Rizal Technological University

College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology 1

Department of Architecture

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

Institutional correction facilities include prisons and jails. Prisons are state or federal

housing facilities that confine convicted felons with sentences typically longer that year. Jails

are administered by local law enforcement and hold offenders with shorter sentences.

Consistent with universal standards, the Philippine Government established its own national

standards, in reviewing its correctional system for prisoners/ detainees administered by the

Department of Justice (DOJ), the Bureau of Corrections (BuCor) and Bureau of Jails

Management and Penology (BJMP) of the Department of Interior and Local Government

(DILG). This correctional system consists of rehabilitation, and organized care and treatment

program aimed at the promotion of the dignity of the confined persons in particular and the

correctional community in general. Foremost, the provision of the basic needs of prisoners is

the prime factor to be fulfilled before any effective rehabilitation program can be committed

and tackled. The New Bilibid Prisons in Muntinlupa, Philippines, is the main insular

penitentiary designed to house the prison population in the Philippines. It is maintained by the

Bureau of Corrections (BuCor) under the Department of Justice.

The Philippine government implemented the Republic Act of 2013 or The Bureau of

Corrections Act of 2013 in which the state shall provide for the modernization,

professionalization and restructuring of the BuCor in this modernization law. With this, BILIB

IT will have a big help to achieve its purpose. Through BILIB IT, a proposed redevelopment

will be the new perspective of NBP in promoting standard safety, security, ease of supervision

and circulation. It will also give the inmates in becoming a better person, having a new hope,
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new life while inside the prison, by pursuing the reformation redevelopment is a new

construction, and rehabilitation of inmates through development programs.

The study explores and evolves approaches and techniques, which certify the broad

application of reformation and rehabilitation principle by use of architecture. The result will

create awareness and enlightenment for both inmates and NPB authorities.

For the prison, the researcher design a great security but will not harm the inmates

and the environment on it. The new facilities will give positive impact to the inmates to build

their lives.

The study aims to have an effective architectural planning to provide the necessary

facilities, programs and requirements of the inmates, NBP authorities, government, NBP

community and etc., in line to the modernization law implemented to the BuCor.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

One of the primordial mandates of the Bureau of Corrections is the effective

rehabilitation of prisoners. Thus, various programs are in place to address the rehabilitation

aspect in corrections. Rehabilitation in correctional work is done through a combination of

programs that involves spiritual activities, educational courses (formal and informal), medical

and hygienic practices, cultural and recreational activities, productive work, counseling,

therapeutic and disciplinary measures. After the basic needs of an inmate are met, the formal

rehabilitation process involves the following institutionalized programs such as Inmate Work

program, health care, education and skills training, recreation and sports, religious guidance

and behavior modification using the therapeutic community approach. In the State of

Philadelphia, USA, the Department of Correctional Services aims to contribute in maintaining

and protecting a just, peaceful and safe society by enforcing court imposed sentence in the

manner prescribed by the Correctional Services Act. No.111 of 1998 (as amended). The
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Department also aims to provide a secure correctional environment that adequately detains

persons accused or convicted of illegal acts; to provide programs, services, and supervision in a

safe, lawful, clean, humane environment; and to prepare incarcerated persons for re-entry into

society.

In Pennsylvania, the prisoners are confined in single cells day and night where they

lived, they slept, and they ate and receive religious instructions. Complete Silence was also

enforced. They are required to read the bible. Prisons would be progressive, attempting to

correct through “workshops” rather than through hellish confinement (William Penn, 2000).

Criminal rehabilitation is gaining popularity among many who are forward thinking. Such

forms of rehabilitation can help to reduce the number of repeat offenders who return to jail after

being unable to adapt to life outside of jail. This can also help to solve some of the more serious

cases, such as sexual offenders who may continue in their ways after being released, preying

on women or children. Criminal rehabilitation can help to solve the problem of overcrowding in

most prisons. The criminal population continues growing, as the death penalty has been

abolished, and the state would need to spend more on facilities to house criminals (Wright,

2007).

In California, inmates may get involved in a program known as “Joint Venture.” The first

joint venture opened in July 1991. Now, sixteen companies employ 500 inmates throughout the

state prison system doing everything from raising pigs and ornamental plants to manufacturing

office furniture, stainless steel equipment, rubber products, and electronic components. About

72,000 prisoners nationwide are employed in inmate work programs, according to a 1998

Corrections Industry Association report. An increase in positive inmate programming has proven

to minimize institutional violence because of decreased idleness. Inmates are involved in

purposeful activities, giving them a sense of being a part of the larger community. Programs
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such as this have the potential for successfully transitioning inmates from prison to the world of

work. Helping to create success for inmates may involve a change in how prison culture is

allowed to dictate interaction at every level of institutional life. Many prisons are moving toward

a therapeutic model, foregoing the punitive approach as something that has not worked.

In the Philippines, the Bureau of Correction has undertaken rehabilitation programs to

help an inmate lead a responsible, law abiding and productive life upon release. Efforts shall be

made to ensure an optimum balance between the security of the prison and the effectiveness

of treatment programs. PDL and public safety, and the requirements for effective custody, shall,

however, take precedence over all other activities at all times and shall not be compromise.

Rehabilitation and treatment programs focus on providing services that will encourage and

enhance the inmate’s self-respect, self-confidence, personal dignity and sense of responsibility.

Corrective and rehabilitation services include religious guidance; psychotherapy; socialization;

health and sanitation; vocational training; mental, physical and sports development; and value

formation and education. Occupational and vocational training programs are based on the

needs of the inmates, general labor market conditions, and institution labor force needs. An

important component is on-the-job training, which inmates receive through institution job

assignments and work in Federal Prison Industries. The Bureau also facilitates post-secondary

education in vocational and occupationally-oriented areas. Recreation and wellness activities

encourage healthy life styles and habits. Institution libraries carry a variety of fiction and

nonfiction books, magazines, newspapers, and reference materials.

The person deprived of liberty (PDL) at the New Bilibid Prisons are encouraged to

engage in livelihood programs particularly in handicrafts in order for them to have additional

source of income. The inmates are also given value formation and moral building activities

through the educational and what they have gone through and prepare them to become better
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individuals and re-born members of the society, eventually. The visiting and recreational

program further helps them to get an atmosphere of the world beyond the confines of the prison.

It actually prevents the inmates in developing a feeling of isolation which might even lead to

depression. The bureau ensures that while the prisoners are serving their punishment for their

respective offenses they would not be futile and that there is always room for change and

development. In such case, they retain their identities and make their families feel that they still

exist and could even afford to support the latter though they are in prison.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A radial design approach uses various sizes of circles that branch out from a central

point and multidirectional straight lines on a radial grid.

The design approach of the project is through Radial Architecture. It helps to emphasis

the design and style on how facility design reflects philosophies in correctional movements, by

means of promoting social interactions by prisoners from communicating but preventing

connivance with each other was thought to lead to self-reflection and remorse and ultimately, to

moral elevation with the principle of keeping prisoners in solitary confinement.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
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Figure 1.1. Conceptual Framework

Input

The idea will start from gathering information from the related agencies and

conceptualizing of the primary factor of the study, the prison. Planning the new facilities to

provide a vast impact to the beneficiaries, especially to the persons deprived of liberty (PDLs).

Process

The process will use four (4) methods to have a successful project proposal:

1. Through redevelopment, it will be the new perspective of NBP in promoting standard

safety, security, ease of supervision and circulation. It also give the inmates in becoming

a better person.

2. The use modernization act implemented to the BuCor, lead to positive impact to inmates

and in restructuring the form of NBP.

3. The use of new technology for security, the plan of the prison cell are designed in a way

that the prisoners don’t have to go out to their respective location, this will help to control

the security around the area.

4. The use of radial architecture, to emphasis the design and style on how facility design

reflects philosophies in the correctional movements, through this architectural approach

it will promote social interactions but preventing remorse and keeping prisoners in

solitary confinement.

Output

The goal is to have an effective redevelopment of the national institute for reformation

and reformation that will affect NBP in positive way, especially to the inmates. This will also give

the people a new perspective to the NBP, an institute that will open both arms to accept life

inside the prison and become a better person outside the prison when time comes. This will also
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be relevant to the governments Build Build Build program since opportunities for locals will be

raised.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of this study is to establish a quality and effective, reformation and

rehabilitation with the help of the redeveloping the New Bilibid Prisons. The problem states four

main questions, these are:

1. How the redevelopment of New Bilibid Prisons will affect the PDL and other involve

people?

2. Why is the project important to be implemented?

3. How does the project affect the PDL?

4. What are the advantages of the project?

HYPOTHESIS

If the governance will be able to build this project, the redevelopment of New Bilibid

Prisons, which offers a solution, the issue of NBP, in which reformation and rehabilitation that

will give the institution an opportunities in transforming the PDLs to rebuild their lives.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The research is limit to the aspects of the variables of the study. It is a national institution

in New Bilibid Prisons, Muntinlupa City that will develop and uphold both inmates and NBP

authorities.

The study will focus on the proper rehabilitation through the new develop facilities and

programs such as physical, intellectual and spiritual development and livelihood programs. And

reforming the New Bilibid Prisons by setting it back on the right path.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

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The BILIB IT is intended for its primary purpose to set an operating and design

standards for the reformation of the prison and rehabilitation of inmates, as well as for the

construction of new prison facilities. In addition, the researcher found that the study was also

feasible and will be beneficial to the following:

Persons Deprived Of Liberty (PDLs)

As the main beneficiary, this study serve as an opportunity by means of reforming the

facilities and proper rehabilitation of inmates to become better individuals. Likewise, it also aims

to reduce misconception and prejudice towards them.

NBP Authorities

Responsible for the task of rehabilitation treatment of the NBP inmates. The study goals

also to help the NBP authorities to lessen the possible inmates that will escape.

Government

This study yield to help the government to recognize and understand the needs of one of

the marginalized sector of the society specifically the inmates of NBP and continue to support

and uphold effective rehabilitation programs of NBP.

Society

This study aims to provide them a glimpse of the world of inmates inside the NBP so as

to better understand and broadens the acceptance of reform inmates that is going back to the

society.

Community within the NBP

The propose project serve as opportunities for the local residence to generate more jobs

and also having a high security in the area.

Future Researchers
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The propose study would serve as their reference and guide for future studies for further

developments and improvements.

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

Act - refers to R.A. 10575, entitled “An Act Strengthening the Bureau of Correction providing

Funds Therefor,” otherwise known as the Bureau of Corrections Act of 2013.

Active Service - refers to the services rendered as a civilian official or employee in the

Philippine government including services rendered in the uniformed service prior to the date of

separation or retirement.

Admin - refers to administrative.

Administrative Requirement - refers to the sufficient provision of personnel, facilities,

equipment and supplies.

Admission - refers to the manner of receiving national inmate, a detainee or convicted person

in a prison facility committed by courts or other competent authority to serve sentence for a

certain period or for temporary confinement.

Architecture - art and process of scheming and constructing, as notable from the skills

associated with construction.

Base Pay - refers to a fixed amount of compensation for regular work rendered, designated in

the Salary Schedule for Uniformed Personnel for all ranks computed on monthly or annual

basis, excluding fringe benefits and other allowances.

Build Build Build Program - which seeks to accelerate infrastructure spending and develop

industries that will yield robust growth, create jobs and improve the lives of Filipinos.

Bureau of Corrections - is charged with custody and rehabilitation of national offenders, those

sentenced to serve a term of imprisonment of more than three (3) years.

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Bureau of Jail Management and Penology - is mandated to direct supervise and control the

administration and operation of all district, city and municipal jails nationwide with pronged tasks

of safekeeping and development of inmates.

Circumferential - refers to an adjective for a set of activities, programs and areas of concern

which are interdependently concentrated toward accomplishing a core objective or function

Civil Identity - refers to societal functional identity recognized and/ or granted by government

agencies and authorities (i.e. judge, attorney, accountant).

Competent Authority - refers to the President of the Republic Philippines, Supreme Court,

Court of Appeals, Sandiganbayan, Regional Trial Court, Metropolitan Trial Court, House of

Representatives, Senate, COMELEC, Bureau of Immigration, Board of Pardons and People and

other courts of Jurisdiction provided for by law.

Correctional - relating to the punishment of criminals in a way intended to rectify their

behaviour.

Criminal Networks - refers to illegal arrangements and linkages forced by shady characters

aimed to conduct unlawful activities.

Correctional System - refers to a network of agencies that administer a jurisdiction’s prison

and community based programs like parole and probation boards.

Department of Interior and Local Government - responsible for promoting peace and order,

ensuring public safety and strengthening local government capability aimed towards the

effective delivery of basic services to the citizen.

Department of Justice - responsible for upholding therule of law in the Philippines, serving as it

legal counsel and prosecution arm.

Deputy Director - refers to two (2) star rank general officer uniformed personnel.
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Deputy Director General - refers to the second officer in command of the BuCor with the rank

of Assistant Secretary as civilian employee in the uniformed service who is authorized to wear

the two (2) star rank insignia as symbol of authority and command responsibility.

Deterrence - when retribution is imposed upon a person who has committed a crime, the

discomfort inflicted will dissuade the offenders (and other) from repeating crime.

Director General - refers to the highest officer of BuCor with the rank of Undersecretary as a

civilian employee in the uniformed service who is authorized to wear the three (3) star rank

insignia as symbol of authority and command responsibility.

General Deterrence - describes the effect that punishment has when it serves as a public

example or threat that deters people other than the initial offender from committing similar

crimes.

Good Conduct Time Allowance - it is a piece of legislation that qualifies the application of

penalties prescribed in the Revised Penal Code, requiring the imposition of an “indeterminate

sentence” so that possibility of an earlier release is offered the inmate who conducts himself

properly and shows himself capable of a restored place in society.

Inmate - a person confines in jail or prison to serve a sentence after a conviction by a

competent court or authority, also referred to as convict.

Institution - an establishment consisting of a building where an organization for the

promotion of some cause is situated.

Heinous Crime - a crime is an illegal action or activity for which a person can be punished by

law, is an action that is not just illegal, but it is also considered hateful or reprehensible

Jail - a place for the confinement of people accused or convicted of a crime.

Modernization Law of BuCor - is a step towards a progressive direction to improve the

criminal justice administration through a segment of the corrective service.

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National - relating to or typical of a whole country and its people, rather than to part of this

country or other countries.

National Inmate - refers to an inmate sentenced by a court to serve a term of imprisonment for

more than three years or to a fine of more than one thousand pesos; regardless of the length of

sentence imposed by the court, to one sentences for violation of customs law or other laws

within the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Customs or enforceable by it; or violation of immigration

and election laws; or to one sentences to serve or more prison sentences in the aggregate

exceeding the period of Bureau of Corrections by a court or competent authority for temporary

confinement for similar purpose.

New Bilibid Prison - is the main insular penitentiary designed to house the prison population of

the Philippines.

Parole - the release of a prisoner temporarily (for a special purposes) or permanently before the

completion of a sentence, on the promise of good behaviour.

Penitentiary - a prison for imprisonment, reforming, discipline or punishment.

Person Deprived of Liberty - refers to a detainee inmate or prisoner, or other person under

confinement or custody in any other manner

Personal Identity - refers to social recognition accorded as member of the family and the

community.

Practitioner Research – refers to research and/ or workplace research such as evaluation

performed by individuals who also work in professional field as opposed to being full- time

academic researchers.

Prison - a building in which people are legally held as a punishment for a crime they have

committed or while awaiting trial.

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Radial Architecture - visual material arranged around a central point, taking a roughly circular

form.

Redevelopment - is enhanced through new construction on previously occupied land or

through substantial renovation of existing structure.

Reformation - making changes to something with the intention of setting it back on the right

path.

Rehabilitation - the act of restoring someone to former privileges or reputation after a period of

disfavor.

Rehabilitation Program - this term refers to as amending or an emendation rebuking or

punishing.

Release - refers to the procedures where an inmate is discharged from prison by expiration of

sentence; granted parole, grant of any other forms of executive clemency, and order of the court

or competent authority.

Reservation - refers to a penal/ prison land reservation area comparable to a military

reservation area.

Restoration - refers to a victim- oriented approach to crime that emphasizes restitution

(compensation) for victims, this intervention advocates restoring the victim and creating

constructive roles for victims in the criminal justice process, rather than focus on the punishment

of criminals.

Restraints - refers to confinement to incapacitate or deny a criminal the ability or opportunity to

commit further crimes that harm society.

Retribution - refers to making a person accountable for offense committed, by serving

sentence, community service, fines, and other means.

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Safekeeping - refers to the custodial mandate of the BuCor’s present corrections system, and

shall refer to the act that ensures the public (including families of inmates and their victims) that

national inmates are provided with their basic needs.

Security Camp - refers to a large enclosed area with dormitories, sport facilities, classrooms.

Medical facilities, religious facilities, and other necessary facilities where national inmates/

prisoners are confined to serve their sentence.

Seniority and Lineal List - refers to a document containing the names of all officers in the

active corrections service, arranged by grade and in accordance with their relative seniority for

each regular component, and by service to which they are appointed.

Similar Professional Skills - refers to prison administration, resource management and

engineering skills.

Special Deterrence - refers to the specific offender who committed the crime

Victims - refers to the casualties of the offense committed but is not limited to those who filed

the charges against the offender but also include the family of the offender himself.

ACRONYMS

BBB Program - Build Build Build Program

BJMP - Bureau of Jail Management and Penology

BuCor - Bureau of Corrections

CDD - Complete Disability Discharge

CNHQ - Corrections National Head Quarters

CNTI - Corrections National Training Institute

CO - Capital Outlay

CO - Commissioned Officer

CTO - Corrections Technical Officer

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DBM - Department for Behavior Modification

DBM - Department of Budget and Management

DER - Directorate for External Relations

DET - Directorate for Educate and Training

DHWS - Directorate for Health and Welfare Services

DIDR - Directorate for Inmate Documents and Records

DILG - Department of Interior and Local Government

DOJ - Department of Justice

DMSW - Directorate for Moral and Spiritual Welfare

DRD - Directorate for Reception and Diagnostic

DSR - Directorate for Sports and Recreation

DSS - Directorate for Security and Safekeeping

DWL - Directorate for Work and Livelihood

ERD - External Relations Division

ESB - Efficiency and Separation Board

GCTA - Good Conduct Time Allowance

IRR - Revised Implement Rules and Regulations of RA 10575

JUSMAG - Joint U.S. Military Academy

ICCPR - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

ISAFP - Intelligence Service, Armed Forces of the Philippines

LGU - Local Government Unit

MOA/ MOU - Memorandum of Agreement or Understanding

MOOE - Monthly Operating and Other Expenses

NCIP - National Commission on Indigenous People

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NCMF - National Commission on Muslim Filipinos

NCO - Non- Commissioned Officers

NBP - New Bilibid Prisons

NEDA - National Economic and Development Authority

PAIS - Personnel Accounting and Information System

PD - Physical Disability

PDL - Person Deprived of Liberty

PMA - Philippine Military Academy

PPP - Public Private Partnership

PWD - Persons with Disability

RA - Republic Act

RDC - Reception and Diagnostic Center

RPC - Revised Penal Code

RSSCS - Reservation Security- Safety and Cleanliness Service

RVD - Religious Volunteer Organizations

SC - Supreme Court

SEZ - Special Economic Zones

SLL - Seniority and Lineal List

TPD - Total Physical Disability

UNSMRTP - United Nationals Standard Minimum Rules for Treatment

of Prisoners