CENGR 3260 - HYDRAULICS

INTRODUCTION
TO HYDRAULICS

ENGR. JHOREENE A. JULIAN

Instructor
Department of Civil Engineering, CEN, CLSU

CENTRAL LUZON
STATE UNIVERSITY

FLUIDS
A fluid is defined as a substance that deforms
continuously while acted upon by any force
tangential to the area on which it acts.

LIQUID

FLUIDS GAS

PLASMA

1
FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS

Fluid Mechanics
Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids either in motion
(fluid dynamics ) or at rest (fluid statics ).

FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS

Hydraulics
It deals with the application of fluid mechanics to
engineering devices involving liquids, usually water or oil.
It also deals with such problems as the flow of fluids
through pipes or in open channels, the design of storage
dams, pumps, and water turbines, and with other devices
for the control or use of liquids, such as nozzles, valves, jets
and flowmeters.

2
FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS

CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUID

Compressibility
Compressibility is one of the characteristics where gases and
liquids vary. Gases are highly compressible.

3
CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUID
Shape and Volume
Unlike solids, fluids take the shape of the container they are
stored in. Water in a pitcher is shaped like a pitcher. Air in a balloon is
shaped like a balloon.

CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUID

Shear Resistance
Shear failure occurs when a force is applied to a material and
the material fails parallel to that force – like when you cut paper with
scissors. Gases have no shear resistance. Liquids also have essentially
no shear resistance.

4
CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUID

Viscosity
Viscosity is a fluid’s resistance to flow. The more viscous a
fluid is, the harder it is to make a fluid flow. Gases have very very little
viscosity.

CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUID
Molecular Spacing
In gases, the molecules are spaced relatively far apart. Liquids
when compared to gases, contain molecules that are packed closely
together. The forces of attraction in liquids are much stronger than
any found in gases and because of this liquids also have much lower
kinetic energy.

5
TYPES OF FLUID

Fluids

Ideal Fluids Real Fluids

Newtonian Fluids Non-Newtonian

Fluids

Ideal Fluids – are incompressible and has no viscosity.

Real Fluids – Fluid that have viscosity(μ > 0) and their motion known as viscous
flow.

Dimension and Units

A dimension is the measure by which a physical variable
is expressed quantitatively.
A unit is a particular way of attaching a number to the
quantitative dimension.
In fluid mechanics there are only four primary
dimensions from which all other dimensions can be
derived: mass, length, time, and temperature.

6
Dimension and Units

CENTRAL LUZON
STATE UNIVERSITY www.clsu.edu.ph

Dimension and Units

CENTRAL LUZON
STATE UNIVERSITY www.clsu.edu.ph

7
PROPERTIES OF FLUID
1. MASS DENSITY, 𝛒
The density of a fluid is its mass per unit of volume.
Units:
𝐌 Mass of fluid
𝛒= English : slugs/ft³
𝐕 Volume of fluid
Metric : gram/cm³
SI : kg/m³
2. MASS DENSITY (IDEAL GAS), 𝛒
The density can be found from the specific gas constant.
𝐩 Absolute pressure of gas in Pa
𝛒=
𝐑𝐓 Absolute temperature in K Gas Constant: Absolute Temperature:
For air: R = 287 J/kg-K K = °C + 273
Gas Constant in Joule/kg - K
R = 1,716 lb-ft / slug - °R °R = °F +460
CENTRAL LUZON
STATE UNIVERSITY www.clsu.edu.ph

PROPERTIES OF FLUID
3. SPECIFIC VOLUME, 𝐕𝐬
It is the volume occupied by a unit mass of fluid.
Units:
𝟏 English : ft³/ slugs Reciprocal
𝐕𝐬 =
𝛒 Metric : cm³ / gram
of Mass
Density
SI : m³ / kg

4. UNIT WEIGHT OR SPECIFIC WEIGHT, 𝛄

It is the weight of a unit volume of a fluid.
Units:
𝐖 Weight of fluid English : lb/ft³
𝛄=
𝐕 Volume of fluid Metric : dyne/cm³

𝛄 =ρ g SI : N/m³ or kN/m³
Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.81 m/s²
CENTRAL LUZON
STATE UNIVERSITY www.clsu.edu.ph

8
PROPERTIES OF FLUID
5. SPECIFIC GRAVITY, 𝐬. 𝐠.
It is a dimensionless ratio of a fluid’s density to some standard reference density.
𝛒𝐥𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐝 𝛄𝐥𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐝 For water at 4°C :
𝐬. 𝐠. = = s.g. of water = 1.0
𝛒𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝛄𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 γ = 62.4 lb/ft³ ρ = 1.94 slugs/ft³
= 9.81 kN/m³ = 1000 kg/m³

6. DYNAMIC VISCOSITY, 𝛍
It determines the amount of fluid’s resistance to shearing forces.
𝛕 Shear stress in Pa or lb/ft²
𝛍=
𝐝𝐕/𝐝𝐲
Dynamic/absolute viscosity in Pa - sec or lb –sec /ft²
y = distance between the plates in ft or m
CENTRAL LUZON
STATE UNIVERSITY www.clsu.edu.ph

PROPERTIES OF FLUID
7. KINEMATIC VISCOSITY, 𝛝
It is the ratio of the dynamic viscosity to its mass density
𝛍 Absolute viscosity
𝛝=
𝛒 Mass density

8. SURFACE TENSION
It is the membrane of “skin” that form on the free surface of a fluid due to the
intermolecular cohesive force.
Pressure inside a Droplet of Liquid:
δ = surface tension in N/m
𝟒𝛅 d = diameter of the droplet in m
𝐩=
𝐝 p = gage pressure in Pa
CENTRAL LUZON
STATE UNIVERSITY www.clsu.edu.ph

9
PROPERTIES OF FLUID
9. CAPILLARITY (CAPILLARY ACTION), h
The name given to the behavior of the liquid in a thin-bore tube.
where:
𝟒 𝛅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 Ɵ h = capillary rise or depression in m
𝐡=
𝛄𝐝 γ = unit weight in N/m³
d = diameter of tube in m
𝟒𝛅
𝐡= δ = surface tension in Pa
𝛄𝐝

For complete wetting, as with water on clean glass, the angle Ɵ is 0°

CENTRAL LUZON
STATE UNIVERSITY www.clsu.edu.ph

PROPERTIES OF FLUID
10. COMPRESSIBILITY, 𝛃
Also known as coefficient of compressibility. It is the fractional change in the
volume of a fluid per unit change in pressure in a constant-temperature
process.

∆𝐕 where:
− 𝐕
𝛃= ∆V = change in volume
∆𝐩
V= original volume
𝟏 ∆p = change in pressure
𝛃= dV/V = change in volume (usually in percent)
𝐄𝐁

CENTRAL LUZON
STATE UNIVERSITY www.clsu.edu.ph

10
PROPERTIES OF FLUID
11. BULK MODULUs OF ELASTICITY, 𝐄𝐁
It is the ratio of the change in unit pressure to the corresponding volume change
per unit of volume.
∆𝐩
𝐄𝐁 =
∆𝐕
𝐕

12. PRESSURE DISTURBANCES, 𝐜

Pressure disturbances imposed on a fluid move in waves. It is also known as
celerity of pressure wave.
𝐄𝐁 𝟏
𝐜= =
𝛒 𝛃𝛒

CENTRAL LUZON
STATE UNIVERSITY www.clsu.edu.ph

SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 1

A tank of glycerin has a mass of 1,200 kg and a volume
of 0.952 m³. Find its (a) weight, W (b) Unit Weight, γ
(c) Mass Density, ρ (d) Specific gravity, s.g.
Solution:
m = 1200 kg
b. Unit weight c. Mass Density
v = 0.952 m³
γ = W/V ρ = M/V
11.77 kN 1200 kg
a. Weight γ = 0.952 m³ ρ = 0.952 m³
W = mg γ = 12.36 kN/m³ ρ = 1260.50 kg/m³
W = 1,200 kg · 9.81 m/s²
W = 11772 N or 11.77 kN d. Specific Gravity
ρ 1260.50 kg/m³
s.g. = ρliquid s.g. = s.g. = 1.26
water
1000 kg/m³

11
 SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 2
Find the mass density of helium at a temperature of 4°C
and a pressure of 184 kPa gage, if atmospheric pressure
is 101.92 kPa.

Solution:
p
T = 4 °C ρ = RT
p = Pgage + Patm
Pgage = 184 kPa 285.92 x 103 N/m²
p = 184 kPa + 101.92 kPa ρ= J
Patm= 101.92 kPa 287kg −K · 277 K
p = 285.92 kPa
ρ = 3.597 kg/m³
T = 4 °C + 273
T = 277 K

SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 3

A liquid compressed in a container has a volume of
1 liter at a pressure of 1 MPa and a volume of 0.995 liter
at a pressure of 2 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
of the liquid is:

Solution:
∆p
V1 = 1 L EB =
∆V
V2 = 0.995 L V
(2 MPa − 1 MPa)
P1 = 1 MPa EB =
(0.995 L − 1 L)
P2 = 2 MPa 1L

𝐄𝐁 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐌𝐏𝐚

12
 SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 4
Estimate the height to which water will rise in a
capillary tube of diameter 3mm.
Use δ = 0.0728N/m and γ = 9810 N/m³ for water.
Note: θ = 90° for water in clean tube.

Solution:
4δ
d = 3mm or 0.003m h=
γd
δ = 0.0728 N/m N
4 · 0.0728 m
h=
γ = 9810 N/m³ 9810 N/m3 · 0.003 m
𝐡 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟗 𝐦

SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 5

What is the value of the surface tension of a
small drop of water 0.3mm in diameter which
is in contact with air if the pressure within the
droplet is 561 Pa?

Solution:
4δ
d = 0.3mm p=
d
p = 561 Pa or 561 N/m² 4δ
561 N/m² =
1
(0.3mm)( 1000)

𝛅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝐍/𝐦

13
 THANK YOU!

CENTRAL LUZON
STATE UNIVERSITY

14