Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Foreign Literature

According to Jiang et al,.(2014) “China has a morality based informal crime control tradition” they examine the
practice of China’s community corrections characteristics and implementation to have a healthy country and to avoid
discrimination. In the study of Community Corrections in China although they are not focusing in the Security Measures
in Jail but they give importance the safety of prisoners, by implementing the development and changes of Community
Corrections in China. Less than 11 million prisoners worldwide as well as the officers who are charged with ensuring their
safe, secure and humane custody must not be forgotten during the COVID-19 pandemic. They prioritize the health of
prisoners and staff “In order to provide greater flexibility consistent with the nature and gravity of the offence, with the
personality and background of the offender and with the protection of society and to avoid unnecessary use of
imprisonment, the criminal justice system should provide a wide range of non-custodial measures, from pre-trial to post
sentencing dispositions.” We agree to them because we understand how they regulate the situation of their prisoners
and staff (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2022).

Söderholm (2021) stated that due to overcrowding and the lack of adequate drug treatment and harm reduction
services, hygiene products and sanitation measures, people in prison, particularly people who use drugs, are at much
higher risk of contracting COVID-19 and suffering serious adverse health consequences from the virus than individuals in
the general public. We think that in their country which is United Kingdom have the same situation in our country,
because our groupmates observed about Soderholm papers and yes no country has perfect implementation in comes of
prisoners and staffs.

European Prison focus on rules to set the guidelines to determine if detention conditions match the minimum
necessary standards to be met in Europe, they study the actual conditions of detention which is to promote health and
safetiness of the prisoners and staff but the they value the conditions of prisoners by promoting the detainees’ social
rehabilitation and cooperation with outside social services and with the civil society must be encouraged all the way
(Maculan et al., 2013).

“One of the major failures of the Colombian judicial system during this period has been its negligence concerning
the country’s prisons, which are characterized by deficient infrastructure, overcrowding, violence and the persistent and
nearly total violation of prisoners’ human rights” In this study Colombian experience the crisis inside the Jail just because
lack of providence of the Government its means that Colombia is not focusing Safety and Security Measured
Implemented in their country. But they expand the correction system which is causes the increase of prison’s population
(Manuel Iturralde 2016).

According to Northfield (2018) in her study she quoted that “We associate prisons with high walls, bars and locked
doors, but it takes more than just physical barriers to create a safe, secure environment for staff and inmates” means
that in the way of putting high walls and locked doors can be secured their prisoners as well as their staff. They also
implemented the technology or vocational skills which can help in the prisoners and she believe if the Government
afford the vocational for prisoner, technology can be an excellent Investment, and can allow inmates a certain degree of
independence, more freedom and opportunity to make choices for themselves.

Local Literature

According to Narag (2020) stated that prison conditions in the Philippines are characterised as overcrowded,
under-staffed, and under-resourced resulting in the formation of multi-occupancy cells where a cell designed for ten
people accommodates 100 inmates. To manage these cells, inmates are informally deputised to help with custodial,
rehabilitative, and administrative tasks. Consequently, inmates have created cell leadership structures called the
mayores system to augment the guards, have constructed make-shift accommodation called kubols to maximize cell
space, and provide food through a rancho system to help those prisoners in need. Using qualitative data gathered over
20 years, this chapter argues that traditional Filipino culture imported inside cells reinforce a shared governance model
that differentiates how Filipino inmates experience the cell life. This chapter also examines the positive ramifications of
this setup for Philippine corrections.

Sacayan,et.al (2020) stated that natural hazards are one amongst the many threats that inmates and prisoners face
in their everyday life. Natural hazards are significant because inmates and prisoners are particularly vulnerable. Inmates’
and prisoners’ vulnerability stems from a thread of proximate and root causes that range from insalubrious and
overcrowded facilities and limited resourcing from the government, to the neoliberal nature of the Philippine state.
However, inmates and prisoners are not helpless ‘victims’ in dealing with natural hazards. They display a wide range of
skills, resources and knowledge (i.e. capacities) that are grounded in everyday practices and values reflective of the
broader Philippine society. This policy brief finally makes some recommendations for strengthening hazard prevention,
fostering vulnerability mitigation, enhancing preparedness, and reinforcing disaster management in Philippine jails and
prisons. These recommendations emphasize the contributions of a number of stakeholders, including the active role of
inmates and prisoners who are the first line of defense in facing disasters in jails and prisons.

Incarceration facilities in the Philippines are vulnerable to impacts of natural disasters. The lack of research and
policy intervention in this area of prison management and governance, coupled with existing natural hazards and other
vulnerabilities, makes persons deprived of liberty (PDLs) a high risk but low priority minority group in disaster
management. This study looks into the situation of PDLs in four selected Philippine jails, namely, city jails of Caloocan,
Manila, and Tacloban, and San Mateo Municipal Jail. It presents the recurring patterns and observable behavior of PDLs
during disaster events and the level of their participation in disaster risk reduction management (DRRM) programs.
Current prison management policies prohibit PDLs from assisting with the prison administration. However, a gap in
policy and practice caused by lack of personnel and resources makes the participation of PDLs necessary. Although
further research is needed to identify the underlying mechanisms and relations, findings suggest the advantages of
formalizing PDL participation in DRRM to achieve better operationalization of DRRM-related activities and attaining
orderly prison management. (Philippine Journal of Public Administration 2020)

This study was conducted In the Nueva Ecija Provincial Jail (NEPJ) located at Caalibangbangan, Cabanatuan City,
Nueva Ecija. Ninety (90) inmates and ten (10) jail personnel served as respondents of the study. The NEPJ provides the
strict implementation of the rules and regulations in the custody and security of inmates. Both provincial personnel and
inmates know that all the security procedures in the jail activities are highly implemented. A prisoner accused of
breaking the rules does not have all the rights during the trial because a prison disciplinary proceeding is not the same as
In criminal prosecution. (Cruz,et.al 2018)

According to Carlobos (2019) incarceration facilities in the Philippines are vulnerable to impacts of natural
disasters. The lack of research and policy intervention in this area of prison management and governance, coupled with
existing natural hazards and other vulnerabilities, makes persons deprived of liberty (PDLs) a high risk but low priority
minority group in disaster management. This study looks into the situation of PDLs in four selected Philippine jails,
namely, city jails of Caloocan, Manila, and Tacloban, and San Mateo Municipal Jail. It presents the recurring patterns and
observable behavior of PDLs during disaster events and the level of their participation in disaster risk reduction
management (DRRM) programs. Current prison management policies prohibit PDLs from assisting with the prison
administration. However, a gap in policy and practice caused by lack of personnel and resources makes the participation
of PDLs necessary. Although further research is needed to identify the underlying mechanisms and relations, findings
suggest the advantages of formalizing PDL participation in DRRM to achieve better operationalization of DRRM-related
activities and attaining orderly prison management.

Foreign Study

According to the study of Omar(2021) entitled, “Current issues in correctional treatment and Effective
Countermeasures” Malaysia had a number of different Sabah and Sarawak were directly under the control of the various
states and settlements. Each has its own set of jail rules. Every jail has a fundamental punitive policy that involved
making prisoners’ lives difficult and unpleasant. Such circumstances, it was thought, would serve as a deterrence to
crime. A number of topics pertaining to prison health services were covered at the previous conference, hence it is not
recommended that they be covered again here. The provision of food and health services in prisons.
 A study from Handbook on Dynamic Security and Prison Intelligence(2015) stated that, the prison estate is made
up of a variety of buildings in several jurisdictions. Many of these facilities are historic structures from earlier eras, while
others are abandoned military barracks. These older jails include traits like as low visibility and restricted lines of sight
since they have been neglected for a long time. Internal structural reinforcement frequently falls short of modern norms.
Therefore, it is crucial that various types of security be used in addition to physical protection. Effective systems and
processes that are coordinated locally and nationally are necessary for security. Procedures are seen as a crucial
component of prison security since they help prevent escapes. Procedures are frequently used by prison employees to
teach or remind them how to carry out security tasks. Everyone’s memory is susceptible to tricks; thus, it is extremely
possible that most individuals will forget how to complete an activity that is not frequently performed. Each jail should
have a set of protocols that staff members may easily follow and that outline how and when specific tasks should be
completed. As the usage of modern technology rises, processes are becoming more important, particularly when it
comes to protocols for monitoring CCTV, perimeter security systems, and electronic locking.

Midtlyng(2020), entitled “Safety rules in a Norwegian high-security prison: The impact of social interaction
between prisoners and officers”, it shows how prison guards adhere to safety regulations using ethnographic
information from a high-security prison in Norway. It examines the ways in which social contact between prison staff and
inmates impacts how regulations are executed, starting with the idea that prisoners are potential risks. The analysis
highlights instances where social dynamics led to some disturbances to this compliance, including: (1) Situational human
dynamics made rules inefficient in specific situations, leading to adaptation and deviation; (2) Social strain in face-to-face
interactions with prisoners made rules strenuous, leading to an avoidance tendency; (3) Human unpredictableness made
rules stably ineffective.

According to Gautier(2019) in her study entitled Disciplinary measures, the disciplinary regime establishes the rules
of prison life by listing breaches of the internal regulations and the sanctions associated with these. The existence of
disciplinary procedures is essential to both the maintenance of order within prison establishments and the respect for
the basic human rights of persons deprived of liberty. Detainees must be familiar with the disciplinary rules and these
must be respected by prison authorities. Sanctions for each offence must be provided for in law. Recourse to disciplinary
sanctions must be a last resort, and detainees must see that their right to fair treatment is respected. Disciplinary
sanctions which resemble forms of ill-treatment, as well as those arising from any kind of discrimination are forbidden.

Local Study

According to Francisco(2013), as populations rise, managers of jails and prisons face challenges and concerns. The
provision of detainees’ basic requirements, amenities, and nourishment is undermined. As a result, it was difficult to see
how policies and guidelines were being implemented. The physical circumstances of the prisoners, such as crowded
dorms or cells, continue to be an issue for jails and prisons since they are unhealthy. Budgetary restrictions caused by
inadequate jail facilities greatly contributed to these issues.

Patlunag (2022) entitled, “Services of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP): An Assessment” one of
the five pillars of the criminal justice system is corrections. Correctional facilities for reform and rehabilitation include
jails and prisons. It acts as a safe haven for learning, socializing, moral renewal, and personal development. The Bureau
of Corrections of the Department of Justice is in charge of monitoring correctional facilities. The Department of the
Interior and Local Government, namely the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, is essentially responsible for
overseeing the district, city, and municipal jails.

According to Austria-cruz(2019), entitled “An Evaluation of the Maintenance of Peace and Order in Nueva Ecija
Provincial Jail”, various measures are used by the Bureau of Corrections to maintain order and the department
implemented steps. The Nueva Ecija Provincial Jail is the institution in Nueva Ecija charged for carrying out the laws of
the Philippine penitentiary. The researchers investigate the use of in this regard their province of the aforementioned
law. They sought to assess the implementation of peace and order in the jail, which was not examined by other
provincial academics. This investigation thus finds significance and purpose.
 This study aimed to determine the classification of inmates on provincial jail in the Philippines. It is specifically
sought to assess the extent of implementation of the classification of inmates, enter then defy the problems
encountered in the implementation of classification of inmates. The level of implementation in classification of inmates
focused on safety and security measurements, sickness and diseases followed by diversification by age and then lastly by
gender. And it is recommended that the provincial jail management must provide christian activities which are related to
the religious beliefs of the inmates; in me to have record of escape will be encouraged not running away again and
acknowledge the compliance of inmates through monetary or gifts. (Cruzat 2013)

The dreadful congestion of the prison cells may also be attributed to the delays in the resolution of prisoners’
pending cases and inaccurate manual monitoring of qualified prisoners due for early release from the jails to the Board
of Pardons and Parole. Hence, prisoners are deprived of their early liberty. Inmates’ continuous confinement adds a
burden to the expenses of the government. The researchers aimed to determine the implementation of the security as
implemented. The researchers want to identify how these rules and regulations are implemented by the jail officers and
how the visitors and persons deprived of liberty (PDLs) follow these rules and regulations to achieve peace, order, and
security. The study utilized a descriptive method of research to show the appraisal of the respondents on the
implementation of security of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP). (Salonga 2020)

Relevance of the Reviewed Literature and Studies to the Present Studies.

All reviewed literature and studies that we searched, bear some similarities with our present study. Their studies are
similar in our main topic about safety and security measures implemented by BJMP Personnel.. They’re all adequate for
giving appropriate examples or reference in our present study about safety and security measures implemented by BJMP
personnel.