Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 30 views

    Biology of Human Reproductive System

    Uploaded by

    len lehang
    This document summarizes the anatomy and function of the human reproductive system. It begins by outlining the embryological development of the reproductive tract, noting that the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines whether the gonads develop into testes or ovaries. It then describes the internal and external anatomy of both the male and female reproductive systems. Key structures such as the testes, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and genital organs are defined. The role of hormones like FSH, LH, and prolactin in regulating the menstrual cycle and sperm production is also summarized. Finally, the process of fertilization is briefly mentioned.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Biology of Human Reproductive System

    Uploaded by

    len lehang
    30 views51 pages
    This document summarizes the anatomy and function of the human reproductive system. It begins by outlining the embryological development of the reproductive tract, noting that the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines whether the gonads develop into testes or ovaries. It then describes the internal and external anatomy of both the male and female reproductive systems. Key structures such as the testes, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and genital organs are defined. The role of hormones like FSH, LH, and prolactin in regulating the menstrual cycle and sperm production is also summarized. Finally, the process of fertilization is briefly mentioned.

    Original Description:

    reproduksi

    Original Title

    1. Biology of Human Reproductive System

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document summarizes the anatomy and function of the human reproductive system. It begins by outlining the embryological development of the reproductive tract, noting that the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines whether the gonads develop into testes or ovaries. It then describes the internal and external anatomy of both the male and female reproductive systems. Key structures such as the testes, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and genital organs are defined. The role of hormones like FSH, LH, and prolactin in regulating the menstrual cycle and sperm production is also summarized. Finally, the process of fertilization is briefly mentioned.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    30 views51 pages

    Biology of Human Reproductive System

    Uploaded by

    len lehang
    This document summarizes the anatomy and function of the human reproductive system. It begins by outlining the embryological development of the reproductive tract, noting that the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines whether the gonads develop into testes or ovaries. It then describes the internal and external anatomy of both the male and female reproductive systems. Key structures such as the testes, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and genital organs are defined. The role of hormones like FSH, LH, and prolactin in regulating the menstrual cycle and sperm production is also summarized. Finally, the process of fertilization is briefly mentioned.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 51

    BIOLOGY OF HUMAN

    REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    Bella Amanda

    Andrology Study Program


    Department of Biomedical Science
    Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga
    Sub Topics
    • Anatomy of human reproductive system
    • Function of human reproductive tract
    • Endocrine regulation
    • Fertilization
    Embryology of human reproductive tract
    • Chromosomal and genetic sex is established at fertilization
    • The type of gonads that develop is determined by the sex
    chromosome complex of the embryo (XX or XY)
    • Before 7th week, gonads of sexes are identical (indifferent
    gonads)
    • Male phenotype requires Y chromosome (SRY-sex
    determining region on Y gene) for a testis determining factor
    – TDF
    • Female phenotype requires two X chromosomes
    Embryology of human reproductive tract
    • The Y chromosome has a testis determining effect on the medulla of
    indifferent cords . TDF (regulated by Y chrom) differentiate the
    gonadal cords into primordia of seminiferous tubules
    • Absence of a Y chromosome (XX sex chrom) results in the formation
    of the ovary
    • Types of present gonads determines the type of sexual
    differentiation of the genital ducts and external genitalia.
    • Testosterone produced by the fetal testes determines maleness.
    • Primary female sexual differentiation does not depend on hormones;
    occurs even if the ovaries are absent (depending possibly on an
    autosomal gene)
    FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    Female Reproductive Organs

    • Internal Reproductive Organs


    • Ovarium, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
    • External Reproductive Organs
    • Vulva: mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris,
    vestibular bulbs, vulva vestibule, Bartholin's glands,
    Skene's glands, urethra, and vaginal opening
    External Genitalia
    • Clitoris
    • a highly innervated and vascular erectile structure, consisting of
    the glans and paired erectile bodies
    • “The clitoral complex, composed of the distal vagina, urethra,
    and clitoris, is the location of female sexual activity, analogous
    to the penis in men”
    • Urethra
    • transportation of urine out of the body, prevention of urine reflux,
    and protection against pathogenic bacteria
    External Genitalia
    • Labia majora
    • enclose and protect the other external genital organs.
    • The labia majora contain sweat and sebaceous glands.
    • During puberty, hair appears on the labia majora.
    • Labia minora
    • two inner folds of skin that surround the opening of the vagina.
    • The size and shape of the labia minora are unique to each individual and can vary
    throughout a person’s life
    • protect the vaginal and urethral openings from mechanical irritation, dryness, and
    infections
    • During sexual stimulation, the labia minora contributes to the arousal of the
    whole vestibule area and clitoris by spreading lubrication from the glands located in
    the vagina and around it
    External Genitalia
    • Hymen
    • a remnant tissue just inside the opening of the vagina that's left
    over from how the vagina forms during embryonic development
    • does not serve any physiological or medical purpose
    • Vaginal opening
    • Pathway for baby
    • Route for menstrual flow
    • Penis inserted during sexual intercourse
    External Genitalia

    • Bartholin’s glands
    • located on each side of the vaginal opening
    • secrete fluid that helps lubricate the vagina
    • Skene’s glands
    • two glands located on the lower end of the urethra in women
    • Also known as female prostate
    • help lubricate your vagina during sex and protect it from certain
    infections
    Internal Genitalia
    • Ovarium
    • produce eggs and hormones for menstruation and pregnancy
    • Fallopian tubes
    • channels for oocyte transport and fertilization
    • Uterus
    • plays a significant role in menstruation, implantation, gestation, and labor
    • Vagina (upper)
    • provides a passageway for blood and mucosal tissue from the uterus during a
    woman's monthly period
    • receives the penis during sexual intercourse
    • holds the sperm until they pass into the uterus. provides a passageway for
    childbirth
    Ovulation
    • The ovum is released out of the ovary and will move into the
    fallopian tube
    • Remaining follicular cells change and become the corpus
    luteum
    • Secretes progesterone and estrogen
    • If ovum remains unfertilized, corpus luteum degenerates and
    new cycle will begin
    MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    Testis
    • Two main functions:
    gametogenesis (spermatogenesis) and steroidogenesis
    Male Accessory Glands
    Male Accessory Glands
    • Epididymis
    • transport sperm from the rete testes to the vas deferens
    • Sperm maturation and storage
    • Produces
    • Seminal vesicle
    • produce fluid that will contribute to 60% of semen
    • Alkaline fluid produced facilitates the survival of spermatozoa
    • Prostate
    • produce the fluid that nourishes and transports sperm
    • produces prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
    • also plays a role in hormone production (testosterone à DHT)
    • helps regulate urine flow
    Male Accessory Glands
    • Bulbourethral Glands
    • located near the base of the penis
    • A short duct from each gland enters the proximal end of the penile
    urethra.
    • In response to sexual stimulation, the bulbourethral glands secrete
    an alkaline mucus-like fluid. This fluid neutralizes the acidity of the
    urine residue in the urethra, helps to neutralize the acidity of the
    vagina, and provides some lubrication for the tip of the penis
    during intercourse.
    HORMONAL CONTROL
    •Cyclic process in females (continuous in males)
    •Hypothalamus secretes GnRH
    •Stimulates LH and FSH in anterior pituitary
    •Effects of LH and FSH on ovaries varies during
    the cycle
    PITUITARY
    GONADOTROPINS

    • FSH – Follicle Stimulating Hormone


    • LH – Luteinizing Hormone
    • PRL - Prolactin
    FSH – Follicle Stimulating Hormone

    • GP, ⍺ + b subunits (activity)

    Females
    • responsible for the early
    growth of ovarian follicles

    Males
    • helps maintain the
    spermatogenic epithelium by
    stimulating Sertoli cells
    LH – Luteinizing Hormone
    • GP, ⍺ + b subunits (activity)

    Females
    • Responsible for the final maturation of the ovarian follicles and
    their estrogen secretion, responsible for ovulation, the initial
    formation of the corpus luteum and secretion of progesterone

    Males
    • Stimulation of testosterone production from Leydig cells of testis
    PRL - Prolactin
    • Polypeptid
    • Cause milk secretion from the breast after estrogen and progesterone
    priming after delivery
    • Preventing ovulation on lacting women

    Hyperprolactinemia
    • Females – blockage of the action of gonadotropins on the ovaries (20%
    secondary amenorrhea, infertility, risk of osteoporosis due to estrogen
    deficiency)
    • Males – impotence and hypogonadism
    • 70% patients with chromophobe adenomas of the anterior pituitary
    (prolactinoma)
    Hormonal Regulation
    The Ovarian Cycle

    •28 days long, divided into 3 phases


    • Follicular phase (12 days)
    • Luteal phase (11 days)
    • Menstrual phase (approx. 5 days)
    FERTILIZATION
    THANK YOU
    [email protected]

    You might also like