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Comparative Analysis and Design of Deck Bridge

Culvert for Different Mix Design and Span using
STAAD pro
SandeepGaikwad1,TanmayGhumde2
Professor1, PG Student2
Department of Civil Engineering
TulsiramjiGaikwad-PatilCollegeofEngineering&Technology,Nagpur,Maharashtra,India

Abstract:
Culverts are the structures which are used when the path of water in the natural stream crosses roads, railway lines, flyovers etc. They
are normally cheaper than bridges, which make them the natural stream passes through channels. In this work, the review of various
authors and their views in the design and analysis of culvert with software approach and comparison between software and manual
approach has shown. The IS standard requirements in the design manual for roads and bridges (IRC-6-2000, IS 21-2000) is used in the
structural designing of concrete culverts. In this paper study about the different classes of IRC loadings and their effect on without and
with cushioning conditions imposed on culvert. The pressure cases are then checked for both with cushioning and without cushioning
loading cases. The structure designing includes the considerations of pressure cases ( empty, Full, surcharge load) and factors such as
Impact load, Braking force, Dispersal of load through fill, Effective width, Coefficients of earth pressure, Live load etc. The structural
elements are designed to withstand the maximum bending moments and shear forces respectively. In the present study, this paper
provides full discussion on the provisions in the codes, considerations and justifications of all the above aspects of design.

Keywords: Culvert, Design Coefficients, Loadings Types, Moment, Shear, Pressure Cases, Staad pro.

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I. INTRODUCTION

A culvert is a structure providing passage over an obstacle Fig. 1 Pipe Culvert

without closing the way beneath. An opening through an Box Culvert
embankment for the conveyance of water or electrical cables by It is one which has its top and bottom slabs monolithically
mean of pipe or an enclosed channel. It is a transverse and totally connected to the vertical walls having a rigid frame structure and
enclosed drain under a road or railway. It is well known that easy to construct. It is commonly used in India where the soil
roads are generally constructed in embankment which come in below is weak due to non-perennial streams as the bottom slab of
the way of natural flow of storm water (from existing drainage this culvert reduces the pressure on the soil and shown in figure
channels). As, such flow cannot be obstructed, and some kind of no. 2.
cross drainage works are required to be provided to allow water The advantage of this type of culvert is given below
to pass across the embankment. The structures to accomplish The box culvert is a rigid frame structure and very simple in
such flow across the road are called culverts, small and major construction
bridges depending on their span which in turn depends on the It is Suitable for non-perennial streams where scrub depth is not
discharge. The culvert covers up to waterways of 6 m (IRC: 5- significant, but the soil is weak.
1998) and its size and the invert level depend on the Hydraulic The bottom slab of the box culvert reduces pressure on the soil.
requirements governed by hydraulic design. The height of Box culverts are economical due to their rigidity and monolithic
cushion is governed by the road profile at the location of the action and separate foundations are not required.
culvert. [1]

This dissertation is devoted to culvert constructed in Reinforced

Cement Concrete (RCC) having one, two or three cells and
varying cushion including no cushion. The main emphasis is on
the methodology of design which naturally covers the type of
loading as per relevant IRC Codes and their combination to
produce the worst effect for a safe structure. The IS: 1893-1984
(Clause 6.1.3) provide that culverts need not be designed for
earthquake forces, hence no earthquake forces are considered. Fig.2 Box Culvert
Although of maximum three cells has been discussed but in
practice a culvert can have more cells depending on the Bridge Culvert
requirements at site. [1] This culvert serves dual purpose, it acts both as bridge and a
culvert. Generally, rectangular, bridge culverts are constructed on
Types of Culverts rivers and canals. A foundation is laid under the ground level and
The types of culvert generally used for various purposes with its pavement surface is laid on top of the series of culverts. This type
advantages and disadvantages are given below. of culverts is most expensive and shown in figure no.3.
Following are the main advantages of bridge culvert:
 Extension of the network by acting as a repeater
Pipe Culvert  Very strong
It is a commonly used culvert having different shapes such as
circular, elliptical and pipe arch. These sizes depend on the site Allows traffic to pass on it
conditions and restrains. This culvert is economical and can be Highly strong foundation.
constructed of any desired strength by proper mix design and
reinforcement and is shown in figure no. 1.

The main advantage of pipe culvert is given below

 Any desired strength is achievable by proper mix design, Fig. 1.4: Bridge Culvert
thickness, and reinforcement.
 Economical and easy to install.
 Pipe culvert can withhold high tensile stresses and compressive
stresses. Fig. 3 Bridge Culvert
 As pipe culverts don’t create barriers in the path, they provide a
continuous surface over the pipe. Arch Culvert
The main disadvantage of pipe culvert is that it can be easily It is constructed of metal, stone masonry, concrete and reinforced
corroded at the crown because of bacteria/organic matter and cement concrete. Generally, it is regarded as low-profile culvert,
release of harmful gas, which is known as Crown corrosion. and it maintains the natural integrity of the wash bed.
The advantages of using arch culverts over traditional box
culverts and pipe culverts are as follows:
 Cost savings
 Accelerated construction schedule
 Greater hydraulic efficiency
 Pleasing aesthetics
 Design-build advantage

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Shivanand Tenagi, R. Shreedhar (2015)
Reinforced concrete slab type decks are often referred to as
culverts and are commonly used for small spans. Slab culverts
are important hydraulic structures used in the construction of
highway roads. In India, till now culverts are designed and
constructed according to Indian road congress guidelines as per
IRC: 21-2000 code in which working stress method is used.
Recently Indian road congress has introduced another code IRC:
112-2011 for design of prestress and RCC bridges using limit
state method. In regards to this, present study has been performed
Fig. 4 Arch Culvert to know how design of IRC-112 differs from IRC-21 and an
Objective attempt is made to study undefined parameters of IRC: 112- 2011
Following are the objectives for Analysis and Design of Deck slab such as span to depth (L/d) ratio. Present study is performed on
culvert for different mix design and span design of RC slab culvert using “working stress method” using
1. The main objectives for analysis and design of deck slab culvert “IRC: 21-2000 and limit state method using IRC: 112-2011”
for different mix design. code specifications. It is observed that in working stress method,
the allowable L/d ratio is 13 and in limit state method, the L/d
2. To check that what span is suitable for design.
ratio of 20 is most preferable. Quantity of materials required in
3. Prepare a model for analysis by which improves the dimension of limit state method is compared with quantity of material required
culvert in working stress method and it is found that concrete can be
4. The objective of this project is to make the design procedure saved up to 30 to 35% using limit state method. [3]
simple.
5. Analysis and design of bridge using STAADPro and result are Virendrasinh.D Chauhan, Gunvant Solanki, Minu Tressa
(2017)
compared with manually. As the numbers of bridges comes up it has become healthy to
6. To understand the effects class A and class AA of loading provide box type multi-barrel skew culvert where traffic moves
condition. on the top of continuous slab and water flows through barrels
7. In this T beam Bridge the bridge deck is design by pigeaud’s underneath it. Present situation of traffic requirements demand
method and longitudinal and cross girder is design by carbon’s straight alignment of road in view of the fast traffic and this in
turn necessities the use of skew crossings. By providing this type
method it is carried out under standard IRC loadings.
of alternatives, bridge span is in direction of road, we can directly
8. In this project a comparative study on the behavior of simply provide skew culvert. on
supported RC T-beam Bridge with respect to bending moment, Ajay R Polra, Prof. S. P. Chandresha, Dr. K. B. Parikh
shear force and area of steel under standard IRC loading. (2017)
A Reinforced concrete box culvert consists of bottom slab, top
II. LITERATUREREVIEW slab and two vertical side walls built monolithically and form a
closed rectangular or square single cell. Multiple cell box
A literature review is an evaluative report of in formation found culverts are obtained by inserting one or more intermediate
in the literature related to your selected area of study. The review vertical walls. If the discharge in a stream is large, multiple cell
should describe, summaries, evaluate and clarify this literature. reinforced box culverts are ideal bridge structure. If the bearing
The review should provide the reader with a picture of the state capacity of the soil is low, the single box culvert becomes
of knowledge in the subject. uneconomical because it requires higher thickness of the slabs
In the following, a summary of the article and paper found in the and walls. In such cases, more than one box can be constructed
literature, about the irregularities, seismic analysis of regular and side by side monolithically. This paper deals with the study of
irregular structures and some of the project carried out with this design parameters of box culverts like effect of co-efficient of
type of seismic analysis is presented. earth pressure, angle of dispersion of live load and depth of
cushion provided on top slab of box culverts. Coefficient of earth
Neha Kolate, Molly Mathew, Snehal Mali (2014) pressure for lateral pressure on walls, depth of cushion, width or
Culverts are required to be provided under earth embankment for angle of dispersion for live loads on box without cushion and
with cushion for structural deformation are important items for
crossing of water course like streams, Nallas etc. across the
designing the box culvert. [5]
embankment, as road embankment cannot be allowed to obstruct
the natural water way. The culverts are also required to balance
the flood water on both sides of earth embankment to reduce the
flood level on one side of road thereby decreasing the water head
consequently reducing the flood menace. This paper deals with John W. van de Lindt, Alexander J. Stone, and Suren Chen
study of some of the design parameters of box culverts like angle (2011)
The authors would like to thank all study panel members
of dispersion or effective width of live load, effect of earth
including Aziz Khan (Project Manager), MahmoodHasan, Trever
pressure and depth of cushion provided on top slab of box Wang, An Tran, Matt Greer, and Teddy Meshesha for their
culverts. Depth of cushion, coefficient of earth pressure for support and advice during the project. The second author would
lateral pressures on walls, width or angle of dispersion for live also like to thank the American Institute of Steel Construction
loads on box without cushion and with cushion for structural (AISC) – Rocky Mountain Region, for providing a Graduate
deformations are important items. [2] Fellowship, which provided funding for the latter portion of his
participation in this study. [7]
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Ketan Kishor Sahu, Shraddha Sharma (2015)

A basic assumption in analysis of the box culvert is the
displacement and forces are uniform in the longitudinal direction
of the culvert. This assumption holds true certain type of loadings
than others. For example soil loading applied to the surface or
pavement maybe considered as uniform in the longitudinal
direction. Analysis of box culvert done by stiffness matrix
method. Single cell box structure is assumed as rigid frame
structure consisting of top slab, bottom slab and two vertical side
walls which forms a closed rigid box frame. It is assumed that
structure is externally determinate. This paper is devoted to box
culvert construction in reinforced concrete having one, two or
three cells and varying their operating conditions and analysis for
their design. [8] Fig.5 Design Data for Box Culvert for Water Pressure (M25)
Figure 5 shows the excel sheet of box culvert for M25 grade of
Tarek Alkhrdaji, Antonio Nanni (2001) concrete. The different inputs data is shown in the figure.
This paper presents an overview of the design construction, and
laboratory and field testing of a box culvert bridge reinforced
with glass FRP (GFRP) bars. The bridge was constructed to
replace a bridge that was built in the early 1980s and consisted of
three concrete-incased corrugated steel pipes. Due to excessive
corrosion of the steel pipes, the original bridge became unsafe to
operate. The new box culvert units were designed for maximum
forces determined in accordance with AASHTO design
guidelines. A concrete precast fabricated the box culvert units
that were reinforced entirely with GFRP bars pre-bent and cut to
size by the manufacturer. Two specimens were tested in the lab
to verify their design and performance. [9]

Saurav, Ishaan Pandey (2017) Fig. 6 Dimension of Box Culvert (M25)

There are several researches already have been done on behavior Figure 6 shows the staad model of box culvert for M25 grade of
of reinforced concrete (RC) box culvert in past with different concrete. The different inputs dimension is shown in the figure.
conditions of loads. The design and analysis of box culvert is a
complex task. The present era offers the finite element analysis
of 3D model of structures, making it easier through software. The
conventional methods have been used extensively for design but
the use of finite element methods (FEM) has not been so popular
yet. Finite element analysis of box culvert for parametric studies
has been carries out, even for different aspects ratio. Here an
effort has been made to shows the economic and effective design
can be achieved by doing finite element analysis element analysis
of a box culvert whose concept can be used for large structural
design as well. [10]
Fig. 7 C/S of Box Culvert in Staad Pro (M25)

Mathematical Modelling Figure 7 shows the staad model of box culvert for M25 grade of
concrete. The different properties of section is shown in the
Modelling and Design figure.

Analysis and Design of Box Culvert For Water Pressure and

Surcharge Pressure for M25 Grade of Concrete

Analysis of Box Culvert For Water Pressure (M25)

Fig. 8 Support Condition of Box Culvert in Staad Pro (M25)

Figure 8 shows the staad model of box culvert for M25 grade of
concrete. The different supports is shown in the figure. One end
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is fixed and other is enforced support. longitudinal girder
6. The bending moment value occur in the outer girder is above the
bending moment value occur within the inner girder.
7. The shear force value occur within the inner girder is more than the
shear force value within the outer girder.
8. Maximum SF occurs for class AA Tracked vehicle loadingso
class AA Tracked vehicle loading case is the most crucial case for
optimum Shear force in longitudinal girder.
9. Within the design of slab panel, Maximum shear force and the
maximum bending moment value occur in the in the class AA
tracked loading hence class AA tracked vehicle case is the most
crucial case in the term of maximum shear force and bending
moment.
Fig.9 Loading Condition of Box Culvert in Staad Pro for 10. According to the courbon’s method, the very best importance
First Case (M25) given to the Outer Girder and Second for Inner Girder.
Figure 9 shows the staad model of box culvert for M25 grade of11. Here we will clearly see the effect of the pigeauds method over the
concrete. The different different loading of section is shown in effective width method within the slab panel where the pigeauds
the figure. This diagram is showing the different loading for method will be used for higher span, and use for two-way slab
water pressure. also.

IV REFERENCES

[1] Vikram N. Kamble, “Analysis and Design of deck slab

culvert” Yashwantrao chavhancollege of Engineering, 2015-
16.
[2] Neha Kolate, Molly Mathew, Snehal Mali, “Analysis and
design of RCC box culvert”,International Journal of
Fig. 10 Reaction on Box Culvert in Staad Pro for First Case
Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue
(M25)
Figure 10 shows the staad model of box culvert for M25 grade of
12,December-2014.
concrete. Staad model shows the reaction values in the section [3] Shivanand tenagi, R shreedhar, “Comparitive study of slab
for water pressure. This value will be neutralize after that. culvert design using IRC112:2011 and IRC 21:2000”,
International Journal for scientific research
anddevelopement, Vol. 3, Issue 5, 2015.
[4] Virendrasinh.D Chauhan, Gunvant Solanki, Minu Tressa.,
“Analysis and design of boxtype multibareel skew culvert”,
International Journal of Advance Engineering andResearch
Development, Vol. 4, Issue 11, Number 2017.
[5] Ajay R Polra, Prof. S. P. Chandresha, Dr. K. B. Parikh
(2017), “A Review paper onanalysis and cost comparison of
box culvert for different aspects ratio of cells”,International
Journal Engineering trends and Technology, Vol. 44, Feb-
2017.
Fig. 11 Bending Moment on Box Culvert in Staad Pro for
[6] Charles Seim, Phillip Yen, PH.D. P.E (2004), “Seismic
First Case (M25)
Figure 4.7 shows the staad model of box culvert for M25 grade Retroffitting manual for steelTruss Highway Bridges’’,
of concrete. Staad model shows the bending moments values for World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paper
section for different section of box culvert like deck slab, base No.1033, August 2004.
slab and vertical wall. [7] John W. van de Lindt, Alexander J. Stone, and Suren Chen
(2011), “Development ofsteel Design Details and selection
Criteria for cost-effective and innovative Steel Bridgesin
III. CONCLUSION
Colorodo” , Colarodo Department of Transportation DTD
1. The specified reinforcement and spacing for the bridge are going to Applied Research andInnovation, Report No. CDOT 2008-
be figure out by analysis the value from staad pro. 12, December 2008.
2. This will give the entire study and behavior of bridge Structure [8] Ketan Kishor Sahu, Shraddha Sharma (2015), “Comparison
under different IRC loadings condition on staad pro. and Study of DifferentAspect Ratio of Box Culvert”,
3. The software are very helpful for constructing the economically International Journal for Scientific Research
bridge structure. &Development, Vol. 3, Issue 07, 2015.
4. It’s observed that the design mixture of concrete taken in the staad
[9] Alkhrdaji, T., and A. Nanni, "Design, Construction,
pro is M30, manually design by M35 and Field-Testing of an RC BoxCulvert Bridge Reinforced
5. Maximum BM occurs within the class AA Tracked loading vehicle
so this loading is the most crucial case for maximum BM in
with Glass FRP Bars", Non-Metallic Reinforcement
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forConcrete Structrues-FRPRCS Cambridge, July 16-18,
2001, PP. 1055-1064.
[10] Saurav, Ishaan Pandey (2017), “Economic Design of
RCC Box Culvert throughComparative study of
Conventional and Finite Element Method”, International
Journal ofEngineering and Technology, Vol 9 No 3 Jun-Jul
2017.

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