uzr/ Bkrfoe pDhJ/.
2H6H10 ;[MkJ/ rJ/ t?p ;o's ns/ feskpK L

tksktoD f;Zfynk ^ whBkePh towk
t?p ;o's L
(i) www.nationwideducation.com (ii) www.road.safety.co.za
(iii) www.safeguide.org (iv) www.indiandrivingschools.com
(v) en.wikipedia.org (vi) www.trafficign.co.in
2H6H11 ;[MkJ/ gqPB L
1H ;Ve ;[oZfynk dk ;zebg eh j?< fJj feT[A Io{oh j?<
2H bkfJ;?A; b?D dh ftXh dZ;'.
3H w[ZYbh ;jkfJsk dk eh wjZst j?<
4H nktkikJh d/ fB:wK pko/ y[bQ e/ dZ;'<
5H No?fce fuzBQK dhnK fe;wK pko/ ikDekoh fdT[.
6H nktkikJh ;zpzXh ngokX ns/ T[; Bkb ;zpzXs i[owkB/ dZ;'.

gkm BzL 2H7 b/fyek L
tksktoD ;zGkb ftZu Gkosh ns/ j'o XowK ns/ ;fGnkukoK dh G{fwek
gkm dh o{g o/yk

2H7H1 T[d/P
2H7H2 ikD gSkD
2H7H3 tksktoDe B?fsesk
2H7H4 tksktoD ;zG kb ftZu Gkosh ns/ j'o XowK dh G{fwek
2H7H4H1 t/d
2H7H4H2 fjzd{ Xow
2H7H4H3 fJ;bkw
2H7H4H4 p[ZX Xow
2H7H4H5 Jh;kJh
2H7H5 tksktoD ns/ Gkosh ;z;feqsh
2H7H6 f;ZN k
2H7H7 Ppdktbh
2H7H8 ;t?îKu gqPB
2H7H9 ykbh ;EkB Go'
2H7H10 ;[MkJ/ rJh g[;se ;{uh
2H7H1 T[d/P L
fJ; gkm B{z g{ok eoB s'A pknd, ftfdnkoEh L
1H tksktoD d/ B?fsesk dh XkoDk B{z ;wM ikDr/
2H tksktoD dh ;zGkb ftZu tZy tZy XowK dh G{fwek dk ftPb/PD eo ;eDr/.
3H Xow ns/ tksktoD ftu nkg;h ;zpzX pko/ ikDBk.
2H7H2 ikD^gSkD L
tksktoD dh ;[oZfynk bJh fuzsk brGr 321 ns/ 300 ph;h d/ no;/ s'A ikoh j?.
tksktoD dh oZfynk pko/ gqkuhB Gkosh ekB{zB e"Nhfbnk d/ noEPk;so ftu
gkfJnk iKdk j?. tksktoD dh oZfynk eoBk ;wki ftZu jo/e ftnesh dk Xow
;h. b'e e[dos dh g{ik eod/ ;B. o[Zy, gkDh, IwhB B{z gqkuhB ;w/A ftZu
wjZstg{oD ;EkB gqkgs ;h. GkoshnK dh ;fGnkukoe ns/ Xkofwe ftok;s

tksktoD dh ;[o Zf ynk ns/ pukn bJh v{zxh fuzsk do;kT[Adh j?.
2H7H3 tksktoDe B?fsesk L
fgSbh ;dh d"okB ftfrnkBe frnkB d/ ft;c'N ns/ wB[ZyK B{ z ;[Zy ;j{bsK gj[zukT[D
bJh toshnK ik ojhnK BthnK N?eBkb'ihnK d/ ftek; ftu fJ;dh tos'A, wB[ Zy
bJh nokwdkfJe ns/ ;dhth ihtB gqkgs eoB ftu ;jkfJsk eoB bJh fIzw/tko
BjhA oj/, fJ;d/ T[bN fJ; B/ wB[Zy iksh B{z j'Ad B{z Xweh fdZsh j?. ftfrnkBe ns/
N?eB' b'iheb dh e[dos d/ ezwK ftZu Pw{bhns e[dos d/ ;zs[bB B{z go/PkB eodh j?
ns/ wB[Zyh gqiksh d/ fBozso nXko B{z ysw eodh j?. nZi d[Bhnk T[Zs/ seBheh
ftneshrssk dk p'bpkbk j?. i' fJ; sZE B{z BIonzdkI eodk j? fe ;o's fJZe pzd
f;;Nw ti'A ezw eod/ jB ns/ tksktoD d/ ;o'sK dh s/Ih Bkb tos'A B{z T[sPkjs
eod/ jB. P{wkeo (1974) dZ;dk j? fe w"i{dk ihtB dh e'J h ;EkJhsk iK fNekT[
BjhA j? ns/ fJj tksktoD ns/ nkofEe spkjh tZb b? e/ iKdk j?.
Gkos d/ ;zftXkB ftZu, nkoNheb 48 J/ ns/ 51 J/ B{z eqwtko 42thA ;'X ns/ oki
dh Bhsh ns/ p[fBnkdh coIK d/ fBod/Pe f;XKsK ti'A Pkwb ehsk frnk j?.
nkoNheb 48 (J/) L tksktoD ftZu ;[Xko ns/ oZfynk, izrbK ns/ izrbh ns/ izrbh
ihtK dh ;[o Zfynk. "oki tksktoD dh oZfynk ns/ fpjsoh bJh ns/ d/P d/ izrbK
ns/ izrbh ihtD dh okyh bJh :sB eo/rk."
nkoNheb 51 J/ L p[fBnkdh coI L fJj Gkos d/ jo Bkrfoe dk coI j't/rk^
 ;zftXkB dh gkbDk eoBk ns/ fJ;d/ nkdoPK ns/ ;z;EktK, okPNoh Mzvk ns/
okPNoh rhs dk ;BwkB eoBk.
 T[jBK B/e nkdoPK dh edo eoBk ns/ T[BQK dh gkbDk eoBk fiBQK B/ ;kB{z e"wh
;zxoP ns/ nkIkdh bJh gq/fos ehsk ;h.
 Gkos dh gqG{;Zsk, J/esk ns/ nyzvsk B{z ekfJw oZyDk ns/ ;[oZfyns eoBk.
 d/P dh oZfynk eoB ns/ okPNoh ;/tk d/D bJh fsnko ofjDk, id'A nfijk eoB
bJh fejk iKdk j?.
 Gkos d/ ;ko/ b'eK ftu Xkofwe, GkPkJh ns/ y/soh iK ftGkrh tzB^;[tzBsk B{z
gko eofdnK fJe;[osk ns/ ;KM/ GkJhuko/ dh GktBk B{z T[s Pkjs eoBkl n"osK
dh fJZIs bJh ngwkBiBe nfGnk;K dk fsnkr eoBk.
 ;kvh fwPos ;fGnkuko dh nwho ftok;s dh edo ns/ ;zGkb eoBk.
 izrbK, MhbK, BdhnK ns/ izrbh ihtD ;w/s e[dosh tksktoD dh oZfynk ns/
;[Xko eoBk ns/ ihts ihtîzs{nK gqsh jwdodh oZyDk.
 ftfrnkBe otZfJnk, wB[Zysktkd, iKu ns/ ;[X ko dh GktBk dk ftek; eoBk.

 iBse ikfJdkd dh okyh eoBk ns/ fjz;k o'eDk.
 ftneshrs ns/ ;w{fje rshftXhnK dh ;ko/ y/soK ftZu T[Zswsk tZb :sB eoBk
sK i' okPNo fBozso :sB ns/ gqkgsh d/ T[Zu gZXoK s/ uVQ/.
 wkfgnK d[nkok, nfGGkteK d[nkok, pZu/ B{z, 6 s'A 14 ;kb dh T[wo d/ ftueko
f;Zfynk d/ w"e/ gqdkB eoBk.
;kvhnK g[o kDhnK otkfJsK ;kB{z e[dos d/ Bkb PKsh ns/ skbw/b d/ nB[;ko ofjD
ns/ fJ; B{z ;zGkbDk f;ykT[AdhnK jB. fit/A fe n;hA ;ko/ fJe f;oiDjko d/ iht
jK, ns/ ;kB{z fe;/ th ihfts gqkDh B{z B[e;kB gj[zukT[D dk e'Jh nfXeko BjhA j?.
n;hA ;G ;ot PeshwkB d[nkok pDkJhnK rJhnK ouBktK ftu'A fJe jK, fJj ;kvh
;fGnsk dh P[o{nks s'A jh f;ykfJnk iKdk j?. go fit/A jh ;fGnsk tXdh rJh
n;hA ;G e[M G[Zb rJ/ ns/ fJj ;'uDk P[o{ eo fdZsk fe n;hA e[dos d/ wkbe jK
ns/ fJ; ;z;ko ftu ;G e[M ;kv/ bJh pDkfJnk frnk j? ns/ n;hA fJ; dh tos'A
fe;/ th ehws s/, fit/A woih ns/ ed/ th eo ;ed/ jK. fJj ;kvh B?fsesk edoK
ehwsK d/ fto[ZX j?. tksktoD dh ;[oZfynk ftu nkgD/ nkg ftu eJh soQK d/ coI
Pkwb j[zd/ jB i' jo ftnesh B{z fBGkT[D/ g?Ad/ jB. fJj B?fse ns/ ;fGnkukoe
B?fsesk dk nB[e{b j?.
2H7H4 tksktoD ;zGkb ftu Gkosh ns/ j'o XowK dh G{fwek L
Gkos ;z;ekoK ns/ ohsh fotkiK dk d/P j?. Gkos ftu ftPt d/ brGr ;ko/ gqw[Zy
XowK dh B[wkfJzdrh ehsh iKdh j?. fJj ;ko/ ftuko wB[Zy iksh d/ B/Vsk B{z e[dos
d/ Bkb do;kT[Ad/ jB. ;ko/ XowK B/ wB[Zysk d/ fttjko B{z fJ; sohe/ Bkb fB:fws
ehsk i' e[dos d/ nB[e{b ;h ns/ e[dos d/ fto[ZX BjhA. Gkos d/ pj[s ;ko/
fjZf;nK ftZu, eJh ikshnK B{z e[dos gqsh fgnko ns/ gqf;ZX h dh nwho gozgok
;dhnK s'A fwbh j?. Xkofwe gquko, gozgoktK ns/ fotkiK B/ fJ; ;zpzX ftZu tZvh
G{fwek fBGkJh j?L Gkosh Xow nkw s"o s/ tksktoD d/ fjwkfJsh oj/ jB. T[BQK B/
nkw b'eK bJh nfij/ fdPk^fBod/PK bJh w[fjzw ubkJh fi; Bkb r{VQk ;zgoe ns/
e[dos Bkb ;zpzXs j'D dh GktBk B{z :ehBh pDkfJnk frnk.
2H7H4H1 t/d L t?fde ;kfjs (brGr 1500 phH;hH) ;gPN o{g ftZu p'bdk j? fe
wB[Zy, e[dos ns/ oZp ftZu nN[ZN ;zpzX j?. e[dosh PeshnK B{z y[d gqG { dk gqrNktk
wzfBnk iKdk j? ns/ g{iBhe ;z;EktK jB. t/d Xosh T[Zs/ fJZe ;[zdo e[dosh
tksktoD dh ebgBk eod/ jB ns/ wB[Zy B{z tksktoB gqd{fPs Bk eoB dk nkd/P
fdzd/ jB.
t/d frnkBtkB B{z nkd/P fdzdk j? fe tksktoD B{z ;kohnK nP[ZXhnK s'A w[es oZfynk
ikt/ ns/ fJj :Z rBk iK pbhdkBK d[nkok ehsk ik ;edk j?. :ZrK B/ wB[Zy ns/
d/tfsnK d/ ftueko ;zp zX dk wkfXnw fejk j?. fJj d/tsk e[dosh PeshnK jB
fiBQK B{z nZr/ tXkT[Dk g?Adk j?. :ZrB d/ts/ dh g{ik eoB, jtk B{z P[ZX eoB ns/
tksktoD B{z szdo[;s oZyD bJh ehs/ iKd/ jB. 'ftd' B{z nkd/P fdZsk frnk j? fe T[j
nkgDh fIzdrh :Z rK d/ wzst bJh nogD eo/ ns/ fJ; soQK wB[Zy ns/ e[dos d/
fjZsK ftZu ;zs[bB oj/.
2H7H4H2 fjzd{ Xow L fjzd{ Xow ftZu, n;hA tksktoB dh wjZssk B{z t?fde ekb
s'A t/yd/ jK. tksktoD gqkuhB b'eK d/ XowK dk fjZ;k ;h. fort/d ftu fJj dZf;nk
frnk j? fe pqfjwzv ftu gzi w[Yb/ sZs Pkwb jB. T[j Xosh, gkDh, jtk, nZr ns/
JhEo (g[bkV) jB. fJj gzi sZs jo uhI ftZu ihtB bJh nXko gqdkB eod/ jB
ns/ wB[ZyK B{z fJjBK dh oZfynk bJh fBoXkos ehsk frnk j?. fJj fB:w fdZsk
frnk j? fe e'Jh th pB;gsh B{z BPN BjhA eo/rk ns/ e'Jh th ikBtoK B{z BjhA
wko/rk. fJ; soQK fJj ikBtoK ns/ g"fdnK d'tK bJh jwdodh do;kT[A dk j?.
;gPN s"o s/ fJe iK d{;o/ d/ts/ dh g{ik eoB bJh ehsk frnk jtB iK pbhdkB,
jtk B{z P[ZX eoB ns/ tksktoB B{z szdo[;s oZyD ftZu ;jkfJsk eodk j?. wB[;fwqsh
ftu fJj th dZf;nk frnk j? fe jtB iK pbhdkB iht^ftfrnkBe ftek; dk ekoB
j?. nEot t/d d/ foPh B/ ikg ehsk. fi; nB[;ko L^
e'Jh th Xosh ns/ tksktoD ftu'A f;oc T[BQ Kk jh b? ;edk j? fizBk T[; B{z tkg; eo
;edk j?. ni'e/ ;w/A ftZu, fJj fNekT{ ftek; d/ ;G s'A wjZstg{oB f;XKs ftZu'A
fJZe wzfBnk iKdk j?. nEot t/d izrbh ihtD ns/ xo/b{ gP{nK dh oZfynk pko/ rZb
eodk j?. gP{ fJ; o;w B{z ;ikT[D bJh ;B pbfe pfbdkB bJh BjhA ;B. :iBK
d/ Bkw s/ ikBtoK d/ esb/nkw dh gqEk ns/ wjkGkos ftZu nB[Pk;Bh ekotkJhnK
dh fBzdk ehsh rJh j?. wB{;fwqsh B/ e[dos d/ ;o'sK dh ;op'sw tos'A pko/ th
dZf;nk j?. tksktoD B{z pDkJh oZy D dk fJj fJe j'o sohek j?. e[M o[Zy vo/ j'J/
wzB/ iKd/ jB ns/ T[BQK dh g{ik ehsh iKdh j?. T[j eZND/ BjhA jB. gdwg{oD ns/
eow g{o kD ftZu, fJj do;kfJnk frnk j? fe o[Zy, ghgb, p/b, p/o, BhwN?e ftZu
d/ts/ dk fBtk; n;EkB jB ns/ T[BQK B{z eZNDk BjhA j?.
fJj pB;gsh B{z pukT[D d/ Yzr s'A fJbktk e[M th BjhA j?. jo xo ftu o[Zy ns/
s[b;h tor/ p{N/ brkT[Dk Xkofwe ekoi wzfBnk iKdk j?. fjzd{ Xow e[dos B{z
"d/tsk dk ;oho " wzBdk j?. fJ; soQK e[dos d/ tZy' tZyo/ gfjb{ noEks g"d/
(s[b;h), o[Zy (ghgb), gzShnK (rV"dk) ns/ ikBtoK (P/o) dh g{ik ehsh iKdh j?.
fJ; soQK e[dos f;ZX/ s"o s/ Xow Bkb i[fVnk j'fJnk j? ns/ Xow dk tksktoD dh
;zGkb ns/ ;[oZfynk s'A f;ZXk n;o ;h.
2H7H4H3 fJ;bkw L fJ;bkw ftZu gftZso e[okB ns/ w[jzwd d/ pqjw gq'fjs Ppd
e[dos dh ;zGkb bJh p[fBnkd ns/ fB:w pDkT[Ad/ jB. gftZso e[okB B/ x'PDk
ehsh j? fe jo uhI gkDh s'A pDkJh rJh j?. nZbQk B{z IwhB dk wkbe wzfBnk iKdk
j? ns/ wB[Zyiksh NoZ;Nh iK oZfyne j? id'A fe d{;o/ iht izs{nK B{z T[gukoh wzfBnk
iKdk j?. fJ;bkw ftZu, tksktoD fJZe ftPkb ;zebg j?. fJ; ftZu ibtk:{ ns/
fJ;d/ Gkr, g"d/, ikBto, o/s, wB[Zy ns/ Xosh iK tksktoD ftZu gkJhnK iKdhnK
;kohnK uhIK Pkwb jB. fJj ;ko/ gqkDh b'eK dh ;/tk eoB bJh pDkJ/ rJ/ ;B.
fJ; bJh tksktoD dh ;zGkb ns/ oZfynk bJh b'e fIzw/tko jB. fJ;bkw ;o'sK dh
popkdh ns/ tksktoD B{z popkd eoB s'A toidk j?. g?rzpo (jI{o ) B/ w[;bwkBK B{z
:[ZX d"okB doZys Bk tZYD dk nkd/P fdZsk. T[;B/ tksktoD dh ;zGkb ns/ fJ; d/
ftBkP B{z o'eD s/ I'o fdZs k. fJ; bJh tksktoD dh oZfynk eoBk jo w[;bwkB dk
Xkofwe coI j?.
fJ;bkfwe ftfdne, ftfrnkBe ns/ ;fGnkukoe ;zrmB (ISESCO) d/ nB[;ko
gftZso e[okB ftu 50 s'A fInkdk 'nkfJsK' ns/ 40 ';[o K' ftu gkDh fdykJh fdzdk
j?. ;[oBjb, nkfJs 65 ftu, nZbQk B/ fejk, 'oZp B/ nekP s'A whAj toQkfJnk, ns/
Xosh B{z nkgDh w"s s'A pknd fdzdk j?'. fJ;bkw gkDh B{z fIzdrh dk w[Ybk sZs
wzBdk j?. nZbQk d/ nB[;ko, 'ykT[ ns/ ghU', go fInkdk popkd Bk eo'.
(nb^nokcL31). e{V/dkB B{ z xNkT[D Bkb tksktoD B{z tZy' tZyo/ sohfenK Bkb bkG
j' ;edk j?. T[dkjoD ti'A, e{V/dkBK ftZu ewh e[dosh ;o'sK dh e[Pb tos'A B{z
do;kT[Adh j?. fJj tksktoD B{z e{V/ gqd{PD ekoB j'D tkbhnK w[PebK s'A th
pukT[Adk j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk, fJ;bkw b'eK B{z nkgD/ ;oho, y/so ns/ nk; gk; d/
tksktoD B{z ;kc eoB dh nghb eodk j?. fJ;bkw jo soQK dhnK tXhehnK s'A
toidk j?, ukj/ ghD, ykD ghD ns/ j'o rshftXhnK j'D.
2H7H4H4 p[ZX Xow L p[ZX Xow d/ w[Yb/ f;XKs ;kdrh ns/ nfjz;k jB. p[ZX Xow
d/ fJj d't/A f;XKs e[dosh tksktoD dh ;zG kb ns/ oZfynk ftZu pj[s wjZst oZyd/
jB. ;kdrh dk f;XKs ;kB{z fJj f;ykT[Adk j? fe wB[Zy B{z e[dosh ;o's K dh pj[sks
BjhA eoBh ukjhdh. wB[Zy B{z e[dosh d"bs dk P'PD eoe/ ns/ nkT[D tkbh ghVQh
bJh e[M BjhA SZv e/ xZN s'A xZN ;w/A ftZu tZX s'A tZX ewkT[D dk bkbu BjhA j'Dk
ukjhdk j?. wB[Zy dh Io{o s d/ ;[Gkn ftZu jo uhi dh g{o sh j? go wB[Zy d/ b'G
bJh BjhA. fJ; gqeko p[ZX Xow dk gfjbk f;XKs noEks ;kdrh s/ nkXkos j? i'
ni'e/ ;w/A dh Io{os th j?. p[ZX Xow dk d{;ok w[ZYbk f;XKs noEks nfjz;k ;kB{z
f;ykT[Adh j? fe ;kB{z ikBtoK B{z BjhA wkoBk ukjhdk. fJj ikBtoK ns/ pB;gsh
bJh fgnko do;kT[Adk j?. p[ZX Xow ftZu n;hA o[Zy brkT[D ns/ T[BQK dh ;zGkb *s/
th I'o gkT[Ad/ jK. okiK nP'e nfjz;k B{z b'eK dk ;fGnkukoe ftok;s pDkT[D k
ukj[zd/ ;B. fJ; bJh ikBtoK B{z wkoB bJh ;Ik fdZsh rJh ;h.
wjkswk p[ZX B/ ;[sk^fBgkNk ftu dfonktK, SZgVK ns// y{jK d/ gqd{PD dh wBkjh
bJh fB:w th s?n ehs/ ;B. xkj ns/ o[ZyK B{z ikD'HHHHHHHHfco ehV/ ns/ tZy^tZy
fe;wK dhnK ehVhnK B{z ikD'HHHHHHHeh s[;hA ikDd/ j' uko g?o tkb/ ikBto S'N/ ns/
tZv/HHHHHHHH;ZgHHHHHHwZSh gkDh ftu j[zd/ jBHHHHgzSh i' yzGK *s/ ;ikJ/ iKd/ jB ns/ jtk
d[nkok ubd/ jB.
dbkJh bkwk B/ fJ; B{z j/m fbfynK Yzr Bkb ;gPN s"o s/ gqrN ehsk "fJZe p[ZX d/
s"o s/ w?A ;kohnK uhIK d/ nkg;h fBoGosk ftZu ftPtk; eodk jK, e[dos d/ sZs
;w/s g"d/ ns/ ikBtoK d/ ihtB d/ ;ko/ ;g?eNqw ftZu nkg;h ;zpzX i' nkgD/ nkg B{z
gjkV, tkdhnK, BdhnK, n;wkB ns/ nkgD/ nkg B{z gqrN eod/ jB.
2H7H4H5 i?B Xow L i?B Xow dk w[Ybk Go';k wB[Zy d/ ckfJd/ bJh ihfts ns/
fBoiht ;o'sK d/ xZN' xZN ftBkP *s/ j?. i?B Xow dk gkbD eoB tkb/ b'e ;obsk
d/ f;XKs ftu th ftPtk; oZyd/ jB noEks e[dos ns/ e[dosh d"bs dh nkgDhnK
Io{osK B{ z g{ok eoB bJh xZN' xZN tos'A eoBk. fJ; soQK i?B Xow th T[; f;XKs
*s/ nkXkos j? i' e[dos Bkb B/Vsk oZydk j? ns/ e[dos dh oZf ynk ns/ ;zG kb ftu
;jkfJsk eodk j?.
fJj fszB T[gd/PK dh gkbDk eoe/ ehsk ik ;edk j? L ;jh ftPtk;, ;jh frnkB
ns/ ;jh nkuoB. ;kfonK B{z ;ko/ ihtîzs{nK gqsh ;[fjod j'Dk ukjhdk j?, ewI'o K
gqsh jwdodh g{oB, r[DtkBK B{z p/JhwkBh eoB tkb/ gqsh ;fjDPhb ns/ gq;zB j'D k
ukjhdk j?.
2H7H4H6 f;Zy Xow L f;Zy Xow s[bBkswe s"o s/ BtK j?. tksktoD gqsh fuzsk
fJ; sE s'A ;gZPN j[zdh j? fe fJj jo/e iht B{z gqwkswk dk ntsko wzBdk j? ns/
fJ; bJh ;zGkb ns/ ;[o Zfynk Io{oh f;XKs jB. r[o{ BkBe ih B/ fejkL
"jtk wjZstg{o B Pesh j?,
g{otiK B{z gkDh fdT,
ftPkb Xosh ;kfonK dh wK j?,
fdB ns/ oks
;koh f;qPNh B{z nkgDh r'd ftu ;wK ojhnK jB."
r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih B/ fJ; rZb s/ th I'o fdZsk fe wB[Zy e[dos d/ gzi p[fBnkdh sZsK
i' Xosh, jtk, gkDh, nZr ns/ nekP s'A pfDnk j?. fJ; soQK, e[dos ns/ wB[Zysk
d/ ftueko B/Vb/ ;zp zX B{z gSkfDnk frnk j?, r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftu, fiE/ jtk B{z r[o{,
fgsk B{z nofgs eoB bJh Bkfws ehsk frnk j?, ftPkb Xosh B{z wK wzf Bnk frnk
j? fi; dh r'd ftu ;kok ;z;ko fdB oks wB'oziB eodk j?L
"gktB[ r[o { gkDh fgsk
wksk Xos wjs[
fdt; okfs d[fJ dkJh dkfJnk
y/b/ ;rb irs[."
r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftubh Xosh d[ZyK B{z ;fjD dk gqshe j?. T[j nkgD/ pZfunK dh
ykso jo soQK dhnK rowhnK B{z iIp eodh j?. Xosh ed/ th nkgDh pokpoh BjhA
r[nkT[Adh Gkt/A e[M ;oho fJ;B{z y'ddk j? iK fJ; B{z i[Zsh Bkb g/AN eodk j?.
2H7H4H7 Jh;kJh L
Jh;kJh P[ZXsk dh fBPkBh ti'A, gkDh ftu pgfs;wk b?Ad/ jB. n;b ftZu brGr
;ko/ XowK ftZu, fJZe ;KMk Xkrk gkDh dk r[gs r[D j?. g'g g"b VI B/, i{B 1972
ftZu ;kej'bw fty/ nk:'fis wB[Zyh tksktoD pko/ ;z:[es okPNoK dh ekBcoz; B{z
nkgD/ ;zd/P ftZu fejk ;h fe tksktoD ns/ ;o's jo/e bJh j[zd/ jB, T[j jo fe;/
dh nNZb ;zgsh jB fe fJ; ;ot ftnkge ikfJdkd dh ftt/ePhb gqG{;Zsk B{z SZv e/
w"i{d BjhA j?. nZiêZbQ dh wB[Zysk gqsh fIzw/tkoh s'A, g'g g"b d/ fJ; ;zd/P B/ fJj
;gZPN eo fdZsk j? fe Jh;kJhns ns/ tksktoD ftu r{VQk ;zp zX j? ns/ I'o ftek;
bJh j?. ni'e/ wB[Zy B{z e[dosh ;o'sK dk fJ; Yzr Bkb ;'PD BjhA eoBk ukjhdk sK
i' nkT[D tkbhnK ghVQhnK bJh e[M Bk pu/.
Jh;kJh Xow fJj th efjzdk j? fe pqjw ns/ wkBtsk d/ ftueko fse'Dh ;zpzX w"i{d
jB, wB[Zy ns/ e[dos ftZu ns/ ;dGktBk pDkJh oZyD ftZu n;cbsk wB[ Zysk B{z
fJ;d/ f;oiDjko s'A ns/ e[dos s'A th d{o eo ;edh j?.
gqH tksktoD dh ;zGkb ftu fJ;bkw dh G{fwek pko/ ftuko tNKdok eo'.
T[H HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
gqH tkstoD dh oZfynk ftu Gkosh XowK dh eh wjZssk j?<
T[H HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
2H7H5 tksktoD ns/ Gkosh ;z;feqs
Gkos dh ;fGnkukoe ftok;s tksktoD dh ;[oZfynk ns/ pukn bJh v{zxh fuzsk
do;kT[Adh j?. Gkosh gozgok Xosh B{z 'wK' wzBdh ;h. BdhnK B{z b'ewsk dZf;nk
frnk j?. Gkos ;z;ekoK ns/ ohsh fotkiK dk d/P j?. GkoshnK B/ gftZso ntskoK
okjhA e[dos d/ tksktoDe ;zs[bB B{z ekfJw oZyD ns/ fJ; B{z T[sPkfjs eoB dh
Io{os dk gqrNktk ehsk j? ns/ Xosh *s/ ihtB B{z ekfJw oZyD bJh 52 o;wK dk
gqpzX ehsk j?. feT[Afe ;ko/ ftPt d/ ;ko/ gqw[Zy XowK B{z Gkosh Xosh *s/
do;kfJnk iKd j? ns/ T[BQK d/ XowK B/ wB[Zyiksh ns/ e[dos dh B/Vsk B{ z wfj;{;
ehsk, fJ; bJh T[BQK B/ e[dos d/ nB[e{b Yzr Bkb wB[Zysk d/ fttjko B{z fB:fws
ehsk. Gkosh ;fGnkuko PKsh bJh fJe tksktofDe ftek; do;kT[Adh j?. e[dos
d/ ;ko/ sZs ns/ wB[Zysk B{z PKsh ns/ T[BQK d/ ftueko ;dGktBk B{z do;kT[A d/ jB.
fJ; soQKk 'tksktoDtkd' Gkosh ;z;feqsh dk fJe fjZ;k j?.
gqH tksktoD T[Zs/ ;fGnkuko d/ gqGktK pko/ ;zy/g ftZu toDB eo'.
T[H HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
2H7H6 f;ZNk L
n;hA fJj efj ;ed/ jK fe jkbKfe ;kv/ e'b PKsh ns/ ;[G kn d/ Bkb ofjD dh
nwho gozgok ns/ ;ZfGnkuko j? go T[d:'fesk d/ Bkb n;hA e[dos d/ gqsh
T[dk;hB j' rJ/. gfjbK ;kv/ d/P ftZu tksktoD dh ;zGkb bJh e[M nf;ZX/ ekB{zBK s'A
fJbktk e'Jh ekB{zB BjhA j[zd/ ;B, feT[Afe ;kv/ d/P d/ b'e nkgD/ ;fj:'rh ihtK B{z
fgnko eod/ ;B ns/ T[BQK dk ;fseko eod/ ;B. go pdb/ j'J/ fdqP ftu id'A
ftek; ns/ gqd{PD fJe^d{i/ d/ Bkb^Bkb ubd/ rJ/, wB[Zy B/ e[dosh ;o'sK B{z
fBoftxB Yzr Bkb fJ;s/wkb eoBk P[o{ eo fdZsk, fJ; bJh fJBQK ;o'sK B{z
;[oZfyns eoBk pj[s Io{oh j' frnk, BjhA sK nkT[D tkbhnK ghVQhnK bJh e'Jh
;o's BjhA pu/rk. gqzs { frnkB B/ jw/Pk :'rdkB gkfJnk ;h. nkX[fBe dtkJh ns/
f;js d/yGkb bJh ;kB{z ;fGnkuko d/ fJ; gfjb{ B{z ;[oZfyns oZyDk gJ/rk ns/
fJ; B{z nkX[fBe YzrK Bkb i'V e/ tksktoD ;zGkb bJh ezw eoBk gJ/rk.
2H7H7 Ppdktbh L
^ B?fsesk L B?fse f;XKs i' fe;/ ftnesh d/ fttjko iK fe;/ rshftXh d/
gqp zX B{z fB:z sfos eod/ jB.
^ ;zGkb L ;o'sK dh ;zGkb iK e[Pb tos'A
2H7H8 ;t?îKu gqPB L
1H tksktoD d/ B?fsesk dh XkoDk B{z ;zy/g ftZu fpnkB eo'.
2H tksktoD dh ;zGkb ftu f;Zy Xow dh G{fwek pko/ dZ;'.
3H tksktoD dh oZfynk ftZu fjzd{ Xow dh eh G{fwek j?<
2H7H9 ykbh ;EkB Go' L

1H fort/d d/ nB[;ko, pqfjwzv d/ gzi w{b sZsHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHjB.
2H fjzd{ Xow e[dos B{zHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHdks wzBdk j?.
3H gftZso e[okB d/ nB[;ko, ;G e[MHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHs'A pDkfJnk frnk j?.
4H w[;bwkBK B{z bVkJh d"okB HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHBjhA eZNDk ukjhdk.
5H p[ZX Xow d/ w[ZYb/ f;XKsHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHns/HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHjB.
2H7H10 ;[MkJh g[;se ;{uh L
Author Book
Baary Commoner Science and the Survival
Milad Abdelnabi Salem, Norlena Some Islamic Views on
Hasnen and Nor Hasni Osman Environmental Responsibility
Subhya Pandey Environment : Ethics, Laws and
its Conservation
Bharti Chibbar Indian Cultural Heritage and
Environmental Conservation
through Traditional Knowledge
Dr. Jodh Singh Environmental Concerns & Guru
Granth Sahib
CBSE Indian Traditional Knowledge on
Environmentall Conservation
R.R. Das Environmental Studies
t?p ;o's
* https://pcdnetwork.org/blogs/indian-environmental-concerns-
protection-of-indian-religious-and-cultural-heritage/
* https://paperap.com/paper-on-role-of-religion-in-environmental-
conservation/
gkm BzL 2H8 b/fyek L
gokbh ;kVB d/ gqpzXB ns/ ftebfge tos'A
gkm dh o{g o/yk

2H8H1 T[d/P
2H8H2 ikD gSkD
2H8H3 gokbh ;kVB d/ gqpzX B ns/ ftebfge tos'A
2H8H3H1 gP{nK bJh uko/ ti'A u'bK dh ofjzd y{zjd dh tos'A
2H8H3H2 pkfJU Eowb gkto gbKNK ftZu c;bK dh ofjzd y{zjd dh tos'A
2H8H3H3 gP{nK bJh fp;so/ dh ;wZroh ti'A u"bK dh ofjzd y{zjd dh tos'A
2H8H3H4 wPo{w dh ekPs bJh c;bK dh ofjzd y{zjd dh tos'A
2H8H3H5 g/go T[sgkdB ftu u"bK dh ofjzd y{zjd dh tos'A
2H8H3H6 pkfjU r?; pDkT[D ftu u"bK dh ofjzd y{zjd dh tos'A
2H8H3H7 ;hs{ ftZu
2H8H3H8 fwZN h ftZu M'B/ dh gokbh B{z Pkfwb eoBk
2H8H3H9 s{Vh ns/ j'o y/shpkVh ofjzd^y{zjd s/ pkfJU^s/b dk T[sgkdB
2H8H4 gzikp ftZu tksktoD ;zpzXh ekBz{B ns/ y/shpkVh dh ofjzd y{zjd B{z o'eD bJh
BhshnK
2H8H5 ;ko
2H8H6 gqPB
2H8H1 T[d/P L
fJ; gkm s'A pknd s[;hA fJ; d/ :'r j't'r/ L
^ gokbh ;kVB s'A o'eD dh Io{os B{z ;wM'
^ c;bK dh ofjzd y{zj d dk gqpzXB eoB d/ sohfenK pko/ dZ;'
^ gokbh ;kVB Bkb ;pzXs ekB{zBK B{z ;wM'
2H8H2ikD^gSkD L
gokbh ;kVBk yk;eo gzi kp ftZu nZi eZbQ dk rzGho w;bk j?. fJj f;js d/
Bkb^Bkb tksktoD s/ th wkVk gqGkt gkT[Adk j?. c;bK dh ofjzd y{zjd B{ z e[dosh
ns/ ftfrnkBe s"o s/ gqpzfXs eoB d/ e[M j'o sohe/ jB. Gkos ;oeko B/ c;bK
dh ofjzd y{zjd gqpzX B Bkb ;zpzXs eJh BhshnK ns/ ekB{zB pDkJ/ jB. gzikp oki
th fe;kBK ns/ y/shpkVh ;z;EktK B{z fBozso fBod/P d/ e/ :sB eo fojk j? fe
gokbh B{z ;kVB dh pikJ/ j'oBK y/soK ftZu y/sh ofjzd y{zjd dh tos'A ehsh ikt/.
fJ; nfXnkfJ ftZu n;hA c;bK dh ofjzd y{zj d d/ gqpzXB d/ sohfenK ns/ gokbh
;kVB B{z o'eD bJh gzikp ;oeko d[nkok pDkJhnK BhshnK pko/ ftuko eoKr/.
2H8H3 gokbh ;kVB d/ gqpzXB ns/ ftebfgs tos'A L
M'B/ dh gokbh fJZe y/s nXkos ofjzd y{zj d j? i' J/Phnk ftZu tZvh wksok ftZu g?dk
j[zdh j?. jkbKfe, fJ; M'B/ dh gokbh dk tZX fojk nB[gks y/s B{z ;kVdk j?. gzikp
ftZu jo ;kb brGr 23 fwbhnB NB M'B/ dh gokbh ns/ 17 fwbhnB NB eDe dh
gokbh dk T[sgkdB j[zdk j?. M'B/ dh gokbh dk 80# s'A tZX (18H4 fwbhnB NB)
ns/ brGr 50# eDe dh gokbh (8H5 fwbhnB NB) y/sK ftu ;V ojh j?. e/Adoh
G{wh ib p'ov, (Gkos ;oeko 2011) ns/ f;zikJh ftGkr gzi kp d[nkok fdZs/ skIk
nzefVnK nB[;ko oki d/ 137 pbkeK ftu'A 103 pbke pj[s fInkdk, 5 pbke BkI[e
jB, 4 pbke fJe/wh BkI[e jB ns/ f;oc 25 pbke ;[o Zfyns Pq/Dh ftZu jB.
;[oZfyns Pq/Dh ftZu tZy tZy fIfbQnK d/ ;ko/ pbke fit/A fe nzfwqs;o (16 pbke),
ibzXo (10 pbke), w'rk (5 pbke), eg{oEbk (5 pbke), ;zro{o (12 pbke),
cfsjrVQ ;kfjp (5 pbke), gfNnkbk (9 pbkeK ftu'A 8 pbke) ns/ b[fXnkDk (10
ftZu'A 9 pbke) pj[s fInkdk gkfJnk frnk j?, fi; Bkb fJBQK fIfbQnK ftZu gkDh dh
wksok s/I h Bkb ysw j[zdh ik ojh j?. c;bK dh gokbh B{z ;kVB Bkb i[VhnK
tXdhnK ;wZf;nktK B{z fXnkB ftZu oZy fdnK fJ; d/ ;jh gqpzXB bJh eJh T[gokb/
ehs/ rJ/ jB. tZy^tZy ftGkrK ns/ ;z;EktK gokbh dhnK ;VeK dh pikJ/ ftebge
tos'A B{z T[sPkjs eo ojhnK jB, fJBQK ftZu Pkwb jBL
2H8H3H1 gP{nK bJh uko/ ti'A u"bK dh ofjzd y{zjd dh tos'A (Use of Rice
Residue as Fodder for Animals) : uko/ d/ s"o s/ u"bK dh ofjzd y{zjd gzikp d/
b'eK ftu pj[s wPj{o gqE k BjhA j?. fJj w[Zy s"o *s/ uktb dh ofjzd^y{zjd ftu
fInkdk f;fbek ;wZroh j'D eoe/ j?. fJj wzfBnk iKdk j? fe oki ftu g?dk ehsh
eDe dh gokbh dk seohpB 40# gP{nK bJh ;[Ze/ uko/ ti'A tofsnk iKdk j?.
uktb dh ofjzd y{zjd B{z uko/ d/ GkV/ ti'A tosD bJh T[sPkjs eoB bJh,
ghJ/n?;:{ fty/ ghn?;;hn?;Nh d[nkok fJZe gkfJbN gqki?eN fbnKdk frnk ;h. M'B/
dh gokbh dk ;/tB eoB bJh gq'NhB d/ nwho gP{ uko/ dh tos'A ehsh rJh.
seBkb'ih dk gqdoPB fIbQk r[odk;g[o, b[fXnkDk, j[fPnkog[o ns/ pfmzvk ftZu
ehsk frnk. gP{ gkbD ftGkr, gzikp B/ oki ftZu seBhe dk gquko ehsk j?.
2H8H3H2 pkfJU Eowb gkto gbKNK ftZu c;bK dh ofjzd y{zjd dh tos'A
(Use of Crop Residue in Bio Thermal Power Plants) : uktb dh ofjzd
y{zjd dh fJe j'o tos'A fi; B{z tZy^tZy ;z;EktK ns/ ftGkrK d[nkok T[sPkjs ehsk
ik fojk j?, T[j j? fpibh T[sgkdB bJh u"bK dh ofjzd y{zjd dh tos'A. ;kb 1992
ftZu M'B/ dh gokbh dk ;c?d tkbk fgzv iby/Vh, cfsjrVQ ;kfjp fty/ fJZe 10
w?rktkN pkfJUwk; nXkos fpibh xo ;Ekgs ehsk frnk ;h.
2H8H3H3 gP{nK bJh fp;so/ dh ;wroh ti'A u"bK dh ofjzd y{zjd dh tos'A
(Use of Rice Residue as Bedding Material for Cattle) : gzikp d/ y/shpkVh
ftfrnkB ftGkr d/ gP{XB, gP{XB T[sgkdB ns/ gqpzXB, ekbi nk| t?NoBoh
;kfJz;I d[nkok eotkJ/ rJ/ nfXn?B d/ BshfinK nB[;ko oki d/ fe;kBK B{z
;odhnK d"okB M'B/ dh gokbh B{z fp;so/ dhnK gdkoEK ti'A tosD dh ;bkj fdZsh
rJh j?. fJj gkfJnk frnk j? fe M'B/ dh gokbh d/ fp;so/ dh tos'A d"o kB d[ZX dh
e[nkbNh ns/ wksok B{z ;[XkoB ftZu ;jkfJsk fwbh feT[Afe fJ; Bkb nokw dh
;j{bs, b/t/ dh f;js ns/ bZsK dh f;js ftZu :'rdkB gkfJnk frnk. M'B/ dh
gokbh d/ fp;so/ B/ gP{nK B{z nkgD/ nkg B{z row oZyD ns/ ;oho s'A rowh d/
B[e;kB dh tkip doK B{z pDkJh oZyD ftu ;jkfJsk ehsh. fJj ;kc, szdo[;s,
;[Zek, nokwdkfJe ns/ r?o ^fsbeD tkbk tksktoD th gqdkB eodk j?, i' ;ZN ns/
bzrV/gB dh ;zGktBk B{z o'edk j?. f;jswzd bZsK ns/ yko d[ZX d/ T[sgkdB B{z
tXkT[D ns/ ikBtoK dh iDB e[Pbsk B{ z :ehBh pDkT[Ad/ jB. fp;so/ bJh tos/
iKd/ M'B/ dh tos'A pknd ftu pkfJU r?; gbkNK ftu ehsh ik ;edh j?. M'B/ dh
gBhoh dh tos'A dk Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe o[gJ/ dk w[Bkck tZX frnk. fJ; Bkb d[ZX
dh fteoh ftZu 188^971 o[gJ/ gqsh ikBto ewkJh ftZu tkXk j'fJnk.
2H8H3H4 wPo{w dh ekPs bJh c;bK dh ofjzd y{zjd dh tos' A (Use of
Crop Residue for Mushroom Cultivation) :
M'B/ dh gokbh B{z nrfoe;fp;g'o ;, t'btkohJ/bkt'btk;h n?Av ns/ gb/no'N;
n?;ghgh dh ekPs bJh tofsnk ik ;edk j?. fJe feb' M'B/ dh gokbh fJBQK
wPo{wK ftu'A eqwtko 300, 120^150 ns/ 600 rqkw MkV fdzdh j?. fJ; ;w/A oki
ftu wPo{w dh ekPs bJh brGr 20,000 whfNqe NB gokbh dh tos'A ehsh ik ojh
j?. M'B/ dh gokbh dk wPo{w d[Bhnk ftu ekPs ehs/ wPo{w d/ e[b T[sgkdB dk
16# j?.
2H8H3H5 g/go T[sgkdB ftu u"bK dh ofjzd y{zjd dh tos'A (Use of Rice
Residue in Paper Production) :
M'B/ dh gokbh B{z eDe dh gokbh Bkb i'V e/ 40L60 nB[gks ftu ekrIK d/
T[sgkdB bJh tofsnk ik fojk j?. ;b?i d/ T[sgkdB bJh pkfJU^whE/BkJhi/PB d/
nXhB ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJj N?eBkb'ih gfjbK jh e[M ekrI fwZbK ftu ezw eo
ojh j?, i' fJ; Yzr Bkb 60# T{oik dh Io{os oZyd/ jB. M'B/ dh gokbh B{z ekrI
ns/ fwZM p'ov fBowkD bJh nkdoP eZu/ wkb d/ s"o s/ th tofsnk iKdk j?. ghJ/:{
d[nkok w[j ZJhnk ehsh rJh ikDekoh nB[;ko, 50# s'A tZX fwZM p'ov fwZbK M'B/ dh
gokbh B{z nkgD/ eZu/ wkb ti'A tos ojhnK jB.
2H8H3H6 pkfJU r?; pDkT[D bJh u"bK dh ofjzd y{zjd dh tos'A (Use of
Rice Residue for Making Bio Gas) :
ghn?;n?c;h ;odko gN/b BftnkT[D :'r n?Boih fo;ou fJz;NhfuT{N (n?; gh nko
nkJh nko nkJh) d[nkok fte;s ehsh rJh N?eBkb'ih d/ nXko s/ pkfJU r?; ftu
y/s ofjzd y{zjd dh gq';?f;zr bJh fJZe gq'i?eN dk skbw/b eo fojk j?. bX'tkb fty/
1 w?rktkN dk fpibh xo ;Ekgs eoB dh sithI j? i' ghJ/:{ d[nkok w[jZJhnk
eotkJh rJh IwhB *s/ gkfJbN nXko s/ ehsh ikJ/rh. BthA seBhe M'B/ dh gokbh
d/ 1 Nh s'A 300 whNo pkfJU r?; g?dk eo/rh.
2H8H3H7 ;hs{ ftu (In Situ) :
;hs{ ftu seBheh T[gkn jB "s{Vh dh fBrokBh " ns/ "s{Vh wbfuzr". d'tK T[gktK
ftu, ofjzd^y{zj d B{z y/s ftu jh Pkwb ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fJ; soQK fwZNh d/ g"PfNe
w[Zb iK T[gikT{ Pesh B{z tXkT[D bJh tofsnk iKdk j?. gfjb/ T[gkn ftu, ofjzd
y{zjd B{z o;kfJDe s"o s/ fte;s gqfefonk (ghJ/:{ fty/ T[gbpX) d[nkok y/s ftu
jh x[bD dh nkfrnk fdZsh rJh ;h ns/ d{i/ T[gkn ftu, phikJh d/ Bkb^Bkb fJe
;jh Yzr Bkb pDkJh rJh wPhB dh Ehbg Bkb i'fVnk iKdk j?. d{ik T[gkn tX/o/
bkGdkfJe j? feT[Afe fJ; gqfefonk ftu BdhB BjhA j? ns/ fJj xZN wfjzrk j?.
2H8H3H8 fwZNh ftu M'B/ dh gokbh B{z Pkwb eoBk (Incorporation of
Paddy Straw in Soil) :
gokbh B{z fwZNh ftZu fwbkT[D Bkb fwZNh dh ;ohoe, o;kfJDe ns/ iht^ftfrnkBe
ftP/PsktK fit/A fe ghn?u, i?fte ekopB, ib XkoB eoB dh ;woZEkk ns/ Xosh
dh pbe xDsk T[Zs/ gqGkt g?Adk j?. bzp/ ;w/A d/ nkXko *s/ fJj fwZNh ftu fIze,
sKpk, b'j/ ns/ w?rBhI ;wZroh dh T[gbpXsk B{z tXkT[D k t/fynk iKdk j? ns/ fJj
BkJhNq/N; d/ bhfuzr B{z th o'edk j?. i?fte ekopB B{z tXkT[D Bkb fJj fwZNh ftu
p?eNhohnk ns/ czikJh B{z tXkT[Adk j?.
2H8H3H9 s{Vh ns/ j'o y/shpkVh ofjzd^y{zjd s'A pkfJU^s/b dk T[sgkdB
(Production of Bio-oil from Straw and Other Agricultural Wastes) :
pkfJU^s/b fJe T[Zu xDsk tkbk sob j? i' pkfJUwk; s'A s/Ih Bkb gkJho'bkJhf;;
N?eBkb'ih d[nkok gqkgs ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; dk vhIb d/ w[ekpb/ brGr 55# dk
jhfNzr w[Zb jz[dk j?. fJ; B{z g?No'bhnw nXkos T[sgkdK tKr ;N'o ehsk ik ;edk
j?, gzg eoe/ Y'nk ik ;edk j? ns/ f;ZX/ s"o *s/ p'fJbo, r?; NopkJhBI ns/ j"bh
ns/ dofwnkBh ;ghv vhIb bJh rowh ns/ gkto n?gbhe/PBK ftu nktkikJh th
Pkwb j?.
2H8H4 gzikp ftu tksktoD ;zpzXh ekB{zBK ns/ y/shpkVh d/ ofjzd y{zjd B{z
o'eD bJh BhshnK L
1H tksktoD ns/ izrbks wzsokbk
tksktoD ns/ izrbks wzsokbk (n?wUJhn??c) e/Ado ;oeko d/ gqpzX eh gqpzXB dh
fJe B'vb J/iz;h j?. wzsokb/ B{z tZy ^tZy izrbks ns/ tksktoD gq'rokwK dh
:'iBkpzdh, skbw/b, fBrokBh ns/ bkr{ eoB dk ezw ;"Afgnk frnk j?. wzsokb/
tZy^tZy rshftXhnK fit/A fe gqd{PD dh o'eEkw ns/ fB:zsoD, pB;gsh ns/
ihtîzs{nK dh ;zGkb ns/ ;ot/yD, izrbK ns/ izrbh ihtD, tksktoD dh ;[o Zfynk
nkfd ekB{zBK d/ YKu/ ftu eodk j?.
MoEF B/ Gkos ftu tZy^tZy fe;wK d/ gqd{PD dh o'eEkw, fB:zsoD ns/ xNkT[D
bJh gqd{PD o'eEkw dhnK eJh ekotkJhnK dk rmB ehsk j?. fJj ezw jB L
 okPNoh tksktoD fNqfpT{Bb n?eN, 1995 (27 of 1995)
 okPNoh tksktoD nghb nEkoNh n?eN, 1997 (1997 dk 22)
 ib o'e{ ns/ gqd{PD o'eEkw n?eN, 1974 (1974 dk 6)
 tkNo (gqd{PD o'eEkw ns/ fB:zsoD) ;?Z; n?eN, 1977 (1977 dk 36)
 jtk (gqd{PD o'eEkw ns/ fB:zsoD) n?eN, 1981 (1981 dk 14)
 tksktoD (;[oZfynk) n?eN, 1986 (1986 dk 29)
 iBse d/D dkoh phwk n?eN, 1991 (1991 dk 6)
2H gzikp gqd{PD ezNo'b p'ov (ghgh;hph)
gzikp gqd{PD ezNo'b p'o v (ghgh;hph) dk rmB ;kb 1975 ftu ib (gqd{PD o'eEkw
ns/ fB:zsoD) n?eN, 1974 dh Xkok 4 d/ sfjs ehsk frnk ;h. fJj :ehBh
pDkT[D bJh fe e"wh r[D K d/ fwnkoK dh gkbDk ehsh iKdh j?, bJh gzikp dh w[Zy
gqpzXeh ;z;Ek, ;hghghph j?. ghgh;hph d/ fszB I'Bb dcso ns/ pkoK y/soh dcso
jB. ghgh;hph B/ p'ov d[nkok fbnKdhnK BhshnK ns/ ftukoK d/ gqGktPkbh Yzr
Bkb bkr{ eoB bJh j/m fbyhnK PkyktK dh ;EkgBk ehshL
 ;fjwsh gqpzXB ;?Zb
 gqpzXeh ;?Zb
 ftZs ns/ nekT{AN ;?Zb

 ekB{zBh ;?Zb
 ftfrnkBe ;?Zb
 ysoBke ofjzd^y{zjd gqpzXB ;?Zb
 nkw :'iBkpzdh ns/ ezfgT{No ;?Zb
 T[;koh ;?Zb
 ezfgT{No ;?ePB
gzikp gqd{PD ezNo'b p'ov gzikp oki ftZu tksktoD gqd{PD d/ ezNo'b bJh j/m
fbyhnK ekB{zBK dh gkbDk eodk j?L
 ib (gqd{PD o'eEkw ns/ fB:zsoD) n?eN, 1974 fit/A fe nZi se ;'fXnk
frnk j?.
 tkNo (gqd{PD o'eEkw ns/ fB:zsoD) ;?Z; n?eN, 1977
 jtk (gqd{PD o'eEkw ns/ fB:zsoD) n?eN, 1981 fit/A fe nZi se ;'fXnk
frnk j?.
T[go'es ekB{zBK s'A fJbktk, izrbks ns/ tksktoD wzsokb/ B/ ysoBke ofjzd^y{zjd,
pkfJU^w?vheb ofjzd^y{zjd, m'; ofjzd^y{zjd gqpzXB, oh;kJheb gbk;fNe,
toshnK iKdhnK p?NohnK, ntkI gqd {PB ezNo'b ns/ UI'B gos dh ;[oZfynk d/ j/m
fdZs/ fB:wK dh th f;ckoP ehsh j?. gzikp ftZu gqd{PD o'eD ns/ fJ; d/ o'eEkw d/
T[d/P dh g{o sh bJh gzikp gqd{PD o'eEkw p'ov d/ T[d/P fJ; gqeko jBL
 seBheh^nkofEe ;zGktBk d/ r?oô;wh gdkoEK ns/ r?;K d/ fBek; d/ ekoB
;q's s/ gqd{PD B{z fB:zsfos eoBk.
 fJj ;[fBPfus eoBk fe Pfjo d/ ;hto/I d/ fBek; Bkb e[dosh gkDhnK
gqd{fPs Bk j'D .
 ;hto/I ns/ tgkohnK d/ d{fPs gdkoEK dh w[V tos'A B{z tZX s'A tZX eoBk ns/
f;zXkJh ns/ ;Bnsh T[d/PK bJh T[guko ehs/ rJ/ d{fPs gkDh dh tos'A eoBk.
 BthnK ;wZrohnK dh fBnkfJe irQk k ns/ fiZE/ th Io{oh j't/ T[d:'rK B{z w[V
;Ekfgs eoB d[nkok gqd{PD fB:zsoD dhnK Io{osK B{z xZN eoBk.
 jtk ns/ gkDh d/ gqd{PD B{z fB:z soD ns/ xZN s'A xZN eoBk ns/ fBoXkos
tos'A ns/ T[d/PK bJh jtk ns/ gkDh dh e[nkbNh pDkJh oZyDk.
3H gzikp ;N/N e"A;b cko ;kfJz; n?Av N?eBkb'ih L
gzikp oki ftfrnkB ns/ seBkb'ih dh e"A;b dh ;EkgBk 21 i[bkJh 1983 B{z ehsh
rJh ;h, fi;dk T[d/P b'eK d/ wBK ftZu ftfrnkBe frnkB B{z irkT[D k ;h. ;z;Ek
T[gbpX seBheK d/ T[g:'r gfjb{nK B{z do;kT[Ad/ j'J/ ihtB dh gqfeosh pko/,
gqdofPs ns/ gqekPB d/ tZy ^tZy sohfenK okjhA fJ; B{z gqkgs eoB dh e'fPP eo
ojh j?. ;z;Ek d/ e[M w[Zy T[d/PK ftZu j/m fbyhnK rZbK Pkwb jBL
 tksktoD dh ;zGkb
 gzikp oki ftZu gqd{PD o'eEkw
 ftek; eoB bJh tZy^tZy T[d:'fre fJekJhnK B{z ;bkj d/D k
;z;Ek BthnK N?eBkb'ihnK d/ ftek; tZb ezw eofdnK, oki ;oeko B{z ftfrnkB
ns/ N?eBkb'ih d/ ftek; bJh seBheh ;jkfJskk gqdkB eoe/ fJBQK T[d/PK B{z gqk gs
eoB dh e'fPP eodh j?. ;z;Ek T[d:'fre ns/ y/shpkVh ;?eNo B{z nkgDhnK o;wh
ns/ r?o o;wh ;jkfJsk w[jZJhnk eokT[D *s/ I'o fdzdh j?. rshftXhnK, tksktoD
*s/ xZN' xZN sDkn d/ Bkb e[dosh ;o's K dh ;jh tos'A B{ z :ehBh pDkT[D bJh ;z;Ek
ezw eodh j?.
4H tksktoD ftGkr L
tksktoD dh tzv oki d/ tksktoD ftGkr, gzikp ;oeko B{z tksktoD Bkb i[V/
seBheh wkwfbnK, tksktoD ;zpzXh fuzsk d/ gqw[Zy y/soK dh gSkD, tZy^tZy
tksktoD ;zp zX h w[ZfdnK pko/ oki ;oeko dhnK BhshnK ns/ :'i BktK dh gfoGkPk,
tksktoD Bkb i[VhnK :'iBktK dk skbw/b ns/ fBrokBh eoB, tksktoD g?dk eoB
ftZu ;jkfJsk eodh j?. ikro{esk ns/ tksktoD B{z tXktk, f;ybkJh ns/ y'i B{z
T[sPkjs eoB bJh nzsookPNoh ;z;EktK fit/A fe :{B?;e', :{ n?B vh gh, nkfd d/
tksktoD Bkb i[V/ gq'i?eNK ns/ gq'rokwK B{z bkr{ eo fojk j? ns/ Bkb jh, T[; ;w/A
d/ tksktoD ns/ izrbks wzsokb/ d/ gq'rokwK B{z T[; ;w/A d/ gZXo *s/ bkr{ eo fojk
j?.
5H gzikp T{oik ftek; J/iz;h (g/vk) (Punjab Energy Development
Agency (PEDA)
gzikp T{oik ftek; J/iz;h dh ;EkgBk ;kb 1991 ftZu ehsh rJh ;h. gzikp oki
ftZu r?o otkfJsh ns/ BftnkT[D:'r T{oik gq'rokwK iK gq'i?eNK d/ gquko ns/
ftek; bJh.
fJ; ;zpzX ftZu g/vk d/ T[d/P j/m fby/ nB[;ko jBL
 r?o otkfJsh T{oik gq'rokwK ns/ gq'i?eNK dk gquko, ftek; ns/ bkr{ eoB.
 pkfJUwk;$n?ro' ntP/P nXkos fpibh gqki?eNK dk gquko ns/ ftek;.
 T[d:'fre, y/shpkVh, tgkoe ns/ xo/b{ y/so ftu fJe ftPkb T{oik pukn
gq'rokw B{z bkr{ eoBk.
 T{oik dh pus bJh BthA seBkb'ihnK B{z T[sPkfjs eoBk ns/ bkr{ eoBk.
 oki ;oeko B{z Bhsh ns/ :'iBkpzdh gqdkB eoB bJh T{oik vkNk p/; dk
;zrqfj.
 uktb d/ G[Ze/ tkb/ ckfJbK tkb/ pkfbnK dh pbD dh e[Pbsk ftZu ;[X ko bJh
T[gkn.
 pkfJUwk; dh T[gbpXsk ns/ T[g:'rsk dk T{oik ;o's ti'A ftPb/PD eoBk.
 efwT{fBNh$;z;Ekrs pkfJU r?; gbKN ;Ekgs eoBk.
 J/ehfeqs o{ob n?Boih gq'rokw (nkJhHJhHnkoHghH) B{z bkr{ eoBk.
g/vk d[nkok nkgD/ T[go'es T[d/PK dh g{osh bJh ehs/ rJ/ gqki?eNK ftZu j/m
fbfynK B{z Pkwb ehsk frnk j?L
 fwBh jkJhvb fpibh T[sgkdB.
 ;"o T{oik nXkos fpibh T[s gkdB gqki?eN.
 pkfJUwk;, n?ro' nXkos fpibh T[sgkdB gqki?eN.
 Pfjoh, T[d:'fre ofjzd^y{zjd s'A fpibh T[sgkdB.
 ;fj^ghVQh dk T[sPkj ns/ ftek;.
 J/ehfeqs g/Av{ T{oik gq'rokw (IREP).
 efwT{fBNh$;z;Ekrs pkfJU r?; g"d/.
 pkfJU r?; ftek; gq'rokw *s/ okPNoh gq'i?eN.
 ;'bo c'N't'bN?e (n?;ghth) tkNo gzfgzr gqD kbhnK.
 ;'bo e{eo bkr{ eoB dk gq'rokw.
 pkfJUwk; r?;hfce/PB gq'rokw.
 ;[Xo/ u[ZbQk s/ okPNoh gq'rokw.
 T[d:'r ns/ d{i/ T[gG'rsk y/soK ftZu T{oik ;zGkb nfXn?B$;zGktBk nfXn?B$
T{oik nkfvN.
 ;'bo g?f;t nkoehN?euo^g/vk dcso ezgb?e;.
 r?o otkfJsh T{oik ;o'sK s'A fpibh T[sgkdB dh ;zG ktBk.
6H gzikp i?t ftfGzBsk p'ov L

gzikp d/ i?fte ftfGzBsk p'ov B{z oki d/ d;zpo 2004 ftZu i?fte ftfGzBsk n?eN,
2002 d/ 22 B{z j/m fby e/ gzikp d/ e[dosh tksktoD ns/ fJ; d/ pB;gsh ns/
ihtîzs{nK dh oZfynk bJh ;{fus ehsk frnk ;h. tksktoD ftGkr ftu fJj p'ov
;Ekfgs ehsk frnk j? sK i' fJj ;[fBPfus ehsk ik ;e/ fe izrbh ns/ ekPs tkb/
d'tK y/soK ftu i?t ftfGzBsk B{z tXhnk Yzr Bkb ;[oZfyns oZf ynk ik ;e/. n?eN d/
sfjs, e'Jh th ekog'o/N ;z;Ek iK n?;';hJ/PB oki i?t ftfGzBsk p'ov dh wBI{oh s'A
fpBK oki dh i?t ftfGzBsk dk tgkoe s"o s/ tos'A BjhA eo ;edh. fJ; d/ wzst B{z
g{ok eoB bJh p'ov d/ e[M ekoi jBL
 y/shpkVh ns/ izrbh d'tK y/soK ftZu i?t ftfGzBsk pukn ekoiK B{z T[sPkjs
eoBk.
 i?fte ftfGzBsk n?eN, 2002 dhnK ftt;EktkK B{z gzikp ftZu bkr{ eoBk.
 fgzv ns/ e;p/ d/ gZXo *s/ iht^ftfGzBsk ew/Nh ;Ekgs eoB ns/ oki ns/
fIbQk gZXo *s/ wkjo ew/Nh ;Ekgs eoB ftu ;jkfJsk eoBk.
fJ; s'A fJbktk, okPNoh i?t ftfGzBsk nEkoNh (n?BphJ/) dh wBI{oh s'A fpBK e'Jh
ftd/Ph y'i iK tgkoe tos'A bJh iK pkfJU^;ot/yD ns/ pkfJU^T[g:'rsk bJh
;zpzfXs e'Jh iht^ftfrnkB Bw{Bk iK frnkB gqkgs BjhA eo ;edk. fJBQK ftZu
c;bK dhnK fe;wK d/ izrbh ;zpzX th Pkwb jB.
7H jtk gqd{PD B{z ezNo'b eoB bJh w"i{dk BhshnK L
gzikp gqd{PD ezNo'b p'o v (ghgh;hph), gzikp ;N/N e"A;b c"o ;kfJz; n?Av N?eB'b'ih
(ghn?;;hn?;Nh), gzikp n?Boih fvt?bgw?AN J/iz;h (g/vk), T[j ;z;EktK jB fijBK
B{z gzikp ftu gqd{PD B{z ezNo'b eoB dk ezw ;"Afgnk frnk j?.
 gzikp gqd{PD ezNo'b p'ov (ghgh;hph)
 y/shpkVh gfoPd
 gzikp ;N/N e"A;b cko ;kfJz; n?Av N?eBkb'ih
 y/shpkVh ftGkr
 gzikp T{oik ftek; J/iz;h (g/vk)
 gP{ gkbD ftGkr
 gzikp n?rohebuob :{Bhtof;Nh
 gzikp oki fe;kB efwPB
 g/Av{ ftek; ns/ gzukfJsK ftGkr
 y/sh ftfGzBsk
 Iho' N/b/I dk gquko
2H8H5 ;ko
ofjzd^y{zjd B{z ;kVBk fJe rzG ho w[Zdk j?. fJ; B{z o'eD bJh ;oeko B/ eJh gq'i?eN
P[o{ ehs/ jB. fJj ftnesh dk th coI pDdk j? fe T[j c;bK dh ofjzd y{zj d dk
gqpzXB eo/ ns/ c;bK dh ofjzd y{zj d dk gqpzX B eoB bJh ;oeko d[nkok f;ckoP
ehshnK seBheK dh tos'A eo/ sK i' Xosh dh r[DtZsk ftZu ;[Xko ehsk ik ;e/.
2H8H6gqPB
gqH gokbh ;kVB s'A o'eD bJh gzikp ;oeko d[nkok fejV/ T[gkn ehs/ rJ/ jB<
gqH c;bK dh ofjzd y{zj d dk gqpzXB eoB bJh pdb eh jB<
gqH ofjzd y{zjd B{z ;kVB s'A o'eD bJh ;oeko d[nkok pDkJhnK rJhnK BhshnK
pko/ ;zy/g ftZu toDB eo'.
Ppdktbh
1H s{Vh L nBki B{z jNkJ/ ikD s'A pknd nBki d/ g"fdnK dh T[sgkdK d[nkok y/sh.
2H gokbh ;kVB L c;bK dh ofjzd^y{zjd B{z ysw eoB bJh fB:zsfos nZr dh tos'A.
ykbh ;EkB Go'
1H gzikp gqd{PD ezNo'b p'ov dh ;EkgBk ;kbHHHHHHHHHHHHHHftZu ehsh rJh ;h.
2H HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH;kb 1991 ftZu ;Ekgs ehsk frnk ;h.
3H gzikp i?t ftfGzBsk p'ovHHHHHHHHHHHHHHftZu rfms ehsk frnk ;h.
4H ;kb 1991 ftZu M'B/ dh gokbh Bkb fJZeHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHw?rktkN dk pkfJUwk;
gkto gbKN brkfJnk frnk ;h.
5H M'B/ dh gokbh d/ T[Gko dh tos'A d[ZX d/HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHns/HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHB{z ;[XkoB
ftZu ;jkfJsk eodh j?.
6H fwZNh ftZu M'B/ dh gokbh B{z Pkwb eoB Bkb fwZNh d/HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH,HHHHHHHHHHHHH
ns/HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHnB[gks gqGkt gkT[Ad/ jB.
References :
Pramod Kumar and Surender Kumar : Alternative Uses of Crop Stubble
Pramod Kumar, Surender Kumar and Laxmi Joshi : Socioeconomic and
Environmental Implications of Agricultural Residue Burning A Case
Study of Punjab, India.

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phHJ/$ phHekw$phHphHJ/$ phH;hHJ/ Gkr-d{ i k

tksktoD ns/ ;Ve ;[oZfynk ikro{esk

:{fBN Bzpo L 1 ns/ 2

gkm Bz L :{fBN BzH 1

B'N L ftfdnkoEh f;b/p; ftGkr dh t?p;kJhN

gkm BzL 1H1 b/fyek ^ Pqhwsh nfwsk ek:;Ek

pj[y/soh tksktoD f;Zfynk dh w[ZYbh ikD^gSkD

d{ ; ok fjZ ; k ib wz v b j? i' MhbK BdhnK s/ ;kroK s/ poc d/ o{ g ftu j[ z d k j? . Xosh

:{B/;e' (1970) ekoiekoh ew/Nh d/ nB[;ko, “tksktoD f;Zfynk, fJB;kB T[;dh

f;Zfynk dk gZXo tksktoD f;Zfynk dk T[d/P

2H wkXfwe f;Zfynk 2. tksktoD d/ xNeK ns/ ;wZf;nktK dk

ftef;s ehsk iKdk j? fi; Bkb tksktoD dk ;[Xko ehsk

7H tksktoD s'A Gkt j? ;kvk HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.

T[~soL 1Hnzso ftPkrs, 2H njwdkpkd, 3H e'mkoh efwPB 4H ikro{esk,

gkm BzL 1H2 b/fyekL nfwsk ek:;Ek

e[dosh ;kXB ns/ T[BQK Bkb ;pzfXs ;wf;nktK

1H2H8 nfGnk; bJh gqPB

4. ib gfotjB iK ib nktkikJhL nktkikJh d/ ;kXBK ftZu'A ;G Bkb'A ;;sh ib

v?w fBowkD dhnK j/m fbyhnK ;wZf;nktK th jBL

gkm Bzpo L 1H4 b/fyek L vkH ;opihs e"o ;zXktkbhnk

e[dosh ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk ftu ftnesh dh G{fwek

vii. e[dosh ;z;kXBK dh ;[oZfynk feT[A Io{oh j?<

1H5H3 gfo;fEse szso dk ;zebg L

;t? nfGnk; bJh gqPB

j?. fJ; dhnK j/m fbyhnK nt;EktK j[zdhnK jBL^

;Zg ;Zg, fpZbh

1H5H10 gfo;fEfse fgokfwv L

wk;kjkoh  shik g'PD gZXo

Pkekjkoh  d{ik g'PD gZXo

T[sgkde jo/ g"d/  gfjbk g'PD gZXo

;Ebh szso T{oik dk fgokfwv (fuZsokswe)

prb/  u"Ek g'PD gZXo

wZShnK  shik g'PD gZXo

bkot/, ehV/  d{ik g'PD gZXo

ekJhnK, gkDh d/ g"d/  gfjbk g'PD gZXo

1H5H13 tZv/ ns/ S'N/ T[ZsoK tkb/ gqPB

gkm Bzpo L 1H6 b/fyek L vkH ;opihs e"o ;zXktkbhnk

;t? nfGnk; gqPB

gkm BzH 1H7 b/fyekL vkH ;opihs e"o ;zXktkbhnk

i?fte ftfGzBsk ns/ T[;dh ;[oZfynk

gkm dh o{g o/yk

S'N/ T[ZsoK tkb/ gq;aB

(vii) ;afjoheoD dk i?fte ftfGzBsk s/ eh gqGkt fgnk j?<

gkm BzL 1H8 b/fyekL vkH ;opihs e"o ;zXktkbhnk

1H8H4 Gkos dk iht^G{r'fbe torheoD (Biogeographic Classification of India)

(v) nkoefNe ns/ n?ANkoefNekL^ yfDiK dh y[dkJh ns/ wB[Zyh rshftXhnK

;wZf;nktK ns/ \sfonK B{z ;wMd/ j'J / ;EkBe, ftnkeshrs, ;oekoh,

gkm BzL 1H9 b/fyek L vkH joi's e"o

tksktoDh gqd {FD L noE, gfoGkFk ns/ fe;wK

j' e/ jtk B{z d{fFs eoB dk ekoB pDd/ jB.

uzrhnK r? ;K d/ gq:'r T[Zs/ }'o d/Dk ukjhdk j?.

jB fiBQK d/ nz;a }whB ftZu ofjzd/ jB.

(n) X[B h gq d{ FD d/ ekoB L X[Bh gqd{FD d/ j/m fby/ ekoB jB L-

gzSh gotk; eo iKd/ jB. iK o'r rq;s th j' ;ed/ jB.

bJh c?eNohnk B{z t/u d/Dk ukjhdk j?.

1H9H7 ;jkfJe g[ ; se-;{ u h

gkm BzL 1H10 b/fyekL vkH ;opihs e"o ;zXktkbhnk

gqd{PDL o'eEkw ns/ e/; nfXn?B

(vi) tZX s'A tZX g"d/ brkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB.