MA (Punjabi) - I, Sem-II, P2U2P - 240430 - 104328

ਦੂਜਾ
n?w HJ/ H (gz ikph) Gkr gfjbk gouk d{i k

;w?; No^d{ik (;kfjs nkb' u Bk d/ f;XKs)
nkX[f Be gZSwh ekft^f;XKs
gkm Bz L 2H1
tovItoE
tovItoE (William Wordsworth) dk iBw 7 ngq?b 1770 ƒ ekeowkT{E ftu j'fJnk.
fJE/ T[;B/ gqfeqsh dh ftPkbsk ns/ ;"Ado: dk nB[Gt gqkg sehsk fijVk pknd ftu T[;dhnK
;w[ZuhnK ouBktK T[Zs/ jkth fojk. ;/aN i'BI ekbi, e?Apfoi ftu'A phHJ/H dh fvroh gqkgs
eoe/ T[;B/ e[M ;wK coK; ftu fpskfJnk. fJE/ T[;dhnK o'wK;tkdh ns/ gqrshPhb GktBktK
ƒ j[zrkok gqkgs j'fJnk. nkofEe szrhnK ekoD T[;ƒ tkg; fJzrb?Av w[VBk fgnk. T[j fJe
|oK;h;h n"os ƒ fgnko eoB brk ;h ns/ T[;d/ fJe p/Nh th j' u[eh ;h go g?;/ dh xkN
ekoD Bk sk T[j T[; Bkb ftnkj eo ;fenk ns/ Bk coK; d/ fJBebkphnK ;zr nkgDh j'Dh
ƒ i'V ;fenk. tkg; nk e/ tovItoE B/ nkgDh ;w[uh fIzdrh ekft d/ b/y/ bkT[D dk c?;bk
eo fbnk. T[;dh G?d vko'Eh ns/ fwZso ekbfoi B/ T[;d/ fJ; c?;b/ dk ;[nkrs ehsk.
f;ZN/ ti'A ekbfoi ns/ tovItoE dk fJe ;z:[es ;zrqfj ‘fboheb p?bvi’ (Lyrical Ballads
1798) gqekfPs j'fJnk. 1802 ftu T[;B/ w/oh j[uh;B Bkb ftnkj eo fbnk. 1813 JhL
ftu T[;B/ N'oh ;oeko dh B"eoh gqtkB eo bJh. T[;dh fgSbh fIzdrh pVh fJe;ko ijh
ojh. 1843 ftu nke;|'ov B/ T[;ƒ fJe nkBo/oh fvroh gqdkB ehsh. 23 ngq?b 1850 ƒ
tovItoE dh fwqs{ j' rJh.
‘fboheb p?bvI’ (1798) B/ nkX[fBe nzro/Ih ekft ftu fJe g[Bo ikfrqsh dk d"o
P[o{ ehsk. fJ; g[;se ftu tovItoE d/ fdb^fdwkr dh XVeD ;wkJh j'Jh j?. fJBQhA
fdBhA T[j nkPk ns/ fBokPk dh d[fpXk ftu r[Io fojk ;h. T[j nkgDhnK eqKshekoh ;orowhnK
r[nk p?mk ;h. T[;B/ gqfeqsh ns/ wkBtsk dk g[Bo^nB[t/PD ehsk ns/ T[; d[Bhnk Bkb
nkgD/ ;zpzXK dh g[Bo^;EkgBk ehsh fijVh pugB ftu T[;d/ nzr;zr ojh ;h. T[;B/ ihtB
dhnK ;kXkoD xNBktk ftu j?okBhiBe noE fby/. T[;B/ ftuko nfGftnesh dh eftsk ƒ
gqrN ehsk ns/ fJ; soQK nzro/Ih ekft dh gozgok ftu nkgD/ ft;/aP j;sk\o ;Ekfgs ehs/.
‘fboheb p?bvI’ dhnK eftsktK pko/ fby/ fJe ftfrnkgB ftu tovItoE B/ fejk
;h fe fJBQK ftu'A pj[shnK eftsktK gq:'r d/ o{g ftu fbyhnK rJhnK jB. fJje ftsktK
fJ; tk;s/ ouhnK rJhnK jB fe eh ;wki d/ wZX tor ns/ j/mb/ spe/ d/ b'ek dh p'bh
ftu eftsktK fbyhnK ik ;edhnK jB< fJ; soQK tovItoE: B/ nmkoQthA ;dh dh pDkt[Nh
ekft^GkPk T[s/ f;ZXk jwbk ehsk. tovItoE dk fJe fJj wzst th fojk ;h fe wB[Z 1yh
iIfpnK, feodkoK ns/ xNBktK d/ e[dosh fuZso g/P ehs/ ikD. T[;dk ftP/^t;s{ ;h L ;Zu
1
n?w HJ/ H (gz ikph) Gkr gfjbk 2 gouk d{i k
ns/ ihtB. T[j uhIK d/ tZX s'A tZX B/V/ j'Dk ukjhdk ;h ns/ fJ; wzst bJh T[;B/ pDkT[Nh
ns/ nbzfeqs ekft^GkPk dk fsnkr eoe/ nkw b'eK dh p'b ukb dh GkPk ƒ ngDkfJnk.
(Hellen Berbi hire, ‘The Poet Wordsworth’)
fJj eftsktK fJe rDszsoh w?Bhc?;N' jB. tovItoE fdb'A fJe ‘v?w'eo?N’ ;h. i/
T[j fe;/ okiB?fse fJBebkp d[nkok ;wki ƒ Bk pdb ;fenk sK T[;B/ nkgD/ ekft ƒ b'eK
d/ fdbK ftu gfotosB fbnkT[D bJh tofsnk. T[j ukj[zdk ;h fe b'ek dh go;go ;jkB[G{sh
j'o tX/^c[Zb/. T[j fe;/ GqPN ;wki d/ wB'oziB bJh wjKekft fbyD Bkb'A nkw nkdwh tk;s/
T[;/ dh ;"yh GkPk ftu eftsk fbyDk ukjz[dk ;h. T[;B/ gfjukD fbnk ;h fe wkBth f|sos
ftu, w[b gqftoshnK ns/ iIfpnK ftu, e[M nfijhnK PeshnK jB fijVhnK soe ns/
ftt/e Bkb'A tX/o/ wjkB ns/ gqwkDhe jB. rDszso dk fJe ftP/P bZSD fJj j? fe fJj T[BQK
uhIK ƒ SZv e/, fiBQK ftu b'e fJe d{i/ Bkb'A coe oyd/ jB, T[BQK T[s/ I'o fdzdk j? fiBQK
ftu b'e ;KM/ jB. fJj w[b gqftoshnK ns/ iIp/ ;ko/ b'eK ftu ;KM/ jB ns/ fJ;/ bJh fe;/
rDszsoh eth bJh fJj fJe ;ot[u ftPk pD ;ed/ jB. fJ;/ bJh tovItoE B/ S[ZNV
n"osK, d[yh p[ZfYnK, pZfunK ns/ dhtkB/ b'eK pko/ eftsktK fbyhnK. nfij/ gksoK ftu
w[B gqftoshnK ns/ wB't/r nkgD/ ;kdk ns/ gfjukD:'r o{gK ftu d/y' ik ;ed/ jB. T[;B/
b'efgqn eftsk d/ fJe ;[Gkfte wkfXnw ti'A ‘p?bv’ ekftô{g ƒ u[fDnk. fJBQK eftsktK
ftu T[j fJj f;ZX eoB ftu g{oh soQk ;|b fojk fe id'A w{b gqftoshnK Gzr j[zdhnK jB iK
wB't/r fjb{D/ iKd/ jB sK fesB/ v{zx/ fJj;k; g?dk j[zd/ jB. id'A T[;B/ wkBth gqfeqsh dk v{zxk
ftPb/PD ehsk sK T[;B/ e[M nfijhnK PeshnK bZGhnK fiBQK B/ T[;ƒ G?Ghs eo fdsk fit/A
wwsk dh gqftosh, fi;ƒ gkrbgD th \sw bjhA eo ;edk. ‘wkoEk o'’ ns/ ‘w?v wdo’
torhnK eftsktK ftu T[;B/ fJ; gqftosh dk fBo{gD ehsk. nfijhnK rZbK T[; bJh fJe
nfijh nBzssk tb ;ze/s eodhnK jB fijVh ;kvh ;KMh wB[Zyh fcsos dk ‘fdb ns/ xo’
j?. fJ; soQK tovItoE B/ nzro/Ih ekft ftu fJe eqKsh g?dk eo fdZsh. T[;B/ ekft GkPk
Bkb ;zpzfXs nmkoQthA ;dh dhnK o{VQhnK ƒ BPN eo fdsk go T[;dk w[y wzst fJj BjhA
;h. ;r'A T[j ;wki ftu eth d/ tk;sfte gq:'iB ns/ eftsk dh ;Zuh gqfeqsh ns/ beP ƒ
;gZPN eoBk ukj[zdk ;h. eth d/ o[sp/ ƒ tXk e/ T[;B/ fJzrb?Av ftu rzGho eftsk dh gozgok
ƒ ;Ekfgs eo fdsk fi;ƒ PkfJd ni/ se th e'Jh tzrko BjhA ;fenk.
ekft GkPk
tovItoE d/ ekft GkPk tkb/ ;zebg dh ftnkfynk eofdnk b{Jh eIkwhnK (Louis
Cazamian) B/ fJ;d/ fszb gZyK tb fXnkB fdtkfJnk j? L
(1) T[; nB[;ko id'A tovItoE ekft GkPk ƒ p'bukb dh GkPk d/ B/V/ oyD dh
rZb eodk j? sK T[j n;b ftu fJe ihfts ns/ tk;sfte GkPk ftu
ekft^f;oiDk dh rZb eo fojk j?.
(2) nfijh Gk;ka ftu tos/ ikD tkb/ Ppd u/sBk dhnK shyD ;fEshnK Bkb ;zpzX
oyD eoe/ nkg th n;hw Pesh d/ ;[nkwh j' iKd/ jB. go fJBQK dh shyDsk
nzdo{Bh j[zdh j?, fJ; bJh fJBQK dk fBZyVtK bZSD ;kdrh j[zdh j?. fJE/ jh
fJ; f;XKs dh ;ZukJh fSgh j'Jh j?. tovItoE fgSbh ;dh d/ ethnK d[nkok
tosh ik ojh gzvskT{ Ppdktbh d/ fto[X ;h. T[j P?bh ftu ;[Gkfteks dk
;woEe ;h sK i' nkw nkdwh th fJ; ƒ rqfjD eo ;eD.
(3) nzs ftu T[j efjzdk j? fe nkw nkdwhnK d/ ihtB Bkb i[VhnK j'JhnK xNBktK
ns/ ;fEshnK ƒ ftP?^t;s[ d/ o{g ftu u[D e/ ns/ nkw nkdwh dh GkPk ftu
fJBQK dk fBo{gD eoe/ T[j nkw uhIK ƒ n;kXkoD o"PBh ftu g/P eoBk
ukj[zdk j?.
nkgD/ gq:'iB ƒ ;gZPN eodk j'fJnk tovItoE fbydk j? fe eJh tko fe;/ uzrh
eftsk d/ e[M pj[s fdbu;g fjZ;/ fe;/ nfijh GkPk ftu fby/ fwbDr/ fi; ƒ n;hA rZd dh
GkPk dk Bkw d/ ;ed/ jK. fJ; gVkn s/ gj[zu e/ T[j fJe j'o x'PDk eodk j? fe ekft^GkPk
ns/ rZd^GkPk ftu Bk s/ ed/ e'Jh fBZyVtk coe ;h ns/ Bk ed/ j't/rk. (It may be safely
affirmed that there neither is, nor can be any essential difference between the language
of prose and metrical composition.)ekft^Gk;ka Bkb ;zpzfXs nkgD/ w[Yb/ ;zebg ƒ e[M
;[Xkodk j'fJnk T[j nr/ ik e/ fbydk j? fe ekft^GkPk y/sohtkd ns/ nf;PNsk s'A w[es
j'Dh ukjhdh j?. fJ; dh u'D eoBh gt/rh ns/ fJj fJe gqpb sozr dh ;fEsh ftu T[Sb
oj/ nkdwhnK dh tk;sfte GkPk j'Dh ukjhdh j?.
tovItoE d/ fJBQK ftukoK dh T[;d/ nkgD/ jh :[r ftu ek|h nkb'uBk j'Dh P[o{ j'
rJh ;h. ekbfoi B/ tovItoE d/ ekft^GkPk ;zpzXh ;zebg pko/ nkgD/ ftuko gqrN eofdnK
fbfynk fe ekft^GkPk, ebgBk d[nkok g?dk j[zdh j? fit/A fe ekft d/ j'o sZs g?dk j[zd/ jB.
(The language of peotry like the stuff of poetry, comes from the imagination.) T[;B/
fJj th fejk fe wB[Zyh GkPk d/ T[Zsw nzP nksw^fuzsB ftu'A g?dk j[zd/ jB ns/ nBgVQ
ftnesh T[Zsw GkPk dh f;oiDk eoB'A n;woZE ofjzd/ jB. (“The best part of human
language properly so called is derived from the reflection on the acts of the mind
itself. It is formed by a voluntary appropriation of fixed symbols to internal acts, to
processes and results of imagination the greater part of which have no place in the
T[; nB[;ko Gk;ka frDsh d/ e[M gVQ/^fby/ b'eK dk jh
consciousness of ueducated man.”)
w;bk j? ns/ eth ƒ nkgDh GkPk dh u'D bJh fJBQK b'eK tb jh w[VBk gt/rk.
tovItoE d/ ekft^f;XKs, T[;dh fBih wkBf;esk ns/ fJfsjk;e gfot/P ftu'A Pesh
gqkgs eod/ jB. fiE/ fJBQK f;ZXKsK B/ fJe ioifos j' ojh gozgok ƒ s'V e/ ;kdrh ns/
;ZukJh dh g[Bo^;EkgBk ehsh, T[E/ ftP/^t;s{ ti'A nkw b'eK ƒ nkgDh eftsk ftu g/P eoe/,
nzro/Ih ekft ftu fJe rDszsoh gozgok ƒ iBw fdZsk. nkgDhnK fJBQK eftsktK d/ fbyD
;w/A sZe T[j nkgD/ eqKshekoh ftPtk;K ƒ Beko u[ek ;h ns/ fJBQk fto[X nkgDh gqshfeqnk
ekoD T[;ƒ gqshrkwh (eDIot/fNt) x'fPs eo fdsk frnk ;h sk th T[;dhnK ;kfjfse fbysK,
T[;d/ :[r dh eqKshekoh bfjo dk fJe nN[ZN fjZ;k pDhnK ojhnK. fJj bfjo pDkT[NhgD
ftu nftPtk; ns/ ioifos o{VQhnK ns/ izihoK d/ gfofsnkr s'A gq/oDk b?Adh j?. fJj gqfeqsh
ftu tkg; ik e/, ;Zu ns/ :EkoE dh Bt/A^f;foT[A sbkP eoe/ T[; w{b nkdwhns (manhood)
dh f;oiDk eoBh ukj[zdh j? fiE/ fJj ;ko/ fto'XK ns/ dhtkoK s'A T[go T[Zm e/ ‘fJe’ j' iKdh
j/. id'A tovItoE fJj x'PDk eodk j? fe T[;d/ ftP/ ‘nkdwh fit/A fe T[j tk;st ftu jB’
(man as they are men within themselves) iK T[;d/ e/Adoh r[DK (no other than they very
heart of man) Bkb ;zpfz Xs ofjDr/ sK T[j nkgD/ rDszsoh ftPtk;K d/ fJe ekft^ftnkfynkeko
ti'A T[Godk j?. T[j ikDBk ;h fe GkPk fJe ifNb ;wkfie toskok j? ns/ fJj nkgDh Pesh
;wkfie ;zxoP ftu'A gqkgs eodh j?. ;wkfie nfBnkfJ fto[X i{M oj/ ns/ wB[Zy d/ PkBdko
GftZy bJh sKxd/ b'e jh GkPk ƒ nfijh rfowk (passion) gqdkB eo ;ed/ jB i' wjkB
fbysK dh f;oiDk bJh fJe :'r wkfXnw pDdh j?.
eth ns/ eftsk
tovItoE eftsk d[nkok wB[Zy dh wkBf;e ns/ B?fse y[Ph dh fsqgsh ukj[zdk j?.
T[;dk ftuko j? fe fJe wjkB eth nkdwh d/ GktK ƒ ;z;eko e/ T[; ƒ fJe BtK Gkt^gqpzX
gqdkB eodk j? fi; d[nkok T[;d/ Gkt tX/o/ f;nkD/, P[ZX ns/ ;EkJh j' iKd/ jB. fJ; ;fEsh
ftu T[j gqfeqsh Bkb ns/ nkgD/ nkb/ d[nkb/ d/ fdqPNwkB irs Bkb fJe;[o j' iKdk j?. (A
great poet ought to rectify men's feelings, to give them new composition of feeling to
render their feelings more sane, pure and permanent, in short, more consonant to
nature, that is, to eternal nature and the great moving spirit of things.)tovItoE B/
fJE/ ‘B/uo’ Ppd dk gq:'r d' noEk ftu ehsk j? L T[; nkdoPe wB[Zysk d/ o{g ftu
fijVh Pfjoh ;fGnkuko dhnK pdhnK s'A go/ pkjobh gqfeqsh d/ nzr ;zr ofjzdh j? ns/
nmkoQthA ;dh d/ T[; ;zebg ftu fiE/ ‘B/uo’ dk noE j?, ;kvh ;KMh wB[Zysk dh u/sBk fe
n;hA ;ko/ b'e fJe foPs/ ftu pZM/ j'J/ jK ns/ wB[Zy ns/ gqfeqsh ftu J/esk j?. tovItoE
nB[;ko ekft ftu j'o b'eK bJh, gP{nK bJh ns/ fJE'A sZe fe fBoiht t;sK bJh th
;jkB[G{sh ikfrqs eoB tkbk Gkt[e gqGkt Io{o j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ekft ƒ nfij/ Gkt fBo{fgs
eoB/ ukjhd/ jB fi; d[nkok b'e fJe d{i/ Bkb ;jkB[G{sh eoB ns/ fJ; rZb ftu ftPtk;
oyD fe ;jkB[G{sh d[nkok jh T[j nkgD/ ihtB ƒ tX/o/ uzr/ok ns/ r[DtkB pDk ;ed/ jB.
ekft dk fJe gq:'iB fJj th j? fe fJj b'eK ƒ Gkt[e tyo/ftnK ftu'A pkjo eZY e/ ihtB dh
gqfeqsh ns/ ojZ; dk p'X eotkJ/. ekft ;kv/ :[r dh tfjPh iVQsk (savage torpor) d/ fto[X
fJe T[s/ie^sZs dh G{fwek fBGkT[Adk j?. go b'V fJ; rZb dh j? fe fJj T[fus GktK ns/ ;jh
u/sBsk ƒ T[s/fis eo/.

ukjhdk j? fe T[j wB[Zyh ;wki dh tZvh ;bsBs ƒ iIfpnK s/ frnkB d[nkok fJe
nN[ZN pzXB ftu pzBQ d/t/. gkme T[;dhnK ouBktK ƒ gVQ e/ fBwosk ns/ wkBtsk d/ r[D
XkoB eoB sK fe T[BQK dh P[ZXh j' ;e/ ns/ T[j uVQdh ebk ftu gqtP
/ eo ;eD. (the poet
must “bind together by passion and knowledge the vast empire of human society.”
Readers must be “humbled and humanized in order that may be purified and exalted.”)
fJ; soQK ekft fJe fto/uD dk gqGkt g?dk eodk j?. fJj M{m/ Gktk, g{otkrqfjnK, ;wkfie
dzG ns/ fxqDk tor/ gqGktK dk fto/uD eodk j?. nDy dh gqfsPmk ns/ wkBth fcsos dh
ftnkgesk bJh eth wB[Zyh Gktp'X d/ y/so ƒ ftPkb pDkT[Adk j?.
nkgD/ ekft^f;ZXKsK d/ w[Yb/ d"o ftu tovItoE tk;s/ ekft, GktK dh fJe nfijh
ftT[Aspzdh j? fi; d[nkok B?fse wkBsktK iK ;ZukJhnK dk ;zuko ehsk ik ;e/ go j"bh^j"bh
T[j eftsk d/ T[gd/Ptkdh ns/ nkd/Ptkdh ;zebg sZe jh ;hfws j[zdk ubk frnk. T[j ekft
dk gq:'iB, wB[Zyh j'Ad ƒ p/jso pDkT[Dk, wzBD bZrk ;h
In framing models to improve the scheme
Of man's existence and recst the world.
go nkgDhnK p/YzrhnK B?fse ns/ T[gd/Pkswe wkBsktK d/ pkti{d tovItoE B/ e/d
fJj BjhA fejk fe ekft B?fse ;ZukJhnK dh skehd eoB tkbk o{geko j? pbfe T[; nB[;ko
fJj nkBzd d/D tkbh fJe ;kfjfse ftXk j?. whNo, nkBzd ftu tkXk eoB tkbk fJe sZs
j?. T[; nB[;ko whNo, wB ƒ u/sBk d/ fJe BthB Xoksb T[s/ u[e e/ b? iKdk j? ns/
;"Ado:rs d{oh (aesthetic distance) ftu tkXk eodk j?. fJj wB't/rK ƒ fB:zfsqs eodk j?.
fJ;dh fJe ftP/P jZd sZe GkPk ƒ T[;d/ :EkoE s'A tzfus eo d/D dh gqftosh j? ns/ fJj
;w[Zuh ouBk T[s/ ekbgfBe (fynkbh) j'ad dh noXû/sbK uVQk fdzdk j?.
tovItoE ikDdk j? fe ekft e/tb ;u d/ ;zuko dk fJe wkfXnw wkso BjhA pbfe
T[j ftfrnkB iK sZEK Bkb fJ; d/ fto'X dh th rZb eodk j?. T[;B/ ekft ns/ p[ZXh d/
dofwnkB fBy/V/ dh rZb s'oh. gozs[ pknd ftu T[;B/ nkgD/ fJBQK ftukoK ƒ ;[Xko fbnk.
T[; B/ fejk fe ekft frnkB tZb ƒ iKdk fJe GktBkw{be wkor j?. (Poetry is an emotional
way to knwloedge) nkgD/ ihtB d/ fgSb/ tfoQnk ftu tovItoE B/ ;u/ frnkB ƒ Xkofwe
nzso^fdqPNh Bkb i'V e/ t/yDk P[o{ eo fdZsk ;h. go T[j ekft ns/ Xow d/ dofwnkB
;wkBsk dh rZb BjhA eodk. T[j fJBQK d'jK ƒ ;wkBKso Io{o x'fPs eodk j? feT[Afe d't/A jh
gqsheK ns/ ‘;p;NhfuT{PB’ T[s/ nkXkfos jB.
‘fboheb p?bvI’ dh G{fwek ftu tovItoE ekft^f;ZXksK dk gqkozG eodk j'fJnk
fbydk j? fe T[Zsw ekft PeshPkbh GktK dk ;tSzd gqrNktk j?. fJ; gq;zr ftu jopoN ohv
fbydk j? fe tovItoE bJh e/tb Gktp'X jh ek|h BjhA ;r'A T[Zsw ekft dh f;oiDk fJe PKs
wB d[nkok fBod/fPs j[zdh j? ns/ T[;dk nfijk ftuko o'wK;tkdhnK Bkb'A ebk;ehtkdhnK d/
tX/o/ B/V/ j?. fJ; gq;zr ftu tovItoE dk fJe eEB t/y' L
I have said that poetry is th spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings;
it takes it orgin from emoiton recollected in tranquility; the emoiton is
contemplated till by a species of re-action, the tranguility gradually disappears
and an emotion kindered to that which was subject of contemplation, is
gradually produced, and does actually exist in the mind.
tovItoE d/ ftuko nB[;ko f;oiDk s'A gfjbK eth nkgD/ s'A ;[u/s o{g ftu g[ZSdk j?
fe T[;B/ eh eoBk j?. T[j nkgDh ;ukJh pko/ nkPt;s j?. fJj fJe BtK Gkt BjhA fijVk
nukBe jh c[ZN fgnk pbfe gfjbK ikfrqs j'J/ iIp/ ftu'A j"bh^j"bh gqrN j'fJnk j?, ns/
fJ; iIp/ ftu ssekb gqsh JhwkBdkoh j?. eth, ;zg{oB wB[Zy pD iKdk j?. Gkt dh ;jkfJsk
bJh Gkt ns/ ftuko dh ;jkfJsk bJh ftuko, i[VB bZrd/ jB ns/ nkyo eth ƒ fJj fJj;k;
j' iKdk j? e/ fJe ;zg{oB ftnefsst dh gqkgsh s'A pknd j[D T[j ;Zu efjD d/ :'r j' frnk
j? ns/ T[;dk ;Zu, ;otb"fee ;Zu j't/rk. T[u
Z êbgBk, fdqPwkB ns/ nfdqPZ N irs d/ dofwnkB
fJe eVh dk ezw eoB bZrdh j?. fJ; soQK ftukoPhb ebgBk, tovItoE dh ojZ;kswe
;zg{oBsk ƒ fsqgs eodh j?. fJ; gq;zr ftu fejk ik ;edk j? fe tovItoE bJh ihtB,
gqGktK dk fJe fBozso uZb fojk eqw j?. eth dk eoZst j? fe T[j fJBQK ƒ geV/ T[BQK ƒ fJe
d{i/ s'A fBy/V/ ns/ nkgD/ fuzsB dk ftPk pDkJ/. j"bh^j"bh fuzsB d[nkok wB't/r ikfrqs j't/rk
ns/ T[jh ;fEsh g?dk j' ikt/rh i' wB't/r d/ gfjbh tko ikfrqs j'D ;w/A g?dk j'Jh ;h. eth
fJ; ;fEsh ƒ nfGftnes eodk j? . jopoN oihv nB[;ko, tovItoE ekft dh
f;oiD^gqfeqnk dhnK uko nt;EktK tZb ;ze/s eodk j? L ;woD (recollection), fuzsB
(Contemplation), g[Bo^nkozG (recrudescence) ns/ ouBk dh ftT[Aspzdh (Composition).
tovItoE fbydk j? fe ouBk dh ftT[Aspzdh ;w/A wB nkBzd dh ;fEsh ftu ;zg{oBsk dk
ikfJIk b? fojk j[zdk j? ns/ nkgD/ T[ukoD dhnK X[BhnK ftu fJ; ;fEsh ƒ gqekPwkB eodk
j?, ekft, wB[y ns/ gqfeqsh dk fpzp j?. fJj ftPt^;"Ado: dh ;thfeqsh j? ns/ fJj tX/o/
;[fjod ;thfeqsh j? feT[Afe fJj o;wh BjhA ns/ fJj gq/w dh GktBk ftu ftPt ƒ fBjkoDk
j?.
tovItoe fJj wfj;{; eodk j? fe eth fJe Gfty^dqPNk j?. T[j tX/o/ ;ZfGnsk
Bkb d/ydk j?. fJ; bJh T[j fInkdk v{zxk wfj;{; eodk j?. T[; dk gq:'iB j?, b'eK ƒ d/yD
rqfjD eoB ns/ wfj;{; eoB dh iku f;ykT[Dk. eth d{i/ b'ek Bkb'A fJ;/ bJh tZyok j?
feT[Afe T[j tX/o/ fJekro^fuZs j[zdk j? ns/ T[;d/ Gkt tX/o/ v{zx/ ns/ shyD j[zd/ jB. T[;dhnK
fJj :'rkstK T[;ƒ fJe BthA d[BhnK dk p'X eotkT[AdhnK jB. T[;dk gqsZyD^pZX ebgBk
d[nkok feqnkPhb j[zdk j?. n;b ftu fJj fJzdohnK d/ pkjoh gqsZyD ns/ wB dhnK nKsfoe
PeshnK d/ ;z:[es gq:sB dk Bshik j[zdk j?. fJj eth dh ebgBk dk jh gfoDkw j[zdk j? fe
t;sK nkgDh ;w[uh ;[zdosk, PkB ns/ r"ot dh T[Zusk se T[m iKdhnK jB. fJ; bJh eth
e'Jh fBPfeqn wkfXnw BjhA j?. T[j nkgDhnK wkBf;e :'rsktK d[nkok gqfeqsh dhnK ;kXkoD
t;sK ƒ wjkBsk dh jd se T[funk ;edk j?. fJ; soQK tovItoE dh BIdhe ethêow
fJe gftso ekoi j?. fJj wB[Zysk d/ ihfts ofjD bJh nfsnzs nktZPe j?. T[j ekft ƒ
frnkB dk w[ZY ns/ nzs x'fPs eodk j? ns/ T[; nB[;ko fJj th wB[Zy d/ fdb fisBk nwo
j?. (“Poetry is the first and last of all knowledge-it is as immortal as the heart of man.”)
;jkfJe g[;sektbh
1. Bateson, F.W., ‘English Poetry and the English Language’, Oxford, 1934.
2. ‘Biographia Literaria’, ed. John Shaw Cross, Oxford, 1907.
3. ‘Wordsworth's Literary Criticism’, ed. N.C. Smith, London, 1925.
4. Wordswoth, William, ‘The Prelude’, 1850.
5. -------‘ Preface to the Lyrical Ballads’, 1798, 1800.
gkm Bz L 2H2
ekbfoi
;skoQthA ;dh ftu ebgBk (imagination) ns/ sozr (Fancy) ;wkBoEe o{g ftu tos/
iKd/ jB. ‘|?A;h’ nzro/Ih Ppd ‘c?AN?;h’ (Fantasy) dk ;zfygs o{g j?. b?fNB ftu fJj Ppd
‘Phantasia’ d/ o{g ftu tofsnk iKdk fojk ns/ pknd ftu fJ;dh irQk ‘imaginatio’ B/ b?
bJh. ukj/ fJBQk ƒ gfonkfJ ti'A tofsnk iKdk fojk j't/ ns/ ukj/ fJBQK ftu E'VQk^pj[s nzso
;Ekfgs eoB dhnK e'fPPK j'JhnK j'D, fJsBk Io{o j? fe fJj d't/A Ppd fJe d{i/ Bkb pV/
B/V/ d/ ;zpzXK ftu pZM/ j'J/ jB ns/ ns/ fJe dh rZb ehs/ fpBK d{i/ pko/ ftuko uouk BjhA
ehsh ik ;edh.
wXekbhB b?fNB ftu ed/ fJj Ppd gfonkfJtkuh noEK ftu tos/ iKd/ oj/ jB (fit/A
ne[fJBk ftu) ns/ ed/ fJBQK ƒ fBZyVt/A o{g ftu th tofsnk iKdk fojk (fit/A n?bpoN;
w?rB; i' ‘fJw?ihB/PB’ ƒ fpzpK dk Gzvko efjzdk j? ns/ czsk;h ƒ T[BQK T[s/ ezw eoB tkbh
;feqn Pesh wzBdk j?). fJN?bhnB GkPk ftu czsk;h ƒ T[u/oh ebkrs gqfeqnk wzfBnk frnk
j? ns/ ebgBk ƒ fJ; s'A Bht/A doi/ s/ fBPfus ehsk frnk j?, iowB GkPk ftu th czsk;h
(Phantasie) ƒ T[u/ok ;EkB fwfbnk j'fJnk j?, ihB^gkb bJh czsk;h T[j Pesh j? fijVh
;ko/ N[efVnK ƒ i'V e/ ;w[u/ ftu pdb fdzdh j?. fJzrb?Av ftu T[BQhthA ;dh se fJj d't/A
Ppd brgr fJZe' noEK ftu tos/ iKd/ oj/ jB. vokJhvB, ebgBk ƒ fJe ftnkge G{fwek
gqdkB eodk j? id'A fe czsk;h ƒ T[j GkPk dk iK ftuko dh spdhbh se jh ;hfws oZydk j?.
ekbfoi bJh ‘c?A;h’ fJe ftP/P gqDkbh j? i' gqkEfwe ebgBk s'A ;kwroh gqkgs eodh
j? ns/ fJe ftP/P jd se nkgD/ eko^ftjko ftu fJj d[i?bh ebgBk Bkb fJeo{gsk oZydh
j? go fJ; dk y/so ek|h ;hfws j?, ns/ fJE/ jh o[e iKdh j? ns/ nkgDh ;kwroih ƒ
gfotofss, o{gKsfos feqs Bjha eo ;edh. c?A;h n;b ftu f;wqsh dh jh fJe tzBrh j?
fi; dk ;EkB d/ eqw s'A w[es j' rJh j't/. fJj ;kXkoD f;wqsh tkr nkgDh ;kwroh fsnko^P[dk
o{g ftu gqk gs eodh j? . (The fancy is moeed no other than a mode of memory
emanicipated from the other of time and space and equally with the ordinary memory
the fancy must recieve its materials ready-made from the law of association.) fJj
;kwroh ;fEo t;sK d/ o{g ftu j[zdh j?. ebgBk ns/ ‘c?A;h’ eJh tko fJe jh ouBk ftu
gqrN j' iKd/ jB, eJh tko fJj d't/A fJe ;kwroh Bkb tos'A^ftjko eod/ jB, eJh tko
ebgBk ƒ nkgD/ goe d/ s"os/ ‘c?A;h’ dh Io{os nB[Gt j[zdh j? feT[Afe T[u p"fXe PeshnK
8
fe; BhthA ;fj:'rh Pesh d/ wkfXnw d[nkok jh feqnkPhb j' ;edhnK jB.
tovItoE bJh fJBQK d'jK ftu r[Dkswe Bkb'A wksqkswe fGzBsk tX/o/ j?. i'VBk ns/
;zpzX fBoXkfos eoBk fJBQK d'jK dk ezw j? gozs{ ‘c?A;h’ nkgDh ;kwroh d/ o{g^gfotosB
ftu o[uh BjhA oZ:ydh. tovItoE: nB[;ko ‘c?A;h’ ebgBk d/ Bkb^Bkb ftek;eodh j?.
(To aggregate and associated, to evoke and combine belong to both imagination and
fancy. But fancy is content with materials with are susceptible of little if any modification
at her touch, and with effects aht are transient and of small value.)
ekbfoi d/ ebgBk^;zebg ftu eKs (Kant) ns/ ;?fbzr (Schelling) dhnK gqfsX[BhnK
;[DkJh fdzdhnK jB. eKs nB[;ko ebgBk, frnkB d/ fBowkD ftu wjZstg{oB :'rdkB fdzdh
j?. T[; nB[;ko fJj fJzdohnK d[nkok gqkgs frnkB ƒ fJeZmk ns/ fJefwe eoe/ ;zPb/PD
dh G{fwek fBGkT[adh j?. T[; nB[;ko ebgBk s'A fpBk t;s{îrs dk nkswrs frnkB ;zGt
jh BjhA j?. fJj gqsZyD^p'X dk th fJe Io{oh nzr j? ns/ d/yD s/ ;wMD d/ dofwnkB fJe
nfBtko: ftu'bk j?. (Critique of Pure Reason) nkgDh fJe j'o g[;se ‘Critique of
Judgment’ ftu T[j fbydk j?, “In aethetic judgment, We do not refer the representation
to the object by means of understanding with a view to congnition, but by means of
imagination we fefer the representation to the subject and its feeling of pleasure of
P?fbzr nB[;ko ebk dk wzst j?, tk;sfte ns/ nkdoPe dofwnkB ftu'brh
displeasure.”
ns/ fJj ekoi ebgBk g[ok eodh j?.
ekbfoi nB[;ko ebgBk fuzsB d/ ;feqn ns/ fBPfeqn sZsK d/ dofwnkB ;zpzX i'VB
tkbh ;kb; Pesh j?. T[j ebgBk d/ d' G/d wzBdk j? L
The preimary imagination I hold to be the living power and prime
agent of all human perception and as a repetition in the finite mind of the
eternal act of creation in the infinite I AM.
The secondary imgagination, I consider as an echo of the former,
co-existing with the eonscious will yet still as indentical with the primary
in the kind of its agency and differing only in degree and in the mode of its
operation. It dissolves, in order to recreate or...to idealize and unify.
ekbfoi fJe nkb'ue th j? ns/ fJe dkoPfBe th. T[; dk ftuko j? fe gqsZytkd
(empiricism) d/ fto'X ftu d[i?bh ebgBk noEks eth s/ ebkeko dh f;oiDkswe ebgBk,
dhnK feosK ƒ gqwkfDs ehsk ikt/ ns/ eth d/ f;oie (creator) j'D Bkb ;zpzfXs gkozgfoe
ftPtk; ƒ dkoPfBe nkXko fdZsk ikt/. ‘c?A;h’ ns/ ‘;{M’ dk ;zpzX fdqPNwkB (Phenomenal)
irs Bkb j?, id'A fe f;oiDkswe ebgBk dk ;zpzX nfdqPN ns/ nr'uo Bkb j?. ekbfoi
f;oiDkswe ebgBk ƒ gqfeqsh d/ nB[eoD Bkb i'VB dh u/szB e'fPP eodk j?. feT[Afe eth
gqfeqsh dh fJzB^fpzB ekgh g/P BjhA eodk ;r'A gqfeqsh dh ftnkfynk bJh gqsheK d/ o{g ftu
fJ;dk ‘nB[eoD’ eodk j?. gqshe, ebgBk d/ fiT[Ad/ XVed/ ;ko^sZs j[zd/ jB.
fJ; soQK n;hA d/yd/ jK fe ekbfoi bJh ebgDk ‘f;oiDkswe’ noE oZydh j?.
‘c?A;h’ tKr fJj e[M ;fEo ns/ fBPfus t;sK Bkb y/vdh BjhA pbfe T[BQK dh ;fEosk ns/
fBPfussk ƒ BPN eoe/ wkBf;e s;thoK iK fpzpK d/ o{g ftu fJBQK dh g[Bo^f;oiDk eodh
j?. fiE/ ‘c?A;h’ g{oh soQK we?Bheb j?, T[E/ ebgBk g{oh soQK ikBdko ns/ nB[gqkfDs j?. fJj
fe;/ wPhB tKr ezw BjhA eodh ;r'A fJe fiT[Ad/ ns/ tX oj/ g"d/ tkr ezw eodh j?. ekbfoi
fbydk j?, “The imagination generates and produces a form of its own whiile its rules
are the very powers of growth and production.” ‘pkfJUrqkchnk’ d/ u"Xt/A nfXnkfJ ftu
T[j fbydk j? fe ebgBk, fto'Xh iK n;zrs bZSDK d/ ;zs[bB iK ;w[/b d[nkok nkgD/ nkg ƒ
gqrN eodh j? fit/A ;wkBsk dk n;wkBsk Bkb, ;kXkoD dk ftP/P Bkb ns/ ftuko dk fpzp
Bkb. d{i/ PpdK ftu ebgBk Pesh, nfsnzs nBi'V sZsK ƒ fJe ;zrfms ;w[u ftu fJe
o{g eo fdzdh j?, noEks Bt^f;ofis fJekJh nfijk o{g XkoD eo b?Adh j? fe fJ; ftu
Pkfwb sZs, fJekJh Bkb'A fBZyV iKd d/ pknd nkgDh j'Ad ƒ ;bkws BjhA oZy ;ed/.
ekbfoi s'A pknd fiBQK e[M nkb'ueK B/ ‘|?A;h’ ns/ ‘ebgBk’ ftu nzso ;Ekfgs
eoB dk :sB ehsk, T[BQK B/ ‘|?A;h’ ƒ fJe Pesh d/ o{g ftu ;theko ehsk i' fBwB ns/
jbeh gZXo dh ekft^f;oiDk eodh j?. T[BQK nB[;ko ebgBk T[u/oh, rzGho ns/ nkt/rPhb
eftsk dh f;oiDk ƒ ;zGt pDkT[Adh j?. nkX[fBe :[r ftu ebgBk dk ;zebg, wB'ftfrnkB
Bkb ;zpzfXs pj[s ;ko/ ;e{bK nB[;ko ftftXw[yh j' frnk j?.
;jkfJe g[;sektbh
1. Coleridge, S.T., ‘Biographia Literaria’, (ed.) John Shawcross, Oxford, 1907.
2. Fogie, R.H., ‘The Idea of Coleridge's Criticism’, 1962.
3. Richards, I.A., ‘Coleridge on Imagination’, 1934.
gkm Bz L 2H3
NhHn?;H n?bhnN
NhHn?;H n?bhnN d/ g{otI Gkt/A fJzrb?Av d/ jh fBtk;h ;B go T[j nwohek ftu
iBfwnk. pknd ftu T[j fJzrb?Av ftu nk e/ ezw^Xzdk eoB bZrk ns/ fJ; soQK fJe nzrq/I
Pfjoh pD frnk. T[j 1906^10 se jkotov :{Bhtof;Nh fty/ gVQdk fojk ns/ fJE/ T[;B/
GkPk ns/ ;kfjZs ftu ftP/P fdbu;gh bJh. ro?i{J/PB T[gozs T[j fJe ;kb bJh ;kopkB
:{Bhtof;Nh g?fo; ftu th gVQdk fojk gozs{ 1911 ftu T[j d'pkok jkotov :{Bhtof;Nh
ftu gos nkfJnk ns/ fJE/ T[;B/ doPB^Pk;so ns/ ;z;feqsh dh gVQkJh ehsh. 1914 ftu
T[j nke;c'ov :{Bhtof;Nh ftu th dk\b j'fJnk go nkofEe jkbs ;[ykt/A Bk j'D ekoD
T[j fJE/ nkgDh gVQkJh ikoh Bk oZy ;fenk. j[D T[j bzdB ftu tZ; frnk ns/ fJe eth d/
s"o s/ nkgDh fIzdrh P[o{ ehsh. T[;dh gfjbh Pkdh fJe g'oNo/N^g/ANo dh Xh ftthnB Bkb
j'Jh go fJj Pkdh pj[s d/o sZe Bk fBG ;eh. 1917 ftu n?bhnN B/ bkfJv p?Ae ftu B"eoh
eo bJh. 1925 sZe n?bhnN fJ;/ B"eoh s/ izfwnk fojk. fJ; ekb ftu T[; B/ nkgD/ d'
ekft^;zrqfj ns/ ‘d t/;N b?Av’ gqekfPs ehs/. 1925 ftu T[; B/ ‘c/po’ ezgBh ftu B"eoh
;theko eo bJh i' gqekPB dk Xzdk eodh ;h. 1939 JhH sZe T[j ‘d eokJhN/ohnB’ Bkw d/
gou/ dk ;zgkdB th eodk fojk. n?bhnN ƒ 1948 ftu ;kfjZs dk B'pb g[o;eko gqkgs
j'fJnk. 1957 ftu T[; B/ t/b?oh cb?uo Bkw dh nkgDh ;eZso Bkb d{ih Pkdh eo bJh. T[;
dh fJj Pkdh ek|h ;[ykthA ojh ns/ fJ;B/ n?bhnN d/ ftnefsst ftu eJh nfjw spdhbhnK
fbnKdhnK. nkgD/ fJ; d"o ftu T[; B/ uko BkNeK dh f;oiDk ehsh go fJj e'Jh pj[s/
;|b f;ZX Bk j'J/. 4 iBtoh 1965 ƒ bzdB ftu jh n?bhnN dh fwqs{ j' rJh.
n?bhnN B/ nzrq/Ih dh nkb'uBk gozgok ftu fJe ftP/P fjZ;k gkfJnk j?. T[;dhnK
nkb'uBkswe fbysK ƒ fszB ekbK ftu ftGkfis ehsk ik ;edk j?. T[; B/ 1919 ftu nkgDk
gfjbk fBpzX ‘Nq?vhPB n?Av fJBfvft:{nb N?b/AN fbfynk. 1919^28 sZe d/ ;w/A ƒ T[;dk
g{o t^Jh;kJh dPe wzf Bnk iKdk j? . fJ; ekb ftu T[ ; B/ ;'bQth^;skoQthA ;dh d/
BkNeekoKêthnK ns/ vokJhtB pko/ nkgD/ b/y fby/. d{i/ dPe (1929^39) ftu T[;dk
;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe ezw fdqPNhr'uo jz[dk j?. dKs/ (1929), EkN; nkcNo b?Ap/E (1931)
ns/ ‘nk|No ;N/oi rkvI’ (1934) T[;d/ fJ; d"o dhnK ouBktK jB. nkgD/ nkb'uBkswe
ihtB d/ shi/ djke/ ftu T[; B/ ‘B'N; N{tkovI dk v?|hBhPB nk| ebuo’ (1949), ‘g'fJNoh
n?Av vokwk’ (1951) ns/ ‘d Eoh tkfJf;i nk| g'fJNoh’ (1953) torhnK ouBktk ehshnK.
11
T[;d/ fJ; d"o dh nkb'uBk ftu T[s/iBk ns/ fyZM d/ ;[o pV/ ;gPN s"o s/ ;[D/ ik ;ed/ jB.
fBokPk d/ fJ; d"o ftu T[; B/ thjthA ;dh dh jo nkb'uBk^gozgok dk fBy/X ehsk. i/wI
ifJ;, fouovI ns/ n?Ag;B tor/ nkb'ueK dh T[; B/ pVh eN{^nkb'uBk ehsh. n?bhnN dh
nkb'uBk d/ gfjb/ d"o ftu fJe :[tk ftnesh dh nB[tP / DPhb gqfsGk d/ doPB j[zd/ jB. fJE/
f;oiDkswe ns/ nkb'uBkswe gqfeqnk ftu fJe ;zs[bB th fdqPNhr'uo j[zdk j?. d{i/ d"o ftu
T[j e[M n;gZPN ij/ Yzr Bkb ;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe w;fbnK ƒ BfiZmD dh e'fPP eodk j?
ns/ shi/ d"o ftu T[j nkgDh ouBkswe ;woZEk dh g[Bo^gqkgsh fjZs fJe EZfenk j'fJnk
gozs{ fdqVQ gq:sB nkozG; eodk j? go fJj T[; d/ fJZfSs nkdoP sZe BjhA gj[zu gkT[Adk.
Gkt/A n?bhnN B/ ;kfjs ns/ nkb'uBk d/ f;XKsK dk e'Jh eqwpZX iK ftXhts gqfsgkdB
BjhA ehsk sK th T[; d/ fBpzX, g[;se^;whfynktk ns/ GkPD fJe ftP/P nzso^fdqPNh Bkb
gqekPwkB jB. T[;dh fJj nzso^fdqPNh e/tb nzrq/Ih^GkPh d/PK ftu jh BjhA ;r'A nzsookPNoh
gZXo s/ gqGktPkbh f;ZX j'Jh j?. T[;dh ;ztd
/ Bk nzsookPNoh ns/ nkX[fBe j? ns/ fit/A fe
BkoEog |okJh B/ fejk j? “nkX[fBe ;kfjZs ftu o[uh oZyD tkb/ jo ftnesh bJh n?bhnN
d/ ;kfjZs dk frnkB Io{oh j?.” (NhHn?;H n?bhnN, n?fvBpok L 1968, gzBk 5)
gozgok ns/ ftneshrs gqfsGk
‘gozgok ns/ ftneshrs gqfsGk’ (Tradition and the Individual Talent) PkfJd
n?bhnN dk ;G s'A gqf;ZX b/y j?. nkgDh T[wo d/ nk\oh fdBK ftu n?bhnN fJ; b/y dh
gqf;ZXh s'A e[M fuzsks[o th ;h feT[Afe T[; ƒ fJj ouBk nkgD/ ftukoK dh fJe ngq'Y
nfGftnesh gqshs j'Jh ;h. sK th fJ; b/y ftu ;zefbs ftuko nZi sZe nkgDh gqk;zfresk
pDkJh p?m/ jB. fJ; T[s/ tkd^fttkd ni/ sZe ikoh j?. fJ; fBpzX dk gqukokswe gq:'iB
fJj j? fe gkme ƒ fJj rZb ;wMkJh ikt/ fe ;kfjZs dh f;oiDk bJh fBZih fJZSk ns/
gqfsGk s'A fpBk j'o th pj[s e[M ukjhdk j[zdk j?. ;G s'A gfjbK fJj rZb ikBD dh Io{os
j[zdh j? fe eftsk eh j? ns/ j'oBk ethnK B/ eftsktK fet/A fbyhnK ;B. n?bhnN fi;
;fGnkukoe gfot/P ftu fJj b/y fby fojk ;h, T[; ;w/A w"fbesk ƒ jh ;kfjZs^f;oiDk dk
fJe'^fJe gqfswkB ;wfMnk ik fojk ;h ns/ nfijh e'Jh XkoDk BjhA ;h pDh fe fJe eftsk
;kfjZs d/ ;w[Zu/ Yku/ ftu e'Jh tkXk iK spdhbh eo ;edh j?. nfij/ ftneshtkdh fdqPNhe'D
d/ fto'X ftu T[; B/ gozgok d/ wjZst T[s/ pb fdZsk. go gozgok e'Jh iVQ iK fBoiht
f;ZXKs BjhA ;r'A fJ; wzst bJh eth ƒ fJe nfijh fJfsjk;e u/sBk ikfrqs eoBh g?Adh j?
fi; d[nkok T[j ikD ;e/ fe j'wo d/ :[r s'A b? e/ T[; d/ nkgD/ :[r sZe ns/ T[; d/ ;ko/
;wekbhnK b/yeK s'A b? e/ T[; d/ nkgD/ nkg sZe ;kfjZs dh fJe fBozso j'Ad ns/ eqw j?.
nkb'ueK nB[;ko fJE/ n?bhnN fJe n;zGt rZb eo fojk j? feT[Afe fe;/ th ftnesh (eth)
s'A fJj nk; BjhA oZyh ik ;edh fe T[j nkgDh eftsk fbyD s'A gfjbK fJsBk fInkdk ;kfjZs
gVQ/. nZr/ ik e/ n?bhnN th nkgDh fJ; XkoDk s'A e[M pdbdk gqshs j[zdk j? feT[Afe T[j
fbydk j? fe eth gk; nshs dh ftek;Phb u/sBk j'Dh ukjhdh j?. T[;d/ PpdK ftu,
“P?e;ghno, gb{Nkou gk;'A jh fJsBk fJfsjk; f;Zy^;wM frnk fisBk fe pj[s/ b'e fpqfNP
fwT{Ihnw s'A th BjhA f;y ;ed/.”
n?bhnN dh ftukoXkok ftu gozgok^;zebg d/ pj[s ;ko/ ;o's Y{zv/^Gkb/ rJ/ jB. fJj
;o's row'As (Gaurmont), po?vb' (F.H. Bradley) ns/ dKs/ (Dante) ftu bZG/ ik ;ed/ jB.
‘;kfjZs f;oiDk dk fBozso eqw’ dKs/ ftu gqkgs j[zdk j?. dKs/, n?bhnN bJh ‘:{og dk wB’
(Mind of Europe) ;h. dKs/ ftu fJe nfijk ;zs[bB ;h fi;ƒ gqkgs eoB bJh T[j nkihtB
sKxdk fojk L ;EkBe gqk;zfresk ns/ ;fGnkukoe ftPt^ftnkgesk d/ dofwnkB dKs/ i'
;zs[bB f;oi ;fenk ;h, n?bhnN s'A fJj BjhA j' ;fenk. fJ;/ soQK dKs/ dh ‘vhtkJhB
ekw/dh’ ethnK d/ fBozso eqw dk fJe pVk r"otPhb gqwkD g/P eodh j?.
gozgok ;zpzXh n?bhnN dk M[ekT[ ;koh T[wo pfDnk fojk. 1919 ftu gozgok T[;
bJh fBok g[ok fJe ;kfjfse ;zebg jh ;h ns/ T[j th ekft Bkb ;zpzfXs ;zebg gozs{
n?bhnN d/ ftukoXkoe ftek; d/ Bkb^Bkb fJ; ftu Xkofwe ns/ okiB?fse noE th i[VB/
P[o{ j' rJ/. fJ; b/y ftu e[M pV/ wjZstg{oB ftuko g/P j'J/ jB fit/A fe e'Jh th eth
nkgD/ ;wekbhnK ns/ g{otiK s'A ftS[zB e/ BjhA fby ;edkl ns/ nshsekbhB ;kfjZs ni'e/
;kfjZs Bkb fJe fBozso ;KM oZydk j?. gozs{ fJ; b/y ftu e[M n;gZPN rZbK th nk rJhnK
jBl fit/A fe fJj gsk BjhA uZbdk fe e'Jh eth fesBh gozgok dk nksw;ks eo/ ns/ fJ;
wzst bJh T[j fe; gqeko dh fwjBs eo/< nkgDh T[wo d/ nkyoh tfoQnK ftu n?bhnN ƒ
nkgDh fJ; ewI'oh dk nB[Gt j' frnk ;h. ‘nkcNo ;No/Ai rkvi’ ftu T[j :/N; dk w[be z D
eodk j'fJnk fbydk j? fe T[j ;kv/ ;kfonK tKr gozgok dh sbkP ftu b'V'A tZX u/szB ;h.
(Yeats was in search of tradition a little too consciously perhaps_Like all of us.)
n?bhnN nB[;ko ;Zuk eth, ;G: ;wki bJh T[fus GktBktK ƒ GkPk ftu ;[oZfyns
oZydk j?. fJ; szst dh g{osh bJh eth ƒ nkgDh GkPk dh t;hns s'A ikD{ j'D j[zdk j?.
nshs d/ T[sfeqPN ethnK gk;'A T[;ƒ GkPk d/ fttjkoe gZy pko/ ikDekoh gqkgs eoBh j[zdh
j?. fJ; bJh n?bhnN fbydk j? fe i/ eth B/ nkgD/ ;w/A d/ T[g:[es PpdK dh tos'A eoBh
j? sK T[j T[BQK b/yeK dk rzGho nfXn?B eo/ fiBQK B/ nkgD/ ;w/A ftu GkPk dk T[usw gq:'r
ehsk j't/ ns/ fiBQK B/ nkgDhnK ftXhnK d[nkok GkPk ƒ Bt/A o{gK ftu Ykfbnk j't/. (‘On
Poetry and Poets’, p. 22) jo GkPk d/ fJfsjk; ftu T[Zsw ethnK d[nkok GkPk d/ BthBheoD
dh gozgok w"i{d j[zdh j?. fijVk eth nkgDh GkPk gqsh nkgD/ eosZt dk fBotkj eoBk
ukj[zdk j?, T[; bJh T[; GkPk dk nshs^;kfjZs jh gozgok j?.
n?bhnN nB[;ko eth dk eosZt T[; t;s{ dh g[Bo^gqkgsh j? i' pko^pko r[zwdh ns/
bZGdh ofjzdh j?. fJj t;s{ j? L GkPk, GktBk ns/ ;zt/r dh ;gPNsk. eth PpdK dk gq:'r
f;ZyD bJh nshs dhnK wjkB feosK dk nfXn?B eodk j?. b/ye d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A ;kfjfse
gozgok dk ntb'eB eodk j'fJnk T[j fbydk j? L “w/o/ ftuko nB[;ko jo ebk dh ;kXBk
ftu s[jkƒ fszB sZs fwbDr/ L ;EkBe gozgok, :{ogh gozgok ns/ fJe :{ogh d/P dh ebk
dk d{ih s/ gqGkt.” (‘Notes towards the Definition of Culture’, p. 114) ekft ebk ftu
gozgok, gqGkt ns/ nshs d/ sZs ;dk ftZdwkB ofjzd/ jB ns/ ekft ftu g{oB w"fbesk Bkw
dh e'Jh uhI BjhA j?. id'A th e'Jh tofib, dKs/, P?e;ghno iK r/N/ g?dk j[zdk j? sK :{ogh
ekft dk ;w[Zuk GftZy jh pdb iKdk j?. jo eth T[; ifNb ;kwroh ftu e[M Bk e[M
:'rdkB fdzdk j? fi; d[nkok GftZy dk ekft ofunk ikt/rk.
eth fi; gozgok s'A bkG T[mkT[Adk j? T[; ftu nB/eK ;{so fwb/ ofjzd/ jB ns/ T[;
T[go d[BhnK Go d/ gqGkt g?Ad/ ofjzd/ jB. n?bhnN fbydk j? fe T[j g{op ns/ gZSw, :[og
ns/ J/Phnk d/ dofwnkB fe;/ soQK dh fBPfus o/yk fyZuD s'A fJBeko eodk j?. i/ e'Jh
;kfjZs nkgDh jh GkPk ns/ ftok;s sZe ;hfws oj/ ns/ d{;ohnK GkPktKl ;kfjZs ns/
;fGnkukoK s'A gqGkfts Bk j[zdk oj/ sk T[j p/jk j' ikt/rk ns/ e[M ;w/A fgS'A T[; gk; e[M
efjD ƒ pu/rk jh BjhA. eth ƒ ukjhdk j? fe T[j nkgDh GkPk ns/ ;kfjZs d/ ;o'sk ƒ ;wM/
sK fe T[j T[;dhnK ;zGktBktK dk g{ok^g{ok ftek; eo ;e/ ns/ fJ; d/ Bkb ftd/Ph gqGktK ƒ
th nksw;ks eodk oj/ sK fe T[j nkgDh Gk;ka ns/ ;kfjZs ƒ BthBsk d/ ;e/.
gozgok, nk;EktK ƒ ihtzs o{g gqdkB eodh j?. fJj nk;EktK gozgok d/ fBowkD dh
gqfeqnk ftu jh nkgDk ihtzs o{g XkoD eo ;ehnK jB. nk;Ektk gozgok ftu jh ihfts
ofjzdhnK jBL ;EkBe, :{ogh ns/ ftd/Ph gozgok ƒ fJ; soQK gfoGkfPs eodk j? L gozgok
s'A w/ok noE: j? T[; ftu ;ot nfXe wjZstg{oB Xkofwe eow eKv s'A b? e/ fe;/ niBph
dk nfGtkdB eoB dh gqufbs P?bh sZe dhnK T[j ;kohnK nfGnk;w[be feqnktK, gqEktK
ns/ ohshnK i' fJe jh ;EkB s/ ofjD tkb/ b'ek d/ oes ;zpzX dhnK gqshe j[zdhnK jB.
(‘Selected Prose’, p. 20) nk;Ektk ihtzs sK jh pDdhnK jB id'A T[j b'eK dh ihtB^P?bh
ftu ntsfos j' iKdhnK jB. fe;/ iksh d[nkok nfGnk;tP ;zgzB j'D tkbhnK feqnktK d/
fgS/ fe;/ Bk fe;/ gqeko dh nk;Ek Io{o fSgh ofjzdh j?. fJj rZb Xkofwe eoweKv,
nfGtkdB P?bh ns/ gqEktk s/ th bkr{ j[zdh j?. fJj ;G fe;/ Bk fe;/ nk;Ek dh ihtzs
nfGftnesh jB. i/ T[BQK dk nkXko nk;Ek Bk j't/ sK T[BQK dh gkbDk BjhA j't/rh. gozs{
fJBQK nk;EktK d/ pko/ ftu n;hA mhe soQK sK jh ikD ;ed/ jK i/ fJBQK gqEktk d/ T[d/P dk
p"fXe ftPb/PD eohJ/. pj[shnK gqEktk dh gkbDk nfGnk;tZ; jh ehsh iKdh j?. T[BQK d/
T[d/P dk ;kƒ p"fXe frnkB BjhA j[zdk ns/ nfGnk;tZ; ehshnK ikD ktbhnK fJj feqnktK jh
nu/sB wB ftu w"i[{d ofjD tkbhnK nk;EktK dk ihtzs o{g j[zdhnK jB. nk;Ektk d/ fJjh
ihtzs o{g ;EkBe gozgok d/ nzr j[zd/ ;B. nkgD/ nkdoPô{g ftu nk;EktK ns/ w[ZbK dh
fJj ihtzs ;wPoh, T[BQK b'eK ftu gkJh iKdh j? i' fJe jh iksh d/ j[zd/ jB ns/ fJe jh
;EkB s/ ofjzd/ jB. ftd/PhnK ns/ niBphnK dk fJ; nkdoP^;w[dkfJ d/ Bkb ofjDk tofis
BjhA j? gozs{ T[BQK dh ;zfynk xZN s'A xZN j'Dh ukjhdh j? sK fe w[ZbK ftu rVpV Bk j't/ ns/
;w[dkfJ dh ihtzs gozgok dk ftxNB Bk j't/.
T[go'es o{g ftu n?bhnN d[nkok gfoGkfPs ;EkBe gozgok dk n;fsst nZi d/
ftPkb BroK ftu fpbe[b th ;zGt BjhA j?l T[E/ ftd/PhnK ns/ ;?bkBhnK dh Gowko ofjzdh
j?. T[E/ ihtB^w[ZbK, nk;EktK ns/ nkdsK dh n;s^ftn;ssk jh fdykJh fdzdh j? ns/ i/
feXo/ nkdsK dh J/esk th j? sK T[j Bro ihtB dhnK e/tb nfijhnK feqnktK jB fit/A
;Ve d/ fB;wk dh gkbDk nkfde. nfXnkswe, B?fse, Xkofwe ns/ ihtB d/ j'o gZy fiBQK
ƒ fwb e/ gozgok pDdh j?, ft;kab BroK ftu n;s^ftn;s jh fwbd/ jB. ;EkBe gozgok
;zpzXh n?bhnN d/ ftuko wkBt^ftfrnkBh jB.
i/ b'e fJe jh ;EkB s/ BjhA ofjzd/ jB sK n?bhnN dh fdqPNh ftu gozgok ihfts
BjhA ofj ;edh, T[j fwqs ftukoK dh epo ftu ik g?Adh j?. fiBQk b'eK ftu gozgok ihfts
j?, T[j fJ;dhnK fJekJhnK gqsh u/szB o{g ftu BjhA ;'ud/ go id'A fJj fJekJhnK T[BQK d/
ihtB s'A i[dk j'D bZrdhnK jB sK T[j fJBQK gqsh ;[u/s j' iKd/ jB. n?bhnN nB[;ko gozgok
ihfts ;oho d/l ;kwkB j?. id'A sZe gozgok ihfts ofjzdh j? T[j nkgD/ o{g dk BthBheoD
eodh ofjzdh j?. gozgok dh ihtB^Pesh ioio/ ns/ Bekok j' u[e/ nzrK ƒ nkgD/ ;oho
Bkb'A tZy eodh ofjzdh j?. fJj fsnkr/ j'J/ nzr t[j gqEktK j[zd/ jB fiBQK dh j[D gkbDk BjhA
j[zdh. fJBQK fwqs^nzrK d/ ;EkB s/ gozgok nkgD/ ihtBê/Ado s'A Bt/A o{g T[sgzB eodh j?.
ihtzs gozgok nkgD/ nkg ƒ g[Bo^BthBhfeqs eodh ofjzdh j? gozs{ fwqs gozgok ƒ e'Jh th
Pesh fco s'A ihfts BjhA eo ;edh. iksh d/ ihtB s'A goQ/ gozgok dk e'Jh n;fsst BjhA
j?. gozgok dk ;zpzX ;z;feqsh Bkb j? i' n?bhnN d/ PpdK ftu ihtB ƒ fiT[D:'r pDkT[Adh
j?. ;z;feqsh, ftnesh ns/ ;wki d/ ihtB dh ;wro P?bh j? i' ihtB ƒ fiT[D:'r pDkT[Adh
j?.
fiE/ fe;/ fwqs gozgok Bkb fuge/ ofjD/ fBzdBh: j? T[E/ T[;ƒ g[Bo^;Ekfgs eoB dk
gq:sB th :'r BjhA j?. gozgok d/ gqsh fJj d't/A gqeko d/ fdqPNhe'D Gkt[eskg{oB jB. fi;
ftu iVQsk nk rJh j't/ T[;ƒ th n?bhnN ihfts gozgok BjhA wzBdk. nfijh gozgok ƒ
ngDkT[Dk ;[Ze/ gZfsnK ƒ r{zd Bkb o[Zy dhnK NkjDhnK Bkb fugekT[D tork ezw j?. fJZSs
gozgok T[jh j? fi; ƒ n;hA ih oj/ jK. T[;/ dk ftek; ;zGt j? j'o fe;/ dk BjhA. i/ n;hA
fe;/ fJZSs fdPk ftu T[;dk ftek; ukj[zd/ jK sK ;kƒ T[; bJh nB[e{b gfo;fEshnK th
T[sgzB eoBhnK g?DrhnK. ihfts gozgok T[fus gfo;fEshnK d/ nB[e{b nkgD/ nkg BthA j'
ikt/rh. T[; gqsh Gkt[eskg[oB otZJhnk ftnoE j?.
e'Jh th eth ;wki ns/ ;fGnkuko s'A nbZr ofj e/ nkgDk ezw BjhA eo ;edk. T[j
nkgD/ ;kfjfse g{otiK ns/ ;w;kfwne b/yeK Bkb ;zpzfXs j[zdk j?. ;z;feqsh ns/ gozgok,
fi; ftu eth g?dk j[zdk ns/ fiT[Adk j?, eth d/ nzsozr tksktoD dk nzr j[zdh j?. T[;dh
wkBf;e ;zouBk gozgok ns/ ;z;feqsh dhnK fJekJhnK d[nkok jh fBofws j[zdh j?. eth dk
gfjbk ezw fJj j? fe T[j nkgD/ nkg ƒ ;w;Kfwne ;z;feqsh ns/ gozgok d/ ;zdoG ftu jh
BjhA ;r'A fJBQK ƒ ns/ nkgD/ eosZt ƒ fJfsjk;e ;zdoG ftu oy e/ t/y/. fJfsjk;e gfog/y
ftu jh eth ƒ fJ; rZb dk frnkB j't/rk fe T[; ƒ fe; gqeko d/ ekft dh f;oiDk eoBh
ukjhdh j?.
n?bhnN dk fJj fBpzX nftnefsesk d/ f;ZXKs (docterine of impersonality) ekoD
tkd^fttkd dk ftP/ pfDnk fojk j?. n?bhnN d/ e[M tkeKPK s'A fJT[A gqshs j[zdk j? fit/A T[j
f;oiDkswe gqfeqnk ƒ e'Jh fBPfeqnk iK noX^;tukfbs xNBk wzBdk j't/. fJ; b/y d/
gfjb/ Gkr d/ nzs ftu T[;B/ i' T[gwk tosh j?, T[; Bkb fJj gsk BjhA uZbdk fe eth^wB
fet/A feqnkPhb j[zdk j?. fJE/ n?bhnN B/ fbfynk j? fe eth wB n;b ftu nDfrDs GktK,
ny"sK ns/ fpzpK ƒ ;zrqfjs eoB tkbk fJe Gzvko j? fijV/ fJE/ T[; ;w/A sZe ;KG/ ofjzd/ jB
id'A sZe fe T[j fJe Bt/A :'r d/ o{g ftu fJeZm/ BjhA j' iKd/. (The poets mind is in fact
receptacle for seizing and storing up numberless feelings, phrases, images whch remain
there until all the particles, which can unite to form a new compound are present
together.)T[es gzeshnK ftu tofsnK frnk Ppd ‘Gzvko’ ftP/P o{g ftu nkb'uBk dk
ftP/ pfDnk fojk gozs{ bZrdk j? fe n?bhnN B/ ikD p[M e/ nfij/ T[s/ie Ppd dk gq:'r
ehsk j?. T[j ekft^gq/oDk d/ f;ZXKs ƒ u[B"sh d/Dh ukj[zdk ;h. fJ; wfs dk yzvB eoe/ fe
ekft ftnefsst dh f;ZXh nfGftnesh j?. n?bhnN B/ nkswk dh J/esk d/ gokG"fse f;ZXKs
T[go jwbk ehsk j?.
fJ;/ b/y d/ nzs ftu n?bhnN fbydk j? fe ekft ebk iIfpnK ƒ p/w[jkok SZv d/Dk
BjhA pbfe fJBQK s'A puD dh ftXk j? ns/ fJj ftnefst dh nfGftnesh BjhA ;r'A fJ; s'A
puD dh ebk j?. (Poetry is not turning loose of emotions but an escape from emotion;
it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from personality.) fJE/ jh n?bhnN
fJj th ;gPN eo fdzdk j? fe e/tb T[jh b'e fiBQK gk; ftnefsst ns/ iIp/ w"i{d jB,
ikDd/ jB fe fJbQK s'A puDk fet/A j?< nksw^nfGftnziB dh XkoDk fto[ZX n?bhnN fJj
efjzdk gqshs j[zdk j? fe b/ye ƒ nkgD/ ftnefsst d/ s[ZS$tkX{ nzPK s'A puD dh Io{os j?.
ekft f;oiDk tk;s/ i' Io{oh j? T[j j? ftnefsst dk ebk^feos ftu o{gKsoD. n?bhnN
ekft^f;oiDk ƒ fJe d[ydkJh gqfeqnk wzBdk ;h fi; ftu ftnesh v{zxk T[so e/ nkgD/ nkg
ƒ vokT[DhnK PehsnK d/ jtkb/ eo fdzdk j?. T[j fbydk j? fe ebk dh f;oiDk th j'o
f;oiDkswe gqfeqnktK tKr fJe d[ydkJh ns/ Bk\[Prtko gqfeqnk j?. fJj fe;/ ftnesh dk
nkgD/ nkg ƒ feos d/ jtkb/ eo d/Dk j?. fJj fJe soQK Bkb wo ikDk j?.
b/ye ns/ gozgok d/ ;zpzX ftu Bko:Eokg cokJh d/ ftuko n?bhnN Bkb fwbd/ i[bd/
jB. T[j fbydk j?, “w"fbesk ;zgzB j'D eo e/ e'Jh th ebkeko gozgok s'A tZy BjhA j[zdk pbfe
w"fbesk T[; ƒ gozgok d/ j'o B/V/ b? iKdh j?. (‘Anatomy of Criticism’, p. 132) n?bhnN dh
fdqPNh ftu ;kfjfse gozgoktK b/ye ƒ ftneshrs gZXo s'A T[go T[mk e/ nkgD/ gq:sBk ƒ
nk:'fis eoB ftu ;jkfJe j[zdhnK jB. fB:wrs gozgoktK ƒ, ;'uD ns/ nB[Gt eoB dh
P?bh d/ nB[o{g, gq;'r ftu fbnkT[Dk j[zdk j? L o{g^fBowkD eoB dk noE fe;/ nkeko, s[e iK
b?n dh y'i eoBk jh BjhA j? T[;dk noE fJj th j? fe fJ; s[e iK b?n dh i' ;zgo { D ns/
T[fus nzso^t;s{ j?, T[;ƒ w{oshwkB ehsk ikt/. o{g ƒ ftuko ns/ GktBk d/ nB[e{b pDkT[D
bJh b/ye ƒ ukjhdk j? fe T[j gkme ƒ th nkgD/ fXnkB ftu oZy/. fiBQK :[rK ftu j'Dh, w"s
nkfd dhnK gozgoktK dh gkbDk j[zdh ;h, T[E/ b/yek B/ uzrk ezw ehsk feT[Afe T[j gqufbs
fB:wrs gozgoktK dk gkbD eod/ ;B ns/ w"fbesk d/ uZeo ftd BjhA ;B g?Ad/. fiE'A se
ftneshrs gqfsGk ns/ fB:wrs gozgoktK dk ;tkb j?, n?bhnN d/ ;fs nB[;ko, b/ye ƒ
ukjhdk j? fe T[j fe;/ b'efgq: wB'oziB d/ o{g ƒ bt' ns/ T[; ƒ ebk ftu gfotofss eo
d/t/. (‘The Sacred Wood’, p. 70) dKs/ B/ nkgD/ ;w/A dhnK gqufbs P?bhnK ƒ ngDkfJnk.
n?bhnN fJ; rZb s/ I'o fdzdk ;h fe i/ n;hA gozgok ƒ r[nk p?mKr/ sK toswkB th ;kv/ jZEK
ftu'A fBeb ikt/rk.
ebkf;e eh j? <
gZSwh ;whfynk ftu ‘ebkf;e’ d/ ;zpzX ftu pVh ftuko^T[s/ie uouk fSVh ojh j?.
‘ebkf;e’ dk gq:'r wjkB ns/ T[usw doi/ dhnK feosK pko/ th j'fJnk fit/A d{ih ;dh
Jh;th nkb; r?bhn; (Aulus Gellius) B/ ehsk. S/thA ;dh Jh;th ftu n?B'vhn; (Magnus
Felix Ennoduisu) B/ ;e{bK (ebk;K) ftu gVQkJhnK ikD tkbhnK g[;seK d/ ;zpzXK ftu
‘ebkf;e’ Ppd dh tos'A ehsh. ;'bQthA ;dh ftu ekw; ;?phb/ (Thomas Sebillet) B/ ‘ebkf;e’
Ppd dk gq:'r ;kfjZs dhnK gqshfBX feosK iK ;kfjfse ftek; d/ gqf;ZX d"oK tk;s/ ehsk.
nkX[fBe :[r ftu ‘ebk;heb’ iK ‘ebkf;e’ Ppd dk gq:'r ;kfjZs dh ekb^tzv d/ noEK ftu
ehsk iKdk j? fit/A nfbPpE^:[r ƒ nzrq/Ih ;kfjZs dk ebk;heb d"o wzfBnk iKdk j?.
NhHn?;Hn?bhnN B/ nkgD/ fBpzX ‘ebkf;e eh j?<’ (1944) ftu ‘ebkf;e’ Ppd dk
gq:'r fe;/ ;kfjfse feqsh dh ;zg{oBsk d/ noEK ftu ehsk j?. T[; nB[;ko ebkf;e T[; ;w/A
dh g?dk j' ;edk j? id'A e'Jh ;fGnkuko g{oh soQK gq'Y j[zdk j?, id'A GkPk ns/ ;kfjZs gq'Y j[zd/
jB ns/ id'A T[;dh f;oiDk eoB tkbk b/ye g{oh soQk gq'Y j[zdk j?. fe;/ ;fGnkuko ns/ GkPk
dh gq'Ysk d/ Bkb^Bkb fe;/ ;kfjZseko d/ wB dh ftPkbsk jh ebkf;e ouBk ƒ iBw d/ ;edh
j?.
n?bhnN, nfbIpE :[r ftu ou/ rJ/ ;kfjZs ƒ ebk;heb BjhA wzBdk. T[j fwbNB dh
ouBk^ftXh ns/ P/bh ƒ th ebk;heb efjD d/ jZe ftu BjhA j?. T[j fJzrb?Av dhnK nmkoQthA
;dh dhnK ouBktK ftu, e[M ebk;heb bZSD d/ydk j?, ftP/P eo g'g d/ ekft ftu. ebkf;e
d/ ‘bSD’ jB L
TH wB dh gq'Ysk (maturity of mind)
nH ftXh s/ fttjko dh gq'Ysk (maturity of manners)
JH GkPk dh gq'Ysk (maturity of language)
n?bhnN dk ftuko ;h fe fJzrb?Av ftu Bk sK e'Jh ebk;heb d"o nkfJnk ns/ Bk jh
ebk;heb eth jh g?dk j'fJnk j?. g'g ftu Io{o e[M ebk;heb bZSD ;B go nmkoQthA ;dh
ftu f;ofink frnk ;kfjs ebk;heb j'D Bkb'A ‘y/soh’ (Provincial) tX/o/ gqshs j[zdk j?.
fJj ;kfjZs Gktp'X d' fJe ;hfws gqGkt dh gqshfBXsk eodk j?. nkX[fBe :{ogh GkPktK
ftu e/tb fJe ouBk ƒ jh g{oh soQK ebk;heb wzfBnk ik ;edk j? ns/ T[j j?, dKs/ dh
vhtkJhB ekw/dh. tofib (Virgil) ƒ T[j ;ot^;fwnK dk ns/ ;ot^;o/Pm ebk;heb
;kfjZseko wzBdk j? feT[Afe T[;d/ wB dh gq'Ysk ftu ;fGnkuko dh gq'Ysk ns/ ftXh s/ fttjko
dh gq'Ysk g{oh soQK x[bfwb rJh j?. T[; ftu y/sohnsk (provinciality) feXo/ th fdykJh
BjhA fdzdh.
n?bhnN dk eEB j? fe nzrq/Ih fJe ihfts GkPk j?. nzrq/IK ƒ \[P j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe
fe;/ th eth dhnK feosK ftu fJj GkPk nkgD/ ;w[Zu/ o{g ftu gqekPwkB BjhA j' ;eh. fJ;/
bJh nzrq/Ih GkPk ftu e'Jh ebk;he eth g?dk BjhA j' ;fenk. go sK th fJj wkgdzv nzrq/Ih
GkPh b'ek bJh nfsnzs wjZstg{oB j? feT[Afe fJ;/ wkgdzv d[nkok T[j nkgD/ ethnK dk
w[bnzeD eo ;ed/ jB.
ebkf;e d/ bZSDK ftu ftnkgesk ƒ th P[wko eo b?Dk ukjhdk j?. fJe ebkf;e
fbys ftu fJ;dhnK e[M o{grs ;hwktK ƒ SZv e/ T[j ;ko/ Gkt nk ikD/ ukjhd/ jB fijV/
fJe GkPk p'bD tkb/ b'eK d/ ufoZso ƒ o{gwkB eod/ j'D. id'A e'Jh ;kfjfse^feos nkgDh
Gk;ka d/ ;zpzX ftu ftnkgesk dk bZSD gqkgs eo b?Adh j? ns/ d{ihnK GkPktK d/ gq;zr ftu
th T[;dk wjZst T[sBk jh pfDnk ofjzdk j? sK nfijh feos ftu ftPt^ftnkgesk dk bZSD
nk ;wkT[Adk j?. :{BkB ns/ o'w d/ ;ko/ ethnK ftu'A n?bhnN, tofib ƒ ;Zu/ noEK ftu
ebk;heb ;kfjseko wzBdk j?. e'Jh th nkX[fBe GkPk tofib i/jk ebk;heb ;kfjseko g?dk
eoB dh nkPk BjhA oZy ;edh. fJzrb?Av ns/ :{og dk ebkf;e tofib jh j?.
n?bhnN dh nkb'uBk dk Bk e/tb :{ogh, ;r'A d[BhnK Go d/ gkmeK T[s/ ftP/P gqGkt
fgnk j?. pb?ewo d/ PpdK ftu, fwbNB, P?bh ns/ ;ftBpoB d/ pko/ ftu n?bhnN B/ i' e[M
fbfynk T[;dk gqGkt, n?bhnN d/ nkgD/ nB[wkB s'A th feXo/ tZX fgnk. feT[Afe gkmek d/
fJe tor B/ T[BQK ƒ gVQBk jh pzd eo fdZsk. dKs/ T[Zgo fby/ T[;dk fBpzX dk J/Bk gqGkt fgnk
fe pb{w;poh (fJzrb?Av) s'A b? e/ e/g ekv (nwohek) se dKs/ dh fJe gkme ‘;zgodkfJ’ jh
P[ o { j' rJh. (quoted in ‘American’ Writing in the Twentieth Century L Harvard
University Press, 1963, p. 307) n?bhnN dh nkb'uBk ;gPN ns/ Bgh^s[bh j?, T[j p[ZXhwkB
gkme ƒ n"MVK ftu BjhA x;hNdh. T[;dh s[bBk ftu e?B/E poe (Kenneth Burke) dh nkb'uBk
‘tkb dh ykb T[skoD tkb/ gqgzuk ftu c;h ofjzdh j?. ftzNoI (Winters) ftu B?fse nkrqfj
tX/o/ gqpb j?. N/N (Allen Tate) ed/êd/ ;Zsktkdh ns/ em'o j' iKdk j?, pb?ewo (R.P.
Blackmur) ftP:kso dk nfs P" e hB j? ns/ o? B ;w (John Crowe Ransom) ftu
nfsdkoPfBesk ns/ :'iBkpZXsk j?. n?bhnN ftu e'wbsk, rzGhosk ns/ wX[osk ;G e[M j?.
;jkfJe g[;sektbh
1. T.S. Elio, ‘On Poetry and Poets’, London, 1957.
2. _____ ‘Selected Essays’, London, 1951.
3. ____, ‘The Sacred Wood’, London, 1928.
4. ____, ‘After Strange Gods’, London, 1924.
5. ____, ‘Notes towrds the Definition of Culture’, London, 1948.
6. Northrop Frye, ‘Anatomy of Criticism’, Princeton, 1957.
7. ‘American Writing in the Twentieth Century’, (ed. W. thorpe) Harward University
Press, 1963.
gkm Bz L 2H4 ^ vkH ;fsBkw f;z x ;zX {
n?bB N/N
eth, nkb'ue ns/ Bktbeko n?bB N/N dk iBw 1899 JhH ftu ftBu?;No (Winchester)
ftu j'fJnk ;h. 1922 JhH ftu n?bB N/N B/ t?BvofpbN (Vanderbilt) :{Bhtof;Nh s'A ro?i{JP
/ B
gk; ehsh ;h. 1924 JhH ftu n?bB N/N dk ftnkj Bktbeko ;hH r'ovB (C. Gordon) Bkb j'
frnk. ro?i{J/PB s'A pknd fBT{:koe ftu nIkd fynkbh b/ye ti'A ezw eodk fojk. fJ;
;w/A i/H ;hH o?B;w (John Crowe Ransom) ns/ vhH v?ftv;B (Donald Davidson) d/ Bkb
obe/ fcihfNt (Fugitive) ro[ZG ftu Pkwb j' rJ/ ;B. fJ; ;w/A sZe n?bB N/N B/ eth ns/
nkb'ue d/ s"o s/ nkgDk ekch Bkw pDk fbnk ;h.
1928 JhH ftu n?bB N/N dh gfjbh g[;se sgh, fi; ftu ‘fw;No g'g n?Av ndo
g'fJwI’ nkfd wPj{o eftsktK Pkwb ;B. fJ; g[;se dh T[Zusk ekoB n?bB N/N ƒ
(Guggenheim) c?b'fPg fwb frnk fi; ekoB d' ;kb coK; ftu fpskJ/ ;B. d{;oh g[;se
‘i?coB v?ft;, fj; okJh; n?Av ckb’ 1929 JhH ftu Sgh ;h ns/ fJ; s'A pknd fJj
f;bf;bk brksko ubdk fojk. (ft;Eko bJh g[;se ;{uh d/y') 1934 JhH ftu N/N ;kT{E
t?;NoB :{Bhtof;Nh ftu gfjbh tko nfXnkge d/ s"o s/ frnk. fJ; d/ Bkb j'o eJh
:{Bhtof;NhnK ftu'A c?b'fPg iK gq'c?;ofPg dh g/PeP j[zdh ojh. fit/A fe 1939 s'A 1942 JhH
sZe gfo;NB :{Bhtof;Nh, 1947 s'A 1951 JhH sZe fBT{:koe :{Bhtof;Nh ns/ 1944 s'A
1946 JhH sZe fwBJh;'mk (Mine Sota) :{Bhtof;Nh ftu oj/ ;B.
n?bB N/N pj[gZyh gqfsGk j'D ekoD T[; B/ fJe s'A tZX ;kfjse y/soK ftu wkD
jk;b ehsk ;h. fJ; ekoD N/N dh nkb'uBk ;zpzXh rZb eoB s'A gfjbK T[; dh eftsk ns/
Bktb ;zpzXh uouk eoBh Io{oh j' iKdh j?. N/N B/ nkgD/ Bktb ‘The Fathers’ ftu ;w/A d/
;wki ftub/ nzdo{Bh ;Zu ƒ g/P eoB dh e'fPP ehsh j? ns/ nfij/ ;wki dh f;oiDk tZb
;ze/s ehs/ jB i' gozgok ns/ nzX ftPtk; ftu :ehB BjhA oZydk. eftsktK ftu th e[M
nfij/ t;s{ ftXkB Bkb ;zpzfXs gZyK dh g/Pekoh ehsh ;h, fi; ekoB eJh tko N/N dh
ftukoXkok ƒ gokG"fse gZy Bkb i'V fdZsk iKdk ;h. gozs{ fJ; s'A fJj Gkt BjhA fbnk
ikDk ukjhdk fe T[j Xkofwe fe;w dk ;kfjseko ;h. T[; dk ouBk ftt/e y[o oj/ ;wkie
ftXkB ;zpzXh u/sB eoB dh e'fPP eodk ;h.
nkb'ue d/ s"o s/ N/N ƒ BthB nkb'ueK ftu oZfynk iKdk j?. nwohek d/ BthB
nkb'ueK ftu i/H ;hH o?B;w (J.C. Ransom) n?bB N/N ns/ okpoN g?B (Robert Penn)
20
nkfd d/ BK toDB :'r jB. fJj nkb'ue ;kfjs d/ tZy^tZy y/soK ;zpzXh ftuko eod/ oj/
;B. Gkt/A fJj ;kok e[M pV/ xo/b{ tksktoD tkbhnK w[bkeksK ftu jh j[zdk ;h gozs{ j"bh^j"bh
fJBQK xo/b{ tksktoD tkbhnK fJeZsosktK B/ ftXhts o{g nfyfsnko eo fbnk ;h. fJ;
ftXhts ;Gk dk BK ‘fcihfNt’ (Fugitive) ro[Zg oZy fbnk. fcihfNt ro[Zg dhnK fJeZsosktK
ftu'A BthA nb'uBk dhnK XkoBktK ;gZPN o{g ftu ;kjwD/ nkT[D bZrhnK. fJBQK fJeZsosktK
ftu n?bB N/N dh gqw[Zy G{fwek j[zdh ;h Gkt/A fJ; ;w/A n?bB N/N dh T[wo f;oc 22 ;kbK dh
jh ;h. gozs{ nkgDh fbnkes ekoB ns/ ftukoK dh ;tszsosk ekoB T[; B/ nkgDh tZyoh EK
pDk bJh ;h. fJBQK pfj;K ftu o?B;w ns/ N/N ftueko ekch rowk^row pfj; j[zdh ns/
eJh tko ftukoK dk f;bf;bk ;ys o[y nyfsnko eo iKdk ;h. fJj ;G f;XKse gZXo sze
jh ;hfws ofjzdk ;h. fJ; ;Gk ftu jh N/N B/ nkgDh gfjbh eftsk gVQh ;h i' ftP/ d/ gZy
s'A y[Pe ns/ ;[DB ;w/A pj[s jh nekT{ fe;w dh ;h gozs{ o?B;w B/ fJ; eftsk ƒ p[ZXhihth
fwnko tkbh eftsk fejk ;h.
fJ; ;w/A N/N B/ nkgD/ b/yK okjhA ;kfjs f;XKs d/ y/so ftu nkgDh Ek pDkT[Dh P[o{
eo fdZsh ;h. feT[Afe T[; ;w/A d/ ;ko/ nkb'ueK ;kjwD/ e[M p[fBnkdh ;tkb ;B. fiBQK ftu
;wkie, nkofEe ns/ ;fGnkukoe gZyK ƒ tZyoh fdqPNh gqdkB ehsh. fJ; BthA nkb'uBk d/
;e{b ;kjwD/ nkT[D d/ uko gqw[Zy ekoB jB fi; ƒ nkXko pDke/ N/N ns/ N/N d/ ;wekbhnK
dhnK ouBktK ;zpzXh okfJ fsnko ehsh ik ;edh j?.
1H gZSw d/ tksktoD B/ b'eK dh u/sBk s/ nfijk n;o gkfJnk fi; ekoB T[jBK dh
;'u ftu tZyoh fe;w dk owskgD (Fogitiveness) ns/ fe;kBh (Agrarian) ro[Zg g?dk j'J/.
2H shjftnK dk nkofEe wzdtkVk th nfij/ ftuko g?dk eoB ftu ;jkJh j'fJnk.
3H yZp/ gZyh nkb'uBk dk ;kfjs d/ nzdo ns/ pkjo p'bpkbk j'Dk.
4H ftfrnkB dh ;[jikswe ns/ wkBtskJh toskonK ftu dybnzdkIh.
T[go'es gqGktK ƒ b? e/ ;kfjs nkb'uBk ftu nkb'uBk B/ c?PB/pb gozgok d/ s"o s/
(General Tradition) nkgDk ;?ANo ekfJw eoB dh e'fPP ehsh. fi; B/ nkofEe s"o s/
gZsw ftu ns/ ;fGnkukoe s"o s/ fJzrb?Av ftu nkgDk gqGkt gkfJnk. gozs{ n?bB N/N B/
fJ; gozgok dh fBy/Xh ehsh ns/ fJ; gozgok ƒ ftukoXkoe s"o s/ ;wki bJh i'e (Rarasite)
fejk. feT[Afe fJ; ;w/A Bt/A fJzrb?AvhJ/ (New Englanders) fJzrb?Av d/ ;[gB ;z;ko ftu ofjzd/
;B ns/ T[j nkgD/ ;[gB ;z;ko dh P[jos ƒ M{mh nwhoh dh PkB j/m b[e' e/ oZyDk ukj[zd/
;B ns/ nkw nkdwh bJh nfijk ;fGnkukoe y'b fsnko eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B fi; ftu T[; dk
;zxoP so;^Gkt ns/ n;cbsktK ƒ w"ek gq;sh, ndG[Zs ekoBkfwnK dh ;|bsk ftu spdhb
eoe/ r[wokj eoB dh e'fPP eo oj/ ;B.
fJ; ;w/A jh BthB nkb'uBk Bkb ;zpzfXs ftnesh tZyo/ gq;zr ftu nkb'uBk dhnK
BthB ;EkgBktK tZb tX oj/ ;B. fJ; ;w/A nwoheB nkb'uBk ƒ Revolt and Revalation in
Criticism d/ nzsors oZy e/ ftukfonk ik ;edk j?. fJj 1900 s'A 1930 JhH dk ;wK ;h.
i/eo fJ; s'A gfjb/ ;w/A Gkt 1870 s'A 1900 JhH sZe dh nkb'uBk dh rZb eohJ/ sK fJj
‘;wM"s/ dh GktBk’ tkbh nkb'uBk ejh ik ;edh j? id'A fe fJ; s'A pknd dh nkb'uBk ftu
nfijk e[M d/yD ƒ BjhA fwbdk. fJj d' ;dhnK d/ nkgDh fwbkg dk ;wK ;h. 19thA ;dh
ftu :EkoEtkd bJh bVkJh gqsZy o{g ftu d/yh ik ;edh j?. fi; dk nzfsw Gkt ;kfjs ftu
ftuko gqrNkT[D dh nkIkdh bJh ;zxoP pDdk j? ns/ fJj Gkt jh thjthA ;dh ftu N/N d/
;w/A ftu dk\b j' e/ ‘gqrNk dh ;zg{oB nIkdh’ bJh ;zxoP pDdk j?.
n?bB N/N B/ nkgD/ b/yK ftu fJj XkoDk pDk bJh ;h fe T[j p[fBnkdh o{g ftu
eftsk d/ y/so ftu jh ezw eo/rk ns/ T[BQK dk ftuko pD frnk ;h fe eftsk T[sBk fuo
nkw b'eK dh ;wM s'A pkjo oj/rh id'A sZe T[; d/ gqrNk ftubhnK T{DskJhnK d{o BjhA
ehshnK iKdhnK fit/A fe wB[Zyh ‘p[ZXh’ ƒ fj;kp bJh ns/ ftfrnkB bJh tofsnk iKdk j?
fpbe[b fJ;/ soQK jh GktK dh eftsk ftu tos'A eoBh ukjhdh j?. N/N nB[;ko eftsk th
ftfrnkB tKr frnkB gqdkB eodh j?. gozs{ d'tK d/ wkfXnw tZyo/^tZyo/ jB. eftsk ƒ
jo^fdb^XVeD pDkT[D bJh T[; ftu ebgBk dk no'e tjk pj[s Io{oh j? ns/ ;[zdo eftsk
bJh gkme dh p"fXe gZy s'A, ;z;koe frnkB d/ gZy s'A ns/ T[; d/ u/sB Pesh d/ ;w/A jh
eftsk dh ;zg{oB ;wM gqdkB eotk ;ed/ jB. eftsk ftu fpzp, o{ge, b?n, skb dh ;[uZih
ieV jh T[sZ w eftsk nytk ;edh j?. nfijhnK p[fBnkdh XkoBktK ekoB jh N/N dk ;wekbhnK
s/ ekch gqGkt ;h.
N/N d/ ekft f;XKs s'A fJj Gkt BjhA fe T[; ;w/A eftsk dh j'Ad ftXh ;zpzXh e'Jh j'o
nkb'ue BjhA ;h. pj[s ;ko/ nkb'uBk ;e{b gquZfbs ;B. jo ;kfjs nkb'uBk ;e{b gqfeqsh,
eftsk ns/ ;kfjs ;pzXh e[M p[fBnkdh f;XKs oZydk ;h. fit/A fe eftsk eh j? iK eftsk
eh BjhA j? ns/ fe; soQK wkVh s[e pzdh s'A uzrh eftsk ƒ fBy/fVnk ik ;edk j?. gozs{ fJj
;G T[; ;w/A jh tkgo ;edk j? id'A nkb'ue dk ‘wB’ f;XKse s"o s/ fpbe[b ;gPZN j't/
ns/ nfijh ;fEsh ftu jh c?;bk b? ;edk j? fe T[; B/ fe;/ eftsk ftu eh d/yDk j?. fe;
ftXh okjhA eftsk ftu g/P ‘pho Gkt’ ns/ ‘gsB Gkt’ fJe d{;o/ s'A tZyo/^tZyo/ ;wM/ ik
;ed/ jB. fJ; fe;w d/ f;XKs s/ gfjok d/D tkb/ e[M j'o nkb'ue th j'J/ jB. fiBQK ftu
o?B;w dhnK ouBktK ‘gqhc/; N[ dh tovi p"vh’, ‘r"v ftd nkT[N yzvo’, ‘g'fJNoh J/ B"n
n"B n?BNkb'ih’ oZy ;ed/ jK. n?bB N/N dhnK ‘N?B;B fJB g'fJNoh’, ‘Eoh NkJhg; nkc
g'fJNoh’, ‘nzvo;N?Afvzr wkvoB g'fJNoh’, ‘dk jtfozr c;kJh’, oZy ;ed/ jK. fJ;/ soQK
nkoH ghH pb?ewo dhnK ouBktK ‘dh b?No g'fJNoh nkc vpb:{H phH :hN;’, ‘vpb:{HphH
:hN;’, ‘p?NftB fwZE n?Av fcbk;ch’ ns/ ‘ofbzp po[e; dhnK ‘g'fJN’, ‘g'fJN; n?Av dh
ohvo’, ‘fJzNo'vePB N{ nzvo;N?Afvzr g'fJNoh’ nkfd ouBktK nwoheh nkb'uBk d/ gqw[Zy
f;XKsK dh soiwkBh eodhnK jB.

n?bB N/N d/ nkb'uBk ;zpzXh f;XKs ns/ ftukoXkoe B/w gqpzX ƒ fJ; ftP/ g?NoB
okjhA ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?.
Science Positivistic Knowledge Pragmatic
attitude technology inductrialism
Lack of leisure
extinction of
effacement of
Christian or
moral man
aesthetic sensibility death of art.
n?bB N/N dh ;Bnsh ;wki ;pzXh XkoDk j? fe T[j nkgDh nkT[D tkbh ghVQh ftu i'
th wB[Zy ;wki dhnK XkoDktK, T[; dk ;bhek ns/ yk;eo nfijk ;bhek fi; ftu fJ; dh
Gog{o wksok ftu g/Pekoh j't/ ns/ fgnko j't/ T[j ebk ns/ Xow pD iKdk j?. fJ; dk
;p{s j? fe fJ; wkvb ftu'A g?dk j'fJnk wB[Zy Bk e/tb T[;ko{gD dk jh wkbe pD/rk pbfe
T[j pkehnK bJh th T[;ko{ ;'u g?dk eo/rk.
j[D ;tkb fJj j? fe eftsk fe; fe;w d/ ftukoK ƒ b? e/ ub/ ns/ ftukoXkok dh
g/Pekoh ;w/A ekft ;[ji th pfDnk oj/ feT[Afe ekft ftubk frnkB Bk f;oc p[ZXh ftu'A
iBw b?Adk j? ns/ Bk doPB ftu'A, Bk fJe gk;V XkoBktK ftu'A ns/ Bk jh fJ;ƒ ftfrnkBe
B/wk d/ nzsors oZye/ wkfgnk ik ;edk j?. fJj nfijk ;{yw p'X j? i' ;[ji nB[Gt okjhA
jh rqfjD ns/ g/P ehsk ik ;edk j?. n?bB N/N dh XkoDk j? fe n;hA ebk ƒ :'r ;EkB
fdtkT[D dh e'fPP eo oj/ jK feT[Afe ebk jh T[j uhI j? i' okiBhsh Bkb Bk^wkso ;zpzX
oZydh j?. eftsk ftu ‘e[M j'o’ th j[zdk j? i' Xow ƒ ;kfJz; dhnK bZGsK d/ pkti{d ;jh
eoko fdzdk j?. n?bB N/N nB[;ko nfijk ;G e[M fJ; bJh fejk ik fojk j? fe w/oh eftsk
iK fe;/ j'o dh eftsk e[M Bk e[M ‘ikDB’ bJh ;kXB wkso jB. i/eo eftsk T[sw f;oiDk
j't/ sk nfijh ikDekoh dk ;o's pD iKdh j? i' fe;/ th j'o wkfXnw okjhA gqdkB BjhA ehsh
ik ;edh. Gkt/A f;ZX/ o{g ftu fJj fe;/ ‘nfdy’ Pesh dk frnkB gqdkB BjhA eodh gozs{
fJj nkgD/ nkg ftu jh frnkB dk Gzvko j[zdh j?. fe;/ th eftsk ftu Gkt/A m'; o{g ftu
fJj bZGDk w[Peb j? fe eh fejk frnk j? gozs{ T[; ftu nfijk e[M Bk e[M Io{o j[zdk j? i'
;kƒ ‘nPKs’ eo fdzdk j?. i/eo fJj efj fbnk ikt/ fe eftsk nkgD/ ikDeko nkg g?dk
eodh j? fi; ;pzXh eJh tko b/ye ns/ gkme u/sB th BjhA j[zd/ sK fJj e'Jh nfs eEBh
BjhA j?. eftsk PpdK s'A gko ik e/ th pj[s e[M ;zuko eo iKdh j?.
i/eo eftsk ƒ ;[ji d/ gZy s'A fbnk ikt/ sK BthB nkb'ue uko fjZf;nk ftu tzv
b?Ad/ jB. T[j ekft ;[ji ftu jh ekft d/ ftuekoXkoe gZy dh gqeko tzv eo iKd/ jB. fJ;
ftu nkdoPtkdh, B?fsesktkdh, T[g:'rsktkdh ns/ wB'ftfrnkBe gZy oZy bJ/ iKd/ jB. gozs{
n?bB N/N ns/ o?B;w B/ fJ; XkoDk dk fto'X th ehsk. nfijh tor tzv tkbh eftsk ƒ
;theko BjhA ehsk feT[Afe nfijk eoB Bkb eftsk jo ftukoXkok bJh fJe T[g:'rsktkdh
;kXB pDe/ ofj iKdh j?. eftsk dh p[fBnkd jh g{oB nkIkdh s/ fNeh j'Jh j?. fJj f;oiDk
;w/A g{ot XkoBktK ƒ ;theko BjhA eodh. eftsk ftu gqshpZXsk d/ gZy s'A ftuko dh g/Pekoh
bJh e'Jh EK BjhA. ftuko ƒ d{;o/ PpdK ftu frnkB efj fbnk iKdk j? ns/ frnkB ed/ th
f;oiDksfwe ;kfjs ftu g{ot^fBoXkos BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk pbfe fJ; ƒ ;kfjs f;oiDk ;w/A
;fji ns/ ;tszsosk Bkb nkgD/ nkg g/P j'Dk ukjhdk j?.
ekft ;foiDk ;w/A PpdK Bkb'A pj[s e[M j'o th fejk ik fojk j[zdk j?. eJh tko eth ƒ
th fJ; ;pzXh g{oB frnkB BjhA j[zdk ns/ Bk ed/ eth fJ; ;pzXh nkgDk jZe isk ;edk j?.
fJ; soQK eftsk bJh d' w"e/ g?dk j' iKd/ jB fJe gk;/ fJj doPB, ;kfJz; ns/ okiBhsh s'A
f;ZXKse ;{M b? ;edh j? ns/ d{;o/ gk;/ nkgDh ;tszsosk pDkJh oZyd/ j'J/ f;oiDkswesk dk
;jkok b?Adh j?. fJjBK ;ko/ gZyK ƒ fgZm G{wh ftu oZy e/ jh n?bB N/N d/ nkb'uBk f;ZXKsK$ekft
f;XKsK dh j'Ad ftXh ;wMh ik ;edh j?.
n?bB N/N dk gqw[Zy f;ZXKs sDkT[ dk f;ZXKs j? fi; ƒ T[; B/ nkgD/ b/y ‘TENSION IN
POETRY’ ftu BthB nkb'uBk ƒ fdZsk ;h.
^ gkm (eftsk) dk w{b gqekoi gkme ƒ wkBf;e gqGkt nXhB fbnkT[Dk BjhA j?. fJj
jh ekoB j? fe gkme dhnK o[wKfNe gqf toshnK gqG kts eoB tkb/ ‘o[w kfNe
ekft^f;XKs’ ƒ n?bB N/N n;theko eodk j?.
^ e/tb Gkte ekft gkme ƒ ouBk :EkoEe s'A gk;/ b? iKdk j?. fJ; bJh ekft dk
fJe p[fBnkdh nkXko j'Dk pj[s Io{oh j' iKdk j? ns/ nfijk p[fBnkdh nkXko fi;
okjhA ekft dh nzsonkswk sZe gj[zu j' ;e/ T[j eftsk ftubk ‘sDkU’ jh j?.
^ n?bB N/N d/ ekft ftu ‘sDkU’ d/ nkXkoK T[go fBoGo eodk j? fijBK ƒ INTENSION
ns/ EXTENSION fejk j?. INTENSION ƒ f;XKse s"o s/ fJ; noE bJh tofsnk
iKdk j? fi; s'A Gkt t;s{ (gkm) d/ T[jBK r[DK s'A j? fi; bJh Ppd dh Y[ZethA tos'A
ehsh rJh j[zdh j?. fJ; okjhA t;s{ d/ t;s{g[D/ ftu ;gPNsk nkT[Adh j?. fJ; ƒ
‘Gkt p"Xe’ fejk ik ;edk j?.
^ EXTENSION ftu t;s{ (gkm) d/ fJe T[; g{o/ tor dk p'X eokfJnk iKdk j? fi;
bJh fJ; Ppd dh tos'A ehsh rJh j[zdh j?. fJ; soQK fJj p'Xe pD iKdk j?.
^ n?bB N/N nB[;ko pj[sk ekft PpdK d/ p'Xe ns/ Gkt p'Xe gZy tZb ofus j? gozs{
uzrh eftsk T[j jh pD ;edh j? i' d'tK gZyK (INTENSION AND EXTENSION) dk
;[uZik ;[w/b j't/.

^ wB[Zy d/ wB[Zyh ;[Gk dhnK ;zGktBktK T[ikro eoBhnK pj[s Io{oh j[zdhnK jB ns/ fJj
;kfjs dk p[fBnkdh eosZt th pDdhnK jB. n?bB N/N nB[;ko wB[Zy dhnK ;zGktBktK
ƒ d/yD ;w/A ftfrnkB ns/ ;kfjs ftu fBy/V o/yk fBoXkos eoBh pj[s Io{oh j' iKdh
j?. wB[Zy nkgD/ ;w[Zu/ ;ko dh y'i e/tb ftt/e iK ftfrnkB okjhA eoB ftu o[ZfMnk
j'fJnk j? fJj jh nkX[fBe wB[Zy bJh ;G s'A xkse j?. nB[Gt ƒ e/tb ftfrnkBe
ftXh okjhA soshp^pZX eoB Bkb wB[Zyh nB[Gt dk tZvk Gkr pkjo ofj iKdk j?. id'A
fe wjkB feosK jh ;kv/ fte'fbso/ nB[Gtk dk ;zg{oB ns/ ;koEe o{g g/P eodhnK
jB.
^ n?bB N/N ;kfjs ƒ ‘ftP/P frnkB’ ;theko eodk j?.
^ ;kfjs dk wjZst ns/ ;koEesk nfijk frnkB d/D ftu j? i' nkgD/ nkg ftu ;zg{oB
j[zdk j? id'A fe ftfrnkB yzfvs frnkB fdzdk j?. efjD dk Gkt ebk iK ;kfjs ‘r[bkp
d/ c[Zb’ dk ;zg{oB o{g fusod/ jB id'A fe ftfrnkB T[; dk g"dk ftfrnkfBe B/wK
nB[;ko nKfPe nfXn?B ftu g? iKdk j?.
^ N/N ;kfjs dh gqfspZXsk ƒ wjZstg{oB gfjb{ d/ s"o s/ ;theko eodk j?. ekft ƒ
gozgok Bkb w/ue/ d/yd/ j'J/ efjzdk j? fe eftsk BthB iK eqKshekoh BjhA j[zdh pbfe
T[;dh gozgok jh ebk feqs dk w{b pDdh j?. fi; ;w/A gozgok jh nkgDhnK ;koEe
;hwktK r[nk p?mdh j? sK eth nkgD/ ekbgfBe irs okjhA gkme d/ Bt/A o{g dh
f;oiDk eodk j?. fJ; soQK ;w[Zuk ;kfjs wjkB B?fse w[Zb Bkb i[fVnk ofjzdk j?
gozs{ ekft ƒ ekft th ofjD d/Dk ukjhdk j? i/eo T[j B?fse r[DK dk gouko pD ikt/
sK gkm n;kfjse j' iKdk j?. feT[Afe ekft Xow th BjhA ns/ ;wkie fJzihBhnfozr
th BjhA j?.
^ ekft dh gqfspZXsk Gkt/A ;kekokswe sohe/ okjhA wfj;{; eoB :'r j't/ gozs{ T[;
T[go ftt/e dk fInkdk n;o th ekft bJh ftBkPekoh j' ;edk j?. ekft ƒ fe;/
ftt/ePhb fdqPNh dh g[PNh eoB bJh BjhA tofsnk ik ;edk. fJj e/tb nB[Gt
ftu frDkswe ns/ r[Dkswe ;w[Zusk dh f;oiDk eodk j?. o'IkBk ihtB d/ fttjkoe
eko'^ftjko Bkb fJ; dk e'Jh f;ZXk ;pzX BjhA j[zdk fJj ekft dh ;hwk pD iKdk j?.
^ Gkt/A ekft dh pj[s jh ;{yw o{g ftu gqfspZXsk ƒ ;theko ehsk frnk j? gozs{ fco
th n?bB N/N dh XkoDk j? fe eftsk ƒ ;tszso ftXk d/ o{g ftu ;theko eoBk
ukjhdk j?. eftsk dh j'Ad ftXh ƒ ;wMD bJh nkb'uBk ƒ eftks T[s/ nk;fos j'Dk
ukjhdk j? Bk fe eftsk ƒ xV e/ nkb'uBk d/ ;Ku/ ftu fcN eoB dh e'fPP ehsh
ikDh ukjhdh j?.
^ n?bB N/N ftukoXkok ƒ gqw[Zy wzBe/ g{ot^XkoDktK nkXkos ehsh rJh nkb'uBk ƒ
ekft bJh d'P g{oD ;theko eodk j? feT[Afe fe;/ ftukoXkok d/ B/wK ƒ f;ZX eoB
bJh ekft ƒ T[; d/ gq;zr ftu soshp fdZsh iKdh j? id'A fe j'Dk fJ; d/ ftgohs
ukjhdk j?. fJ; soQK wB'ftfrnkBh, ekft ftu'A wB'ftfrnkBe B/w bZGdk j?, ;wki
Pk;soh, eftsk ftu'A ;wki Pk;soh B/w bZGdk j?, fJfsjk;eko nkb'uBk ftu'A ftP/P
s'o s/ ;wkie ;Zu dh nkswk bZGD dk gq:sB eodk j?. fJ; ;ko/ ftu ekft (gkm)
dh tZyoh gfjukD nkb'uBk d/ p'M j/mK dpe/ ofj iKdh j?.
^ N/N nB[;ko nkb'uBk dk eosZt ftP/P, nd[Zsh ns/ ;zg{oB frnkB ƒ poeoko oZyDk
ns/ g/P eoBk j? fijV/ ;kfjs d/ tZyo/^tZyo/ o{gK s'A ;kƒ gqkgs j[zdk j?. id'A fe
eJh tko ;kfjse feos d/ o{g d/ nfXn?B dh EK ftfrnkBe seBheK tKr ;kfjse
feos dk w[bKeD T[; d/ e/tb pkjoh :EkoE d/ ;ot/yD d/ nkXko s/ eoBk fi; ƒ
;kfjse feos gqrN eo ojh j[zdh j? T[j ;kfjse feos Bkb nfBnK j[zdk j?.
^ ;kfjs ns/ ;kfjs nkb'uBk d/ ;tszso tosko/ jB Literature as a Knowledge ftu
nkgDk wZs g/P eod/ j'J/ N/N B/ fejk j? fe nkb'uBk ns/ ekft fJe d{;o/ d/ g{oe
BjhA jB. ;kƒ ekft ƒ nkb'uBksfwe fdqPNh s'A d/yd/ ;w/A fe;/ ;{os ftu T[;dh j'Ad
ftXh s'A tZyok BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk feT[Afe eftsk dh ;koEesk fJ; d/ nB[Gt dh
:EkoEe g/Pekoh ftu j? fJ; bJh t;s{ :EkoE d/ ;zg{oB frnkB dh gqkgsh fJ;
gq;zr ftu jh ehsh ik ;edh j?.
^ eth ƒ ;kfjs f;oiDk ;w/A ;tszso wB ns/ r?o^gqfspZX sohe/ Bkb P[o{ eoBh
ukjhdh j?. T[; ƒ nkgD/ Bkb g{ot XkoBktK BjhA b? e/ nkT[DhnK ukjhdhnK i/eo
nfijk tkgodk j? sK T[j nekfte j?.
^ BthB nkb'ue Ppd ;pzXh nkgDh jh fe;w dh XkoDk oZyd/ jB. T[j Ppd ƒ ftuko
iK f;XKs s'A gfjbK ;EkB fdzd/ jB. T[BQK nB[;ko nkozG ftu ‘Ppd’ ;h ns/ Ppd
jh oZp d/ Bkb ;h ns/ Ppd jh oZp j?. Ppd ;G s'A gfjbK j? ns/ ftuko fJ; okjhA
jh rqfjD ehsk frnk j? ns/ fJ; ftu'A jh g?dk j'fJnk j?. fJ; ftu'A i' eth d/ fjZ;/
nkfJnk j? T[j ftuko BjhA Ppd j? ns/ Ppd jh ftuko ƒ iBw fdzdk j?.
^ Bt/A nkb'ueK B/ eftsk s'A fi; t;s{ dh wzr ehsh T[j ;h nB[Gt dh ;zg{oBsk ftu
nfGftnesh. id'A e'Jh th ftuko r?o^nB[Gth j't/rk T[; Bkb g/Pekoh ftu rVpV
j't/rh. fJ;/ ekoB jh T[BQK dk wZs j? nB[Gt dh ;w[Zu/ o{g ftu geV ftuko Bkb'A
fpzp ftu fpjso ;o{g ftu g/P ehsh ik ;edh j?.
^ N/N d/ ;w/A d/ ;ko/ nkb'ueK dh fJj XkoDk ;h fe eftsk ftu ekft^ftXkB gqw[Zy
bZSD j? ns/ T[j ;ko/ jh fJe iK d{;o/ o{g ftu pqjwtkd (Monism) d/ XkoDh jB.
fi; soQK fe n?bB N/N sBkU (Tension) s/ pb fdzdk j?, o?B;w fJ; ƒ pDso (Texture)
;wMdk j? pb?ewo fJ; ƒ YKuk (Structure) ns/ efbEpo[eP nkgDk fXnkB fto'XkGk; ns/
u'N (Paradox or Irony) s/ e/Adfos eodk j?. fJBQK ;ko/ Bt/A nkb'ueK s/ d'P fJj brdk j? fe
jo e'Jh eftsk ftu fe;/ fJe ftP/P r[D s/ tX/o/ pb fdzdk j? ns/ d{;o/ r[DK ;pzXh fpBK goy/
s'A fBoDk fdzd/ jB ns/ fJj jh ekoB j? fe fJBQk nkb'ueK dk nfXn?B nfijk pj[s e[M SZv
iKdk j? i' ekft^r[DK dh goy bJh pj[s jh wjZstg{oD j[zdk j?.
N/N dhnK XkoBktK ;pzXh eJh ftdtkBK d/ fezs{ th fwbd/ jB fi; soQK fejk iKdk j?
fe N/N B/ eftsk fe;/ ekft f;XKs dh f;oiDk eoB bJh BjhA fbyh pbfe nkgDh nkb'uBkswe
;{M ƒ nkgDh eftsk ftu'A g/P eoB dk gq:sB ehsk j?. fJ; ;pzXh pj[s ;ko/ ftneshnK d/
wB ftu fJ; B[es/ ;pZXh G[b/y/ jB fi; bJh wkofNB vhH i?pb (Mortin D. Zabel) ƒ
fIzw/tko mfjokfJnk j?. T[; B/ nkgD/ b/y ‘A Critical Poetry’ ftu N/N dh eftsk ;pzxh
fbfynk j?. fJj fJ; soQK ikgdh j? fi; soQK fe nkb'uBkswe f;XKs ƒ ft;sko ;fjs bkr{
eoB bJh fbyh rJh j't/. fJ; rbsh d/ ftu T[BQK dh XkoDk ;h fe N/N dh eftsk ns/
nkb'uBk ftu p[fBnkdh ;pzX jB gozs{ T[; dh gfjbh XkoDk B/ b'eK d/ wBk ftu nkgDh Ek
pDk bJh ;h. T[BQK fejk fe fJ; Bkb e'Jh coe BjhA g?dk fe n;hA eftsk ƒ gqw[Zysk d/JhJ/
iK nkb'uBk ƒ. fco th i/eo eftsk gfjbK nkT[Adh j? ns/ T[j ;|b eftsk j? sK T[; ftu'A
nkb'uBkswe B/w xV b?D/ e'Jh rbsh BjhA j?.
Bibliography
1928 Mr. Pope and other Poems; Stonewall Jackson, The Good Solider (Biogrphy)
1929 Tefferson Davis : His Rise and Faill (biography)
1930 Three Poems ; Contributors to I'll take my stand, the south and the
Agrarian Tradition, by Twelve Southerners
1932 Poems, 1928-31
1936 The Mediterranean and other Poems; Reactionary Essays on Poetry and
Ideas; Who Owns America, a New Declaration of Independence (ed. with
Herbert Agar)
1937 Selected Poems
1938 The Fathers (novel)
1941 Sonnets at Christmas ; Reason in Madness.
gkm Bz L 2H5
Bt^wkoe;tkdh nkb'ue N?oh JhrbNB (1943)

N?oh JhrbNB dk iBw 1943 ƒ fJzrb?Av d/ fJe ;kXkoB fij/ e;p/ ;kb c'ov fty/
j'fJnk. e?Apfoi s'A T[; B/ T[u/oh ftZfdnk jk;b eoB tk;s/ dk\bk fbnk, fiE/ T[; dk ;zpzX
o/wzv ftbhnw Bkb i[fVnk. T[j fJe nfXnkge tZi'A T[; dk ;BwkB th oZydk fojk, go
nB/eK w[ZfdnK T[go nkgDh n;fjwsh ns/ fsZyh nkb'uBk d[nkok wZsG/d th oZydk ;h.
e?E'fbe j'D eoe/ T[; B/ 1960 ftu fJ; ftP/ ’s/ wkoe;tkd ns/ e?E'fbe; Xow ƒ fJe
b/y ftu fJeZfmnK fJe gZXo ’s/ ftukoB dk :sB ehsk, go fJj gqGkt tesh fijk ;h
ns/ Phxo jh T[; B/ fJ; dk fsnkr eo fdZsk.
nke;|'ov :{Bhtof;Nh fty/ N?oh JhrbNB ƒ tkoNB gq'c?;o n"| fJzrbP d/ s"o ’s/
fB:[esh fwbh. fJE/ ofj e/ T[; B/ ghn?ZuHvhH dh fvroh jk;b ehsh. wZsG/d g?dk j' ikD
ekoB T[; B/ fJ; gd s'A fsnkr^gZso d/ fdZsk ns/ nZi eZb T[j b?;No :[Bhtof;Nh fty/
ftP/P gZd T[Zs/ fB:[es j?.
poskBhnk fty/ ;kfjse wzvbhnK ftu wkoe;tkd ;ko/ fBxkowJh ;fEsh pDdh ik
ojh ;h. nukBe 1967 ftu B"itkBK d/ nzd'bB ekoB ns/ pj[s jZd sZe :{oghB w[beK
ftu Bt/A yZp/ gZyh ohthT{ ekoB wkoe;tkd pko/ uouk j'Dh nkoz:G j'Jh. fJ; rb d/
fto[X ns/ nbE{;o d/ gqGkt j/m wkoe;tkd pko/ BthA nkb'uBk dk gqkozG j'fJnk. fJ; d/
gqGkt j/m N?oh JhrbNB fJ; y/so ftu nZr/ tfXnk.
;kfjs^fuzsB ns/ ftukoXkok pko/ T[; dhnK nB/eK g[;seK g/P j'JhnK fiBQk ftZu'A
e[M g[;seK fJ; gqeko jB L
1. Criticism and Ideology (1976)
2. Marxism and Literary Criticism (1976)
3. Walter Benjamin (1981)
4. Literary Theory : An Introduction (1983)
5. The Function of Criticism (1984)
6. Ideology : An Introduction (1991)
7. Against the Grain (Selected Essays 1986)
8. Illusion of Post-Modernism (1996)
nkozG ftu N/oh JhrbNB ;kfjse nkb'ueK fit/A nbE{;o ns/ gho/ wS/oh d/ ftukoK
s'A nfs gqGkfts j'fJnk ns/ T[BQK d/ ftuko ftP/P eoe/ i' ;fGnkukoe ;z;EktK ns/ ;kfjs
28
Bkb i[V/ j'J/ ;B, T[BQK ƒ nkofEe gZy d/ fBoXkoD Bkb'A ‘;kg/fye ;[szsosk’ d[nkok ftukoB
T[go T[; B/ I'o fdZsk. ;zouBktkd ns/ T[so^;zouBktkd d/ gqGkt ƒ th ngBkfJnk, b/feB
T[ ; B/ nkgDh gq f spZ X sk ;wkitkdh ftukoXkok Bkb jh i' V h oZ y h. N? o h JhrbNB
T[so^nkX[fBesktkd dk fto'X eodk j?. T[; d/ ftukoK T[go ebk;eh nkX[fBe nkb'uBk
ns/ nktzs^rkod/ ebk, ftT[jkoe^;wkitkd ns/ e[M e[M gqGkt p[oi[nk wkBttkd d/
‘fJeksfwe^nksfwesk’ dk th bNedk j'fJnk ftykJh d/Adk j?. fJ;/ g[;se ftu v/ftv bki
w[y^fNgDh ftu N?oh JhrbNB pko/ fbydk j? fe (T[; dhnK ;w[ZuhnK fbysk d/ nkXko ’s/)
“fi; ekoB T[j tX/o/ gqf;ZX j'fJnk j?, T[j okiBhse doPB ƒ nfXe ;?e{bo fposh d[nkok
ngBkT[D ekoB j?, go T[j fJ; dh g/Pekoh ftu P?bh ns/ ftXk ƒ gfotosB s/ tZyosktK
d[nkok fBGkT[Adk j?.”
N?oh JhrbNB dh g[;se wkoef;Iw n?Av fbNo/oh feqfNf;Iw g[;se dk ;kfjs
nkb'uBK ftu ftP/P uouk fojk j? ns/ fi; B/ Bt^wkoe;tkdh ftukoK ƒ ftPt^gZXo s/
Bt/A wzu tZi'A g/P eoB s/ nZSh \k;h irQk pDkJh j?. fJ; g[;se ftu pV/ ;zy/g go ifNb
Yzr d[nkok wkoe; ns/ J/ArbI d/ ftukoK ƒ ;kfjse gozgok Bkb i'V e/ nkX[fBe d"o d/
Bt^wkoe;tkdh nkb'ue fiBQk ftZu'A nbE{;o, b{eku, r'bvwkB, p?AikfwB s/ pq?\s d/ ftukoK
ƒ ;kfjs d/ tZy^tZy gZyK, ;kfjs dk fJfsjk; Bkb ;zpzX, ;kfjs ftu o{g s/ tZE, okiBhse
gqfspZXsk gqfs gqPB^fuzBQ brkJ/. T[sgkdB dk wjZst, ebk ftu seBkb'ih dh tos'A dk
;EkB fJBQK nB/e w[ZfdnK ƒ gozgoktkdh wkoe;tkd Bkb ;zpkfde fdqPNh d[nkok ftukfonk
j?.
N?oh JhrbNB fJ; rZb ’s/ I'o d/Adk j? fe wkoe;tkdh nkb'uBk ƒ e/tb nekdfwe
gZXo ’s/ jh BjhA fbnk ikDk ukjhdk. ;r'A wkoe;tkdh nkb'uBk f;XKse ftPb/PD d/
tZv^nkekoh gZy d/ fJe nzr tZi'A j?, fi; dk beP ftukoXkoktk ƒ ;wMD dk j?^ftuko,
w[Zb ns/ GktBktK fiBQK d[nkok wB[Zy tZy^tZy ;w/A ;wkiK dk nB[Gt eod/ jB ns/ fJBQK
ftZu'A e[M ftuko, w[Zb ns/ GktBktK i' n;kƒ e/tb ;kfjs ftZu'A jh gqkgs j[zd/ jB. fe;/
ftukoXkok ƒ ;wMDk G{s ns/ toswkB ƒ v{zfxnk ik e/ T[; dh ikDekoh jk;b eoBk ns/
ns/ nfijh ikDekoh jh n;kvh w[esh ftu :'rdkB gkT[D tkbh j[zdh j?.
gkm Bz L 2H6
o'bK pkos
ftPt ;whfynkswe fuzsB d/ y/so ftu fJe n;b'A BthA o{j c{eD d/ w[nkwb/ ftu
o'bK pkos (Roland Barthes) dk ;kBh e'Jh BjhA. ;kfjs s/ j'o ebkô{gK ƒ ;wMD bJh Bt/A
gqfswkB ekfJw eoB ftu T[j T[sBk jh fBg[zB j?, fisBk fe g[okD/ p'd/ j' u[Ze/ gqfswkBk ƒ
oZd eoB ftu ske j?. T[; d[nkok ofus ;whfynkswe feosK ƒ gVQB dk wsbp ;kfjs dh
gqfeqsh ƒ ;wMD bJh tX/o/ p"fXe s/ ikro{e j'Dk j?. rZb fBoh ;kfjs dh gqfeqsh ƒ ;wMD
dh jh BjhA, ;r'A fbyD^nfGnk; ns/ fJ; d/ gqekoi d'jK gqfs ;kfjs^ftfrnkfBe gZXo
T[Zs/ ;u/s j'D dh j?. pkos dh fJj gqkgsh fJ; ekoD BjhA fe T[; B/ ;kfjs pko/ e'Jh
;[fBPfus f;ZXKfse ;EkgBktK g/P ehshnK jB ns/ tfoQnK^pZXh T[BQK ;EkgBktK Bkb eZNVsk
;fjs pZMk fojk j?. rZb fJ; d/ fpbe[b T[bN j?. i/ T[j gqf;ZX j? sK nkgDh n;fEosk,
nkgDhnK ;EkgBktK s'A fBozso gkorkwh j'D dh nkeKfynk eoe/l ns/ pj[sh tko fJ; gkorkwh
T[vkoh dhnK fdPktK nDfusthnK j[zdhnK jB. T[; d[nkok fbyh rJh jo BthA g[;se T[;
dhnK g[okDhnK dbhbK dk ;zfus o{g g/P eoB dh EK T[BQK s'A gokjB dk gqwkD gq;s[s eodh
j?. T[; d/ fuzsB ftu ftukoK dk ;zxDkgB s/ fJe;[sok sK j?, go nzsK dh ftftXsk s/
pj[ozrsk d/ ekoD T[j eJh tko nfdqPn j[zdh ikgdh j?. nfij/ ftftXgZyh fuzse o'bK pkos
dk iBw 1915 JhH ftu u/op'o fty/ j'fJnk. T[; dh gotfoP p/UB s/ g/fo; ftu j'Jh.
T[;B/ ;'op'B :{Bhtof;Nh s'A 1938 ftu Pk;sqh: ;kfjs ftu ;Bkseh gohfynk gk; ehsh.
d{ih ftPt izr d/ \ksw/ ;w/A T[j shj ;kbk dk j' u[Zek ;h, go sgfde d/ o'r ekoD 1942 s'A
1947 se dk ;wK T[; B/ ;?B/N'ohnk ftu fpskfJnk, fi; eoe/ T[; dk p"fXe ftek; fJ; s'A
wro'A nkozG j'fJnk. T[; B/ 1960 se p[yko?;N s/ nb?rI/vqhnk :{Bhtof;NhnK ftu
nfXnkgBêkoi ehsk ns/ fJ; s'A wro'A gzdoK ;kb T[; B/ g?fo; ftu Ecole Pratique des
Hautes Etudes ;z;Ek ftu gVQkfJnk. 1976 ftu T[j Coilege de France ftu ;kfjfse
fujB^ftfrnkB dk gq'|?;o fB:[es j'fJnk. 1980 ftu T[; dk d/jKs j'fJnk.
fJT[A gqshs j[zdk j? fe T[; ƒ r[D^fBo{gD s'A ;dk goj/I fojk j?. T[j nkgD/ fe;/
fe;w d/ ;[fBPfus fpzp ƒ podkPs eoB' fJBekoh fojk j?. nkgDh ftbZyD fe;w dh 1975
ftu Sgh ;_?ihtBh Roland Barthes by Roland Barthes ftu T[; B/ fJ; sZE ƒ ;thekfonk
j?. ftukoXkoe fdqPNh s'A t/fynK ;kosqhnB n;fss_tkd B/ o'bk pkos T[s/ ek|h T[ZxVtK
gqGkt gkfJnk j? fi; d/ gqwkD n;fss_tkd^fto'Xh doPB sZstkd (essentialism) gqfs T[;
30
dh nzsK dh no[uh s'A fwb iKd/ jB. sZstkd gqfs fxoDk d/ w[nkwb/ ftu pkos fJe gZy' sK
;kosq (Sartre) s/ th nZr/ bzx iKdk j?. ;kosq wB[Zyh P\;hns ƒ fe;/ jZd se ;w[Zusk iK
J/esk d/ o{g ftu rqfjD eoB bJh fsnko j?, go pkos ftrmB (disintegration) d/ doPB
dk dw Godk j?. T[j fJefwesk Bkb, ns/ \k; s"o s/ oZp torh gow fJekJh Bkb e'Jh
tk;sk oZyDk BjhA ukj[zdk. i' th pj[tuBh iK nfBozso j?, T[j T[; dk ;woEB eodk j?.
fJ; bJh fJe ;kfjfse o{g d/ s"o s/ ihtBh d/ T[j \k; s"o s/ f\nk| j? feT[Afe fJj nkgD/
ftP/$ftnesh dh iknbh fJeo{gsk dh gqfsfBXsk eodh j?. fJj ihT[Ad/ ftnesh dk M{mk
;wkoe j? feT[Afe fJj skofee s/ fBPfus s"o s/ e/Adow[yh j?. Sade, Fourier, Loyola
(1971) pko/ T[;dh g[;se ‘;/d dh fIzdrh’, s/ ‘c'ohno dh fIzdrh’ tor/ ;zy/g GkrK Bkb
w[Zedh j?, fijV/ ;kfjfse ihtBh dh gqEk dk wIke T[vkT[Ad/ jB.
;gZPN j? fe cok; ftu ;kfjs pko/ g{ot^;Ekfgs, p'd/ j' u[Ze/ s/ eZNVgzEh gqfswkBK
ƒ BekoB s/ tzrkoB d/ gZy s'A o"bk pkos dk T[Zdw Pbkxk:'r j?. fJ;/ gqfsGk eoe/ jh T[;
B/ nekdfwe ;whfynk d/ y/so ftu nkgDk Bkw g?dk ehsk. fe;/ :{Bhtof;Nh ftu
;kfjs^nfXnkge Bk j'Dk T[; bJh bkGekoh fojk. Gkt/A T[j wro'A ekbi dk cok; ftu
gq'c?;o th pfDnk, go T[; B/ fe;/ th coK;h;h :{Bhtof;Nh ftu ;kXkoD nfXnkgBêkoi
;theko BjhA ehsk, fi; eoe/ T[; ƒ ;kfjs^f;ZXKs fBo{gD d/ gq;zr ftu b'VhAdh ;[szsosk
s/ gq/oDk B;hp j' ;eh. d{i/ PpdK ftu, T[; B/ ;kfjs^f;ZXKs^fuzsB d/ gZy s'A ;kfjs d/
nekdfwe nfXn?B ns/ fbyD d/ tk;sfte ftjko ftu gozgokrs ;whfynkekoK d[nkok SZv/
rJ/ yZg/ ƒ g{oB dk isB ehsk. ;wekbh ;whfynk d/ fybk| T[; d/ w[Zy o{g ftu uko
fJsokI toDB:'r jB. gqEw/, T[; B/ fJsokI ehsk fe ;wekbh ;kfjs^;whfynk nkgD/ ;[Gk
ftu T[bko s"o s/ nfJfsjkf;e ;h ns/ fJj wzB e/ ubdh ;h fe nfXn?B dk e/Ado^fpzd{
pDkJ/ ik oj/ ;kfjs^gkmK ftub/ B?fse s/ o{gkswe w[Zb ekbftjhB ;B ns/ T[; ;wki^ftP/P
d/ ;o{g Bkb fJBQK dk e'Jh ;o'eko BjhA, fi; ftu T[j ;kfjs^gkm gfjbK^gfjb fby/, gqekfPs
ehs/ s/ gVQ/ rJ/ ;B. Gkt/A pkov ed/ th e"wfB;N gkoNh dk w?Apo BjhA fojk, go T[; dh
fJj nkgZsh ;k| s'o s/ nkgD/ ;[Gk ftu Bt^wkoe;tkdh ;h. fJ;/ fdqPNh^fpzd{ s'A T[; B/
cok;h;h ;kfjs d/ w"i{dk fJfsjk;K ƒ BktK s/ fwshnK d/ noEjhB fposKs wkso fejk.
pkos dh nkgDh gfjbh Sgh g[;se iK fBpzX Writing Degree Zero (1953) fJj
dZ;D bJh fbfynk frnk fe coK;h;h ;kfjs dk fJe nkX[fBe s/ wkoe;tkdh fJfsjk; fJ;
gqkeo dk j'Dk ukjhdk ;h. fJj fJe fdbu;g feskp j?, go g{oh soQK ekw;kp BjhAl nKfPe
o{g ftu fJ; bJh th feT[Afe pkos fJ; s'A fi; tv/oh gqkgsh dh nk; oZydk ;h, T[; Bkb'A
nkeko ftu fJj ek|h S[N/oh ;h. fJ; g[;se ftu coK;h;h ebk;ehtkd d/ fBek;, ftek;
s/ gsB dk b/ykî'yk g/P ehsk frnk j?. fttkdrq;s g[;se j'D d/ Bks/ fJj fJe BthA o{j
c{eD tkbh ouBk j? fi; B/ fJ; ftubhnK ;kosqhnB gqfsX[BhnK d/ pkti{d pkos ƒ fJe
yZp/gZyh ;kfjs^fuzse d/ o{g ftu gqfsPfms eo fdsk. go fJ; feskp ƒ ;wMDk ;"yk ezw
BjhA ns/ pkos d[nkok g/P ehs/ rJ/ e[M Bt/A fBoD/ekoh ;zebg n;gZPN jh ofj iKd/ jB.
fw;kb d/ s"o s/ T[; d[nkok tofsnk frnk seBheh Ppd Ecriture g/; ehsk ik ;edk j?,
fi; dk noE fJ; g[;se ftu T[j fpbe[b BjhA, i/ pkos dhnK wrobhnK gq"VQ fbysk ftu
T[Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkT[Adk j?. fJ; feskp ftu T[; B/ fJj Ppd P?bh d/ noEK ftu tofsnk
j?, go T[j fBPfus o{g ftu fJj ;Ekfgs BjhA eo ;fenk fe fJe ecriture ƒ d{i/ j'oBK
Bkb'A fBy/VB d/ bJh skofee nkXkoG{wh fejVh j?.
nekdfwe ;whfynk d/ fto[ZX pkos dk d{ik fJsoki fJj ;h fe fJj wB'ftfrnkfBe
s"o s/ f;ZXgZXoK s/ fB:shtkdh (deterministic) j?. fJj wkBth P\;hns d/ fJe nfij/
wkvb ƒ b?e/ ubdk j?, fi; ƒ wB'ftPb/PD dhnK bZGsk B/ xf;nk^fgfNnk f;ZX eo fdZsk
j?. pkos dh fJj XkoDk j? ns/ fJj ;kfjfse ;zouBktkdh fuzsB dk n;b'A e/Adoh B[esk j?^
fe fJe ;kfjs^feos d/ i[iK ƒ T[; feos^ftP/P d/ j'oBK i[Ik d/ gq;zr ftu oZy e/ jh
;wMDk ukjhdk j?, Bk fe T[; feos^pkjo/ ;zdoGK tb ;ze/s eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJ; s'A
fJbktk, id'A ;whfyne fe;/ b/ye d/ ihtB pko/ T[; dhnK g[;seK ftu'A f;ZN/ eZYd/ jB, sK
T[j nzXkX[d
z nfijk eod/ jB, fJj wzB e/ ubfdnK j'fJnK fe feos^ftP/P ftub/ wB'ftfrnkBe
sZE f;ZX/ o{g ftu ihtB ftub/ wB'ftfrnkfBe sZEK dh gqfsfBXsk eod/ jB. pkos nB[;ko
wB'ftPb/PD dhnK w[ZYbhnK gqkgshnK B/ nfijh fuzsB^ftXh ƒ BekofdnK j'fJnk fJj
do;kfJnk j? fe sZEK d/ d' i[ZNK ftubk ;zpzX J/Bk f;ZXgZXok BjhA, fe e'Jh nkt/r, nkeKfynk
iK ftPkd w{ZbK jh tZyoh fto'Xh fe;w dh Gkt^nfGftnesh dk iBw^;q's j' ;ed/ jB. fJ;
ebhb dh g[PNh ti'A T[j nkgDh d{ih g[;se Michelet par lut-meme (1954) ftu fJj
dZ;dk j? fe fJe ;kfjs^feos dk wB'ftPb/PD eoBk, T[; ftub/ wkBf;e ypsk, nfs ;pb
s/ jmhb/ fbzre fpzp^ftXkB, jhb^j[ZIsk ƒ p/bekp eoBk fet/A w[wfeB j?. wI/dko rZb fJj
j? fe nfijk eod/ ;w/A fuzse ƒ G'ok th nfj;k; BjhA j[zdk fe T[j b/ye dk wB'ftPb/PD eo
fojk j?. fJT[A pkos b/ye dh P\;hns ns/ T[; dh ouBk ftub/ ;zpzX dh nfsnzs n;gZPNsk
dk ;fseko eodk j?.
nekdfwe nkb'ueK d/ gqfs T[; dk shik fJsokI fJj ;h fe T[j ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ jh
fJegosh nfXn?B^ftXh d/ fPeko ;B. T[BQK dh fJ; ftXh bJh T[; B/ seBheh Ppd a-
symbolia dh tos'A ehsh. T[; dk no'g ;h fe T[j ;kfjs^feos ftu rofGs noE d/ fJe'
jh gk;ko Bkb nkgDk ;oeko oZyd/ jB ns/ T[j noE^gk;ko nkw s"o s/ bcIh jh j[zdk j?.
;fkjs^feos d/ j'o v{zx/o/ noEK se g[ZiD bJh T[; feos^ftP/P ftubhnK nzdobhnK gosK
ƒ co'bD ftu T[BQK dh e'Jh fdbu;gh BjhA, fJ;/ bJh T[BQK dh nfXn?B^ftXh ;zehoD j? ns/
T[j GkPk dhnK n;gZPNsktK ƒ ;wMD' fJBekoh jB. T[j PpdK d/ fJe o{gkeko ftu jh
fBfjs eJh noE^;zGktBktK dh ;fjj'Ad, iK gqshetkdh ;cbsk s'A w[Beo jB. fJE/
;kfjs^feos ƒ T[; dh T[gi d/ ;fEshw{be gk;ko Bkb'A s'VB ns/ ;kfjs^feos dh nkgDh
;[s zs o \[d w[\sko j'Ad ƒ ;thekoB eoe/ pkos nkgDh gfjbh g[;se d[n kok ehsh
f;ZXKs^;EkgBk tb'A w{zj w'V b?Adk j?.
gozgoktkdh nkb'ueK d/ f\bk| T[; dk u"Ek s/ nk\oh fJsokI fJj ;h fe T[BQK B/
ed/ th y[ZbQ/^nkw fJj n?bkB BjhA ehsk fe T[BQK dh fe; ftukoXkok Bkb gqfspZXsk j?, ;r'A
T[BQK ftu'A eJh sK fJj th wzBD'A fJBekoh ;B fe T[BQK dh e'Jh ftukoXkoe nkXkoG{wh th
;h. T[BQK dh fJ; }?o^fJepkbh o[uh bJh T[; B/ oj;kswesk (mystification) Ppd dk
fJ;s/wkb ehsk. wkoe;tkd s'A rqfjD ehs/ fJ; Ppd ƒ pkos B/ nfij/ nkb'ueK ƒ fcNekoB
bJh tofsnk. fJj Ppd pkos^;whfynk^Pk;sq dk fJe wjZstg{oD seBheh Ppd j' fBZpfVnk
j?. pkos nB[;ko ojZ;kswesk fJe fxBkT[Dh, ;kfIPh fe;w dh Pesh j?, fi; dk w{bA'
nB?fse wzst fJfsjkf;e iK ;K;feqfse tosko/ ƒ gqfeqfse fe;w d/ tosko/ dh fdZy Bkb
to';kT[Dk j?. nfijh ojZ;kswesk dk w'V iK gqfsT[Zso ;gZPNsk (de-mystification) jh j'
;edk j?. nfijh ;gZPNsk fbnkT[D dh fIzw/tkoh T[BQK p[ZXhihthnK dh j?, i' nfijhnK
ojZ;kswe nkgj[dohnK Bkb r[zwokj j'D' fJBekoh jB. fJ; gqeko fJj uko p[fBnkdh B[es/
jB, fiBQK okjhA pkos B/ nkgDh nkb'uBk d/ ;zebg s/ ftjko ƒ ;zehoD gozgoktkdh nkb'uek
Bkb'A fBy/fVnk.
;'op'B :{Bhtof;Nh ftu ebk;eh ;kfjs dk ftfdnkoEh j'D ;w/A pkos B/ :{BkBh
BkNe d/ wzuB ftu ek|h fdbu;gh bJh ;h. fJ;/ ;w/A d"okB T[; ƒ T[; ;kfjsô{g d/
gozgokrs gqdoPB s'A nbrkT[ g?dk j' frnk ;h. pknd ftu pkos B/ BkNeeko pos'bs
po?\s (Bertolt Brecht) dk gqGkt rqfjD ehsk, fi; B/ yZp/gZyh p[ZXhihthnK d[nkok ;wki dh
;gZPNsk s/ okiBhfse fJBebkp dh rZb nrKj s'oh ;h. fJ; po?\shnB n;o dk ;G s'A
r{VQk ozr pkos dh b'efgq: g[;se Mythologies (1957) ftu d/fynk ik ;edk j?, i' ;K;feqfse
;gZPNsk dk gZy g{oB tkbh w[ZbtkB feos j?. fJ; ƒ gVQB wro'A ftukoXkok d/ ;K;feqfse
;zdoG pko/ ;ko/ Gow^G[b/y/ d{o j'D/ P[o{ j' iKd/ jB. pkos dh ftXh fJj j ?fe T[j ;{uBk
g[;se, i'sP ftZfdnk fijhnK ftukoXkoe gZy'A fBogZy wdK b? e/ T[BQK ftu fBfjs b[ethA
B?fsesk ƒ T[xkVdk j?. fJ; gZy'A T[; B/ e[Psh dh y/v dk ft;ba/PD ehsk j?. fJ; y/v ƒ
nkvzpoh fJ; bJh ;wM fbnk iKdk j?, feT[Afe jo w[ekpb/ dk f;ZNk gfjbK s'A jh fwZfEnk
j[zdk j?. fJ; gq;zr ftu pkos dh XkoDk j? fe o'IkBk fIzdrh ftu ;z;ko tb'A ;kv/ ;Bw[y g/P
ehs/ iKd/ fujB g{oh soQK n;gZPN j[zd/ jB, T[BQK d/ noE nB/egosh s/ nfBPfus j[zd/ jBl
go fJe iK d' xzfNnK d/ ;w/A bJh, ns/ e[Psh d/ nykV/ dhnK jZdbehoK d/ nzdotko fJj
fujB gZe/ s"o s/ fBoD/ekoh j[zd/ jB. mhe fJt/A jh pkos dh ouBk Mythologies p"fXesk
dh fJe nfijh g/Pekoh j?, fi; d/ gmB dhnK jZdbehoK ftu fBskgqhs ihtB dhnK
n;gZPNsktK w[Ze iKdhnK jB.
fJ;/ g[;se d/ nk\oh f;ZXKfse fBpzX The Myth Today dk fIeo eoB Io{oh ikgdk
j?, fi; ftu pkos fwZE-nfXn?B dh ftXh Bkb ;kvk gfou? eokT[Adk j?. fJj ftXh T[; d/
fwZE^ftfrnkBh ti'A v{zx/ siop/ ftu'A fBebh j'D d/ Bkb^Bkb Gk;ka^ftfrnkB ns/ ;[fBPfus
s"o s/ fujB^ftfrnkB Bkb th i[Vh j'Jh j?. fJ; bJh fJj fujB6gqpzXK s/ fujBheoD dk
nfXn?B th gqshs j[zdh j?. fJ; ftXh ƒ ;wMD bJh fwZE^nfXJ/sk bJh fujB d/ ;ze/sD
(denotation) s/ bZyDkoE (connotation) ftueko fBy/Vk eoBk bkIwh j?. ;ze/sD b|Ih
noE j[zdk j? ns/ bZyDkoE fwfEjkf;e noE j[zdk j?. dbb d/D bJh bZyDkoE fujB^ftP/P
d/ bcIh noEk d/ Bkb tkX{ o{g ftu g/P j[zd/ jB. pkos nB[;ko fwZE dk fBowkd tZE d/
fJfsjkf;e t;| d/ xND Bkb j[zdk j? ns/ fJ; ftu tZE nkgDh xkVs dh :kddkPs G[bk
pfjzdh j?. fJ; gq;zr ftu T[j dkntk eodk j? fe ;kfjs^feosK ƒ T[bQK dh T[sgkdB^ftXh
Bkb'A ftS[zB e/ BjhA ;wfMnk ik ;edk. ;zouBktkdh nkb'ue dk gfjbk eosZt j? fe T[j ;G
s'A gfjbK ;kfjs^feos ftub/ ;zouBkswe gk;koK T[s/ fXnkB e/Adfos eo/, nfijk Bk eoB
dh ;fEsh ftu ojZ;kswesk dk g?dk j'Dk bkIwh j? ns/ fJ; fdqPNh s'A d/fynk ;kfjs^feos
p"fXe T[Zdw j'D, dh pikfJ ikd{Jh g/qoDk dh T[gi gqshs j't/rh.
pkos B? o'wK;tkd s/ :EkoEtkd d/ ngftZso rmpzXB ƒ fso;ekofdnK j'fJnk fJjw
s g/P ehsk j? fe fJ; gZXsh d/ nkb'ue ;kfjfse s/ n;kfjfse ftueko fBy/Vk eoB'
n;wZoE jB. fJ; fBy/V/ dk f;ZXk ;zpzX GkPk Bkb j?, fi; ƒ T[BhthA ;dh d/ :EkoEtkdhnK
B/ BIonzdkI ehsk ;h. pkos :EkoEtkd dk fto'Xh fJ; bJh j? feT[Afe fJj ebk^fto'Xh
j?. fJj ebk ƒ :EkoE dh dk;h pDkT[Adk j?. GkPk dh wjZsk ƒ BekofdnK, j'fJnk fJj
;kfjs^feos d/ fJegosh noE rqfjD eoB se jh wfjd{d ofjzdk j?. pkos B/ nfijh
f;ew d/ fuzse s/ b/ye bJh ecrivant b|I tofsnk j?. T[j ;Zuk b/ye T[;/ ƒ wzBkd j?
fijVk wkfXnw^:kBh fe GkPk^T[s/ fXnkB e/Adfos eodk j?, Bk fe noE T[s/l T[; dk
;o'eko PpdK Bkb j?, ;z;ko Bkb BjhA. nfij/ b/ye bJh T[j ecrivain Ppd dk gq:'r eodk
j?. fJ;/ b/ye ƒ T[j GftZy dk b/ye wzBkd j?.
b/ye d/ wkvb pko/ pkos d/ ftukoK ƒ cokfJv B/ th ek|h jZd se gqGkfts ehsk
j?. b/ye dh GkPk d/ wjZstg{od s/ ftbZyD fBoXkoeK (determinants) d/ ;q'sK dk toDB
eoB bJh pkos B/ ‘;oho’ (body) Ppd tofsnk j?. ikB ;N'o'e (John Sturrock) nB[;ko
fJ; wzst dh f;ZXh BJh ‘ntu/sB’ (subconscious) Ppd th tofsnk ik ;edk ;h. pkos
nB[;ko b/ye fiT[A jh fbyD bJh p?mdk j?, T[j ioe iKdk j? ns/ nkgDhnK Pkpfde fEoeDhnK
(verbal pulsations) d[nkok o{gKsfo j' iKdk j?. fJj fEoeDhnK T[; d/ ‘;oho’, T[; dh
wB';fEsh d/ fJfsjk; iK T[; dh GkPk dhnK jh jB. nkgDh g[;se A Lover's Discourse
(1977) ftu sK pkos fJe edw j'o nrkj iKfdnK j'fJnk wB[Zyh pkb ftu GkPk d/ iBw ƒ
T[; nzdo nkgDh wK dh }?ojkIoh d/ gfoukbD (manipulation) dh nkyKfynk Bkb ik i'Vdk
j?. fJ; gZy s'A pkos d/ nkdo; b/ye ecrivain dh rshftXh fe;/ T[dk;hB eoB tkb/ nkfdekbhB
fdqP dh w[V g/Pekoh d/ ;wo{g j' iKdh j?, feT[Afe b/ye sK GkPk p'bD tkb/ d/ ftgohs nbfjdrh
dh nt;Ek ftu fbydk j? ns/ e/tb ekbgfBe ;ztkdhnK ƒ ;zp'XB eo fojk j[zdk j?, i' e/d th
n;bh BjhA j[zd/.
j[D ;kfjs^f;oiDk^gqfeqnk s'A jN e/ ;kfjs^feos dh rZb S/VBh w[Bkf;p j?.
T[go^tofDs d'jK fe;w d/ b/yek d/ f;oiD^ftjko ftu coe j'D ekoD T[BQK d[nkok, ofus
;kfjs^feosK th tZyosk ekfJw oZydhnK jB. ecrivain ;kfjs^gkm oudk j?, ecrivant
f;oc fJe feos (work) xVdk j?. n;b ;koEeks ;kfjs^gkm dh j? ns/ fJj gkm jh
gfoebgBk (hypothesis) j?, GftZy dh ;zGktBk j? ns/ fJe nfijk gqfswkB th j?, fi; d/
nkXko s/ nshsekbh s/ j[DthnK feosK dk w[b Z KeD ehsk ik ;edk j?. pkov nB[;ko ;kfjs^gkm
fJe fe;w dk Pkpfde w/bk j? fi; ftu GkPk nkgD/ fBskgqfs o[M/ftnK ftu'A fBeb e/ ;_Szd
o{g ftu ftuodh j?. b/ye dk GkPe ekoi fJe Gk;kajh BIkok j? ns/ gkme dk eosZt j?
fe T[j GkPk EkDh ;z;ko d/yD dh Ek fJe; BIko/ T[Zs/ fXnkB e/Adfos eo/. n;b ftu
;kfjs^gkm fujBek Bkb fJe;[sok g?dk eoB Bkb j'Ad rqfjD eodk j? ns/ fJj fujBsk ƒ
T[BQK d/ jkb T[Zs/ jh SZv fdzdk j?. fJj' tkose dh eftsk j?.
pkos d/ ws nB[;ko n;b ;kfjs^gkm ;kv/ wBk ƒ fJekro eoB dh pikfJ ftufbs
eodk j?. fJ; ftu nzfswsk BjhA j[zdh. A Lover's Discourse ftub/ gq/wh dh \k;hns fJj'
j? fe T[j jo fe;w dh nzfswsk s'A w[es j?. T[j fJe nfij/ sZoe dk gqtesk j? fijVk
;z;ko d/ sZoe Bkb'A tZyok j?. fJj gq/wh nkgDh sedho ;ztkoB d/ jo ;jkfJe iK sZoe:[es
T[gk s/ feBkoke;h eodk j? feT[Afe fJ; sqk;fde ;fEsh d/ \ksw/ T[s/ BIo oZyDh sK fJ;
dh sZVcNsk ƒ xNkT[D d/ ;wkB j?. fJj fJe T[dk; eo d/D tkbh feskp j?, fi; ftu
pkos B/ gq/w ftu rq;/ j'D dh ;fEsh ƒ sqk;fde ;fEsh d/ o{g ftu g/P ehsk j?l go fJ;
dod d/ ;wkBkso gq/wh d/ fJe n;b' em'o ;fEsh ftu c;/ j'D d/ ntZb/ nkBzdwJh nfj;k;
dk fieo th ehsk j?. fij' fijk gq/wêEk dk jkb j?. ;ko/ ;fEsh fJ; d/ gkm dh j?. d't/A
Gyt/ noEK d/ fBfjs j'D d/ pkti{d gkme ƒ fe; f;o/ BjhA bkT[Ad/. gq/wh n;gZPN fujBK
d[nkok gq/fwek d/ tsho/ ƒ gfoGkfPs eodk j?. fJT[A T[j fJe soQK Bkb gkme th j?. go
T[j fJe tZyoh fe;w dk gkme j? fit/A fe;/ ecrivain b/ye d[nkok f;ofink frnk ;kfjs^gkm
j?. n;b ftu T[j nkgD/ bJh gkm ƒ g[Bo^f;oiD, fJ; gkm ƒ nzdo'A jh vhê'v eoB dk
isB eo fojk j?.
fJ; gq;zr ftu poks B/ fbyD:'r kgm s/ gVQB:'r gkm ftu fBy/Vk ehsk j?. fbyD:'r
gkm gkme ƒ ygseko dh EK T[sgkde pDkT[Adk j?, feT[Afe nfij/ gkm ƒ gVQB ;w/A gkme
T[; dk fJe j'o gkm f;oidk j?. nfij/ gkm dh s[bBk ftu feos (work) gVQB:'r gkm j[zdk
j?. fJj nkgD/ ;[Gk ftu T[Zd/Pw{be (teleological) jz[dk j? feT[Afe fJj fJe fBPfus nzs tb
tXdk j?. fJT[A pkos ;kfjs^gkm dh rZb eofdnK eoVh gkmrs ftXh ngDkT[Adk j?. nkgDh
g[;se The Pleasure of the list (1973) ftu gkm d/ nkBzd s'A nkBzd d/ gkm se dh :ksok
eofdnK j'fJnk pkos fJj dkntk eodk j? fe b/ye, ;kfjs^gkm ns/ gkme dk go;go
foPsk nkgD/ ;[Gk ftu ofsnkswe (erotie) j?. fJE/ ;oho ;oho Bkb rZb eodk j?, b/ye
nkgD/ ;G s'A tX/o/ n;bh s/ fBih Gkr ‘;oho’ (body) ƒ gkme d/ ‘;oho’ d/ nofgs eodk j?,
i' nZr' T[sBh jh f;Zds Bkb w'Vtk jz[rkok Godk j?. go ;kfjs^gkm gqfs j[zrko/ dhnK d'
n;b'A tZyohnK ftXhnK jB^ nkBzd (pleasure) ns/ G'r (enjoyment). fJE/ G'r ƒ fbzre
noEK ftu fbnk frnk j?. nkBzd fJe xo/b{ fe;w dh GktBk j?. fJ; dh rZb y[bQ e/ ehsh
ik ;edh j?. go G'r sK xkN/tzdk ;"dk j? i' gkme dhnK fJfsjkf;e, ;K;feqfse s/
wB'ftfrnkfBe p[fBnkdK ƒ fjbk e/ oZy fdzdk j?. fJj T[; dhnK o[uhnK, w[Zbk s/ :kdK ƒ
ioek fdzdk j? ns/ T[; d/ s/ GkPk d/ go;go foPs/ ƒ ;zeNrq;s pDk fdzdk j?.
fJBQK s/ j'o ;kohnK ;EkgBktK ƒ pkos B/ nkgDh g[;se S/Z (1970) ftu y[bQ e/
tos'A ftu fbnKdk j? i' pkbIke dh fJe ejkDh iK BktfbN ;kokIhB (Sarrasine) dk gkmrs
ftPb/PD j?. pkos dk fJj nfXn?B pkbIke dh ouBk Bkb'A nkeko ftu xZN' xZN ;Zs r[Dk
tX/o/ ft;fsqs j?. w{b gkm ns/ ;whfynk ftubk fJj n;zs[bB ekft^;whfynk d/ y/so ftu
sK ;[bZG j?, go tkose d/ y/so ftu ek|h d[obZG j?. ;kfjs^gkm ƒ yzv^yzv eoB dh ftqsh
pkos d/ fijB T[s/ ;dk Gko{ ojh J? ns/ fJE/ th T[; B/ w{b gkm ƒ 561 gmB^fJekJhnK
(lexies) ftu tzfvnk j?, fiBQK ftu'A e[M e[ sK f;o| e[M PpdK fizBhnK jh bzphnK jB ns/
pkeh dhnK e[M tkeK dh jZd se bzw/ohnK jB. jo/e gmB^fJekJh ƒ nfXn?B dk e/Ado^fpzd{
pDkfJnk frnk j?. nZr/ ik e/ nkgD/ ftPb/PD ƒ nrKj s"oB bJh pkos B? fJ; ouBk ƒ
gzi e'vK (codes) ftu tzfvnk j? ns/ jo e'v dh tZy' tZyoh fIzw/tkoh j?. ftnkfynk^;k;sqh
(Hermeneutic) s/ ekoiwJh (Actional) e'v ejkDh ftu xNBktK d/ eqw ƒ fBoXkfos eod/
jB. gfjbk ejkDh ftubhnK g/P j'JhnK fposKse nVkT[DhnK (enigmas) ƒ jZb eodk j?,
d{ik e'v T[BQK T[Zgo'EZbh nkT[D tkbhnK ;fEshnK Bkb ;zpzfXs j?, fiBQK ftZu ejkDh dk
ekoi tzfvnk j'fJnk j?. ;hfwe (semic) e'v ƒ pkos ejkDh^ftP/P d/ gksoK, ;fEshnK s/
xNBktK d/ noEK dh ;{uh fsnko eoB bJh tosdk j? ns/ gqshekswe (symbolic) e'v T[BQK
nB/e ftgohs ;fEshnK bJh okytK oZydk j?, fiBQK dh nkXko^G{wh T[s/ fposKse ;zouBk
fNeh j'Jh j?. ns/ fBod/Pkswe (referential) e'v dk gq;'r ejkDh^gkm s'A pkjoh :EkoE
Bkb i[V/ j'J/ ;ze/sK ƒ e'vpZX eoB bJh ehsk frnk j?. fJj nkyoh e'v w{b eEk ftub/
B?fsesk, wB'ftfrnkBe, fJfsjk; s/ ebk tor/ ;ko/ ;ze/sK ƒ nkgDh bg/N ftu b? b?Adk j?.
e'Jh fJj th ;'u ;edk j? fe fJj ;ze/s pkbIke d/ nkgD/ j'D, go pkos dh BIo ftu
‘n;b’ ‘gfjbK jh fbfys’ o{g ftu pdb iKdk j? feT[Afe e'vK d/ nfXeko^y/so ftu pkbIke
dh ;koh w"fbesk y[od^p[od j' iKdh j?. pkos d/ ws nB[;ko b/ye Jhikd BjhA eo fojk,
;r'A T[Xfos eodk fgnk j?. T[; B/ sK pkbIke T[s/ o{VhpZX fe;w dhnK ouBktK T[rbZSD
dk fJbIkw th bkfJnk j?, i' T[; dh BIo ftu nfijk ;zrhB r[Bkj j?, fi; d/ bJh pkos
ed/ th w[nk|h BjhA d/ ;edk. fJ; s'A th tZvk fJbIkw fJj wfVQnk j? fe pkbIke dh ouBk
ftu tofDs b'eK s/ ;EkBK dk t/otk fbyD Bkb BjhA, ;r'A fuZsoekoh dh seBhe Bkb w/b
yKdk j?. ikB ;NZoZe nB[;ko fJE/ pkos B/ pkbIke Bkb fJj nky e/ pj[s tZvh fInkdsh
ehsh j? fe T[; e'b coK; d/ ;wekbh wkBth tsho/ pko/ e'Jh nzso^fdqPNh BjhA.
n;b ftu pkos fJj ;wM BjhA ;fenk fe pkbIke B/ wkBth wB'ftfrnkB d/ fejV/
gqufbs ;zebgK tb ;ze/s ehsk j?. fJ;/ ekoD jh T[j pkbIke dh ftukonXhB ouBk ƒ
;kfjs^gkm BjhA, ;r'A feos (work) wzBdk j?, i' fbyD^:'r gkm BjhA. fJ; d/ pkti{d T[j
S/Z ftu T[; dh ouBk d/ nB/egosh noEK ƒ th gqekPwkB eoB ftu o[uh fdykT[Adk j?.
nzs ftu T[j fxoDk ;fjs fJj fdykT[Adk j? fe fJ; ebk;eh ouBk ftu fIzdrh fet/A ubzs
oktK dk nekT{ fwbr'Gk pD rJh j?. tk;st ftu g[;se dk w[Zy T[d/P gkm ƒ w{b ;'w/ Bkb
ftS[zBDk s/ fJj do;kT[Dk j? fe fJ; g[;se ftu fBoh pkbIke dh nktkI jh BjhA, ;r'A fJ;
ftu eJh nktkIK ƒ rZvwZv eoe/ g/; ehsk frnk j?. fJ; gq;zr ftu pkos nB[;ko w{b
wjZsk b/ye dh BjhA, ;r'A ;kfjs^gkm dh j?.
nzs ftu fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe o"bk pkos dhnK fbysk Gkt/A fte'fbsohnK jB,
go T[BQK ftueko fJe ;{yw fijh dkoPfBe fBozsosk th j?. T[; B/ fJe wjZstg{oD ;pe
fJj gVQkfJnk j? fe ;kƒ nkgDh GkPk ƒ nkgDh efjD dk e'Jh jZe BjhA feT[Afe GkPk fJe
nfijk gqpzX j?, fi; ftu dkyb j'D ;w/A ;kƒ nkgDh ftbZyD gSkD ƒ si d/Dk ukjhdk j?.
i' e'Jh th p'bdk j? iK fbydk j?, T[j pkos d/ ws nB[;ko PpdK d/ fybko/ e'b gJ/. fJe
‘wjkB \kbh fbckc/’ s'A tZX j'o e[M th BjhA. pkos d/ jh PpdK ƒ tosfdnK fJj efjDk
sZoe;zrs gqshs j[zdk j? fe o"bk pkos fJe b/ye d/ s"o s/ Gkt/A fbckc/ T[s/ fbfynk j'fJnk
fJe Bkw jh feT[A Bk j't/, go j[Dt/A ;fwnK ftu T[; Bkb'A tZX fe;/ th j'o b/ye B/ coK;h;h
GkPk ƒ J/Bh nwho, w"fbe s/ p'fXe tos'A d/ ;woZE BjhA pDkfJnk.
gkd^fNZgDhnK s/ jtkb/
1. Barthes, Roland, Mythologies, p. 15
2. Ibid, p. 109.
3. Sturrock, John (ed.), Structuralism and Since, p. 68.
4. Barthes, Roland, The Pleasure of the Test, p. 17.
5. -, S/Z, p. 55.
6. Sturrock, JOhn (ed.), Structuralism and Since, p. 75
7. Culler, Jonathan, Barthes, p. 14.
gkm Bz L 2H7 ^vkH Bfozd o f;z x eg{ o
f;rwzv cokfJv
f;rwzv cokfJv dk BK nkX[fBe ;z;ko d/ T[BQK wjkB fuzseK ftu frfDnk iKdk j? fiBQK
B/ wB[Zy ƒ BthA u/sBk ns/ BthA fuzsB^fdqPNh fdZsh j?. i/eo nkX[fBe ;z;ko d/ fszB wjkB
fuzseK dh u'D eoBh j't/ sK cokfJv sk T[BQK ftu j'tr / k jh d{I/ d/ fuzse vkoftB ns/
nkJhB;NhB frD/ ik ;e/d jB. nkX[fBe ;z;ko ftfrnkB ns/ ftfrnkBeK dk foVh j? go
cokfJv, vkoftB ns/ nkJhB;NhB dk ;EkB ftfrnkB ns/ ftfrnkBeK Bkb'A fJ; eoe/
T[Zuk j? feT[Afe fJBQK :[Zr g[oPK B/ T[; ;'u^ftXh ns/ frnkB^fdqPNh ƒ ibw fdZsk j? fi;
dh b'x ftu ftfrnkB frnkB pfDnk ns/ ftfrnkBe nB/eK ekYK eZYD d/ :'r j'J/ ns/
;z;ko nkX[fBe bhjK T[Zs/ YbD bZfrnk. T[go'es fszB/ fuzse nkX[fBe :[Zr d/ dkoPfBe ;B
fiBQk B/ nkgD/ wB^w;se ftu Bt/A ;z;ko dh ebgBk ehsh ns/ nkgD/ nkgD/ y/so ftu
nfij/ soe g/P ehs/ fiBQK Bkb ftPt dh B[jko pdb rJh j?.
cokfJv dh ihtB eEk T[; d/ iBw Bkb nkozG eoB dh Ek T[; dh w"s Bkb P[o{
eoBh tX/o/ T[g:'rh gqshs jz[dh j?. nZi s'A brGr nZXh ;dh gfjbK, 1939 d/ ;szpo wjhB/
ftu, fpnk;h ;kbK dh T[wo ftu fJj wjkB wB'^ftfrnkBh fJ; ;z;ko ƒ fsnkr frnk. go
;ko/ ;z;ko B/ T[; ƒ ngBk fbnk. cokfJv dk nfXn?B ehs/ fpBK Bk e'Jh ftnesh ftdtkB
ejk ;edk j? BK jh nkX[fBe. wjkB g[oPK tkbh otkfJs ƒ gkbd/ j'J/ cokfJv ƒ nkgD/
ftukoK ekoB nkgDk iowBh ftubk fBtk; ;EkB fsnkrDk fgnk ns/ BkIh c"ihnK dh
eo'Xh ekoB T[; ƒ nkgDk ;G e[ZM SZv e/ fJzrb?Av ftu PoB b?Dh gJh. T[; d/ nfijk
eoB eoe/ T[; dhnK ;Zso tfoQnK dh tZvh T[wo tkbhnK fszB G?DK ƒ BkIhnK B/ r?; ;[zxk
e/ wko fdsk. fJ; ;w/A se e?A;o ekoB cokfJv dk th d' tkoh Ugo/PB j' u[Zek ;h. nkgD/
ihtB d/ nzsb/ gzdoK toQ/ cokfJv ƒ nkgD/ ipkVQ/ dk nzsk dk dod jzYkT[Dk fgnk ns/ T[;
dk fJe jZE ipkVQ/ dh dod ƒ xNkT[D d/ nkjo ftu bZfrnk fojk. nfijh nt;Ek d/
pkti{d T[j gq:'r eodk fojk, ;zebg T[;kodk fojk ns/ wB'^ftPb/PD d/ f;XKsK ƒ fBykodk
fojk. ipkV/ d/ dod s'A fBiks e/tb w"s ftu ;h go cokfJv B/ nkgD/ nkg ƒ nkgD/ ezw
ftu fJ; jZd se o[Mk fbnk fe T[; dk dod f;oiDkswe j' fBpfVnk.
cokfJv fJe fBg[zB b/ye ;h ns/ nkgDh b/yDh Bkb T[; B/ nkgD/ ftukoK ƒ nkX[fBe
:[Zr dk fJe ‘tkd’ pDk fdsk. T[j nkg jh nkgDk ftPk ;h. T[; dk wB'^ftPb/PD T[; d/
nkgD/ wB, wB ftub/ voK ns/ G?nK, nfsqgs fJSktK dZphnK^x[NhnK, ykfjPK, jko rJhnK
38
sKxK^T[wzrK dk jh ftPb/PD j?. T[; d/ pugB ftu nB/eK nfijhnK xnBktK tkgohnK fe
wksk^fgks, G?DK^GoktK ns/ nkb/^d[nkb/ d/ fJ;soh^g[oPK Bkb T[; d/ ;zpX
z ifNb ns/ r[M
z bdko
j[zd/ rJ/. T[; B/ nkgD/ fBih nB[GtK ƒ soe;zrs Yzr Bkb g/P eoe/ ‘wB'ftPb/PD’ d/ BK
Bkb ikDh ikD tkbh ftXh dk fBowkD ehsk. Gkt/A T[; d/ nkgD/ ;wekbhnK ns/ ;kEhnK Bkb
ftukoK d/ gZy' ws^G/d g?dk j'J/ ns/ n?vbo, :[zr, o?Ae, ;N/eb nkfd T[; dk ;kE SZv rJ/
ns/ fGzB^fGzB gqeko dk wB'^ftfrnkB T[XkoB bZr gJ/ go cokfJv nkgD/ ftukoK d/ gZy'A
fdqVQ fojk. jo Bt/A wB'^ftfrnkBh ƒ gfjbK fJj ;gPN eoBk g?Adk j? fe T[j cokfJv d/
gZy ftu yb'sk j? iK fto'X ftu. fJj d't/A ;fEshnK cokfJv d/ ft;kab ns/ v{zx/ gqGkt dk
gqwkD jB.
cokfJv ƒ j[D T[; d/ woB s'A gzikj toQ/ T[gozs fBogZy ns/ ;[szso fdqPNh s'A
fBoyDk^goyDk ;zGt j'fJnk j?. T[; Bkb ;zpzXs nB/eK tkd^fttkd w[Ze rJ/ jB. ;' fBo;zd/j
n;hA T[; d/ :'rdkB dk fBogZy b/ykî'yk eo ;ed/ jK. cokfJv s'A gfjbK wB'ftfrnkB
nekdfwe y/soK se ;hws ;h ns/ fJ; dk nfXn?B :{Bhtof;NhnK d/ nzdo jh j[zdk ;h.
wB[Zy d/ ftjko ƒ t/y e/ e[ZM fBoD/^f;ZN/ ;kjwD/ nk u[Ze/ ;B go fJj ;ko/ fBoD/ wB[Zy d/
skofee ftjko ns/ w{b^gqftoshnK (Instincts) d/ T[gikJ/ ftjko T[s/ nkXkfos ;B. wB[Zy
d/ ftjko ƒ fJe f;Xh o/yk ftu ;wMD dk :sB ehsk iKdk ;h. wB[Zyh ftjko ƒ d' w[Zy
tzBrhnK ftu tzvD dh ohs nB[;ko gfjbh tzBrh ftu T[; ftjko ƒ frfDnk iKdk ;h fi;
d/ ekoB ;gPN ns/ gqsZy ;B. d{ih tzBrh ftu T[; ftjko ƒ frfDnk iKdk ;h fi; d/
ekoB n;gPN ns/ r[ZM/ ;B. nfij/ ftjko ƒ e'Jh wjZst BjhA fdZsk iKdk ;h. wjZstjhD
;wM/ ikD ekoB nfij/ ftjko dk ftPb/PD th BjhA ehsk iKdk ;h. nfij/ ftjko ƒ gfjbh
tzBrh d/ skofee ftjko d/ w[ekpb/ BhthA gZXo dk d; e/ nDfvZm eoB dh gqftosh dkoPfBeK
ns/ wB'^ftfrnkBhnK ftu ;KMh ;h.
cokfJv dh wjkB d/D fJj j? fe T[; B/ nkgDk fXnkB wB[Zyh ftjko d/ fBr[D/ gZyK
T[Zs/ e/Adfos ehsk ns/ wB[Zy d/ nskofee ftjko ƒ nkgD/ nfXn?B dk ftPk pDkfJnk.
nfijk eoB Bkb T[; B/ wB'ftfrnkB d/ noE ns/ fJ; d/ nfXn?B^y/so ƒ pdb fdsk.
T[; B/ wB[Zyh wB ftu pzd p{j/^pkohnK ƒ y'fbQnk ns/ wB[Zyh wB dh ftnkfynk dh EK
‘ftPb/PD’ eoBk nkozG ehsk. cokfJv s'A gfjbK ftnkfynk T[Zs/ I'o ;h, cokfJv s'A wro'A
ftPb/PD frnkB d/ jo y/so ftu w[Zy gqftosh pD frnk. cokfJv B/ wB[Zy d/ nskofee
ftjko ƒ nkgD/ nfXn?B dk e/Ado pDkfJnk ;h ;' skofee ftjko dk nfXn?B eoB tkb/
wB'^ftfrnkBh T[; d/ ;zebgK ƒ ;theko eoB s'A fJBeko eod/ oj/ go ;fji/ ;fji/ cokfJv
B/ ftPb/PD d/ nkXkoK ƒ fJsBK skofee pDk fdsk fe ;ko/ T[; d/ PoXkb{ j' fBpV/. fJt/A
cokfJv B/ wB[Zyh ftjko d/ fBr[D/ gZyK d/ wjZst ƒ T[ikro eoe/ nfXn/B dh fJe n;b'A jh
w"fbe ftXh ƒ iBw fdsk, fBowkD ehsk ns/ gqgZe ehsk.
cokfJv dh fJj XkoDk ;h fe gkrbgD d/ th skofee nkXko j[zd/ jB. id'A wB ftu
T[ZmdhnK sKxK^T[wzrK ƒ ;wkfie dpktK nXhB e[ubDk g?Adk j? sK fJj ;kv/ nu/s ftu
dZph^x[ZNh nt;Ek ftu ftuodhnK T[wrz K th g{osh bJh sKxdhnK ofjzdhnK jB. id'A tk;sfte
;z;ko ftu fJBQK dh g{osh ;zGt Bk j't/ sK fJj ;[gfBnK ftu fsqgs j[zdhnK gqshs j[zdhnK
jB. id'A w{b sKxK ns/ T[wzrK dk fBozso dwB ehsk ikt/ sK ftnesh dh wB nzdobh
;fEsh ;wki dh pkjobh ;fEsh Bkb fJe^;[o BjhA ofjzdh ns/ ;zpzX ftnesh bJh ;ktK^;[yktK
ihtB fiT[Dk n;zGt j' iKdk j?. nfijh ;fEsh ftu ftnesh gkrbgD iK vZb^g[D/ d/ bZSD
gqrNkT[D br g?Adk j?. nfij/ ftnesh d/ w{zj'A nukBe e[M p'fbnk iKdk j?, T[; ƒ nihp
;[gB/ nkT[D br g?Ad/ jB, T[; s'A uhIK N[ZND bZr g?AdhnK jB ns/ rZbK G[ZbD br g?AdhnK
jB, T[; dk ftjko jk;'jhDk ns/ nskofee j' iKdk j? go nfij/ ftjko d/ ekoB T[; ftnesh
d/ nu/s wB ftu S[g/ j'J/ jB. cokfJv s'A gfjb/ d/ wB'ftfrnkBh nu/s wB ƒ e{V/ dh N'eoh
iK fBokoEe nB[GtK dk Gzvko ;wMd/ ;B go cokfJv B/ fJj ;Ekfgs eoB ddk :sB ehsk
fe wB[Zy dk nu/s^wB jh ;G s'A tZX wjZstg{oB j? ns/ wB[Zy d/ ;[u/s ftjko fgS/ jh nu/s
wB ekoiPhb j[zdk j?. fJt/A cokfJv B/ :ksK, pugB d/ nB[GtK, nfsqgs sKxK, d[ZydkJh
xNBktK ns/ G[b/^ft;o/ siofpnK d/ ftPkb ;w[zdo noEks nu/s^wB d/ wjZst ƒ T[ikro
ehsk ns/ fJ;/ dk nfXn?B eoB bJh wB'ftPb/PD dh ftXh dk fBowkD ehsk.
jo fJe ftnesh nkgD/ nB[Gt d/ nB/ek nfij/ gZyK ƒ gqrNkT[D s'A fMiedk j?,
fiBQK ƒ gqrNkT[D Bkb T[; dh jT[A ƒ ;ZN tidh j't/. nB[Gt d/ nfij/ gZyK ƒ wB[Zy nkgD/
wB d/ ;zd{e ftu fizdok wko e/ oydk j? ns/ nkgDh wkBf;e Pesh dk pj[s tZvk Gkr T[j
fJ; ;zd{e dh u"ehdkoh ftu you eo fdzdk j?. Gkt/A fJj nB[Gt T[j gqrNkT[Adk BjhA go
fJ; nB[gt d/ jktb/ T[; d/ ftjko ftu'A fBozso fwbd/ ofjzd/ jB. dZp/^x[ZN/ nB[Gt eJh
wB'^rqzEhnK, wkBf;e^r[zMbK ns/ wkBf;e^gZygksK ƒ iBw fdzd/ jB. fJt/A wB[Zy dk ;w[Zuk
ftjko T[; d/ w[ZYb/ nB[Gtk d/ gqGkt nXhB ftuodk j?. wB[Zy ƒ fJj G[b/yk j? fe T[j
nkIkd j? id'A fe tk;sftesk fJj j? fe T[j nkgD/ nu/s wB dk ubkfJnk ubdk j? ns/
nu/s wB ftu ;w[Zuh wkBt iksh dk ;w[Zuk nB[Gt ;KfGnk fgnk j?. wB[Zy dk ;w[Zuk
nB[Gt ns/ ftjko T[; d/ nu/s wB d/ fJ; jZd se gqGkt nXhB j? fe T[; d/ ftjko dk
e'Jh nfijk gZy gqshs jh BjhA j[zdk fi; ƒ ;[u/s ftjko fejk ik ;e/. fJt/A cokfJv B/ ;kƒ
nkgD/ nkg ƒ t/yD, fBoyD, goyD ns/ ;wMD dh BthA f;qPNh fdZsh j?.
;zi'r t; id'A cokfJv wB'^ftPb/PD ftXh dk fBowkD eo fojk ;h sK T[;/ ;w/A T[;
d/ ;wekbh th BthnK fdqPNhnK gqdkB eo oj/ ;B. cokfJv s'A Y/o gfjbK ekgoBhe; B/
fJj ;kps eo fdsk ;h fe ;{oi Xosh d[nkb/ BjhA ;r'A Xosh ;{oi d[nkb/ x[zwdh j?, fJt/A
Xosh ns/ Xosh s/ tZ;D tkb/ ihtK dk wjZst xfNnk gqshs j'fJnk. vkoftB B/ ;kps eo
fdsk ;h fe ihtîzs{ irs oZp d/ ej/ nB[;ko nukBe j'Ad ftu BjhA ;h nkfJnk ;r'A eo'VK
;kbK d/ fBozso ftek; Bkb j'Ad ftu nkfJnk j?. fJ; ;zebg Bkb oZp dh j;sh ns/ pkJhpb
ftu g/P ejkDhnK wjZst r[nk p?mhnK. wB'ftfrnkB ns/ iht^ftfrnkB B/ fJj ;kps eo
fdsk ;h fe wB[Zy d/ fgsk^g[oy/ d/ts/ iK oZp BjhA ;B ;r'A izrbh ikBto ;B. nfij/ ;zebgK
B/ wB[Zy h wjZst ƒ ;Ekfgs eoB tkbhnk d?th^PehsnK dh EK T[; d/ nzdo S[ghnK
gkPfte^PeshnK ƒ T[ikro ehsk. G"fse ftfrnkB B/ ;kps eo fdsk ;h fe Xosh pqfjwzv
dk e/Ado BjhA ;r'A pqfjwzvK ftu'A fJe fBe/ fij/ pqfjwzv dk feDek^wkso ;h. fJ; ;zebg
Bkb wB[Zy ƒ nkgD/ fBr[D/gD dk nfj;k; j'fJnk. fJt/A ;gPN j? fe id'A cokfJv wB'ftPb/PD
ftXh dk fBowkD eo fojk ;h sK frnkB d/ d{i/ y/soK ftu th fJBebkp tkgo fojk ;h. fJ;/
nkXko s/ cokfJv ƒ nkX[fBe :[Zr dk T[;oJhnk fejk iKdk j? T[; B/ nkX[fBe wB[Zy ƒ ;wMD
d/ th Bt/A ns/ w"fbe ns/ ftfrnkBe nkXko ;Ekfgs ehs/ jB.
cokfJv d/ wB'ftfrnkBe f;XKsK ƒ ;wMD tk;s/ T[; d/ ihtB dhnK wjZstg{oD xNBktK
dh ikDekoh nktPe j? feT[Afe T[; d/ ihtB dhnK fBih xNBktK T[; d/ ;zebgK ƒ T[GkoB
ns/ fBykoB ftu ;jkJh j'JhnK jB. cokfJv dk iBw 6 wJh, 1856 ƒ nk;Nqhnk^jzroh
oki^fJbke/ d/ w'othnk e;p/ ftu j'fJnk. nZieZb fJj e;pk u?e';b'tkehnk ftu j?.
cokfJv B/ fJe wZX^Pq/fDe :j{dh gfotko ftu iBw fbnk. T[; dh wK T[; d/ fgsk dh d{ih
gsBh ;h ns/ id'A cokfJv dk iBw j'fJnk sK T[; d/ fgsk dh gfjbh gsBh ftu'A d' itkB
g[Zso T[; d/ wso/J/ Gok pD/. fJBQK d' g[ZsoK ftu'A fJe ftnkfjnk j'fJnk ;h ns/ T[; dk
fJe pZuk th ;h. ikB BK dk fJj pZuk cokfJv dk pugB dk ;kEh pfDnk. cokfJv T[gozs
T[; dh wK B/ ;Zs j'o g[ZsoK, XhnK ƒ iBw fdsk. id'A cokfJv dk iBw j'fJnk sK T[; dk
fgks, i?ep cokfJv, ukbQh ;kbK s'A tZvk ;h ns/ T[; d/ tgkoh ti'A T[; dh nkwdB ;kXkoD
gqeko dh ;h. fdbu;g gZy fJj ;h fe cokfJv dh wK dh T[wo cokfJv d/ iBw ;w/A fgsk
dh T[wo Bkb'A nZXh noEks e/tb thj toQ/ ;h. cokfJv dh wK dh T[wo cokfJv d/ wso/J/
Gok fizBh ;h. fJ; ;fEsh B/ nkg;h ;zpzXK ƒ ifNb pDk fdsk ;h. cokfJv d/ wB ftu
nkgD/ fgsk gqsh ;kV/, B|os, so; ns/ fgnko d/ fwb/î[b/ Gkt ;B. T[j nkgDh wK tZb
pj[s tX/o/ M[fenk j'fJnk ;h ns/ nkgD/ wso/J/ GoktK d/ nkgDh wK tZb M[ekU ƒ ;dk ;zd/j
dh fdqPNh Bkb t/ydk fojk. T[j nkgDh wK dk tX/o/ s'A tX/o/ fXnkB fyZuD bJh nkgD/ ;e/
G?D^GoktK Bkb jh Jhoyk ns/ ;kV/ tkbk ftjko eodk ;h. T[j nkgD/ fgsk gqsh r[Z;k nkgD/
wso/J/ GoktK s/ eZYdk ;h. ihtB d/ fJj w[ZYb/ nB[Gt T[; d/ eJh ;zebgK ns/ f;XKsK d/
nkXko pD/ ;B.
T[; d/ w[ZYb/ ihtB dh fJe wjZstg{oB xNBk fszBûko toQ/ dh T[wo ftu T[j bzwh
ns/ Eek d/D tkbh o/b :ksok ;h fijVh T[; ƒ nkgDh iBw^G'fJ fsnkr e/ thnkBk se
eoBh gJh ;h. fJ; :ksok d"okB T[; B/ Gkc d/ fJziD s'A c[jko/ t/y/ ns/ fJBQK c[jkfonK B/
T[; d/ wB ftu ‘Boe dk ;zebg’ T[;kfonk, fiE'A T[; d/ wB ftu wB[Zy dh nPKs GNeD dk
ftuko T[gfink. gfotko dk fyzvkU, :j{dhnK d/ ;dhnK s'A fyzv/ ns/ T[iV/ j'D d/ noEk ftu
T[; d/ wB^w;se ftu t; frnk.
nkofEe wIp{ohnk ekoB cokfJv d/ fgsk ƒ thnkBk ftu fNeD bJh wIp{o j'Dk
fgnk. Gkt/A ;fEsh fej' fijh th ;h, cokv dk fgsk ;dk jh fJ; rZb s/ fdqVQ fojk fe
cokfJv ƒ uzr/ ;e{b ftu dkyb eotkfJnk ikt/. nkgD/ ;e{b ftub/ nZmK ;kbK ftu'A nzsb/
S/ toQ/ cokfJv ;dk jh nkgDh iwks ftu gfjb/ Bzpo s/ fojk. thnkBk ftu :j{dhnK bJh
ezw^XzfdnK dh u'D pVh ;hws ;h. cokfJv B/ ufes;k^ftfrnkB dk y/so u[fDnk. pugB
ftu cokfJv d/ wB ftu wkBt iksh d/ d[ZyKêb/PK gqsh fXnkB d/D dh fposh BjhA ;h go
itkBh ftu fJj GktBk T[sgzB j' u[eh ;h ns/ T[; d/ wB ftu wkBt iksh dhnK ;wZf;nktK
ƒ ;wMD ns/ T[BQK d/ jZb bZGD dh ifrnk;k ;h. fJ; ifrnk;k Bkb T[j 1873 s'A 1881
se nZm ;kb ufes;k^ftfrnkB dk nfXn?B eodk fojk. fJ; ;w/A vkoftB ns/ j?wj'bNI
nkfd iht^ftfrnkBhnK ns/ ;oho^feqnk^ftfrnkBhnK dhnK bZGsK Bkb ftPt^fdqPNhe'D
ftu spdhbh tkgo ojh ;h. ftfrnkB d/ y/so ftu ojZ;tkd ns/ o'wK;tkd dh EK ftfrnkBe
;gPZNsk ns/ ;[fBPfussk dk p'b^pkbk j' fojk ;h. cokfJv B/ ufes;k^ftfrnkB dh gVQkJh
d"okB gfjbK iht^ftfrnkB ns/ ;oho^feqnk ftfrnkB d'jK ƒ s/ nzs ftu ;oho^feqnk
ftfrnkB ƒ nkgD/ v{zx/ nfXn?B dk ftPk fBoXkfos ehsk. T[; dh w[ZYbh y'i szs{^gqpzX
;zpzXh j?. fJ; y'i T[gozs jh T[j ufes;k^ftfrnkB ƒ rzGhosk Bkb b?D brk. nrb/oh
gVQkJh bJh T[j fJe ;kb bJh g?fo; frnk fiE/ gqf;ZX ;oho^ftfrnkBh ukoe'N dh fBrokBh
nXhB T[j fj;Nhohnk ns/ fjgB"fNIw d/ nfXn?B tb gq/fonk frnk. fJE/ jh T[; ƒ wkBf;e
feqnktK dk nfXn?B eoB dh ikr brh. T[; B/ t/fynk fe T[; dk fBrokB nkgD/ wohIK ƒ
ikD^p[ZM e/ ;zw'jB iK fjgB'fNIw dh ;fEsh ftu fbnkT[Adk ;h ns/ fJ; ;fEsh ftu wohI
nkgD/ wB ftub/ dZp/ê[Zub/ nB[GtK, voK^G?nK ns/ nfsqgs fJSktK ;zpzXh p'bdk ;h. wsG/dK
ekoB cokfJv B/ nkgD/ fBrokB Bkb s'V^ftS'Vk eo fbnk ns/ nkgDk ;kok ihtB gq:'rPkbk
tkbh ftXh dh EK ftPb/PD tkbh ftXh gqsh bkT[D dk fBPuk ehsk. fJt/A wB'ftfrnkB d/
y/so ftu ftPb/PD dh ftXh dk gqt/P j'fJnk. fijVh wB'^ftPb/PD d/ BK Bkb gqf;ZX j'Jh.
thnkBk ftu w[V nkT[D T[gozs T[; B/ 1886 ftu ftnkj eotk fbnk ns/ fJ;/ toQ/
szs{^gqpzX d/ ftekoK dk fJbki eoB dk ezw nkozG ehsk. pZfunK d/ fdwkrh^nXozr dk T[j
wkfjo pD frnk. ;fEsh dk ftnzr fJj ;h fe cokfJv dh w[ZYbh fdbu;gh y'i ftu ;h
go nkofEe wIp{ohnK ekoB T[; ƒ vkeNoh th eoBh gJh. fJ; ;w/A T[; d/ wohI T[; dh
szs{^gqpzX ;zpzXh y'i bJh nkXko pD/. fJ; ;w/A d"okB T[j fpqT[o d/ ;zgoe ftu nkfJnk
fijVk fjgB'fNIw dh ftXh okjhA wkBf;e wohIk ƒ nkgD/ G[b/^ft;o/ nB[Gt :kd eoke/
wkBf;e o'rK s'A w[es eokT[D dk fJbki eodk ;h. nkgD/ nB[GtK ƒ :kd eoe/ wohIK ƒ
fJe ftP/P gqeko dk ;[y (catharsis) gqkgs j[zdk ;h. fJt/A fJ; ftXh dk ftek; eoe/ cokfJv
B/ p/o'e^fJeksosk (free-association) dk ;zebg T[;kfonk. fJ; ftXh nB[;o wohI ƒ ;'c/

T[s/ b/ND ns/ nkgD/ wB ftu nkT[Ad/ GktK^ftukoK ƒ fBPzr j' e/ efjD bJh fejk iKdk.
t/fynk frnk fe fJBQK GktK^ftukoK ƒ gqrNk e/ wohI ƒ nkgD/ wB s/ gJ/ p'M d/ T[so ikD
dk nfj;k; j[zdk. cokfJv B/ t/fynk fe T[; d/ wohI nkgD/ pugB dhnK rZbK tX/o/ eod/
;B ns/ fJBQK ftu'A pj[shnK rZbK ekw^fJZSk, ekw^fyZu, ekw^nfsqgsh nkfd Bkb ;zpzXs
j[zdhnK ;B. fJ; gqftosh ekw^fJSktK jB. T[; dk fJj ;zebg T[; dhnK bGsK dk e/Adoh
B[esk j? ns/ fJj B[esk jh T[; dh nkb'uBk dk e/Ado pfDnk j? ns/ fJ;/ B[es/ ekoB T[; d/
eJh ;fj:'rh T[; d/ fto'Xh j' fBpV/.
cokfJv B/ wkBf;e^T[bkoK^ftekoK dk nfXn?B eoB dh nkgDh ftXh dk BK 1896 ftu
‘wB'ftPb/PD’ ofynk. T[; B/ fJj ftuko th g/P ehsk fe wkBf;e^ftkeoK^T[bkoK s'A puD
bJh wB nB/eK ;[ofynkswe ftXhnK (mental defenses) dh tos'a eodk j? ns/ fJj th wZs
g/P ehsk fe id'A ekw^fJZSktK^sKxK (libido) id'a ;wkfie^nkg/ (ego) Bkb NeokT[AdhnK jB
sK fJj NeokU wkBf;e^T[bkoK ftekoK (neurosis) ƒ iBw fdzdk j?. nrb/ toQ/ noEks 1897
ftu cokfJv B/ ;t/^ftPb/PD ehsk ns/ pkbêkwesk (infantile sexuality) ns/ wK dh g[Zso
tb ns/ Xh dh fgsk tb fyZu noEks Jhvhg; rqzEh (oedipus complex) dk ;zebg T[;kfonk.
fJBQK ;zebgK s'A fJbktk cokfJv B/ nu/s^gq/oBk (unconscious motivation) fJZSk dwB
(represion), fJZSk^g{osh d/ pdb (transference) ns/ wkBf;e^T[bkok^ftekok d/ ekoB ekoi
(Causation of the neurosis) d/ f;XKs th T[;ko/. fJBQK tfoQnK ftu jh T[; B/ ;[gfBnK dh
ftnkfynk ns/ ftPb/PD ;zpzXh fJe g[;se th SgtkJh ns/ fBsk^gqsh dhnK wkBf;e
;wZf;nktK d/ ekoBK ;zpzXh th fbfynk.
nkozG ftu fe;/ B/ th cokfJv dh y'i ns/ T[; dhnK gqekPBktK tb e'Jh fXnkB Bk
fdZsk. brGr 1902 ftu T[; B/ nkgD/ gqPz;eK dk fJe x/ok T[;kfonk ns/ T[; dh uouk j'D
bZr gJh. fJ; uouk d/ Bshi/ t; 1906 ftu e[M ;ft; wkBf;eûfesf;ek B/ T[; d/ ftukoK
ns/ f;XKsK dh gq'VQsk eoBh nkozG ehsh go fJ; ;w/A se T[; dh y'i ekw^fJZSktK dh
g{osh^ng{osh se jh ;hws ;h. ;kb 1908 ftu gfjbh tko wB'ftPb/PD d/ ftP/ s/
nzsoôkPNoh whfNzr j'Jh ns/ nrb/ toQ/ cokfJv ƒ :[zr Bkb nwohek ftu fJe GkPD bVh
bJh ;ZZdk^gZso gqkgs j'fJnk. nkgDh y'i ƒ ikoh oyfdnK 1910 ftu cokfJv B/ Bko;h
o[uh (narcissism) dk ;zebg T[;kfonk. fJ; d"okB cokfJv B/ wB'^ftPb/PD ftXh ƒ j'o
fBykfonk ns/ ;gZPN ehsk. T[; d/ :sBK ;dek wB'^ftPb/PD d/ ;zebg ƒ ftPt^ftnkgh
gqtkBrh fwbh go fJ; d/ Bkb jh eJh wB'^ftfrnkBhnK B/ T[; d/ ;zebgK^f;XKsK dh fto'Xsk
nkozG eo fdsh ns/ T[; d/ gZe/ ;kEh fpqT[o, :zr, n?vbo nkfd B/ T[; Bkb s'V^ftS'Vk
eoe/ nkgD/ tZyo/ f;XKs T[;koB/ nkozG ehs/. cokfJv d/ f;XKsK ftu ekw^nfsqgsh T[s/
pj[s nfXe pb j?. n?vbo B/ ftneshrs^wB'ftfrnkB (Individual Psychology) dk f;XKs
T[;kfonk fi; nB[;ko wB[Zy nkgDh jhDsk^GktBk ƒ S[gkT[D bJh tX/o/ s'A tX/o/ ;Zsk, uVQs iK
nfXeko gqkgs eoBk ukj[zdk j?. n?vbo nB[;ko wB'skg ;w[Zuh Py;hns d/ ftrkV s'A T[gidk
j?. jT[A wB'skg T[gikT[D ftu tX/o/ wjZstg{oB o'b fBGkT[Adh j? ns/ ekw pkjo/ gZy th NeokU
ƒ iBw d/ ;ed/ jB. fBo;zd/j n?vbo d/ fJBQK ftukoK dk wB'^ftPb/PDkswe ;zebgK d/
ftek; T[s/ v{zxk gqGkt fgnk. wB'ftfrnkBhnK ƒ n?vbo d/ :'rdkB d/ wjZst gqsh e'Jh ;zd/j
BjhA.
n?vbo Bkb s'V^ftS'V/ T[gozs cokfJv d/ :[zr Bkb ;zpzX th ;kt/A^;[ykt/A Bk oj/ ns/
:[zr B/ ftPb/PDh^wB'ftfrnkB dh BthA Xkok dk n?bkB ehsk. ftPb/PDh wB'ftfrnkB (Analytic
Psychology) dk pj[sk gqGkt Bk fgnk feT[Afe fJj tX/o/ r{VQ^frnkB tkbh Ppdktbh ;h.
:[zr dk ftuko ;h fe cokfJv ns/ n?vbo d't/A wB[Zyh P\;hns d/ ;w[Zu ƒ BjhA ;wM ;e/
ns/ d'jK B/ nu/s wB d/ f;XKs ƒ ;wMD ftu NZgbk ykXk j?. :[zr B/ cokfJv d/ f;XKs ƒ
pkjow[Zysk ns/ n?vbo d/ f;XKs ƒ nzsow[Zysk fejk. :[zr B/ ;w{fje^ntu/sB (collective
unconscious) dk f;XKs f;ofink fi; nB[;ko ;koh wkBt iksh dk ntu/sB ;KMk j?. fJt/A
cokfJv d/ ;wekbh fJe fJe eoe/ T[; Bkb'A ftSVd/ rJ/ ns/ nkgD/ tZyo/ f;XKs T[;kod/
rJ/ go fijVh gqf;ZXh cokfJv ƒ fwbh T[j fe;/ j'o ƒ gqkgs Bk j'Jh.
gfjb/ ftPt :[ZX d/ nkozG j'D Bkb cokfJv ƒ nB/eK d[ZydkJh nB[GtK ftu'A bzxDk
fgnk. T[; ƒ nB[Gt j'fJnk fe d'jK gkf;nK d/ c"ihnK tb woB wkoB dh gqftosh T[; d/
ekw^nfsqgsh tkb/ f;XKsK Bkb w/u BjhA ;h yKdh. fJ;/ d"okB T[;B/ ihtB^ftqsh (eros) ns/
w"s^ftqsh (thauatos) d/ ;zebg T[;ko/. fJBQK fdBK ftu jh T[; dh ;skJh ;kbK dh T[wo dh
Xh ;'chnk ;[ortk; j' rJh. fJ; d[yKs ftu jh T[j Bt/A ;zebg T[;kodk fojk ns/ T[; B/
P\;hns ns/ wB d/ fszB w[Zy nkXkoK fJZd, Jhr' ns/ ;[go Jhr' (id, ego and super ego)
dk ;zebg T[;kfonk. fJj ;zebg T[; d/ gfjb/ u/sB^g{otu/sB^ntu/sB d/ ;zebg dk
fBokPktkdh j?. fJ; dk fJe ekoB fJj gqshs j[zdk j? fe T[j fJ; ;w/A Xh dh w"s, jowB
fgnko/ d'js/, d'jsh dh w"s ns/ nkgD/ ipkV/ d/ e?A;o Bkb ghVs ;h. fJ;/ wkBf;e nt;Ek
ftu cokfJv B/ wB[Zy ftu ftBkPekoh GktBktK dk nfXn?B ehsk. fJ; nfXn?B ftu T[; B/
fjNbo fij/ ftnesh dh ;zGkth uVQs dk T[b/y th ehsk ns/ T[; d/ nfij/ ftukoK d/ fto'X
ti'A pofbB ftu T[; dhnK g[;seK ;kVhnK rJhnK. nkgD/ ihtB d/ nzsb/ tfoQnK ftu T[;
B/ Xow ns/ ftP/P eoe/ :j{dh Xow d/ ;zebgK dk ftPb/PD ehsk. T[; dk fJj ftPb/PD
‘gq/oBktK ns/ wBkjhnK’ (Totem and Tabbo) dk ftPb/PD fizBk jh wjZstg{oD j?. nzs
ftu cokfJv ;wki ns/ ;fGnsk dk nfXn?B eoB ftu o[ZfMnk fojk.
cokfJv nB[;ko ;wki dh T[;koh dk T[d/P wB[Zy dhnK p/wj
[ ko ekw^fJZSktK ƒ fB:zsoD
ftu oyDk j?. ;' ;wki dk o'b tk;st ftu wB[Zyh P\;hns ƒ e[ubDk j?. Xow, o;wKôhsK
ekƒB nkfd wB[Zy dhnK gkPfte ns/ neqwDekoh PeshnK ƒ mbQ gkT[D ns/ fB:zsoD ftu
oZyD dk ekoi eod/ jB. ;wki wB[Zy ƒ nkgDhnK nfsqgs fJZSktK dh g{osh bJh pdb
gqdkB eodk j? ns/ T[ZdksheoD dhnK ;zGktBktK T[ikro eodk j?. ;kfjs ns/ ftfGzB gqeko
dh ebk T[ZdksheoD dhnK T[dkjoDK jB. cokfJv nB[;ko ;wki wB[Zy T[s/ pzXB bk e/ T[;
ƒ wB'skgh pDkT[Adk j?. T[; nB[;ko wB[Zy fiT[A^fiT[A tX/o/ ;fGne j[zdk ikt/rk fsT[A^fsT[A
T[j tX/o/ wB'skgh j[zdk ikt/rk. fJ; d/ T[bN wB[Zy fiT[A^fiT[A ;wki d/ pzXBk s'A w[es j[zdk
ikt/rk fsT[A^fsT[A T[j wB'skg s'A th S[Nekok gkT[Adk ikt/rk. ;wki dk o'b wB[Zy ƒ T[dk;
eoB dk j?. T[dk;h ƒ d{o eoB bJh wB[Zy BfPnK dh p[eb ftu iKdk j?. BP/ n;b ftu
T[; d/ wB T[Zs/ gJ/ ;wkfie dpktK ƒ e[M fuo bJh d{o eoB dk o'b fBGkT[Ad/ jB. T[ZdksheoD
dh ;zGktBk e/tb e[M gstzfsnK se jh ;hws j?. BP/ eoB Bkb wB[Zy nkgD/ n;b o{g
ftu gqrN j[zdk j?, T[; d/ dZp/^x[ZN/ Gkt g{o/ ib" ftu gqrN j[zd/ jB ns/ T[j ikBtoK tkbhnK
joesK eoB bZr g?Adk j?.
id'A 1938 ftu fjNbo B/ n;Nohnk T[s/ jwbk eo fdsk sk fJe :j{dh j'D eoe/ T[;
ƒ T[E'A fBebDk fgnk. fJ; ;w/A T[j ‘wB'^ftPb/PD dh o{gô/yk’ BK dh g[;se s/ ezw eo
fojk ;h. nrb/ ;kb 1939 ftu bzvB ftu cokfJv ekbt; j' frnk. cokfJv ƒ wjkB efjDk
ftdtkBK dh fJe nkds fijh pD rJh j?. T[; dk BK j'o wjkB fuzseK Bkb i'VBk fJe fotki
pD frnk j?. cokfJv ;zpzXh wjkB rZb fJj ;h fe T[; B/ nkgDk ;kok ihtB wB'^ftPb/PD d/
T[g^f;XKs ƒ T[;koB ftu bk fdZsk fi; B/ ;w[Zuh wkBt iksh dh ;'u ƒ gqGkfts BjhA ehsk,
T[; ƒ pdb th fdsk. T[j nkgD/ ftukoK ns/ f;XKsK ftu eZNV BjhA ;h, fiT[A^fiT[A Bt/A sZE
T[xVd/ rJ/, T[BQK dh b'n ftu T[j nkgD/ f;XKsK ƒ oZddk, pdbdk ns/ fBykodk frnk. ;w[Zu/
o{g ftu T[j ftPt d/ gfjbh esko d/ fuzseK ftu jh frfDnk iKdk j? ns/ fJBQK ftu jh
frfDnk ikDk ukjhdk j?.
i/ cokfJv d/ w[Zy f;ZXKsK dk ;zy/g toDB eoBk j't/ sK ;G s'A gfjbK p/o'e^fJeskosk
(free-association) dk f;XKs nkT[Adk j?. fJ; f;XKs dk noE fJj j? fe n;hA nkgD/ nB[GtK
ns/ :kdK ƒ gqrNkT[D ;w/A ne;o eJh gZyK ns/ sZEK ƒ S[gk b?Ad/ jK. cokfJv nkgD/
wohIk ƒ fejk eodk ;h fe i' i' fit/A ftuko ns/ Gkt T[BQK d/ wB ftu nkT[Ad/ iKd/ jB,
fsT[A^fsT[A T[j T[BQK ƒ gqrNkJh ikD. T[j fJ; rZb dh gqtkj Bk eoB fe eh nPbhb, GZdk,
rzdk iK fBr[Dk iK fBokoEe j?. nfijk eoB Bkb wkBf;e o'rh nkgD/ nkg ƒ jbek^c[bek
wfj;{; eodk j? ns/ T[j wkBf;e ;zs[bB w[V gqkgs eo b?Adk j?. cokfJv B/ t/fynk fe
gq/oBk d/ pkti{d eJh wkBf;e o'rh nkgD/ Gkt ns/ ftuko fBPzr j' e/ gqrNkT[D s'A fMied/
;B. T[; B/ fJj wZs g/P ehsk fe id'A se fJj fMie d{o BjhA ehsh iKdh, fJbki ;zGt
BjhA j[zdk. jo ftnesh ftu xZN iK tZX fMie j[zdh j?.
cokfJv dk f;XKs ;h fe ;kvhnK fJZSktK dk fisBk tX/o/ dwB j't/rk, T[sBk jh n;hA
tX/o/ wB'skgh j'tKr/. cokfJv nB[;ko fMie ftnesh ƒ nkgD/ Gkt^ftuko gqrNkT[D s'A o'edh
jh BjhA ;r'A nrb/o/ dwB dk th ekoB pDdh j?. fJZSktK dk dwB (repression) fJZSktK ƒ
e[ubD (suppression) Bkb'A tZyo/ noE oydk j? feT[Afe dwB gqsh ftnesh ;[u/s BjhA j[zdk
id'A fe e[ubD gqsh T[j ;[u/s j[zdk j?. dwB ehshnK fJZSktK ƒ :kd eoB ftu fMie j[zdh j?
id'A fe e[ubhnK fJZSktK ƒ :kd eoB ftu woIh tosh iKdh j?.
cokfJv B/ wB[Zyh wB ftu ekw^fJZSk Pesh ƒ fbfpv' (libido) dk Bk fdsk j?. fJ;
fJZSk^Pesh dk ftek; pV/ ifNb Yzr Bkb j[zdk ofjzdk j? ns/ nzs ftu fJj ekw^gqftosh d/
o{g ftu uVQdh itkBh ftu gqrN j[zdh j?. ekw fJZSk^Pesh dk ftek; pugB ftu jh nkozG
j' iKdk j? ns/ fJj eJh o{g Xkodh s/ eJh gVktK ftu'A bzxdh j?. cokfJv B/ fbfpv' d/
;zebg ƒ pV/ ft;Eko ftu g/P ehsk j? ns/ fJ; ;zebg ƒ g/P eofdnK T[; B/ nB/eK j'o
;zebg th g/P ehs/ jB fiBQK ftu ftfGzB wB'^rqzEhnK dk T[b/y th j'fJnk j?.
;[gfBnK dk ftPb/PD eoB ;w/A cokfJv B/ wB dhnK fszB w[Zy nt;EktK dk T[b/y
ehsk j? fiBQK ƒ T[; B/ u/sB, g{ot u/sB ns/ ntu/sB dk Bk fdZsk j?. ntu/sB ;G s'A tZX
nwho j? feT[Afe fJ; ftu ;G gqeko dhnK nfsqgs fJZSktK d|B j'JhnK gJhnK jB. ntu/sB
u/sB dh gj[zu s'A goQ/ j?. u/sB wB ntu/sB se sK jh gj[zu ;edk j? i/eo g{otu/sB dk
pzXB jNk fdsk ikt/. ;[gfBnK ftu nfijk e'Jh pzXB BjhA j[zdk ;' ;kvk ntu/sB fJt/A gqrN
j[zdk j? fit/A ;G e[M u/sB gZXo s/ tkgo fojk j't/. nPbhb u[Neb/ ;[DkT[D ;w/A n;hA fJe
gqeko Bkb nkgDk ntu/sB jh gqrN oj/ j[zd/ jK. ntu/sB dk whoh ekoi fJZSk^g{osh j? ;'
ntu/sB T[BQK YzrK^sohfenK pko/ ;'udk ofjzdk j? fiBQK okjhA nfsqgs fJZSktK dh g{osh ;zGt
j' ;e/. ntu/sB tk;sftesk s'A p/w[Zy j' e/ nBzd gqkgsh d/ :sB ftu ofjzdk j?. ;kvk
ntu/sB ;kvh w[ZYbh ;'u Pesh Bkb ;zpzXs j?, fi; dk y/so fJZSktK dh g{osh eoBk j?.
g{otû/sB (preconscious) ;kv/ wB dh T[j nt;Ek j? fijVh nkb/^d[nkb/ noEks ;wki ƒ
fXnkB ftu oy e/ d[ydkJh nB[GtK s'A pudh ns/ fJZSktK dh g{osh d/ ;kXB ;'udh j?. u/sB
T[j nt;Ek j? fi; ftu fJZSktK dh g{osh dh EK wkD^wfonkdk tb tX/o/ fXnkB fdsk iKdk
j?. fJj ntu/sB s'A ftgohs nt;Ek j?.
cokfJv B/ wB dh ;zouBk ƒ fszB GkrK ftu tzfvnk j?. fJj wB dk T[j Gkr j? fi;
ftu nEoQ/ iIp/ jo jhb/ fsqgsh bJh I'o gkT[Ad/ jB. fJj nEoQ/ iIp/ ;kv/ nu/s wB dhnK
X[o nzdobhnK sfjnK ftu j[zd/ jB. fJBQK ƒ Gkt/A fesBk jh e[ubhJ/^dpkJhJ/ fJj g{osh
bJh f;o u[Zed/ jh ofjzd/ jB. fJj T[j iIp/ jB fijV/ wB[ZyK ns/ ikBtoK ftu ;KM/ jB.
jT[A iK Jhr' T[j Pesh iK nt;Ek j? fijVh fJZd dh ;zs[PNh d/ ;kXB i[NkT[Adh j? go Bkb
jh fJj ftt;Ek th eodh j? fe ;zs[PNh ;wki^gqtkfBs Yzr Bkb jh j't/rh. T[dkjoD ti'A
ekw dh nEkj fJZSk fJZd dk y/so j? go ftnkj dh ;wkfie ftt;Ek Jhr' dk y/so j?. fJBQK
d'jK ftu ;zs[bB ns/ ;wM"sk pDkJh oyD bJh T[gd/P Xow ohsh^fotki nkfd ;[go Jhr' dk
o'b fBGkT[Ad/ jB. Xow ekw^fJZSk ƒ Gzvd/ jB sK fe fJ; dk p/w[jkok gqrNktk o'fenk ik
;e/ ns/ ekw^Pesh ƒ T[;ko{ ns/ ouBkswe ekoiK ftu bkfJnk ik ;e/. ebk dk ftek;
ekw^fJZSk d/ T[ZdksheoD Bkb jh ;zGt j[zdk j?.
cokfJv B/ fJj f;XKs g/P ehsk ;h fe id'A ekw^fJZSk^Pesh dh ;zs[PNh dh ;zGktBk
Bk j't/ sK fJ; dh fdPk d{ih fXo s'A jNk e/ nkgD/ nkg s/ e/Adfos eo bJh iKdh j?. fJ;
o[uh nXhB jh ftnesh PhP/ ftu nkgD/ nkg ƒ fBjkodk^fBjkodk nkgD/ nkg ƒ fgnko
eoB bZr g?Adk j?. fJ;/ o[uh nXhB jo e'Jh nkgD/ nkg ƒ ;'jDk ;wMdk j?. fJj o[uh ;kv/
ftu nksw^ftPtk; irkT[Adh j?. fJ;/ o[uh dk ftef;s o{g d{ih fXo Bkb fgnko ftu gqrN
j[zdk j?. fgnko ftu th fJZSk ;t?^fgnko dh jh j[zdh j?. n;hA d{ih fXo okjhA nkgD/ nkg ƒ
jh fgnko eod/ jK. ;wfbzrh o[uhnK th ;t/^fgnko dh GktBk ftu'A T[gidhnK jB.
cokfJv B/ fJj XkoDk g/P ehsh j? fe shpo jT[A ns/ T[s/fis ekw^fJZSk Pesh ob
e/ wB[Zy ftu go^ghVB noEks nkeqwD dh o[uh T[gikT[AdhnK jB. fJj o[uh tZX e/ eJh
tkoh :[ZX dk o{g th Xko b?Adh j?. eJh ftneshnK ftu fJj o[uh id'A p/w[jko j' ikt/ sK
fJj fe;/ dk esb eoB dh GktBk ftu gqrN j[zdh j?. eJh ftneshnK ftu fJj o[uh
;t?^ghVB ftu ns/ y[de[Ph ftu th gqrN j[zdh j?. esb ns/ nkswxks nkeqwDekoh o[uhnK
d/ gqwkD jB, gfjbh fe;/ j'o tb ns/ d{ih nkgD/ tb ;/Xh j'Jh j[zdh j?. nkeqwDekoh o[uh
dk T[d/P ftBkP eoBk j[zdk j?.
jo fJe ftnesh ftu w"s dh o[uh th j[zdh j? fi; ƒ cokfJv B/ w"s ftqsh (thanatos)
fejk j?. fJ; o[uh dk T[d/P iBw s'A gfjb/ dh jkbs tb w[VBk j[zdk j?. d{i/ gk;/ ihtB^ftqsh
(eros) dk T[d/P d{finK Bkb ;KM T[gik e/, ekw^;zpzX ;Ekfgs eoe/, ;zskB T[gikT[Dk j[zdk
j?. cokfJv nB[;ko w"s^ftqsh ihtB^ftqsh Bkb'A tX/o/ PeshPkbh j?. fJt/A ihtB fJe gqeko
T[j gb jB fijV/ n;hA w"s s'A y'jd/ jK iK u[okT[Ad/ jK.
cokfJv d/ w[Zy f;ZXKsK ftu nkBzd dk f;XKs ns/ :EkoE dk th f;XKs jB. jo
ihtB ftu d[Zy^dod s'A puD ns/ nkBzd wkDB dh iBwîks gqftosh j[zdh j?. jo iht
sDkU^w[es j' e/ nkBzd wkDB dk nfGbkPh j[zdk j?. ;G s'A tZvk nkBzd ekw^fsqgsh ftu j?
;' jo e'Jh fJ; tb nkg^w[jko/ jh gq/fonk iKdk j?. ;kvk ;wki ;kvhnK ;kohnK b'VK xZN^tZX
o{g ftu g{ohnK eodk j? go fJj p/o'e ekw^fsqgsh s/ o'eK brkT[Adk j?. fJt/A nkBzd dh
fJZSk ;wkfie B/wK^pzXBK Bkb NeokT[Adh j? noEks nkBzd dh fJZSk :EkoE ftt;Ek Bkb
NeokT[Adh j?. ;wki ;kƒ nkBzd^gqkgsh dh fJZSk ƒ w[bsth eoB bJh efjzdk j? id'A fe ;kv/
iIp/ nkBzd dh gqkgsh bJh sKxd/ jB. Gkt/A ;wkie ftt;Ek fJj Go';k fdtkT[Adh j? fe
Gfty ftu tX/o/ nkBzd dh gqkgsh j't/rh go eJh tkoh ;kv/ iIp/ fJj Go';k ;theko BjhA
eod/. fJ; nt;Ek ftu fJZd ns/ Jhr' ftuko NeokU T[gidk j?. fJZd ;kv/ T[j nEoQ/ iIp/
jB fijV/ ;wkfie ftt;Ek ƒ ;theko BjhA eod/ ns/ fJe ;hwk s'A pkjo fJj NeokU wkBf;e
fteko pD iKdk j? ns/ nfijk ftnesh wkBf;e ;zs[bB r[nk p?mdk j?.
cokfJv d/ f;XKs Gkt/A w[ZY s"o s/ wB'^ftfrnkB ns/ ufes;k^ftfrnkB Bkb ;zpzXs
jB go fJBQK dk ;kfjs T[s/ pj[s jh ftnkge gqGkt fgnk j?. fJ; gqGkt ;dek ;kfjs dh
gfoGkPk, ;ko, ;[Gkn, gqeko nkfd ;G dk ekfJnkêbg j' frnk j?. ;kfjs j[D wB[Zy d/
pkjoh irs ƒ BjhA T[; d/ nzsoht irs ƒ g/P eodk j?. ;kfjs^nkb'uBk okjhA j[D n;hA
b/ye iK eth d/ nu/s wB se ngVd/ jK. j[D xNBktK Bkb'A xNBktK gqsh gqsheow tX/o/
wjZstg{oD j' rJ/ jB. ;kfjs ftu ;w/A dk ;zebg th pdb frnk j?. j[D gkso^T[;koh dk
wjZst gbkN Bkb'A tX frnk j? feT[Afe xNBktK gksoK ƒ gqGkfts BjhA eodhnK ;r'A gkso
xNBktK ƒ gqGkfts ns/ gfoGkfPs eod/ jB. fd;d/ dh Ek ngqsZy, ej/ dh EK nDej/,
gqrNkJ/ dh EK ;[MkJ/, fdykJ/ dh EK S[gkJ/ dk wjZst tX frnk j?. j[D b/ye ;G e[M nkg
fpnkB eoB dh Ek gksoK d/ tkoskbkg okjhA T[BQK d/ wB dh ;fEsh ƒ T[xkVdk j?. :kdK,
;[gB/, fBZehnK^fBZehnK Pkpfde S'jK, fNZgDhnK, ;ze/sK, joesK, fpzpK, gqsheK, fuzBQK nkfd
dk wjZst tX frnk j?. ;[u/s d/ w[ekpb/ j[D gksoK dk nu/s wB gqrNkT[D bJh fpzpK ns/
gqsheK dk gqpzX f;ofink iKdk j?. wB'^ftfrnkB b/yeêth ƒ fJe wB'skgh d/ o{g ftu
t/ydk j? fijVk nkgD/ wB'skg s'A S[Nekok gkT[D bJh fJe ;[gB^;z;ko f;oidk j?. fJ;
;[gB^;z;ko ftu xNBktK T[; dh fJZSk nB[;ko tkgodhnK jB. fJt/A ;kfjs b/ye dh nkgDh
w?A dh r{zi j' fBpVdk j?. ;kfjs d/ y/so ftu wB'^ftPb/PD dk wjZst fBofttkd j?.
;jkfJe g[;seK dh ;{uh
1. Jones, Ernest, Sigmund Freud : Life and Work, Hograth Press, London, 1953.
2. Strachey, Jawes, Sigmund Freud : His Life and Ideas in : The Pelican Freud
Library, Volume 14, Art and Literature, Penguin Harmondsworth, 1985.
3. Wollheim Richard, Freud, Fontana Press, Glasgow, 1987.
4. Hall, Calvin S., A Primer of Freudian Psychology, New York, 1954.
5. Brown, J.A.C., Freud and the Post-Freudians, Pelican Books, 1977.
6. Schur, Max, Freud : Living and Dying, London, 1972.
7. Strachey, James Ed., The Standard Edlion of the Complete Psychological Works
of :Sigmund Freud, Hograth Press, London, 1953.
8. Brome Vincent, Freud and His Inuer Circle, The Struggles of Psychoanalysis,
Heinemann, London, 1967.
Type Setting :
Department of Distance Education, Punjabi University, Patiala.

MA (Punjabi) - I, Sem-II, P2U2P - 240430 - 104328

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ਦੂਜਾ

n?w HJ/ H (gz ikph) Gkr gfjbk gouk d{i k

u/sBsk ƒ T[s/fis eo/.

f;XKsK dh soiwkBh eodhnK jB.

;[uZik ;[w/b j't/.

Bt^wkoe;tkdh nkb'ue N?oh JhrbNB (1943)

B/ p/o'e^fJeksosk (free-association) dk ;zebg T[;kfonk. fJ; ftXh nB[;o wohI ƒ ;'c/

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