Method of Research in Computing-Baldevarona

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN METHOD OF RESEARCH IN COMPUTING
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Mission/ Vision/ Goals and Objectives of ILOILO STATE COLLEGE OF
FISHERIES:
Vision: ISCOF as a premiere academic institution in Southeast Asia.

Mission: To upgrade quality education, generate jobs, and alleviate poverty
through excellent academic programs
Core Values: Fortitude, Integrity, Scholarship, Humanity, Excellence, Service
Goals:
A. Quality Instruction
B. Relevance and Responsiveness
C. Access and Equity
D. Human Resource Development
E. Linkages and Infrastructure Development
Objectives
The objectives are to:
a. Produce quality graduates who will contribute to the advancement of
their chosen field;
b. Conduct viable researches, develop and disseminate technologies, and
provide technical assistance to the community for an increased
production;
c. Offer courses that are responsive to the needs of the community and
industries for national development;
d. Promote self-employment and entrepreneurship;
e. Strengthen opportunities for student scholarships and access to
quality education;
f. Promote faculty and staff development;
g. Strengthen and develop linkages with other agencies or institutions to
achieve both in the national and international levels; and
h. Improve facilities and structures that will efficiently and effectively
carry out quality instruction, research and development, extension
and production.
I. Goals of the College of Information and Communication

Technology:
Produce information technology graduates who arte foundation of
computer and information systems, knowledge and skills which allow
them to be successful in a modern environment to able to acquire new
skills as technologies evolve and find technical solutions which are
technically, practically and ethically sound.
Objectives: Specifically, the College of Information and Communication

Technology aims to:
1. develop globally competitive graduates who are cognitively and
technically literate equipped with employable information technology skills
appropriate for the needs of the industry and academic skills sufficient to
pursue a trade or profession.
2. gain knowledge of business environment in order for them to analyze,
design, and develop information systems that can support business

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operations and analysis for tactical and strategic planning and global
competitiveness of an organization.
3. cultivate interpersonal attitude, competence in oral and written
communication, critical thinking, and problem solving skills for them to be
successful in developing information system as a team.
4. inculcate ethical values among students especially in protecting
information, respect for human freedom and human rights.

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REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
ILOILO STATE COLLEGE OF FISHERIES
BAROTAC NUEVO CAMPUS
Barotac Nuevo, Iloilo, 5007 Philippines
Contact No.: (Tel/Fax) (033) 3672-786
Website: www.iscof.edu.ph / Email: [email protected] /[email protected] / [email protected]
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that the module on ____Method of

Research in Computing__ prepared by ___Mary Sol R,
Baldevarona____
has been evaluated by the committee and passed the criteria set.
This is to certify further that this module is approved for

reproduction and use of students.
Signed this _________ day of _________,

______________.
_______________________
_____________________
Evaluation Committee Member Evaluation Committee
Member
___________________________________
Evaluation Committee Chairperson

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IT 313 Course Outline
Course Description: This course equips students to be effective innovators

and researchers in Information Technology. It introduces students to the
issues, concepts, methods and techniques associated with IT research
in genera. It introduces students to professional practice and research
ethics, the principles of research design, research methods and
techniques of data collection and analysis appropriate to Information
Technology. It covers oral and written communication skills. Skills
developed and knowledge acquired from this unit will prepare students
to conduct and to communicate their own research, as well as to be
knowledgeable consumers of others' research.
COURSE TOPICS CONTENT STUDENT TECHNOLOGY Date

DELIVE ENGAGE TOOLS
RY MENT
ACTIVITI
ES
Unit 1-Introduction to
LMS Online Webinar October
Research Module (Zoom)/goo 5-
 Definiton of Independent gle meet 9,
research Study
Virtual class room 20
 the value of Gsuite/Fac 20
research ebook Progress
re
 characteristics of
po
Research
rt
 qualities of the w
Good researcher ee
 Information kl
Technology y
Research
 Different types of
Innovation
Unit 2- The Research

Process Module (Zoom)/goo 12
 Research Problem Independent gle meet -
 Practical Research Study
Problem Gsuite/Fac -
 How to write ebook pr
research question og
re
 Types of Research
ss
question re
 Business Model po
Canvass rt
w

5
ee
kl
y
Unit 3- Simplified Validation
Process Module (Zoom)/goo 19
 Customer Independent gle meet -
Development Study
Process Gsuite/Fac ,
 Validation Process ebook 20
Diagram 20
-
 Validation Board
pr
 Validation Methods og
 Paper prototyping re
ss
re
po
rt
w
ee
kl
y
Unit 4- Research LMS Online Webinar October
Objectvies Module (Zoom)/goo 26
 What is Research Independent gle meet -
objectives? Study
 Hypothesis Gsuite/Fac ,
 Literature Review ebook 20
20
 Research Levels in
Information
Technology
 Types of Objectives
Unit 5- Formulation
LMS Online Webinar Nov. 3-
of Research
Module (Zoom)/goo 6,
Framework Independent gle meet 20
 Research Study
Frameworks for Gsuite/Fac -
Information ebook
Technology
 Theoritical
Framework
 Conceptual
Framework
Unit 6- Software LMS Online Webinar Nov. 9-

Engineering
Module (Zoom)/goo 13
gle meet ,

6
Processes and Independent
Methodologies Study Gsuite/Fac 20
 Software ebook
Development
Methologies
 SDLC System
Investigation
 SDLC Testing
 SDLC Training and
Transition
 SDLC Evaluation
Midterm Examination (November 14, 2020)
Unit 7- Sampling
Unit 8- Data
Collection
Unit 9- Quantitative
Data Analysis
I: Introduction
to Statistics
Unit 10- Quantitative
Data Analysis
II: Basic
Statistical
Tests
Unit 11- Qualitative
Data Analysis
Unit 12- Writing the
Research
Proposal

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Welcome to the Method of Research in
Computing Course!
I am Prof. Sol Rojo Baldevarona, your teacher on this subject. I

would like to welcome you in learning research in the field of Computer
Technology. I wish you will find this topic as captivating and energizing.
I'm very much excited forward to teaching you this semester and learning
through your everyday life challenges and experiences.
Please read my notes carefully, as it will address common
concerns and questions. At the end of the message, there is a link to the
course and information about joining our online Classroom using google
and Facebook. Once you registered into the Class, you can download
and view the complete syllabus and learning materials you can use for
this course, which has more details about the course topics,
assignments, and schedule. This letter is an overview of the course and
highlights some essential logistical and theoretical concepts.
We will meet virtually using google meet and zoom for our lecture and
demonstration; our communication and coursework will occur through
the course management system (details below) and via email. Please
be sure to use your google account iscof.edu, ph domain email address
for course purposes. Although the course is modular and online, I have
designed excercises and assignments to be collaborative. We are using
variousmethod to allow you to explore and synthesize the course
content, including readings, recorded lectures, discussion topics, and lab
activities.
Organization & Structure:
Our course organizes into six (6) modules. In our Google classroom you will
find links to our module other references to used in our class.
Assignments
will be posted to our facebook group and google classroom.
While this is a mixed of online and modular course, you can easily contact
me is throught my email. My contact information was stipulated in the
syllabus, posted on our Facebook room page, and Google Classroom.

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Note:
1.Please email or contact me to arrange a mutually convenient time.
2. A textbook - is not required in this course. However, I recommend further
readings using e-books.
It is available in Our School Library…
1.Research Methodology and Techniques in Computers, Rajneesh Naryan
2. Understanding and doing research, Fely P. David
Please check your mailbox oftenly. You must use your ISCOF
google account email and your Facebook account to communicate with
other students in the course and me. The google classroom and
Facebook room course management system is a REQUIRED
component in conducting the course. All students expect to regularly use
and monitor the Learning Management System to participate in in-class
activities. Make it sure you have a basic understanding of how to use
google classroom. If you have not previously used it , On the next page,
you will find a to the course and instructions on joining the Class. I am
looking forward to collaborating online and hoping you will find this
course and format to allow for personal reflection and group knowledge
creation. If you have any questions, please email me at
[email protected] or web.facebook.com/groups/317078552903892/
Sincerely,
Prof. Sol R. Baldevarona

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Unit 1
Introduction to Research in Computing
Today, even amid the calls for increased use of alternative
research methodologies, the notion of developmental "Research" is
often unclear, not only to the broader community of educational
researchers but also to many information technology researchers.
Understanding this topic is rooted in Development and Research in
general and more specific knowledge of the purpose, focus, and
technology innovation techniques.
Learning objectives
Studying this module shall enable the learners to:
1. define research and explain the role and character,

2. describe the value of research in development,
3. explain and differentiate the different types and methods of Research,
4. describe and explain the research process in computing
5.Explain how the scientific method is used to develop new knowledge
6.Describe why it is important to follow a research plan
What is Research?
Research is a systematic, formal, rigorous, and precise process employed to
gain solutions to problems or to discover and interpret new facts and
relationships. ... According to Kothari (2006).
Research the systematic investigation into and study materials, sources, etc.,
to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
- an endeavor to discover new or collate old facts, etc. by the scientific study
of a subject or the critical investigation. (Oxford Dictionary)

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The value of Research
Research fills every part of human life. Every product you

consume, everything you see has Research underlying it. Food
supported by agricultural Research, medicine by medical Research,
computer technology with Research in that technology. No crop is grown
or animal bred (at least in more developed countries) without a
significant amount of Research underlying it. I value the work I do,
agricultural Research, as it supports food security. Computer
programing is as essential, as that is the way of the future.
Information technology is central to our economy and our society.
It drives many of today's innovations, and it offers enormous potential for
further innovation in the coming decades. It is also the basis for a
significantly booming $500 billion industry critical to our nation's
international competitiveness.
The history of innovation in information technology needs to be
better understood. Because the financial rewards in the information
technology industry are so great, it is tempting to believe that drive must
have been responsible for most fundamental innovations and relied upon
exclusively in the future.
Characteristics of Research
1. Empirical- Research is based on direct experience or observation by
the researcher
2. Logical- Research based on valid procedures and principles
3. Cyclical- Research starts with a problem and ends with a question.
4. Analytical- Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in
gathering data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental, and case
study.
5. Critical- Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.
6. Methodical-research is conducted methodically without bias using
systematic methods and procedures.
7. Replicability- research designs and procedures repeats to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.
Qualities of a Good Researcher

Research-oriented
Efficient
Scientific
Effective
Active
Resourceful

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Creative
Honest
Economical
Religious
Research is Destructive
• Science seeks to replace old ideas with measurably better ideas.
• This is not always popular with closed systems.
- Widget makers (predefined product)
– Many religions (predefined world)
Things that are not obvious

• Research exposes the world
• Investigate for:
– Discovering
something new
– Interpreting something not understood
– Revising something wrong or incomplete
What is Information Technology Research?

Human activity is based on the intellectual investigation of
aspects of the world related to the discipline of Information Technology
to discover new knowledge, interpret existing knowledge, or revise
erroneous or incomplete knowledge.

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Technological innovation comprises activities that contribute to
the Research, development, and design of new products, services, or
techniques, improve existing products, and generate new
technological knowledge.
Innovation or "innovare," which means "make something new." To make
something new, one has to:
 Generate or realize a new idea (invention and creativity)
 Develop this idea into reality or product (realization)
 Implement and market this new idea (Implementation)
Invention:
Creation of new ideas for a product process or service the unique
combination of pre-existing knowledge. (Edosoman)
and demonstrating its feasibility. ( Girifalco)
… covers all efforts aimed at creating new ideas and getting them to
work. (Roberts)
Organized creativity. (Ramanujan & Mensch)
Realization:
Industrial Innovation includes technical design, manufacturing, management,
and commercial activities involved in marketing a new (or improved)
product or first commercial use of a new (improved) process or
equipment. (Freedman)

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Innovation is the entrepreneurs' specific tool: exploiting change and opportunity
for a different business or service. It is capable of being practiced.
(Drucker)
Implementation:
Successful exploitation of new ideas(DTI innovation unit definition)
… innovation does not necessarily imply the commercialization of only a

significant advance in the technological state of the art ( a radical
design), but it also includes the utilization of even small-scale changes
in technological know-how ( an improvement or incremental
innovation)(Rothwell and Gardiner)
Innovation is the introduction of a new product, process, or service into
the marketplace (Edosomwan)
… a new technology or combination of technologies introduced

commercially to meet a user or market need (Utterback and Abernathy)
Figure 1. Framework for Innovation
Innovation:

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An invention is essentially the creation of the new device. The design
also entails the commercial or partial application of the new device's first
application. (Sahal)
Innovation is the process by which a vision bring into use. It involves the
improvement or refinement of the invention, the initial design, and
prototypes' production. Pilot plant testing and construction of production
facilities diffusion are the processes of spreading innovation into general
use as more and more users adopt it. (Girifalco)
… we look upon creation as the entire process inception idea through the
manufacturer of a product and finally to its ultimate sale. Therefore, it
includes invention and many implementation stages, such as research
development, production, and marketing. (Berry and Taggart)
Innovation=invention+ exploitation (Roberts)
Different Type of Innovations

Technological innovation is a complex process of several distinct stages, many
of which require different focuses and management strategies.
Specific aspects of the stages of innovation may include the following:
(a) Should the strong start with the inception of an idea (invention)?
(b) Is it more beneficial to take up a well-developed concept and focus on
commercialization?
(c) Should the firm spotlight an existing technology and aim at perfecting or
modifying it?
Managing innovation requires juggling many concepts and processes to keep
each performing at its peak [ Burgelman). To better understand the
difficulty of creation, some of its elements requiring different
management strategies are below.
Academics and IT specialists define many different types of innovation. For
instance, various applications, degrees, processes, and functions all
performed an innovation function.
The following are some of the more prominent types:
Marquis 18 defines the following different types of innovation:
Radical innovations: ideas that have an impact on or cause significant
changes in the whole industry
.Incremental designs: small ideas that have importance in improving products,
processes, and services

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System innovations: ideas that require several resources and many labor-
years to accomplish. Communications networks and satellite operations
are good examples.
Henderson and Clark 19 define the types of innovation as:

Incremental: - incremental innovation refines and extends an established
design, but underlying concepts, and links between them, remain the
same
Architectural: - the essence of architectural innovation is the reconfiguration of
an established system to link together existing components in a new way
Modular: - it is an innovation that changes a core design concept, without
changing the products architecture or primary function
Radical: - radical innovation establishes a new dominant design and a new set
of core design concepts embodied in components linked together in
modern architecture.
Types of innovation which will discuss further include:
 Revolutionary vs. evolutionary innovation

 Modular vs. architectural innovation
 Process vs. product innovation
 Procedure vs. service innovation
 Disruptive vs. sustaining innovation
 Market pull vs. technology push innovation
I. Revolutionary versus Evolutionary Innovation.

As it is also known, revolutionary or radical innovation
accompanies a high degree of change in human behavior and
paradigms. In essence, radical innovators 13 Defining Technological
Innovation have a completely different way of thinking and doing things.
Radical innovation is responsible for the most discontinuous product or
process changes.
Husband states that radical innovation typically occurs in small organizations
outside the more established industries. It is a contentious issue which
many of the more prominent organizations such as HP, 3M, DuPont,
Pfizer, and many others often disprove. What Huiban possibly implies is
that disruptive or industry-changing innovations often come from outside
the industry they disturb.
Christensen refers to this type of innovation as the
implementation of disruptive technology. These technologies often find

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applications in niche markets where they 'survive' until a crack or
opportunity in the broader market appears. However, if innovation and
technology are of sufficient brilliance, these small firms may quickly start
growing exponentially. The niche market serves as a platform for
educating the market and generating resources for other product or
technology development.
Michelin (steel belt automobile tires) and Apple (personal
computers) initially entered niche markets before growing to their
present size. It afforded them the time and exposure to do the
necessary refining and development on their product ranges.
The management of radical innovation is often difficult since it is
prone to failure. Most organizations feel more comfortable pursuing the
less risky route of evolutionary or incremental innovation. On the other
hand, evolutionary or incremental innovation is relatively common and
occurs throughout large and small organizations. It is often the large
firms, with well-developed research facilities, that can capitalize most on
incremental innovation. By continuously improving, they can stay ahead
of their competitors and survive another day.
Incremental innovations build on previous radical innovations. They
often focus on introducing new features and abilities to current product
lines. These innovations can be managed formally by focusing on
creative problem solving and integrating customer needs into future
designs. Incremental innovation is the typical run of the mill innovation
needed almost every day. It is most often used to keep up with the
competition.
II. Modular versus Architectural Innovation.

The terms modular and architectural innovation have coined to
understand and define the intermittent ground between revolutionary
(radical) and evolutionary (incremental) innovation. The two extreme
cases of creation, as discussed above, do not include innovations such
as fusion of technology, rearrangement of units, or partial radical design.
Modular and architectural innovations lie between revolutionary (radical)
and evolutionary (incremental) innovation but are not necessarily merely
a fusion of the two extremes. They represent a different approach to
design and could use as a methodology for implementing' invention,
when revolutionary or evolutionary may not fit.

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Figure 2: A framework for Defining Innovation Source: Henderson and Clark
Architectural Innovation occurs when existing knowledge or hardware

embodied in a product arranges differently, creating a completely
different product and possibly a different market. The function of the
product seldom changes dramatically.
A good example might be the low-stress chair's innovation,

commonly used in personal computer desks. - The chair consists of
opposing cushioned sections for the knees and buttocks. It has no
backrest. When one sits in the chair, a crouching position results, with
reduced stress on the occupant's lower back. - This chair is not merely an
adaptation of a regular chair, but a rearrangement of the back and
buttock rest, into knee and buttock sections. The vital issue is that the
underlying idea of seating a person has not changed, only the way it
accomplished. It may, therefore, classified as architectural innovation.
A modular Innovation usually takes place in complex products or processes

with many subunits and functions. This type of innovation can be a
radical innovation of a specific part of real work. A new personal
computer may have a new central processing unit that could not regard
as radical new product innovation without accompanying software,
interfaces, memory, and buffer units. In this case, a neural network

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computer or something completely new would be considered a radical
innovation.
III. Process versus Product Innovation.
Innovation at the organizational level involves creating new
products and improvements in the process of producing these products.
These two aspects of the invention can actively manage as different but
interrelated entities. However, there is an apparent time lag between
product and process innovation, as described by Utterback and Abemath
in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Product vs. Process Innovation Dynamics, Source: Utterback
The dominant design innovation-cycle in the figure shows the

increasing volume of new products in the section where a dominant
design has yet to emerge. As shown in the model, a large amount of
product innovation occurs until the prevailing system establishes. This
phase is, therefore, called the fluid phase.
After the dominant design establishes, the focus shifts to
improving the product's manufacturing and production efficiency. This
results in higher product innovation and is called the transitional
phase.
Finally, the product enters the specific pattern in its lifecycle,

where incremental development and process innovation occurs—
specializing in the development further concerning customer needs or
demands. This phase is highly dangerous since technology lock-in often
occurs, resulting in low firm agility, and ultimately no way of adapting to
new markets or technological evolution.

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The dynamics of innovation in Figure 3 are essential when the strategic design
does when planning. Organizations need to take the nature of product
and process innovation into account when developing future strategies.
Process Innovation can describe as improving or changing the current
procedures and techniques used in producing products. Any
improvement to current manufacturing, delivery, packaging, marketing,
project management, etc. can be considered a process innovation.
Example
An excellent example of an operation reliant on process

innovation would be Federal Express, the overnight package
delivery service. Fed Ex guarantees that if any package delivered by
them arrives late, they will refund 25% of the sending costs per hour
of lateness. It means that if an overnight package arrives four hours
late, FedEx will receive no money for the delivery, and the package
thus gets delivered for free. Incredible guarantees offer every person
in Fed Ex has to be committed to providing every package on time,
no matter the circumstances.
For Fed Ex to accomplish its guarantee, every department by
itself is responsible for its efficiency. The number of packages
dispatched across the world can demonstrate the effectiveness of
this arrangement. When allowed to improve their delivery times,
pilots claimed that flying regular flying hours delayed delivery and
insisted on flying 'in the gaps' or outside regular flying hours. They
said this gives them the advantage of lower flight densities, with less
delay on runways and unloading their cargo. FedEx researched this
notion and saw the benefit to gain, and today the pilots at FedEx fly
in the carefully predicted gaps outside regular flying hours.
Typically this type of innovation can be characterized by an
improvement in the pilot's working procedures, resulting in an improved
delivery system. It is, therefore, a process, rather than product
innovation.

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Product innovation is often associated with New Product
Development (NPD) and not necessarily with creation. However, product
innovation forms the core of the innovative organization and offers an
incredible competitive advantage in new and established markets.
Although related to process innovation, product innovation is much more
of a process than a single implementation or improvement. Product
innovation is often a shot in the dark with the hope of hitting the right
market with the right product at the right price. Good examples of product
innovation are not hard to find, but the following is one of the most
classical ones: read sample situation on the next page.
By the late eighteen hundreds, the Swiss watchmaking industry

reached its peak in performance and quality. Their artistry revered
throughout the world and watches made by them dominated the
market. However, the Swiss became too sure in their dominance and
failed to spot a particular development's possibilities. One of their
creative workers in the electronic and crystal impulse generation field
started this development. After seeing this new device on a fair in
Switzerland, using a crystal instead of a pendulum, Japanese
entrepreneurs were ecstatic. They immediately bought the patent from
the young designer and set to work on one of the twentieth century's
best innovations, the digital watch. This invention took the world by
storm. Suddenly a timepiece made in Japan could keep as good time
as an expensive Swiss watch and a tenth of the cost. The Swiss
industries collapsed as market share diverted towards Japanese
companies, yet the consumer won in the end. By destroying the Swiss
monopoly and introducing new technology better, more specific arid
cheaper products were possible.
IV. Procedure versus Service Innovation.

Writings on innovation often focus on product and process
innovation and do not include enough Research on service and
procedure innovation. Although service and Procedure innovation are
essential, most strategies and methodologies for product and process
innovation hold for them.
Procedure innovation (or process innovation) - Innovation that
changes management procedures is an excellent example of this kind
of innovation. This innovation has no direct influence on the product's
size, shape, or features but can cause the process of producing the work
to improve. In this way, a procedure innovation is a process innovation
since it enhances the manufacturing or production process.

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Service Innovation (or product innovation) -In a service
organization, the product supplies a client's service. In this regard, the
service becomes the product of the organization since it generates
income. Organizations like banks and repair service stations have many
different types of 'packages' they offer, and each of these represents an
individual service to the client.
IV. Disruptive versus Sustaining Innovation.
Christensen elaborates on the concept of disruptive and
sustaining technologies, yet his conclusions and remarks may be applied
in the field of technological innovation as well. He proposes the existence
of disruptive technologies that can change the industry paradigm as well
as the dominant design. Christensen's examples are frOm the computer
hard disk industry where a simple size reduction had a significant
influence. In this example, he also refers to the sustaining technologies
which do not necessarily change the current paradigm.
Christensen describes sustaining technologies as those that fall
within the limits and boundaries of the current technology trajectories
and, therefore, only serve to improve the product incrementally. These
technologies build upon the previous ones and are mostly well known in
every organization in the industry. Although many resources spend on
advancing the current sustaining technologies, they will not enable the
organization to break free of the current paradigm.
V. Market Pull versus Technology Push Innovation.
In this regard, innovation can be in two lights, and the
distinction lies between listening to the market or the scientists. An
innovation starting with an identified customer/market need called a
market pull33 design, while a creation based on new technology or the
bright idea is called a technology push innovation.
Both these innovations occur frequently but usually in different
markets and environments. A technology push innovation, for instance,
appears in a research and development rich environment. On the other
hand, customer-based or service-based institutions mostly make use of
market pull innovations.
Market pull innovation needs a strong customer base and an
information-gathering mechanism to qualify their needs. Since the
customer/market asks for a design, little direct radical creativity is
required. However, a well-oiled research and development team must
translate the customer/market's needs into practical product proposals.
In this regard, the organization doing the innovation must continually
have good contact with the customer/market to ensure the product
meets their expectations.

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Technology pushes innovation; on the other hand, it needs a
robust technology base. In doing bare 'blue sky' research, discover new
materials, methods, and techniques found. These are incorporated new
ideas into products; technology push innovation occurs. Although a need
for this new technology-driven products often exists, there might not
always be one. When this happens, the customer/market is often
ignorant of its characteristics and advantages and needs to educate. A
lot of market development is usually required to launch such a
technology-driven product.
Evaluation
Terms to Remember
Technology Innovation
Ideation
Research
Disruptive Research
A. Exercises
1. What is the role of Research in community development? Explain and

illustrate.
2. Describe the characteristics of Research.
3. In one paragraph, write a good research question concerning the
Information Technology topic interested you. In another section,
explain what the contributions of answering your questions might be.
4. Explain and discuss Technology innovation and each type.

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Unit II
The research Process

In this unit, the students will learn approaches to defining the
research process. It involves identifying, locating, assessing, and
analyzing the information you need to support your research question,
and then developing and expressing your ideas.
Learning objectives
1. Define what a research problem,

2. Distinguish between a researchable problem from a non- researchable
problem,
3. Demonstrate and illustrate design thinking,
4. ideate and formulate a research problem.
I. What is a Research Problem?

A research problem is a specific issue, difficulty, contradiction, or gap
in the knowledge you will address in your Research. You might look for
practical topics aimed at contributing to change or theoretical matters
aimed at expanding knowledge.
Bear in mind that some research will do both of these things, but the
research problem usually focuses on one or the other. The type of
research problem you choose depends on your broad topic of interest
and the type of Research you want to do.
The step towards knowing what you'll do and why are the following:
Step 1: Identify a broad problem area

As you discuss and read about your topic, look for under-explored aspects and
areas of concern, conflict, or controversy. Your goal is to find a gap that
your research project can fill.
Practical research problems

If you are doing helpful Research, you can identify a problem by reading reports,
following up on previous research, and talking to people who work in the
relevant field or organization. You might look for:
 Issues with performance or efficiency in an organization

 Processes that could improve in an institution
 Areas of concern among practitioners in a field

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 Difficulties faced by specific groups of people in society
Step 2: Learn more about the problem

Next, you have to find out the problem and pinpoint the exact aspect that of
Research will address.
Context and background
 Who does the problem affect?

 Has it been an issue for a long time, or is it a newly discovered
problem?
 Has Research already done?
 Have any solutions been proposed?
 What are the current debates about the problem, and what do you think
is missing from them?
Specificity and relevance
 What particular place, time, or people to be the focus?

 What aspects will you not be able to tackle?
 What will be the consequences if the problem cannot resolve?
 Whose will benefit from resolving the problem (e.g., the management
of an organization or future researchers)?
How to write a problem statement

After you have identified a research problem for your project, the next step is to
write a problem statement. A significant problem statement is concise
and concrete. It should:
 Put the problem in context (what do we already know?)

 Describe the precise issue that the Researched will address (what do
we need to know?)
 Show the relevance of the problem (why do we need to know it?)
 Set the objectives of the Research (what will you do to find out?)
Step 1: Contextualize the problem

The problem statement should frame your research problem in its particular
context and give some background on what is knew about it.

For practical Research, focus on the concrete details of the situation:
 Where and when does the problem arise?

 Who does the problem affect?
 What attempts to solve the problem?

25
Step 2: Show why it matters
The problem statement should also address the relevance of the Research:
Why is it essential that the problem is solved?
It doesn't mean you have to do something groundbreaking or world-changing.

It's more important than the problem is researchable, feasible, and
addresses a relevant issue in your field.

Practical Research is directly relevant to a specific problem that affects an
organization, institution, social group, or society more broadly. To make
it clear why your research problem matters, you can ask yourself:
 What will happen if the problem is not solved?

 Who will feel the consequences?
 Does the problem have broader relevance (e.g., are similar issues found
in other contexts)?
Step 3: Set your aims and objectives

Finally, the problem statement should frame how you intend to address the
problem. Your goal should not be to find a definitive solution but to
seek out the reasons behind the problem and propose more effective
approaches to tackling or understanding it.
The aim is the overall purpose of your Research. It generally is written in the
infinitive form:
 This study aims to determine

 This project aims to explore
 I aim to investigate
The objectives are the concrete steps you will take to achieve the aim:
 Qualitative methods used to identify.

 I will use surveys to collect.
 Using statistical analysis, the Research will measure
Developing strong research questions

A good research question is essential to guide your research paper, project,
or thesis. It pinpoints what you want to find out and gives your work a
clear focus and purpose. All research questions should be:
 Focused on a single problem or issue

 Researchable using primary and secondary sources
 Feasible to answer within the timeframe and practical constraints
 Specific enough to answer thoroughly
 Complex enough to develop the answer over the space of a paper or
thesis

26
 Relevant to your field of study and society more broadly
How to write a research question

The process of developing your research question follows several steps:
 Choose a broad topic.

 Do some preliminary reading to find out about topical debates and
issues.
 Narrow down a specific niche that you want to focus on
 Identify a practical or theoretical research problem that you will address.
When you have a clearly-defined problem, you need to formulate one or more
questions. Think about precisely what you want to know and how it will
contribute to resolving the issue.
Types of research questions

Both qualitative and quantitative Research requires research questions. The
kind of problem you use depends on what you want to find out about and
the type of Research you want to do. It will shape your research design.
The table below shows some of the most common types of research questions.
Bear in mind that many academic research questions will be more
complicated than these examples, often combining two or more kinds.
II. Business Model Canvas

27
6 things to consider
NO BUSINESS PLANS SURVIVE THE FIRST CUSTOMER CONTACT
Business plans are for the known future, it does not work in the start-
up context
IT’S THE BUSINESS MODEL THAT REALLY MATTERS
Figure out and validate how the business will earn
TAKE TIME TO THINK THROUGH ALTERNATIVE POSSIBILITIES
The art of pivoting: the same technology, product or service can

have numerous business models.
YOUR BUSINESS MODEL IDEA IS JUST A SET OF HYPOTHESES
Adapting the business model until

proven really works.
IT’S THE BUSINESS MODEL THAT REALLY MATTERS.
Business model describes the rationale of how an
organization creates, delivers, and captures
value.
Don’t forget your customer-driven product
Business models won’t work without the right product .

28
29
1. Customer Segments- for whom are we creating value?
- who are most important customers?
Customer Segment Types
For whom are we creating value.
 Mass Market
 Niche Market
 Segmented Market
 Diversified Market
 Multi-side Platforms
2.Value propositions
• What value do we deliver to the customers?
• Which one of our customer’s problems are we helping to solve?

• Which customer needs are we satisfying?

30
• What makes us unique compared to the competition?
Elements of the Value Proposition
What are you offering to them?
 Newness
 Performance
 Customization
 Brand/Status
 Design
 Price

31
Example:
Spotify: “Music for Everyone”

Product: Online streaming music.
Target market: Families and single people alike
Primary benefit: Music on the go.
What makes it unique? Moms, dads, kids, single
there’s music to suit everyone’s tastes, all in one
app.
Vimeo: “Make Life Worth Watching”

Product: Online video streaming.
Target market: People who want to upload and/or
watch video.
Primary benefit: A simple platform for watching,
uploading,
and sharing video.
What makes this value proposition unique? Focuses
on
3. Channels the intrinsic value and artistic nature of a well
crafted video.
• Through which Channels do our Customer Segments want to reached?
• How are we reaching them now?
• How are our Channels integrated?
• Which ones works best?
• Which ones are most cost-efficient?
• How are we integrating them with Customers routines?

32
4 things to consider in Channels
• Product
• Market
• Middlemen
• Company
Types of Channels
Through which channels the customer segment can be reached?
 Sales Force
 Web sales
 Own stores
 Partner stores
 Wholesaler
 Retailer

33
4. Customer Relationships
• What type of relationship does each of our Customer Segments
expect us to establish and maintain with them?
• Which ones have we established?
• How costly are they?
• How are they integrated with the rest of our business model?
Types of Customer Relationships
What type of relationship should be established and maintained with
CS?
 Personal assistance
 Self-service
 Automated services
 Communities
 Co-creation
 Dedicated personal assistance
5. Revenue streams
• What are customers really willing to pay for?

• How? Are you generating transactional or recurring revenues?
Types of Revenue Streams

For what value the CS are really willing to pay?
 Asset sale
 Brokerage fee
 Subscription fees
 Renting/leasing/lending
 Licensing
 Advertising

34
6.Key Resources
• What Key Resources do our Value Propositions require? our
Distribution channels? Customer Relationship? Revenue Streams?
Types of Key Resources
What key resources do the value proposition require?
 Physical
 Intellectual
 Human
 Financial
 Natural
8.Key activities
What Key Activities do our Value Propositions require?
Distribution channels? Customer Relationships? Revenue streams?
Types Activities
 Production
 Problem solving
 Platform/networking
 Partnership
 Services
9.Key partners
• Who are our key Partners? Who are our key Suppliers?
• Which Key Resources are we acquiring from partners?
• Which Key Activities do partners perform?
Types of Key Partners

 Strategic alliance
 Joint ventures
 Cooperation

35
 Buyer-supplier
 Franchising
10. Cost Structure
• What are the most important cost inherent in our business? Which Key
Resources are most expensive?
Which Key Activities are most expensive?
Costs that remain the same over a period of time

Fixed Costs
Ex. Monthly Salary, Annual / Monthly Rent, Cost of Machines
Are costs which are heavily dependent on the volume of output a

Variable
company produces
Costs
Ex. Raw Materials, Utility Costs
Economies Costs decrease as production increases. The higher the volume, the
of lower the overall cost per unit.
Scale Ex. Bulk buying, Mass production, Mass Market
Costs are decreased by investing in businesses related to the core

Economies
product
of
Ex. Angkas / Grab Car offering delivery service, Google diversifying
Scope
from search business
Definitions
Types of Cost Structures
 Cost-driven
 Value-driven
 Fixed costs
 Variable costs
 Economies of scale

36
Evaluation
Exercises:
A. Instruction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Choose the most researchable question
A. Does the US or the UK have a better healthcare system?
B. How do the US and the UK compare health outcomes and patient satisfaction
among low-income people with chronic illnesses?
C. Should the US switch to single-payer healthcare?
2. Choose the research question that is most feasible in a limited time frame
A. How can drunk driving be prevented?
B. What effect do different laws have on the number of people who drive after drinking
in European countries?
C. How effective is current UK legislation aimed at preventing alcohol-related

car fatalities?
3. Choose the question that is complex enough for a research project
A. What are the similarities and differences in the experiences of recent Turkish,
Polish, and Syrian immigrants in Berlin?
B. Where do the majority of German immigrants come from frequently?
C. Do Polish immigrants in western Europe face discrimination?
4. Choose the most original research question
A. What are the main themes of Shakespeare's Othello?
B. How is race represented in Shakespeare’s Othello?
C. How have modern adaptations of Othello dealt with racism through casting,
staging, and allusion to contemporary events?

37
B. Marshmallow Challenge- Problem Generation
3
1 2 4
• After
everyone has
• List down • Share • Encode in
shared their
your 5 your list on
stories, the
greatest to the presentatio
group must
challenges group. n slide why
figure out
for the did your
• Every which of the
past 7 group
member challenges
days. choose
can ask mentioned by
• In bullet every that
follow up
form questions members • Assign a
right occurred presenter
• Be able to
after most often
create a
each talk and
brief story
happened to
• Individual the same
member
• Decide what
1. Conceptualized the solution for the challenges occurred most
do you want
often happened or experienced by the same member.
to solve
2. Conceptualizing an idea.
Create a sketch
of how will it
Name it!
look like
Defined
the
Featu
res Explain the
idea
through
video
present
ation
Good luck!

38
Unit III
Simplified Validation Process

Learning Objectives:

1. formulate their project proposal, and
2. applied their validation skills for the feasibility of their project.
Customer Development Process

- All about understanding the problems and needs of the user.
- Gain more insights
- Confirm that the product is attractive to the target
customer.(product-market)
CUSTOMER
DISC CUSTOMER
OVER Valida
Y tion
Pivot
Search
CUSTOMER CUSTOMER
Creati Buildi
on ng
Creation
Creation
Execution

39
The four steps of the framework are:
1. Customer discovery – Understand customers and their

needs that you may be able to satisfy.
2. Customer validation – You have a product that will satisfy
your customer’s needs.
3. Company creation – You determine whether your product
will satisfy all the customers needs
4. Company building – You can grow your organization in order
to support the demand for your product.
Validation Process Diagram
Design an Identify success

experime criteria
nt
Hypothesis
Test
Failure Success
Pivot!
Pursue!
Design Experiment
Validation board
-Simple tool for testing out your latest startup and product ideas.
- goal of using validation board is to help entrepreneurs all over the world get
out of the get out of the building and talk to customers.
- so many products fail because they aren’t solving a problem that customer
cares about.

40
Example:

41
Validatin Methods
1. Interview/Explore- find the customer pain
2. Pre-sell/PITCH-measure the demand
3. Concierge- product
Image Source: https://www.seekpng.com/idown/u2t4i1y3q8i1i1i1_carlita-the-sweet-mechanic-

woman-female-human-cartoon/

42
Method 2
 Picthing specific solution
to the customer even
before the product has
been build
 Ex. Email, cold call,
landing page, fake ads
Source:cnfree.com
Method 3
 delivery of product
through a physical
service
Source:pxhere.com

43
Challenge….your Self !!!!!!
Instruction: You can write your answer in a long bondpaper or you can create
a table using the following format below in a presentation software and
send it to our group :
A.

44
B.

45
“Fail Fast, Fail Forward…”

46
ADVANTAGES:
• Rapid Iteration- You can always change what you need to change
• Inexpensive- Paper is cheap. It won’t break the bank!
• Increased creativity- FREEDOM
• Team Building- Drawing, cutting and pasting together can build team unity and
raise spirits
• Automatic Documentation- They are a tangible document
• Perfect for Validation- something to show to your customer
Read and learn more:

https://www.agilealliance.org/glossary/customer-
development/#q=~(infinite~false~filters~(postType~(~'post~'aa_book~'
aa_event_session~'aa_experience_report~'aa_glossary~'aa_research
_paper~'aa_video)~tags~(~'customer*20development))~searchTerm~'
~sort~false~sortDirection~'asc~page~1)
Click the link to learn about validation board
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HhoducyStMw
https://www.slideshare.net/jhim1022/characteristics-ofresearch
Published on April 16, 2019 by Shona McCombes. Revised on June 19, 2020.

47
Unit IV
Research Objectives
Before a study is designed, its objectives must be cleary stated. Research
objectives specify what the researcher wants to to and find out. They
give focus to the study and specify the variables that are goint to be
measured. Once the research objectives have been formulated, the
researcher makes educated guesses to tentatively answer the
questions implied in the objectives.
Learning objectives
After studying this chapter, the learners shall be able to:
1. differentiate General objectives from specific objectives, and
2. formulate general and specific objectives.
What is Research Objectives?
 the objective can be define with a literature review
- should be an action that addresses some gap or existing
problem
- must be coupled with a well defined hypothesis.
Warning: objectives as proposal are usually weak!

- If the objective of research is “to propose something”, then the
mere proposal is sufficient?
 Enunciate the problem in a precise way
 Explain why the problem is important given the literature review
 Make sure the premises are sound
“...this project proposes the use of optimization methods for vehicle route
problems...”
“...the main objective is to develop neural network algorithms for sentiment
analysis in text...”
-It is hard to grasp the actual problem to be addressed
-It is not clear what exactly is the research question and its
importance in those objectives

48
Hypothesis
- Good objectives are driven by good research hypothesis
Claim that will be tested to be true or false
The research project must investigate the claim in order to
confirm or falsify this claim;
Defining a sound hyphotesis is what differentiates research from
a technical work.
Literature Review
 The research must keep reading throughout the research projects
 It is ok to start with books and surveys
 After you master the main techniques, then search for relevant work on
good repositories
 Read papers in a critical way:
 LARAMEE, R. S. How to Read a Visualization Research
Paper: Extracting the Essentials. IEEE Computer Graphics
and Applications, Vol. 31, No. 3, 2011, pages 78-82.
Disponível em
http://www.cs.swan.ac.uk/~csbob/research/how2read/
laramee09how2read.pdf.
 FOWLER, M. How to Read Signal Processing Journal &
Conference Papers.
http://www.ws.binghamton.edu/fowler/HowReadPapers.ht
m.
Repositories
 Scholar (http://scholar.google.com)
 Scopus (http://www.scopus.com)
 Web of Science (http://www.webofknowledge.com)

49
Evaluation
How to evaluate your research?
 Define, as soon as possible, how to measure your results in order to
understand how close you are to the main objective
Try hard, but if necessary, drop/change the initial idea.
 Since usually ∼ 90% of outcomes are actually failures, we have to make
sure we are evaluating correctly the results, since the beginning
 Understand all research has limitations and weak points
Example: little innovation, incremental contribution, results
marginally different from state-of-the-art, application is restricted,
it is not scalable, etc.
But: a negative result is also good if the method was correct!
To be exposed to research ideas

Exposition makes it easier to (re)define objectives and find ideas
 Discuss your work with other colleagues and researchers I
Frequently read papers (at least 1 monthly)
 It is the responsibility of the student to bring ideas and
possibilities to discuss with the supervisor!
 Follow important researchers on social media (twitter, research
gate, etc.)
Research levels in Information Technology
1. Product or Implementation
-Can be innovative or not
If lacking a hyphotesis, then it is not
-When innovative, it is usually exploratory
If it is a system or reproduction, can be reported in a “Technical
Report” -Acceptable for undergraduate final project.

50
Exploratory
It is acceptable to not compare with previous work
Biological computer that solves problems such as the travelling salesman
https://thenewstack.io/amoeba-based-computer-solves-traveling-salesman-
puzzle/
System or Implementation
Can be justified when there is a clear application, not yet explored
 Health,
 Education,
 Agronomy,
 Agriculture,
 Aquatic
...
But, if so, then it is important to compare with previous work at least
qualitatively!
2: “Something different”
 proposes a “different approach” to some problem, or a “different”
implementation or application
 require literature review and qualitative comparison
 Can be a different approach, not necessarily better
 It is usual in problems that are well studied, but not sufficiently
 Can result in case studies
 It is valid to propose “something different” when there is scarce data or
time escassos.
 A well defined case study can be a good way to start
But, make sure
 premises are convincing
 there is some hyphotesis

51
3: “Something supposedly better”
A problem that is well studied, there is available data and papers reporting
results on those well known datasets
Need to follow protocol, evaluation measures, that are previosly defined by
the literature
When there are already many solutions: you must justify why your approach is
valid or better in some sense
Often results in an incremental contribution.
need a better discussion on the drawbacks and advantages

52
Types of Objectives
 Immediate/general objectives- relates directly to the research problem
and states clearly what the researcher will do and expects to find out.
Example:
Research Title: SMS based Wireless Temperature monitoring
General Objective: This study is to design and develop a SMS based
wireless temperature monitoring.

53
 Specific objectives- may be viewed as sub-objectives or small particles
of the general objectives.
Example:
Research Title: SMS based Wireless Temperature monitoring
General Objective: This study is to design and develop a SMS based
wireless temperature monitoring.
Specifically, this study aimed to:
1. create a hardware that can detect temperature and display correctly
on LCD at transmitter board.
2. develop a program module that can process sending and receiving
temperature value success using RF transmitter and RF receiver.
Evaluation
A. Question for Discussion (Submit your answer in a form of softcopy)
1. What are research objectives? What do they express?
2. Differentiate between general objectives and specific
objectives.
B. Instructions: Restate your research problem and formulate your
immediate general research objectives and specific objectives.
1. My Research problem is:

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. The immediate general objective of my study is:
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
3. The specifc objectives of my study are:
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

54
Unit 5
Formulation of Research Framework
Current literature on software project management indicates that
the majority of software projects either are considered a failure or
challenged. These projects are characterized by exceeding budget,
exceeding time, and failing to meet customer expectations. The fact that
most projects fail highlights the need for research regarding the factors
that lead to software project success or failure. This unit presents a
theoretical framework for software project success. Based on deep
analysis of current literature on software success factors, a theoretical
framework is formulating. The suggested framework shows factors that
have to be carefully considered in order to achieve software project
success. The factors included in the framework are dividing into four
categories: organizational factors, technical factors, people factors, and
culture factors. The suggested framework is new in the sense that it
includes many factors that are not founding together in any of the
previous similar frameworks.
Learning Objectives
After studying this unit, the learners shall be able to:
1. define theoretical framework and conceptual framework and explain
what their functions in research are,
2. select appropriate theories or findings of related studies that explain
the existence of a certain research problem.
3. using existing theories and/or research findings, give educated
guesses on why a particular problem exists and how certain factors
contribute to the existence of the problem.
Research Frameworks for Information Technology
Research framework clearly illustrates the structure of
the research plan and helps the researcher formulate
relevant research questions.The construction of the
theoretical framework. This framework consists of the key concepts of
the research project and of the assumed relationships between these
concepts.
Theoritical Framework
Theories are formulated to explain, predict, and understand
phenomena and, in many cases, to challenge and extend existing
knowledge within the limits of critical bounding assumptions. The
theoretical framework is the structure that can hold or support a
theory of a research study. The theoretical framework introduces and
describes the theory that explains why the research problem under
study exists.

55
Importance of Theory
Theoretical framework consists of concepts and, together
with their definitions and reference to relevant scholarly
literature, existing theory that is used for your particular
study. The theoretical framework must demonstrate an
understanding of theories and concepts that are relevant to the topic
of your research paper and that relate to the broader areas of
knowledge being considered.
The theoretical framework is most often not something
readily found within the literature. You must review course
readings and pertinent research studies for theories and analytic
models that are relevant to the research problem you are
investigating. The selection of a theory should depend on its
appropriateness, ease of application, and explanatory power.
The theoretical framework strengthens the study in the following

ways:
1. An explicit statement of theoretical assumptions permits the reader to

evaluate them critically.
2. The theoretical framework connects the researcher to existing
knowledge. Guided by a relevant theory, you are given a basis for your
hypotheses and choice of research methods.
3. Articulating the theoretical assumptions of a research study forces you
to address questions of why and how. It permits you to intellectually
transition from simply describing a phenomenon you have observed to
generalizing about various aspects of that phenomenon.
4. Having a theory helps you identify the limits to those generalizations. A
theoretical framework specifies which key variables influence a
phenomenon of interest and highlights the need to examine how those
key variables might differ and under what circumstances.
Note: Not all research studies need a theoretical framework, but

relational and casual studies do. Studies which do not intend to
examine relationship between or among variables or the effect
of one variable on another do not require a theoretical
framework.

56
Conceptual Framework
A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR A SOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS BASED ON COMPUTATIONAL
THINKING. A software development process is a mechanism to
help software developers plan, design and structure
the development of software to solve a problem. (Higgins,C, et.al, 2017)
How to make a conceptual framework

1. Select a topic for your research. ...
2. Carry out a literature review to understand what research has already been
done on the subject matter. ...
3. Look for the specific variables explained in the literature and examine the
relationship between them.
Evaluation
A.Questions for Discussion (Via google meet)
1. what is a theoretical framework? A conceptual Framework? How is the first
different from the latter?
2. Where can a researcher find theories on which to base his/her research?
3. what is theory and what are the roles in research?
4. Theoritcal framework needed in Information Technology research?
5. Cite example of theory that can be used for information Technology
research.
B. Exercises
1. State a theory that explains about automation.

57
2. what should be written in conceptual framework?
C. Workshop
1. My research problem is.

_____________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. The general objective of my study is
____________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. The specific objectives of my study are
__________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
___
4. (if my study is relational) My study is anchored on the theory
___________________________________________________________
____
Of ___________________________________ , which states that:
___________________________________________________________
____
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
5. The assumed conceptual model/framework of my study is shown in diagram
below. (Draw a diagram of the assumed framework of your study.

58
Unit 6
Software Development Processes and Methodologies

Software is quickly becoming integral part of human life as we see more
and more automation and technical advancements. Just like we expect car to work
all the time and can't afford to break or reboot unexpectedly, software industry
needs to continue to learn better way to build software if it were to become integral
part of human life. In this course, you will get an overview of how software teams
work? What processes they use? What are some of the industry standard
methodologies? What are pros and cons of each? You will learn enough to have
meaningful conversation around software development processes.
You Don’t Just “Program”, You “Develop Software”
Learning Objectives
Studying this unit shall enable the learners to:
1) Apply core software engineering practices at conceptual level for a given
problem,
2) compare and contrast traditional, agile, and lean development
methodologies at high level. These include Waterfall, Rational Unified
Process, V model, Incremental, Spiral models and overview of agile
mindset;
3) Propose a methodology best suited for a given situation.
In software engineering, a software development process is the process

of dividing software development work into distinct phases to improve design,
product management, and project management
Software Development
Most modern development processes can be vaguely described as
agile. Other methodologies include waterfall, prototyping, iterative and
incremental development, spiral development, rapid application development,
and extreme programming.
Agile Software Development
Agile software development describes an approach to software
development under which requirements and solutions evolve through the
collaborative effort of selforganizing cross-functional teams and their
customer/end users

59
It advocates adaptive planning, evolutionary development, early
delivery, and continuous improvement, and it encourages rapid and flexible
response to change.
“Pair Programming” in Agile Development
Waterfall (Old School) Software Development

1. System and software requirements: captured in a product requirements
document
2. Analysis: resulting in models, schema, and business rules
3. Design: resulting in the software architecture
4. Coding: the development, proving, and integration of software
5. Testing: the systematic discovery and debugging of defects
6. Operations: the installation, migration, support, and maintenance of
complete systems.

60
Waterfall Usually Has 5 or 6 Steps
Thanks to: swisscow
Prototyping Software Development

Software prototyping is the activity of creating prototypes of
software applications, i.e., incomplete versions of the software program
being developed. It is an activity that can occur in software development
and is comparable to prototyping as known from other fields, such as
mechanical engineering or manufacturing. A prototype typically
simulates only a few aspects of, and may be completely different from,
the final product.
Thanks to: swisscow

61
Iterative Software Development
• Worst definition EVER: Relating to or involving iteration,
especially of a mathematical or computational process.
• You start by writing a general application, but then come back
to it to add a few more features at a time, over and over, evolving over
time
Thanks to: swisscow

62
Rapid Application Development
• RAD approaches to software development put less emphasis on
planning and more emphasis on an adaptive process. Prototypes are
often used in addition to or sometimes even in place of design
specifications.
• RAD is especially well suited for (although not limited to)
developing software that is driven by user interface requirements.
Graphical user interface builders are often called rapid application
development tools.
Extreme Software Development
• A flat management structure, code simplicity and clarity,
expecting changes in the customer's requirements as time passes and
the problem is better understood, and frequent communication with the
customer and among programmers
Thanks to: swisscow

63
Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
• The systems development life cycle (SDLC), also referred to as
the application development lifecycle, is a term used in systems
engineering, information systems and software engineering to describe
a process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying an information
system.
• Uses an enhanced Waterfall methodology
• Talk about it at a job interview to sound smart and eat up a bunch
of time!
SDLC 8 Phases
1. System investigation
2. System analysis
3. Design
4. Environments
5. Testing
6. Training and transition
7. Operations and maintenance
8. Evaluation
SDLC System Investigation

The system investigates the IT proposal. During this step, we
must consider all current priorities that would be affected and how they
should be handled. Before any system planning is done, a feasibility
study should be conducted to determine if creating a new or improved
system is a viable solution. This will help to determine the costs, benefits,
resource requirements, and specific user needs required for completion.
The development process can only continue once management
approves of the recommendations from the feasibility study.
Following are different components of the feasibility study:
• Operational feasibility
• Economic feasibility
• Technical feasibility
• Human factors feasibility
• Legal/Political feasibility

64
SDLC Systems Analysis
The goal of system analysis is to determine where the problem is,
in an attempt to fix the system. This step involves breaking down the
system in different pieces to analyze the situation, analyzing project
goals, breaking down what needs to be created and attempting to
engage users so that definite requirements can be defined.
SDLC Design
Describes desired features and operations in detail, including
screen layouts, business rules, process diagrams, pseudocode and
other documentation.
SDLC Development
Environments are controlled areas where systems developers can build,
distribute, install, configure, test, and execute systems that move
through the SDLC. Each environment is aligned with different areas of
the SDLC and is intended to have specific purposes. Examples of such
environments follow on the next slide.
• Development environment, where developers can work independently of
each other before trying to merge their work with the work of others,
• Common build environment, where merged work can be built, together, as a
combined system,
• Systems integration testing environment, where basic testing of a system's
integration points to other upstream or downstream systems can be
tested,
• User acceptance testing environment, where business stakeholders can test
against their original business requirements,
• Production environment, where systems finally get deployed to, for final use
by their intended end users.

65
66
SDLC Testing
The code is tested at various levels in software testing. Unit, system and user
acceptance testings are often performed. This is a grey area as many
different opinions exist as to what the stages of testing are :
So Much Testing in the SDLC

• Path testing
• Data set testing
• Unit testing
• Integration testing
• System testing
• Black-box testing
• White-box testing
• Regression testing
• Automation testing
• User acceptance testing
• Software performance testing
Path Testing
• Does data move through the system in the manner you expect?

67
Data Set Testing
• Test data is data which has been specifically identified for use in tests, typically
of a computer program.
• Some data may be used in a confirmatory way, typically to verify that a given
set of input to a given function produces some expected result. Other
data may be used in order to challenge the ability of the program to
respond to unusual, extreme, exceptional, or unexpected input.
Unit Testing
• Is a software testing method by which
individual units of source code, sets of
one or more computer program
modules together with associated
control data, usage procedures, and
operating procedures, are tested to
determine whether they are fit for us.
Integration Testing
• Is the phase in software testing in which individual software modules are
combined and tested as a group. It occurs after unit testing and before
System Testing
System testing of software or hardware is testing conducted on a complete,
integrated system to evaluate the system's compliance with its specified
requirements.
Black Box Testing
• You put something you know, into the system. You expect to get a certain
result. Does that result match what you were expecting? You ONLY look
at the output, not what happens within each step of the application
• There are benefits and drawbacks to Black Box Testing
White Box Testing
• White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing,
transparent box testing, and structural testing) is a method of testing

68
software that tests internal structures or workings of an application, as
opposed to its functionality (i.e. black-box testing). In white-box testing
an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills, are
used to design test cases
Regression Testing
• Is a type of software testing which verifies that software which was previously
developed and tested still performs the same way after it was changed
or interfaced with other software. Changes may include software
enhancements, patches, configuration changes, etc. During regression
testing, new software bugs or regressions may be uncovered.
Test Automation
• Is the use of special software (separate from the software being tested) to
control the execution of tests and the comparison of actual outcomes
with predicted outcomes.[1] Test automation can automate some
repetitive but necessary tasks in a formalized testing process already in
place, or perform additional testing that would be difficult to do manually.
User Acceptance Testing
• UAT consists of a process of verifying that a solution works for the user. It is
not system testing (ensuring software does not crash and meets
documented requirements), but rather ensures that the solution will work
for the user (i.e., tests that the user accepts the solution); software
vendors often refer to this as "Beta testing".
Software Performance Testing
• Is in general, a testing practice performed to determine how a system performs
in terms of responsiveness and stability under a particular workload. It
can also serve to investigate, measure, validate or verify other quality
attributes of the system, such as scalability, reliability and resource
usage.
SDLC Training and Transition
• Once a system has been stabilized through adequate testing, the SDLC
ensures that proper training on the system is performed or documented
before transitioning the system to its support staff and end users.
• Training usually covers operational training for those people who will be
responsible for supporting the system as well as training for those end
users who will be using the system after its delivery to a production
operating environment.

69
Operations and Maintenance
• Release
• Installation and activation
• Deactivation
• Uninstallation
• Update
• Automated Update
• Version tracking
• Adaptation
SDLC Evaluation
• The final phase of the SDLC is to measure the effectiveness of the system
and evaluate potential enhancements.

70
Evaluation
Questions for Discussion
1. What is the need to learn Software Engineering Concepts?
2. What are the different types of models available in SDLC?
3. Describe the process you use for writing a piece of code, from
requirements to delivery. What has your experience been like as part of
an agile software development process, if any?
4. What has your experience been like as part of an agile software
development process, if any?
5. What is the software development life cycle? What are the differences
between them?
6. What is your process to test and find bugs in an application?
7. Explain the role of a Software Project Manager?

71
References
Cooper, L, (2020). Software Engineering. Retrieved from
https://www.springboard.com/blog/21-software-engineering-interview-
questions/
David, F.(2002). Understanding and Doing Research
The office of Research Integrity(2019). Introduction to Research. Retrived from

https://ori.hhs.gov/module-1-introduction-what-
research#:~:text=Research%20is%20a%20process%20to%20discover%20n
ew%20knowledge.&text=Part%20of%20the%20research%20process,map%
20through%20the%20research%20study.
Human Kinetics(2020). Steps of Research Process. Retrieved from

https://us.humankinetics.com/blogs/excerpt/steps-of-the-research-process
GxP Lifeline.(2020). Simplify Software Validation. Retrieved from

https://www.mastercontrol.com/gxp-lifeline/6-steps-to-simplify-software-
validation/
SOAS(2018). Research Objectives. Retrieved from soas.ac.uk/cedep-

demos/000_P506_RM_3736-Demo/module/topindex.htm
Coursera,(2020). Research Process and Methologies. Retrieved from
https://www.coursera.org/learn/software-processes

72

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INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN METHOD OF RESEARCH IN COMPUTING

Vision: ISCOF as a premiere academic institution in Southeast Asia.

I. Goals of the College of Information and Communication

Objectives: Specifically, the College of Information and Communication

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN METHOD OF RESEARCH IN COMPUTING

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN METHOD OF RESEARCH IN COMPUTING

This is to certify that the module on ____Method of

This is to certify further that this module is approved for

Signed this _________ day of _________,

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN METHOD OF RESEARCH IN COMPUTING

Course Description: This course equips students to be effective innovators

COURSE TOPICS CONTENT STUDENT TECHNOLOGY Date

Unit 2- The Research

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN METHOD OF RESEARCH IN COMPUTING

Unit 6- Software LMS Online Webinar Nov. 9-

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN METHOD OF RESEARCH IN COMPUTING

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN METHOD OF RESEARCH IN COMPUTING

I am Prof. Sol Rojo Baldevarona, your teacher on this subject. I

Organization & Structure:

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN METHOD OF RESEARCH IN COMPUTING

It is available in Our School Library…

1.Research Methodology and Techniques in Computers, Rajneesh Naryan

2. Understanding and doing research, Fely P. David

Prof. Sol R. Baldevarona

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN METHOD OF RESEARCH IN COMPUTING

1. define research and explain the role and character,

6.Describe why it is important to follow a research plan

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN METHOD OF RESEARCH IN COMPUTING

Research fills every part of human life. Every product you

Qualities of a Good Researcher

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN METHOD OF RESEARCH IN COMPUTING

Things that are not obvious

What is Information Technology Research?

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN METHOD OF RESEARCH IN COMPUTING

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN METHOD OF RESEARCH IN COMPUTING

… innovation does not necessarily imply the commercialization of only a

… a new technology or combination of technologies introduced

Figure 1. Framework for Innovation

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN METHOD OF RESEARCH IN COMPUTING

Innovation=invention+ exploitation (Roberts)

Different Type of Innovations

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN METHOD OF RESEARCH IN COMPUTING

Henderson and Clark 19 define the types of innovation as:

Types of innovation which will discuss further include:

 Revolutionary vs. evolutionary innovation

I. Revolutionary versus Evolutionary Innovation.

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN METHOD OF RESEARCH IN COMPUTING

II. Modular versus Architectural Innovation.

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN METHOD OF RESEARCH IN COMPUTING

Architectural Innovation occurs when existing knowledge or hardware

A good example might be the low-stress chair's innovation,

A modular Innovation usually takes place in complex products or processes

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN METHOD OF RESEARCH IN COMPUTING

Figure 3: Product vs. Process Innovation Dynamics, Source: Utterback

The dominant design innovation-cycle in the figure shows the

Finally, the product enters the specific pattern in its lifecycle,

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN METHOD OF RESEARCH IN COMPUTING

An excellent example of an operation reliant on process

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN METHOD OF RESEARCH IN COMPUTING

By the late eighteen hundreds, the Swiss watchmaking industry

Signed this _ day of _,