For class vii

A.C.AGRAWAL
TGT (SCIENCE)
K V ONGC MEHSANA
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Reproduction :- The production of new individuals from
their parents is called reproduction.
The vegetative parts of the plant are the roots, stem and
leaves.
The reproductive parts of the plant are the flowers.
In plants there are two main types of reproduction. They
are asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.
i) Asexual reproduction :-
In asexual reproduction plants can give rise to new
plants without the help of seeds.
ii) Sexual reproduction :-
In sexual reproduction new plants are produced from
seeds.
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 Plant parts

Vegetative parts: Reproductive

roots, stem, leaves. part: flowers.

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 Plant
reproduction

Asexual Sexual
reproduction reproduction

Vegetative
propagation Budding Fragmentation Spore
formation

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Asexual reproduction In plants
In plants there are different types of asexual reproduction. They
are vegetative propagation, budding, fragmentation, spore
formation etc.
i) Vegetative propagation :-
In this method, new plants are produced from the vegetative
parts like the root, stem or leaves.
Eg :- If the stem cutting of a rose plant or money plant is planted
in the soil we can get a new plant.
Potato has small buds called eyes. If a part of the potato
with an eye is cut and planted in the soil we can get a new plant.
If a part of ginger is planted in the soil we can get a new
plant.
Bryophyllum has buds in the leaf. If a part of the leaf with
bud is planted in the soil we can get a new plant.
If a part of a cactus plant is planted in the soil we can get a
new plant
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1.Vegetative propagation by stem
cutting:
cutting
Cutting in rose

Propagation in rose
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A.
B.

D
R
A
W
potato
(A)
&
C. ginger (C)

turmeric

D.

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 BRYOPHYLLUM

DRAW THE DIAGRAM

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 3.Propagation by root

propagation in
Sweet potato
Roots of dahlia
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 Vegetative
propagation

Roots
Stem e.g. Potato, Leaves. Eg
Eg. Sweet potato, ginger, turmeric. Bryophyllum
dahlia

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 Budding: In this method a small projection called
bud is formed on the yeast cell. The bud grows
and becomes a new yeast cell. The new yeast cell
also grows and produces more yeast cells.
DRAW THE DIAGRAM

Bud

Budding in yeast
Budding in yeast

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FRAGMENTATION:
Fragmentation :- Eg :- Spirogyra
[DRAW IT]
In this method the plant
breaks up into two or
more fragments and
each fragment grow into
new plants.

Spirogyra(algae)

Spirogyra(algae) 12
SPORE FORMATION, EXAMPLES, FUNGUS,FERN
In this method the fungus /fern produces
spores. The spores germinate and produces new
plants.

[DRAW]
Bread with fungus

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 Q. What are spores?
Ans. The spores are asexual reproductive bodies. Each
spore is covered by a hard protective coat to withstand
unfavorable conditions such as high temperature and
low humidity. So they can survive for a long time.
Under favorable conditions, a spore germinates and
develops into a new individual. Plants such as moss
and ferns (slide-15) also reproduce by means of
spores.

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 FERN PLANT

MOSS

SPORES IN FERN
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 DESCRIPTION OF REPRODUCTIVE PARTS IN PLANTS
Flowers are the reproductive parts of the plant. Stamen is
the male reproductive part and pistil is the female
reproductive part.
Flowers which have only the stamen or only the pistil are
called unisexual flowers. Eg :- Maize, Papaya, Cucumber etc.
Flowers which have both the stamen and pistil are called
bisexual flowers. Eg :- China rose, Mustard, Petunia etc.
The stamen has a filament and anther. The anther contains
pollen grains which contain the male gametes(male
reproductive cells).
The pistil has stigma, style and ovary. The ovary contains
ovules which contain the female gamete or egg(female
reproductive cell).
In sexual reproduction the male and female gamete fuse
together to form a zygote.
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 male
Female

Unisexual flowers

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 Bisexual flowers
NOTE:DRAW THE DIAGRAM

CHINA ROSE

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20
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS IN FLOWER

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22
POLLINATION
The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the
stigma of a flower is called pollination.
Pollen grains are transferred by wind, water or
insects.
TYPES OF POLLINATION:
1.Self pollination is the transfer of pollen from a male
reproductive structure (an anther) to a female
reproductive structure (a stigma) of the same plant or
of the same flower.
2. Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen from the
anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower
on a different plant of the same species.
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 Pollination in
same flower

SAME PLANT BUT

DIFFERENT FLOWERS

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Cross pollination

Draw the
diagram

PLANT NO.1 PLANT NO.2 25

 Fertilization in plants

The cell which results after fusion of the

gametes is called a zygote. The process of
fusion of male and female gametes (to form
a zygote) is called fertilization (Fig.). The
zygote develops into an embryo.

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 Fertilization in plants
DRAW THE DIAGRAM

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 FRUITS AND SEED FORMATION

After fertilization, the ovary grows into a

fruit and other parts of the flower fall off.
The fruit is the ripened ovary. The ovules
develop into the seeds. The seed contains
an embryo enclosed in a protective seed
coat.

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FORMATION OF FRUITS

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SEED DISPERSAL
In nature same kind of plants grow at different places.
This happens because seeds are dispersed to different
places.
Advantages of seed dispersal: If all seeds of a plant
were to fall at the same place and grow there, there
would be severe competition for sunlight, water,
minerals and space. As a result the seeds would not
grow into healthy plants. Plants benefit by seed
dispersal because (i) it prevents competition between
the plant and its own seedlings for sunlight, water and
minerals. (ii) It also enables the plants to invade new
habitats for wider distribution.
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(a)Seed dispersal through wind

Seeds and fruits of plants are carried away

by wind, water and animals.
Winged seeds such as those of drumstick
and maple , light seeds of grasses or hairy
seeds of aak (Madar) and hairy fruit of
sunflower get blown off with the wind to
far away places.

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 drumstick

Dispersal of seeds by air

maple

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(b)Seed dispersal through animals

Some seeds are dispersed by animals,

especially spiny seeds with hooks which get
attached to the bodies of animals and
are carried to distant places. Examples
are Xanthium (Fig.) and Urena.
The fruit is digested by the animal, but the
seeds pass through the digestive tract, and are
dropped in other locations.

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 xanthium

Seeds dispersal by animals

Urena seeds

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(c)Seed dispersal through water

Some seeds are dispersed by water. These

fruits or seeds usually develop floating
ability in the form of spongy or fibrous
outer coat as in coconut.

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Dispersal of seeds by water

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Other methods of seed dispersal
Some seeds are dispersed when the fruits burst
with sudden jerks. The seeds are scattered far
from the parent plant.
This happens in the case of castor and balsam.

Castor oil fruits and

seeds

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 Budding

Vegetative
Embryo propagation

KEY
Fertilization
WORDS Spore

Pollen
Zygote
tube
Fragme
ntation

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HOME ASSIGNMENT:

QUESTIONS FROM EXERCISES:

Q.NO. 1 TO QUESTION NO.10

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Thank
you

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