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    Fluid Clasisfication and Properties

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    Queen Sua
    This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics including: 1. It defines fluid mechanics and distinguishes it from solid body mechanics. It also describes the main branches of fluid mechanics. 2. It lists the key characteristics and types of fluids, distinguishing between ideal and real fluids. 3. It describes several important fluid properties including density, specific gravity, viscosity, surface tension, and others; and provides the relevant equations. 4. It provides examples of sample problems calculating fluid properties like specific gravity, viscosity, and kinematic viscosity using the defined equations.

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    Fluid Clasisfication and Properties

    Uploaded by

    Queen Sua
    34 views19 pages
    This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics including: 1. It defines fluid mechanics and distinguishes it from solid body mechanics. It also describes the main branches of fluid mechanics. 2. It lists the key characteristics and types of fluids, distinguishing between ideal and real fluids. 3. It describes several important fluid properties including density, specific gravity, viscosity, surface tension, and others; and provides the relevant equations. 4. It provides examples of sample problems calculating fluid properties like specific gravity, viscosity, and kinematic viscosity using the defined equations.

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    FLUID-CLASISFICATION-AND-PROPERTIES

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    This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics including: 1. It defines fluid mechanics and distinguishes it from solid body mechanics. It also describes the main branches of fluid mechanics. 2. It lists the key characteristics and types of fluids, distinguishing between ideal and real fluids. 3. It describes several important fluid properties including density, specific gravity, viscosity, surface tension, and others; and provides the relevant equations. 4. It provides examples of sample problems calculating fluid properties like specific gravity, viscosity, and kinematic viscosity using the defined equations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    34 views19 pages

    Fluid Clasisfication and Properties

    Uploaded by

    Queen Sua
    This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics including: 1. It defines fluid mechanics and distinguishes it from solid body mechanics. It also describes the main branches of fluid mechanics. 2. It lists the key characteristics and types of fluids, distinguishing between ideal and real fluids. 3. It describes several important fluid properties including density, specific gravity, viscosity, surface tension, and others; and provides the relevant equations. 4. It provides examples of sample problems calculating fluid properties like specific gravity, viscosity, and kinematic viscosity using the defined equations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 19

    FLUID

    MECHANICS
    PREPARED BY:
    ENGR. OLIVE B. BARBA
    COURSE CONTENT
    MODULE 1 MODULE 2 MODULE
    Translation and
    3 MODULE 4
    Introduction Hydrostatics Fluid Flow
    Dimensional Analysis of
    to Fluid Mechanics and Buoyancy Fluid
    Hydrostatic Forces on Fundamentals of
    1 Fluid Classification,
    Fluid Properties
    1 Plane Surfaces 1 Translation and
    Rotation of Liquid
    1 Fluid Flow
    Masses Fundamentals of
    2 Units & Scale of
    2 Hydrostatic Forces
    Dimensional
    2 Fluid Flow
    Pressure Measurement on Curved Surfaces
    2 Analysis and Fundamentals of
    3 Pressure-Measure
    Device & Pressure 3 Buoyancy Hydraulic 3 Fluid Flow
    & Stability Similitude
    at a Point
    Fluids in Rigid-
    4 Pressure Variation
    in a Static Fluid &
    4 Body Motion
    Manometers
    FLUID MECHANICS
    A branch of applied mechanics that is concerned with the statics and dynamics
    of liquids and gases. It is also defined as the science that deals with the
    behavior of fluids at rest (fluid statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics), and the
    interaction of fluids with solids or other fluids at the boundaries.

    FLUID MECHANICS vs SOLID-


    BODY MECHANICS
    01 Nature and Properties

    02 Behavior of a continuous stream of fluid without beginning or end instead


    of individual bodies or elements of known mass
    BRANCHES OF FLUID MECHANICS
    FLUID STATICS FLUID DYNAMICS
    Fluid at rest Fluid in motion

    HYDRODYNAMICS
    Fluid in motion with FORCE and
    ACCELERATION consideration

    KINEMATICS
    WITHOUT FORCE consideration
    CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUIDS
    LIQUIDS GASES
    Great resistance to change in Little resistance to change in
    form or volume form or volume

    Occupies a definite portion in Occupies all the space in


    which it is contained which it is contained

    Has no friction nor viscosity.


    IDEAL (PERFECT FLUID) It also called incompressible
    fluid.
    TYPES OF FLUIDS
    IDEAL FLUIDS REAL FLUIDS
    No viscosity (i.e. resistance to shear Viscous
    is zero
    Incompressible Compressible
    Have uniform velocity distribution Experience friction between
    when flowing moving layers of fluids
    No friction between moving layers Experience friction between
    of fluids moving layers of fluids
    No turbulence Turbulent in flow
    No eddy currents Has eddy currents
    REAL FLUIDS
    NEWTONIAN FLUID NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID
    Newtonian fluids are fluids that exhibit Non-Newtonian fluids are those whose
    constant or uniform viscosities viscosities will vary with velocity.
    FLUID PROPERTIES
    1. DENSITY 6. BULK MODULUS
    2. SPECIFIC GRAVITY 7. COMPRESSIBILITY
    3. SPECIFIC VOLUME 8. SURFACE TENSION
    4. SPECIFIC WEIGHT 9. CAPILLARITY
    5. VISCOSITY
    FLUID PROPETIES

    DENSITY
    The density (ρ) of a fluid is its mass per unit volume.
    𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑝
    𝜌 = 𝜌=
    𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑅𝑇
    Where:
    Density of water = 1000 kg/m3
    p = pressure
    9810 N/ m3
    9.81 kN/ m3 R = specific gas constant
    62.4 lb/ ft3 T = absolute temperature
    1 gram/ cm3
    FLUID PROPETIES

    SPECIFIC GRAVITY
    Specific gravity (g) is the ratio of the fluid’s density to the density of a certain
    standard reference. The standard reference used for liquids and solids is pure
    water, which is water at densed condition (Temperature = 4 ˚C or 39.2 ˚F). The
    specific gravity of water is taken as 1.000. Another term for specific gravity is
    relative density.
    𝜌𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝜌𝑔𝑎𝑠
    𝑆𝐺𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝑆𝐺𝑔𝑎𝑠 =
    𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟
    However, if the temperature and pressure of air and gas are the same, then
    specific gravity can be calculated as the ratio of molecular weight or as inverse
    ratio of specific gas constants.
    FLUID PROPETIES

    SPECIFIC VOLUME SPECIFIC WEIGHT


    Specific volume (v) is the Specific weight (γ ) is the weight of a fluid
    volume occupied by a unit per unit volume.
    mass of a fluid. It is the For SI measurements,
    reciprocal of density. Where: g = 9.81 m/s2
    𝛄 = ρg
    1 For English measurements,
    𝑣= 𝛄 = 𝜌 𝑔𝑐
    𝑔
    𝜌
    Where:
    g = 32.2 ft/s2
    𝑔𝑐 = gravitational conversion (lbm to lbf)
    FLUID PROPETIES

    VISCOSITY KINEMATIC VISCOSITY


    Viscosity is the measure of the Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of
    fluid’s resistance to flow when the absolute viscosity of a fluid to
    acted upon by an external force. its density. 𝜇𝑑
    For Newtonian fluids, the shear 𝜇𝑘 =
    stress, τ is given as
    𝜌

    𝑑𝑣 Dynamic Viscosity Kinematic Viscosity


    τ = 𝜇𝑑 1 poise = 1dyne –s/cm^2 1 stoke = 1 cm^2/s
    𝑑𝑦
    = 0.10 Pa-s = 0.0001 m^2/s
    τ = 100 centi poise
    𝜇𝑑 =
    𝑑𝑣
    𝑑𝑦
    FLUID PROPETIES

    SURFACE TENSION Cohesive force : molecular force to


    Surface Tension is the property of stick to each other due to mutual
    the fluid which offers resistance at reaction – surface tension.
    the membrane or skin that forms on Adhesion : property of different
    the free surface of the fluid which is molecules or surfaces to cling to each
    due to the intermolecular cohesion. other – capillary action.
    𝐹
    𝜎 = Where:
    𝐿 𝜎 = surface tension
    𝑟∆𝑃 F = Force; L = Length
    P 𝜎𝑏𝑢𝑏𝑏𝑙𝑒 =
    4 R = radius
    P = pressure (gage) inside the
    𝑟∆𝑃 bubble or P = 𝑃𝑖𝑛 − 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
    𝜎𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡 =
    2
    FLUID PROPETIES

    CAPILLARITY /
    CAPILLARY ACTION
    Capillary action is caused by surface tension
    between the liquid and vertical solid surface.

    4𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
    ℎ=
    𝛾𝑑

    MENISCUS is the curve surface of liquid in a


    capillary tube.
    Note: Capillary is important when using tubes
    smaller than about 3/8 in (9.5mm) in diameter)
    FLUID PROPETIES

    BULK MODULUS OF E=
    ∆𝑃
    −∆𝑉
    ELASTICITY 𝑉
    It expresses the compressibility of Where,
    fluid. It is the ratio of the change in ∆𝑃 = change in Pressure
    unit pressure to the corresponding ∆𝑉 = change in Volume ( negative
    volume change per unit volume implies decrease)
    𝑉 = is the original volume

    NOTE: The modulus of elasticity or


    compressibility is temperature
    dependent.
    FLUID PROPETIES

    COMPRESSIBILITY
    Compressibility β is the fractional change in the volume of a fluid per unit
    change in pressure at constant temperature process. It is the reciprocal of
    bulk modulus, E.

    1 −∆𝑉
    𝛽=
    𝐸 𝛽= 𝑉
    ∆𝑃
    SAMPLE PROBLEMS

    1. A container has glycerin of mass 600 kg and a volume of 0.476 m3.


    What is the specific gravity of the glycerin?
    2. Water has its viscosity at 68˚F equal to 0.01008 poise, what is its
    absolute viscosity in pound-seconds per square foot?
    3. The viscosity of water at 70℃ is 0.00402 poise and its specific gravity is
    0.978. Determine its absolute viscosity in Pa-s and its kinematic viscosity in
    𝑚2
    𝑠
    and stokes.
    −5 𝑙𝑏𝑓 −𝑠
    4. A liquid of viscosity 5.2 × 10 is flowing in a rectangular duct. The
    𝑓𝑡 2
    equation of the symmetrical velocity (ft/s) is approximately 𝑣 = 0.3𝑦 0.7 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
    where y is in inches. Compute the velocity gradient at y 3 inches from the wall,
    and the shear stress of the fluid at that point.
    SAMPLE PROBLEMS
    5. A 4.9 cubic feet of water are compressed to 5000 psig. What is the volume
    decrease if the temperature is 60℉? Assume the average bulk modulus of
    elasticity of 311,000 psi.
    6. The surface tension force 𝜎, of water in air is approximately 0.00518 lbf/ft.
    If the atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia, what is the pressure inside a droplet
    0.01” inside diameter?
    7. At a particular temperature, the surface tension of water is 0.073 N/m.
    under ideal conditions, the contact angle between glass and water is zero. A
    student in a laboratory observes a water in a glass capillary tube with a
    diameter of 0.10mm. What is the theoretical height of the capillary rise?

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