Lecture Notes 6 PDF

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF
REPRODUCTION
Prepared by: Ms. Mae Rachelle Salcedo- Pingke
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
When you finish reading this chapter, you should be bale to:
differentiate the female and the male reproductive systems; and

understand the basis for physiologic processes in female and males.
Definition of Terms:
• Reproduction- process of producing off springs.
• Genitals- external sex organs
• Primary sex characteristic- sex characteristics that are present at birth.
• Secondary sex characteristics- sex characteristics that emerge during puberty.
Introduction
Humans experience various physical and emotional changes
from childhood to adulthood. These changes are gradual and
progress at different ages and speed in different people.
These changes are based on human growth and development from childhood,
adolescence, adulthood, and old age.
This chapter focuses on the adolescent stage of human development, which is

characterized by dynamic changes in physical and behavioral traits. Despite
differences in physical appearance, the sexual organs of men and women arise
from the same structures and fulfill similar functions. Each person has a pair of
gonads: ovaries are female gonads; testes are the male gonads. The gonads
produce germ cells and sex hormones. The female germ cells are ova (egg) and
the male germ cells are sperm. Ova and sperm are the basic units of reproduction:
their union can lead to the creation of a new life.
The Biological Female
Female External Genitalia
Female External Genitalia
• Vulva- all the external genital structures taken together;
• Mon veneris/pubis- pads of fatty tissue between pubic bone and skin;
• Labia majora- outer lips surrounding all the other structures;
• Prepuce- clitoral hood ( foreskin above and covering clitoris)
• Clitoris- glans (head), shaft and cruca (root), the clitoris is particularly sensitive to stimulation
• Labia minora- inner lips surrounding the vestibule where sweat and oil glands extensive
blood vessels, and nerve endings are located.
• Vestibule- area surrounding the urethral opening and vagina, which is highly sensitive with
extensive blood vessels and nerve endings.
• Urethral opening- end of the tube connecting to bladder and used for urination
• Vaginal opening- also called introitus
• Perineum- area of the skin separating the genitalia from the anus; distance is in females
than males.
Female Internal Genitalia
Female Internal Genitalia
• Vagina- collapsible canal extending from vaginal opening back and upward int
o body to cervix and uterus. During arousal, it is engorged with blood. This aid
s its expansion and triggers the release of lubricants from vaginal mucosa.
• Cervix- small end of uterus to which vagina leads. It is the opening in cervix
leading to interior of uterus.
• Uterus- womb, organ within pelvic zone where fetus is carried.
• Fallopian tubes- carry egg cells from ovaries to uterus, this is where
fertilization occurs.
• Ovaries- produce estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen influences female sex
characteristics and initiates menstrual cycle.
Progesterone aids in regulation of menstrual cycle and promotes
mature development of uterine lining to allow for zygote
implementation.
Puberty
The menstrual cycle marks the beginning of puberty in females.
The first episode occurs between 11 to 15 years of age referred to as menarche.
Menstrual phase- this occurs if the ovum is not fertilized and does not implant
itself into the uterine lining.
Proliferative phase- it occurs when the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary glan
d to release FSH that stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen and causes ova t
o mature on ovarian follicles.
Secretory phase- it occurs when the pituitary gland releases LH that causes the
ovary to release a mature ovum and causes the remaining portion of the follicle to
develop into the corpus luteum.
Female secondary sexual charac.
Widening of hips and pelvis
Enlargement of breast
The Biological Male
Male External Genitalia
The Biological Male
Male External Genitalia
• Prepuce- foreskin covering head of penis, removed in male circumcision;
• Penis- glans (head), shaft and root. The glans is particularly sensitive to stimulat
ion. Running the length of the penis is the urethra surrounded by the spongy
body and two cylindrical chambers known as the cavernous bodies.
During arousal, these become engorged with blood, resulting in erection
• Corona- rim of glans where it arises from shaft;
• Frenulum- thin strip of skin connecting glans and shaft on underside of penis.
• Scrotum- sac that encloses the two compartments housing the testes.
• Urethral opening- found on head of penis this is the end of tube connected to bl
adder and used for urination. It is also tube to which internal structures deliver s
emen by the which male ejaculates.
• Perineum- area of skin separating the genitalia fro anus distance is greater in
males than females.
The Biological Male
Male Internal Genitalia
The Biological Male
Male Internal Genitalia
• Testes- produce androgen, particularly large quantities of testosterone, which
greatly influence male development and drive sexual motivation; also produce
sperm cells in virtually unlimited quantity over the entire course of the lifespan.
• Vas deferens- travels from testicle toward urethra carrying sperm.
• Seminal vesicles- two glands that produce alkaline fluid in fructose sugar, start
self- propulsion and sugar may provide sperm nutrients. Ducts carry fluid and
connect with vas deferens forming ejaculatory ducts
• Ejaculatory ducts- connect vas deferens
• Prostate- gland producing alkaline secretions that account for about 30% of
semen volume.
• Urethra- tube within penis that carries sperm and semen the rest of the way to
the opening of the penis.
Male Hormones
The testosterone is the major male hormone
produced mainly by the testes, but there are other
glands called the adrenal glands that also produce
some testosterone. In case a man has lost his
testes, these glands would continue to produce
testosterone to support the male physical
appearance. Testosterone is responsible for the
growth and development of a boy during
adolescence and for the development of sperm and
secondary sexual characteristics.

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF

differentiate the female and the male reproductive systems; and

This chapter focuses on the adolescent stage of human development, which is

The first episode occurs between 11 to 15 years of age referred to as menarche.

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