18cvl38 - BMT Lab - Manual

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ATME College of Engineering

13th K M Stone, Bannur Road, Mysore – 570028
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

(ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-21)
LABORATORY MANUAL
SUBJECT: Material Testing Laboratory

SUB CODE: 18CVL38
SEMESTER: III

Vision of the Institute
Development of academically excellent, culturally vibrant, socially responsible and globally

compete nt human resources.
Mission of the Institute
To keep pace with advancements in knowledge and make the students competitive and
capable at the global level.
To create an environment for the students to acquire the right physical, intellectual, emotional and
moral foundations andshine as torchbearers of tomorrow's society.
To strive to attain ever-higher benchmarks of educational excellence.
Vision of the Department
The department will be recognized for its value based teaching, associated activities pertaining to
researchandentrepreneurship.
Mission of the Department
To provide quality education through faculty and state of the art infrastructure To identify current
problems in the society pertaining to Civil Engineering disciplines and to address them
effectively andefficiently
To inculcate the habit of research and entrepreneurship in our graduates to address current
infrastructure needs of society
PEO’s
Graduates who complete their UG course through our institution will be,
PEO l- Engaged in professional practices, such as construction, environmental, geotechnical,

structural, transportation, or water resources engineering by using technical, communication and
manageme nt skills.
PEO 2- Engaged in higher studies and research activities in various Civil Engineering fields
and a life time commitment to learn ever changing technologies to satisfy increasing demand
of sustainable infrastructural facilities

PEO 3- Serve in a leadership position in any professional or community organization, or

local/sta te enginee ring board
PEO 4- Registered as a professional engineer or developed a strong ability leading to

professional licensure being an entrepreneur.
PROGRAM OUTCOMES
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural
sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and

design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research

methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis
of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant
to the professional engineering practice. 44
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering

solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.

11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage
in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
PSO’s
PSO 1 : To prepare plans and maps of the infrastructures by undertaking the process of
engineering survey
PSO2: To analyse, design, estimate and supervise infrastructure construction activities.
PSO3: To assess and provide solutions for impact of anthropogenic activities leading to
pollution of land, water and air.
Building Material Testing Laboratory
Subject Code : 18CVL38 I.A. Marks : 40

Hours/Week : 03 Exam Hours : 03
Total Hours : 40 Exam Marks : 60
COURSE SYLLABUS:
BUILDING MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY
Sub Code: 18CVL38 IA Marks: 40

Hrs/ Week: 03 Exam Hours: 03
Total Hrs. 40 Exam Marks: 60
Experiment No 1: Tension test on Mild steel and HYSD bars.

Experiment No 2: Compression test of Mild Steel, Cast iron and Wood.
Experiment No 3: Torsion test on Mild Steel circular sections
Experiment No 4: Bending Test on Wood Under two point loading
Experiment No 5: Shear Test on Mild steel.
Experiment No 6: Impact test on Mild Steel (Charpy & Izod)
Experiment No 7: Hardness tests on ferrous and non-ferrous metals – Brinell’s, Rockwell and
Vicker’s
Experiment No 8: Test on Bricks and Tiles
Experiment No 9: Tests on Fine aggregates – Moisture content, Specific gravity, Bulk
density, Sieve analysis and Bulking
Experiment No 10: Tests on Coarse aggregates – Absorption, Moisture content, specific
gravity, Bulk density and Sieve analysis
Experiment No 11: Demonstration of Strain gauges and Strain indicators

BUILDING MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY
Subject Code : 18CVL38 I.A. Marks : 40

Hours/Week : 03 Exam Hours : 03
Total Hours : 40 Exam Marks : 60
Experiment 1: Duration:3 hours

Tension test on mild steel
Objectives: To conduct a tensile test on a mild steel specimen and determine the
following:
(i) Limit of proportionality (ii) Elastic limit
(iii) Yield strength (IV) Ultimate strength
(v) Young’s modulus of elasticity (VI) Percentage elongation
(vii) Percentage reduction in area.
Generic Skills / Outcomes: After performing the experiment, one can know the behavior
of mild steel subjected to axial tension.

Compression test on mild steel
Objectives: To study the behavior of the given material under Compressive load and to
determine the following:
 Modulus of elasticity
 Maximum Compressive strength or ultimate stress
 Percentage Decrease in length
 Percentage Increase in area
Generic Skills / Outcomes: After performing this experiment, one can able to understand
the behavior of mild steel subjected to compressive force.

Torsion test on mild steel
Objectives: To study the behavior of mild steel when subjected to a gradually increasing
torque and to determine modulus of rigidity of the material and modulus of rupture.
Generic Skills / Outcomes: After conducting the experiment, one can understand the
behavior of mild steel subjected to a torsional force.

Bending test on wood under two point loading
Objectives: To Conduct bending test for the given specimen and to determine the

following
 Modulus of Rupture or flexure modulus (maximum bending stress at failure using
bending equation).
Generic Skills / Outcomes: After performing this experiment, one can understand the
behavior of woof subjected to a bending force.

Shear test on mild steel – single and double shear.
Objectives: To determine the Ultimate Shear Strength of the given standard specimen
under Single and Double shear.
Generic Skills / Outcomes: After performing the experiment, one can know about the
behavior of mild steel subjected to shear force

Impact test on mild steel
Objectives: To determine the Impact strength (Specific impact factor) and impact value
of a given specimen through Izod test.
Generic Skills / Outcomes: After conducting this experiment, one can determine the
impact value of specimen and can suggest it to a particular application.

Hardness- Brinell, Rockwell, Vicker’s hardness test
Objectives: To determine the Brinell, Rockwell and Vicker’s hardness number of the
given Specimen using Brinell hardness tester.
Generic Skills / Outcomes: After performing the experiment, one can determine the
BHN, RHN and VHN for Brass, Aluminium, Copper and Mild steel.

Tests on bricks - water absorption test, compressive strength test
Objectives: To determine the compressive strength of the given brick material.

Generic Skills / Outcomes: After performing this test, one can able to determine
percentage of water absorption and compressive strength of bricks

Tests on tiles - water absorption test, knife edge load test of tiles
Objectives: To determine the central breaking load and strength of the given tile.
Generic Skills / Outcomes: After performing the experiment, one can determine the
percentage of water absorption and knife edge strength of tiles.


Tests on fine aggregate - specific gravity, fineness modulus & grain size
distribution, bulking of fine aggregate
Objectives: To determine specific gravity fineness modulus and percentage of bulking of

fine aggregates
Generic Skills / Outcomes: After performing, one can estimate the specific gravity,
fineness modulus and percentage of bulking of fine aggregates.
Tests on coarse aggregates
Objectives: To determine specific gravity, fineness modulus & grain size distribution
and unit mass and voids of concrete aggregates
Generic skills / outcomes: One can validate the specific gravity, unit mass and fineness
modulus of coarse aggregates
Experiment 12: duration:3 hours
Demonstration of strain gauges and strain indicators
Objectives: to study the strain gauges and strain indicators

Generic skills / outcomes: gives knowledge about strain gauges and strain indicators
List of text books

1. Testing of Engineering Materials , Davis, Troxell and Hawk, International Student Edition – Mc Graw
Hill Book Co. New Delhi.
2. Mechanical Testing of Materials”, Fenner, George Newnes Ltd. London.
List of References
1. 1.Davis, Troxell and Hawk, “Testing of Engineering Materials”, International Student Edition –
McGraw Hill Book Co. New Delhi.
2. M L Gambhir and Neha Jamwal, “Building and construction materials-Testing and quality control”,
McGraw Hill education (India)Pvt. Ltd.,2014.
3. Fenner, “Mechanical Testing of Materials”, George Newnes Ltd. London.
4. Holes K A, “Experimental Strength of Materials”, English Universities Press Ltd. London.
5. Suryanarayana A K, “Testing of Metallic Materials”, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
6. Kukreja C B, Kishore K. and Ravi Chawla “Material Testing Laboratory Manual”, Standard Publis hers
& Distributors1996.
7. Relevant latest IS Codes.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN:

 Group experiments - Tension test, compression test, torsion test and bending test.
 Individual Experiments – Remaining tests.
 Two questions are to be set - One fromgroup experiments and the other as individual experiment.

 Instructions as printed on the cover page of answer script for split up of marks to be strictly followed.
 All exercises are to be included for practical examination.
Course Objective
The objectives of this course is to make students to learn:
1. Ability to apply knowledge of mathematics and engineering in calculating the mechanical

properties of structural materials.
2. Ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams in the area of materials testing.
3. Ability to use the techniques, skills and modern engineering tools necessary for
engineering.
4. Understanding of professional and ethical responsibility in the areas of material testing.
5. Ability to communicate effectively the mechanical properties of materials.
Course Outcome
After successful completion of the course, the students will be able to:
1. Reproduce the basic knowledge of mathematics and engineering in finding the strength in
tension, compression, shear and torsion.
2. Identify, formulate and solve engineering problems of structural elements subjected to

flexure.
3. Evaluate the impact of engineering solutions on the society and also will be aware of
contemporary issues regarding failure of structures due to unsuitable materials.
Prerequisite: Building Materials and Construction

CONTENT LIST
SL.
EXPERIMENT NAME PAGE NO.
NO.
Tension test on Mild steel and HYSD bars. 2-8

1.
Compression test of Mild Steel, Cast iron and Wood. 9-14

2.
Torsion test on Mild Steel circular sections 15-17

3.
Bending Test on Wood Under two point loading 18-21

4.
Shear Test on Mild steel 22-23

5.
Impact test on Mild Steel (Charpy & Izod) 24-28

6.
Hardness tests on ferrous and non-ferrous metals –

29-39
7. Brinell’s, Rockwell and Vicker’s
Test on Bricks and Tiles 40-48

8.
Tests on Fine aggregates – Moisture content,

Specific gravity, Bulk density, Sieve analysis and 49-57
9.
Bulking
Tests on Coarse aggregates – Absorption, Moisture

content, specific gravity, Bulk density and Sieve 58-65
10.
analysis
Demonstration of Strain gauges and Strain indicators 66-67

11.


BUILDING MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY (18CVL38)
CAUTION
1. Do not play with electricity.

2. Carelessness not only destroys the valuable equipment in the lab but also costs your life.
3. Mere conductivity of the experiment without a clear knowledge of the theory is of no value.
4. Before you turn on a switch, think of the consequences.
5. Do not start the experiment until the experimental setup is verified
.
‘INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CANDIDATES’
1. Students should come with thorough preparation for the experiment to be conducted.
2. Before enter into the lab all students must wear Apron without fail
3. Students will not be permitted to attend the laboratory unless they bring the practical record
fully completed in all respects pertaining to the experiment conducted in the previous class.
4. Experiment should be started only after the staff-in-charge has checked the experimental
setup.
5. All calculations should be completed in laboratory. The results must be shown and the
student must obtain the signature of the teacher before he or she leaves the laboratory.
Students must submit the record in the following week for correction. Fail to submit will not
be allowed to conduct next experiment.
6. Wherever graphs are to be drawn, A-4 size graphs only should be used and the same should
be firmly attached to the practical record.
7. Practical record should be neatly maintained.
8. They should obtain the signature of the staff-in-charge in the observation book after
completing each experiment.
9. Theory regarding each experiment should be written in the practical record before
procedure in your own words.
10. An internal lab test will be conducted at the end of the semester.
Civil Eng. Department, ATMECE Page 1

EXPERIMENT NO. – 01
TENSION TEST ON MILD STEEL
OBJECTIVE: - To conduct a tensile test on a mild steel specimen and

determine the following:
(i) Limit of proportionality (ii) Elastic limit

(iii) Yield strength (IV) Ultimate strength
(v) Young’s modulus of elasticity (VI) Percentage elongation
(vii) Percentage reduction in area.
Practical importance: while designing a component, selection of metals for

different applications is based on salient points such as limit of proportionality
or elastic limit, yield strength, ultimate strength, and breaking strength.
Therefore, from this tension test above said salient points can be calculated.
APPARATUS: -
(i) Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
(ii) Mild steel specimens
(iii) Graph paper
(iv) Scale
(v) Vernier Caliper
THEORY:-
In engineering, tension test is widely used to provide basic design information
on the strength of the materials. In the tension test a specimen is subjected to a
continually increasing uniaxial tensile force while simultaneous observations are
made of the elongation of the specimen. A stress-strain curve is plotted from the
load-elongationmeasurements.
The parameters which are used to describe the stress-strain curve of amaterials are
the tensile strength, yield strength or yield point, percent elongation and
reduction of area. The first two are strength parameters; the last two indicate
ductility.

Diagram and Definitions
Universal Testing Machine
lg = gauge length i.e. length of the specimen on which we want to determine the
mechanical properties.
L= Total length of the specimen

Linear stress - strain Curve

A - Elastic Limit
B - Upper Yield Stress
C - Lower Yield Stress
D -Ultimate Stress
E -Breaking Stress
Limit of proportionality (A): It is the limiting value of the stress up to which
Stress is proportional to strain.
Elastic limit: This is the limiting value of stress up to which if the material is
Stressed and then released (unloaded), Strain disappears completely and the
original length is regained.
Upper Yield Point (B): This is the stress at which, the load starts reducing and the
extension increases. This phenomenon is called yielding of material.
Lower Yield Point (C): At this stage the stress remains same but strain
Increases for some time.
Ultimate Stress (D): This is the maximum stress the material can resist. At this
stage cross sectional area at a particular section starts reducing very fast. This is
called neck formation.
Breaking Point (E): The stress at which finally the specimen fails is called
breaking point.
Hooks law: Within the elastic limit, the stress is proportional to the strain for an
Isotropic material.
Gauge Length: The reference length over which extension is measured.
Stress: When a material is subjected to action of forces, it develops resistance.
The resistance per unit area is called stress.
Linear Strain: Change in length per unit length.

Yield Stress: Stress at which considerable elongation first occurs in the test
piece without a Corresponding increase in the load.
Tensile Strength: The maximum load reached in a tension test divided by the
original area of cross-section. This is also termed as Ultimate strength.
Modulus of Elasticity: The ratio of normal stress to axial strain within elastic
limit. This is also termed as the Young’s modulus.
Percentage Elongation: The permanent elongation up to breaking, expressed as a
percentage of the original gauge length.
Percentage reduction in area: The change in cross-sectional area that has
occurred at the neck during the test, expressed as a percentage on the original area
of cross-section.
PROCEDURE
 The original dimensions of the specimen like original diameter, gauge
length etc. is to be measured.
 The specimen is mounted on the Universal Testing machine between
thefixed and movable jaws.
 The load range in the machine is adjusted to its maximum capacity (160tone’s)
 Fix the extensometer such that its screws touch the gauge mark. Bring the
reading to zero.
 The machine is switched on and the tensile load is applied gradually.
 For every 5 KN of load, the readings of extensometer is noted and tabulated.
 After few reading, there would be enormous change in extensometer reading
which signifies yield point. Remove the extensometer at this juncture and
continue loading.
 Record the load at yield point, at the yield point the pointer on load scale will
remain stationary for small interval of time and blue needle will come back by 2
or 3 divisions that point is lower yield point.
 The specimen is loaded continuously up to the ultimate load (red needle will
stops) where there is formation of cup and cone at neck in the specimen, which
is to be noted.
 With further loading the specimen breaks, and breaking load is noted.
 The specimen is removed and final dimensions are measured.

Observations
1. Specimen Material =
2. Initial diameter ‘di’ = mm
3. Initial length ‘li’ = mm

𝝅𝒅𝟐
o
4. Original C/S area A = = mm2
𝟒
5. Final diameter (at the neck) ’df’ = mm
6. Final C/S area (at the neck) ‘Af’ = mm2
7. Least count of extensometer = 0.01mm.
8. Load at yield (pY ) =............................KN
9. Breaking Load (pB) =..........................KN
10.Ultimate Load (pu) =...............KN
Tabular Column:
Extension (δl )
Sl. Load in Stress in E=
in mm Strain
No. KN N/mm2 Stress 2
L R Avg. StrainN/mm
1
2
3

4
5
6
7
CALCULATIONS :
Load P
Stress = = =..............................N/mm2
Area Ao
Change in length
Strain = = ……………………
Original length
Yield load Py
Yield strength = = =................N/mm2
Initial area Ao
Ultimate load Pu
Ultimate tensile strength = = =.........................N/mm2
Initial area Ao
Breaking load Pb
Breaking strength = = =.........................N/mm2
Final area A𝐹
Stress
Young′s modulus = =.....................N/mm2 (From graph)
Strain
Final length−Initial length I𝐹 −Ii

Percentage elongation = ∗ 100 = ∗ 100= ………%
Initial length Ii

Initial area−Final area A0 −A𝐹

Percentage reduction in area = ∗ 100 = ∗ 100=
………% Initial area Ao
RESULTS:
1. Young’s Modulus of specimen =
2. Ultimate tensile strength=
3. Yield stress =
4. Percentage elongation=
5. Percentage reduction in Area =
NOTE :
Write a sketch of the specimen, whose behavior is studied with all dimensions,
Observe the specimen after failure and sketch and comment on the type of failure.
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Define stress
2. Define strain
3. What is Hooke’s law?
4. What is young’s modulus?
5. What is elastic limit?
OUTCOME:
After performing the experiment, one can know the behavior of mild steel subjected to axial
tension.

COMPRESSION TEST ON MILD STEEL
AIM: To conduct compression test on Mild steel.

OBJECTIVE: To study the behavior of the given material under Compressive
load and to determine the following:
 Maximum Compressive strength or ultimate stress
 Percentage Decrease in length
 Percentage Increase in area
APPARATUS: Universal Testing machine, Dial gauge, Vernier caliper and

scale
THEORY:
The compression test is just opposite to tension test, with regard to direction.
However, there are certain practical difficulties which may induce error in this test.
They are:
 Difficulty in applying truly axial load.
 There is always a tendency of the specimen to bend in addition to
Contraction.
To avoid these errors, usually the specimen for this test shall be short inlength (not
more than 2 times the diameter)
In a compression test, stress – strain curve is drawn up to the elastic limit of
Proportionality. Metals have approximately the same modulus of elasticity as in
tension test. The curve, for ductile materials, continues almost without limit as
there is no fracture of the material due to its ductility and cross sectional area
increases continuously with increase in load. The specimen will shorten and bulge
out. Compression test is mainly used for testing brittle materials such as cast iron,
concrete etc. Brittle materials commonly fail along a diagonal plane due to
shearing.

Graph: Stress v/s Strain

PROCEDURE
 The original dimensions of the specimen like original dia., gauge length etc.is to
be measured.
 The specimen is mounted on the Universal Testing machine between the
fixed and movable jaws.
 The load range in the machine is adjusted to its maximum capacity (300 tone’s).
 The dial gauge is mounted on the machine at the appropriate positions and
adjusted to zero.
 The machine is switched on and the compressive load is applied gradually.
 For every 5 KN of load, the readings of dial gauge is noted and tabulated.
 Remove the dial gauge at slightly below the expected load at yield point.
 Record the load at yield point, at the yield point the pointer on load scale will
remain stationary for small interval of time and needle will come back by 1 or 2
divisions that point is lower yield point.
 The specimen is loaded continuously up to the ultimate load (red needle will
stops) which is to be noted.
 The specimen is removed and final dimensions are measured.
OBSERVATIONS
o Least count of dial gauge = 0.01mm.
o Specimen Material= …………………
o Initial length(li) =..........................mm
o Initial diameter (di) =..........................mm
o Original C/S Area (Ao ) = πd i2 =............................mm2

4
o Ultimate Load (pu) =…………KN (Where ‘pu’ is the maximum load

applied)
o Final length (lf) =........................mm

o Final diameter (df) =.....................mm
o Final Area (A f) = 𝜋df2 =........................mm2
o
Tabular Column
Sl. Compression Stress in Strain
Load in
No. (δl ) N/mm2
KN
in
mm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

CALCULATIONS:
Load P
Stress = = =..............................N/mm2
Area Ao
Change in length
Strain = Original length
= ……………………
Stress
Young′s modulus = =.....................N/mm2 (From graph)
Strain
Initial length−Final length Ii −I𝐹

Percentage decrease in length = ∗ 100 = ∗ 100=
………% Initial length Ii
Final area−Initial area A𝐹−Ao

Percentage increase in area = ∗ 100 = ∗ 100=
………% Initial area Ao
Ultimate load Pu
Ultimate compressive strength = = =.........................N/mm2
Initial area Ao
RESULT
1. Maximum Compressive strength(Ultimate compressive stress) =

2. Modulus of elasticity =
3. Percentage Decrease in length =
4. Percentage Increase in area =

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What happens when a material is subjected to compressive force?

2. What is modulus of elasticity?
3. What is brittle material and give an example?
4. What are ductile materials and give an example.
5. What is the least count of vernier calipers?
OUTCOME:
After performing this experiment, one can able to understand the behavior of mild steel subjected
to compressive force.

TORSION TEST ON MILD STEEL
AIM: To conduct Torsion test on Mild steel.
OBJECTIVE: To study the behavior of mild steel when subjected to a gradually

increasing torque and to determine modulus of rigidity of the material and modulus
of rupture.
APPARATUS: Torsion testing machine, Vernier calipers, Micrometer, Measuring

scale.
THEORY: Torsion refers to the twisting moment applied perpendicular to the C/S
of a specimen. Due to this moment there will be distortion of the cross-section.
Measure of this distortion gives he shear strain. Accompanied with this a shear
stress is also developed.
A circular bar, when subjected to torque will be twisted; shearing stresses are
developed in any cross-section of the bar whose value increases linearly from zero
at the center to a maximum at the outer periphery. The relation between the applied
torque, the developed stress and the angular twist is given by the equation T/JP =C
θ/l =q/r, where T is the applied torque, J p is the Polar Moment of Inertia of the
cross-section of the bar, q is the magnitude of shear stress at radius r, C is the
modulus of rigidity and  is the angle of twist over a length l of the bar.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Measure the Dia of the test piece at three different places and note the
Average dia.( D) accurately using Vernier Calipers.
2. Measure its gauge length.
3. Fix the specimen in the grips and clamps provided in the machine.
4. Operate the driving mechanism either by hand or motor to apply the torque.
5. Take the readings of torque at regular intervals of twist simultaneously until
the specimen breaks.
6. Plot the graph of torque v/s angle of twist. Slope of the graph gives the
torsional stiffness.

Tabular column
Torque Torque
Angle of twist Modulus of
Sl no in No. of in Kg- Remarks
Degrees Radians divisions cms Rigidity(N/mm )
2
OBSERVATIONS:
Gauge length of the specimen, l = ………mm
Diameter of the specimen, d = ………mm
1. Polar Moment of Inertia =J=
𝟒
𝝅𝒅 = mm4
𝟑𝟐
2 Yield stress = N/ mm2
3 Modulus of rupture (torsion) = N/ mm2
4 Slope of torque v/s twist = N-m/rad
5 modulus of rigidity = GPa

RESULT:-
i) Modulus of rigidity of mild steel rod is---------------N/mm2

ii) Modulus of rigidity of rod is---------------N/mm2
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Define moment of a force.

2. What is torque?
3. What is bending moment?
4. What is torsional moment?
5. What is shear stress?
6. Give out torque equation.
OUTCOME:
After conducting the experiment, one can understand the behavior of mild steel
subjected to a torsional force.

BENDING TEST ON WOOD UNDER TWO POINT LOADING
AIM: To perform bending test on wood.
OBJECTIVE: To Conduct bending test for the given specimen and to determine
the following
 Modulus of Rupture or flexure modulus (maximum bending stress at
failure using bending equation).
APPARATUS: Universal testing machine (40 to 50 ton capacity), dial indicators,

Scale, Vernier caliper.
THEORY
A Bending test may be performed on actual beam cross-section by using the three
point loading system. The bending fixture is supported on the platform of the
hydraulic cylinder of the universal testing machine. The loading knife edge is held
in the middle crosshead. At a particular load, the deflection at the centre of the
beam is determined by using a dial gauge.
The deflection at the beam centre is given by Δ = WL3/48EI.
By knowing W, L, D and I, it is possible to obtain the modulus of elasticity of
beam material.
The relation between the applied bending moment ‘M’ and the developed bending
stresses ‘f’ or ‘’ at any cross-section is given by the equation, M/I = f/y = E/R,
where ‘I’ is the moment of inertia of the cross-section about the neutral axis, ‘y’ is
the distance from the neutral axis, ‘E’ is the modulus of elasticity and ‘R’ is the
radius of curvature, knowing the deflection c experimentally, the modulus of
elasticity can be found. Alternatively, knowing the value of E, theoretical value of
c can be computed and compared with the value obtained from the experiment to
verify the bending theory.
Modulus of rupture is the value of the bending stress computed from the
formula f/y = Mf/I, where Mf corresponds to the bending moment which causes
fracture of the specimen. Since the formula employed is valid within the elastic
limit only, it is not applicable at failure moment which is beyond the elastic
limit.

Hence the stress so obtained is called ‘modulus of rupture’ and is useful only
for comparison purposes.
PROCEDURE
1. The cross-sectional dimensions of the specimen are noted from which the
moment of inertia about the neutral axis can be computed.
2. The specimen is placed on the roller supports which have been fixed on the
lower cross-head of the UTM and the span is noted.
3. Dial indicators are fixed to record the value of the deflections at the points of
interest.
4. The load is gradually increased and the value of the central deflection is
noted for regular load increments.
5. In the case of mild steel the failure is by excessive deflection while the
timber specimen fractures at a certain load.
OBSERVATIONS
Name of the material: Wood
Dimensions of the specimen:
Least count of the Vernier calipers = mm
Span of the beam = mm
Trial no. Breadth b in mm Depth d in mm
I II Average I II Average
Load-Deflection observations:
Least count of the dial indicator = mm
Total Dial indicator Dial indicator at 1/3rd span points Theoretical
load (kg) readings at (div) deflection at
mid span (div) Point 1 Point 2 Average 1/3rd span point
(div)

Note: for theoretical deflection at 1/3rd span point, use E value computed
using central deflection.
Calculations
1 . Moment of inertia about the neutral axis = mm4
2. Stress at yield point = N/ mm2
3. Slope of load-deflection plot = N/ mm
4. Modulus of elasticity of the material = GPa
5. Slope of the plot theoretical deflection =
v/s actual deflection (1/3rd point)
Sketches The loading patterns in double point or pure bending is written.

Also write the SFD and BMD.
RESULTS
1. Moment of inertia about the neutral axis = mm4
2. Stress at yield point = N/ mm2
3. Slope of load-deflection plot = N/ mm
4. Modulus of elasticity of the material = GPa
5. Slope of the plot theoretical deflection =

VIVA QUESTION
1. What is stress?
2. What is strain?
3. What is young’s modulus?
4. What is modulus of rupture?
5. Give out bending equation.
OUTCOME:
After performing this experiment, one can understand the behavior of woof
subjected to a bending force.

SHEAR TEST ON MILD STEEL – SINGLE AND DOUBLE

SHEAR.
AIM: To conduct shear test on Mild steel
OBJECTIVE: To determine the Ultimate Shear Strength of the given standard

specimen under Single and Double shear.
APPARATUS: Universal Testing Machine (UTM),standard MS specimen ,

Vernier Calipers, Shear attachments, Micrometer, Scale.
THEORY:Shear stress is caused by forces which act parallel to an area of

cross- sectional and tend to produce sliding of one portion over another.
If there is only one cross-section which resists the failure, the material is said to be
in Single Shear and the average ultimate strength in Single Shear will be equal to
the failure load divided by the area of cross-section. If two areas resist the failure,
then the material is said to be in double Shear and the average ultimate strength in
Double Shear will be equal to the failure load divided by twice the area of cross-
section
PROCEDURE:
1. The average diameter of the given specimen is measured.

2. Fix the shear Specimen in the Single/Double Shear fixture.
3. Place the shear box carrying the specimen on the cross head of the UTM.
4. Start applying the load and note down the load at which shearing takes place
this load is called ultimate shearing load.
5. Using ultimate shearing load calculate ultimate shear strength.
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS
Least count of Vernier Calipers = mm

Diameter of the specimen= D=....................mm
Cross section area of the specimen= A=

TABULAR COLUMN
Type of Type of Dia (d) Area ‘A’ Ultimate load Ultimate shear
material shear In mm (mm2) P (N) strength P/2A
(N/mm2)
CALCULATIONS :
Ultimate shear strength = Load / {C/s area of the specimen} (single shear)
= Load/ {2 X C/s area of the specimen} (double shear)
RESULTS:
Ultimate shear strength in single shear:
Ultimate shear strength in double shear:
Sketches: Sketch the specimen in Single and Double Shear.
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is single shear?
2. What is double shear?
3. What is least count of Vernier Calipers?
4. What is shear stress?
OUTCOME:
After performing the experiment, one can know about the behavior of mild steel
subjected to shear force

IMPACT TEST ON MILD STEEL
AIM: To conduct impact test on Mild steel.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the Impact strength (Specific impact factor) and

impact value of a given specimen through Izod test.
APPARATUS: Impact testing machine, Scale, Vernier calipers.

THEORY:
An impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb

energy during plastic deformation. Static tension tests of un-notched specimens do
not always reveal the susceptibility of a metal to brittle fracture.
This important factor is determined by impact test. Toughness takes into

account both the strength and ductility of the material. Several engineering
materials have to withstand impact or suddenly applied loads while in service.
Impact strengths are generally lower as compared to strengths achieved under
slowly applied loads. Of all types of impact tests, the notch bar tests are most
extensively used.
Therefore, the impact test measures the energy necessary to fracture a standard
notch bar by applying an impulse load. The test measures the notch toughness of
material under shock loading. Values obtained from these tests are not of much
utility to design problems directly and are highly arbitrary. Still it is important to
note that it provides a good way of comparing toughness of various materials or
toughness of the same material under different condition. This test can also be used

to assess the ductile brittletransitiontemperature ofthe material occurring due to

lowering of temperature.
a) IZOD TEST:
A pendulum type single blow impact test in which the specimen is usually
notched, and is fixed at one end and free at other end. Specimen is broken by a
falling pendulum. The energy absorbed as measured by the subsequent rise of the
Pendulum is a measure of impact strength or notch toughness.
Notch: A slot or groove of specified characteristics intentionally cut in a test piece
so as to concentrate the stress localizing the rupture.
Notch Toughness: The high resistance of the material to fracture under suddenly
applied loads at any Stress raiser such as notch.
Specification
Specimen size= 75*10*10
Type of notch = V- Notch
Angle of notch= 45o
Depth of notch= 2mm
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the dimensions of the specimen at the v-notch and calculate the
area.
2. Set the dial pointer to zero.

3. Raise the pendulum to certain height, so that the pendulum fixes

automatically to a level.
4. Release the pendulum to fracture the specimen fixed like a cantilever
with its face having the v-notch in the striking direction.
5. Note down the Izod impact value of the specimen by observing the dial
reading which give the impact value directly.
6. Repeat the experiment for 2-3 specimens and calculate the average Izod
impact strength.
OBSERVATION
Tabular Column:
Sl. Initial Final Izod Izod impact

No. Specimen Trials Reading Reading Impact Strength
K1 in J K2 in J Value I=K/A J/Cm2
K=K1-K2
J
1. 1
2. 2
RESULTS
For Izod Test:
Average impact value of Mild Steel =-----------Joules
Average impact strength =-------------Joules/cm2

b) CHARPY TEST:
THEORY: The Charpy Impact Test is similar in principle to theIzod, but the
notched specimen is supported at each end as a beam and struck by the hammer in
the centre.
Specification
Specimen size= 55*10*10
Type of notch = U - Notch
Angle of notch= 45o
Depth of notch= 2mm
PROCEDURE
1. Measure the dimension of the specimen and its area .
2. Raise the pendulum to a suitable height, so that the pendulum consumes
suitable potential energy to fracture the specimen in one stroke and note
down the energy stored in the pendulum directly from the dial pointer E1.
3. The specimen is fixed between the jaws such that the face having the V-
notch should be opposite to the striking edge.
4. Release the pendulum by pressing the release lever.
5. The pendulum is stopped by applying the brake after it swings to the other
side.
6. Note down the energy consumed from the dial E 2. The difference between
the energy gives the charpy impact value.

7. The impact value is calculated using the relation (4.5*E-10) where E=E1-E2
8. The experiment is repeated for other specimens.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Sl. Initial Final Izod Impact Izod impact
No. Specimen Trials Reading Reading Value Strength
K1 in J K2 in J K=K1-K2 J I=K/A
J/Cm2
1. 1
2. 2
RESULTS
For CHARPY TEST:
Average impact value of Mild Steel =-----------Joules
Average impact strength =-------------Joules/cm2
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the significance of conducting impact test?
2. What is type of notch provided for Izod and Charpy test specimen?
3. Which type of striking edge is used in Izod and Charpy tests?
4. How the specimen is placed in Izod and Charpy test?
5. What is the height of fall in Izod and Charpy tests?
6. Which type of energy is stored in the apparatus?
Outcome:
After conducting this experiment, one can determine the impact value of specimen
and can suggest it to a particular application.
A. BRINELL HARDNESS TEST
AIM: To conduct hardness test on Mild steel, Copper, Aluminium and Brass
OBJECTIVE: To determine the Brinell hardness number of the given

Specimen using Brinell hardness tester.
PRINCIPLE: Brinell hardness number (BHN) is obtained by the ratio of the

calculated load and the spherical area of the Indentation or Impression made on the
specimen by the corresponding Indentor Ball.
THEORY: Hardness is the property of the material by which it offers resistance to

scratch or indentation. This Brinell Hardness Test is used to determine the
Hardness Number of hard, moderately hard, and soft material Eg: Brass, Bronze,
Aluminium, Gold, Copper, Etc. Very hard material and Brittle material cannot
be tested by Brinell hardness tester.
Materials and equipments required

Brinell hardness testing machine and Brinell Microscope.
In this machine the load is applied by a lever mounted on knife edges and carrying
a hanger for suspending the required load. The supporting table for placing the
specimen can be raised or lowered by a steel screw by operating a large hand lever.
The indenter used is a hardened steel ball which will have a diameter of 10mm,
5mm or 2.5mm. The reading microscope has a 25-fold magnification. The gap
between successive graduations of the scale is 0.5mm and a micrometer is arranged
sideways which gives readings in 0.01mm. The eye-piece of the reading
micrometer may be turned by 90, so that impressions of ball can be measured
in two perpendicular directions.
In Brinell hardness test, a steel ball of diameter (D) is forced under a load (F) on
to a surface of test specimen. Mean diameter (d) of indentation is measured after
the removal of the load (P).
Ball Indentor of diameter 2.5mm and 5mm

Specimens (Mild steel, Brass, Copper, Aluminium)

Specification:
In Brinell hardness test, a steel ball of diameter (D) is forced under a load (F) on
to a surface of test specimen. Mean diameter (d) of indentation is measured after the
removal of the load (P).
Specifications are as follows.
1. Ability to determine hardness up to =1411 BHN

2. Maximum application of load =250 Kgf
3. Method of load application = Lever type
4. Least measuring hardness number= 1 BHN3
PROCEDURE:
1. Keep the loading and unloading lever at position “A” which is unloading
position.
2. Select the suitable indentor& weights according to the scale.
3. Place the specimen on testing table anvil.
4. Turn the hand wheel to raise a job until it makes contact with indenter &
5. Continue turning till the longer pointer at the dial gauge makes 2 ½ rotations.
Then it stops at zero continue turning slowly till the small pointer reaches the
red spot at „3‟, this is automatic zero setting dial gauge.
6. Turn the lever position „A‟ to „B‟ i.e. from unloading to loading position. So
that the total load will act.
7. When the longer pointer of the dial gauge reaches steady position, take back
the lever to the unloading position „A‟. [Avoid sudden release at the lever]
8. Remove the job from the platform and note down the diameter of the
9. Indentation using Brinell microscope.
10. Using appropriate formula calculate BHN.
11. Similarly repeat the step from 1-8 for different trials and for different metals.

OBSERVATIONS & CALUCLATIONS

Total
Type of Indenter load(P) Suitable for
Kg-F
Ball Indenter Non ferrous soft metals, Soft iron, steel castings,
187.5
2.5mm dia Cast iron, malleable iron.
Ball Indenter Light alloys casting, forging alloys, die casting
250
5mm dia alloys.
Diameter of
Indenter Total
Indentation(d) Average
Sl.No Specimen Diameter(D) load(P) BHN
in mm dia
In mm Kg-F
1 2 3
01 Mild steel
02 Brass
03 Copper
04 Aluminium

CALCULATIONS
Brinell Hardness Number (BHN) =

Where,
D = Diameter of ball indentor in
mm d= Diameter of Indentation in
mm P= Load applied in Kgf
d=MSR+ (CVSD×LC)
Least Count of Brinell Microscope=0.01mm
RESULTS & CONCLUSION:
Brinell hardness number of given specimen is
1. Mild steel =
2. Brass =
3. Copper =
4. Aluminium =
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is harness?
2. What is least count of micrometer in Brinel’s microscope?
3. Give out the expression for finding out BHN.
OUTCOME:
After performing the experiment, one can determine the BHN for Brass,
Aluminum, Copper and Mild steel.

B. ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST
AIM: To conduct RHN on Brass, Aluminium, Copper and Mild steel
OBJECTIVE: To determine the Rockwell hardness number of the given

Specimen using “Rockwell Hardness tester”.
PRINCIPLE: A standard load (Based on type of material) is applied through a

standard indentor (cone or ball indentor) for a standard duration of time. The
hardness number is directly obtained in the experiment.
Practical importance: Hardness is the property of the material by which it offers

resistance to scratch or indentation. It is the most important property, as the
material is subjected to friction and scratch. By this experiment we can determine
the Hardness of the given material.
Materials and equipments required:
Rockwell hardness testing machine
The Rockwell hardness testing machine essentially consists of a supporting table

for placing the specimen, a hand wheel to raise or lower the supporting table, a
Rockwell ball indenter which is a hardened steel ball 1/6 ” in diameter, a Rockwell
cone indenter which is a diamond cone of 120  apex angle, load stages adjusted by
means of push button switches, a light signal to indicate the application of the
minor load of 10kg a clamping sleeve to hold the specimen firmly, a button for
applying the major load, a hand lever to release the load and a dial gauge which
directly gives the Rockwell hardness number. The dial gauge has sets of
graduations B and C, corresponding to the ball type indenter and the cone type
indenter having an angle 1200 made of black diamond.
Theory:
Hardnessof a material is generally defined as Resistance to the permanent
indentation under static and dynamic load. When a material is required to use
under direct static or dynamic loads, only indentation hardness test will be useful
to find out resistance to indentation. Rockwell test is developed by the Wilson
instrument co U.S.A in 1920. This test is an indentation test used for smaller

specimens and harder materials. In this test indentor is forced into the surface of a
test piece in two operations, measuring the permanent increase in depth of an
indentation from the depth increased from the depth reached under a datum load
due to an additional load. Measurement of indentation is made after removing the
additional load. Indentor used is the cone having an angle of 120 degrees made of
black diamond.
PROCEDURE:
1. Keep the loading and unloading lever at position “A” which is unloading
position.
2. Select the suitable indentor& weights according to the scale.
3. Place the specimen on testing table anvil.
4. Turn the hand wheel to raise a job until it makes contact with indentor&
5. Continue turning till the longer pointer at the dial gauge makes 2 ½ rotations.
6. Then it stops at zero continue turning slowly till the small pointer reaches the
7. Red spot at „3‟, this is automatic zero setting dial gauge.

8. Turn the lever position „A‟ to „B‟ i.e. from unloading to loading position.
So that the total load will act.
9. When the longer pointer of the dial gauge reaches steady position, take back
10.the lever to the unloading position „A‟. [Avoid sudden release at the lever]
11.Now note down the reading in the last dial indicator by notifying the large
12.pointer
13. Turn back the hand wheel and remove the job.
14. Similarly repeat the step from 1-9 for different trials and for different metals.
OBSERVATION
Type of Type of Total load(P)

Scale
specimen Indenter Kg-F
Hard Metals Diamond cone C (Black graduations) 150
Soft Metals Ball (1/16”) B (Red graduations ) 100
TABULAR COLUMN
Sl. Type of RHN Averag

Specimen
No Indenter e RHN
1 2 3
Hardened Diamond
01
steel cone
Ball
Mild steel
02 (1/16”)
Ball
03 Brass
(1/16”)
Ball
04 Copper
(1/16”)
05 Aluminium Ball

(1/16”)
RESULTS & CONCLUSION:
Rockwell hardness Number of given specimen is
1. Hardened steel =
2. Mild steel =
3. Brass =
4. Copper =
5. Aluminium =
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is harness?
2. Give out the expression for finding out RHN.
OUTCOME:
After performing the experiment, one can determine the RHN for Brass,
Aluminum, Copper and Mild steel.

C. VICKERS HARDNESS TEST
AIM: To conduct VHN on Hardened steel.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the hardness of the given Specimen using Vicker’s

hardness test.
PRINCIPLE: The required load as calculated by P/D2 ratio is applied on the

specimen for a standard time of 8-10 Sec’s and BHN is calculated by the ratio of
load and the spherical area of indentation. The diameter of the indentation is
measured on the focusing screen of the machine.
PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE: Hardness is the property of the material by

which it offers resistance to scratch or indentation. It is the most important
property, as the material is subjected to friction and scratch. By this experiment we
can determine the Hardness of the given material.
Materials and equipments required:

Vicker‟s Hardness Testing Machine.
Diamond cone indentor,
Specimen.
Theory:
Very Hard materials (e.g. Mild steel, case hardened steel, etc,) can be tested by the
Vickers’s method. If the moderately hard materials like Brass, Copper and
Aluminium are tested in this machine, the indentor makes a deep impression.
Hence, a proper indentation cannot be made on the specimen and a correct value of
the hardness cannot be obtained for these materials by V. H. Test.
VHN = Load Sloping or pyramidal area of indentation
This test is similar to Brinell hardness test similar relationship and eliminates most
of the errors. A regular pyramid having a square base and smoothened off diamond
point is pressed in the material to be tested under a load „F‟. The produced
impression is projected onto a focusing screen and the diagonals of the impression
are measured by means of the measuring equipment. Due to small impressions, it is
very suitable for testing polished and hardened material surfaces. This test is rapid,
accurate.

Procedure:
1. Clean the surface at the specimen
2. Fix the indentor in the hardness tester and switch on the power supply.
3. Place the specimen with cleaned surface facing the indentor on the anvil at work
table.
4. Focus the work piece surface for clean visibility by rotating the hand wheel
at the work table upwards and downwards.
5. Select the load specified (P) push button available on the right side at the
Hardness tester.
6. Actuate the electric push button (Green Button) at the front for loading, the
loading lever starts moving up words and reaches the study position.
7. Now release the loading lever slowly and bring it to the downward position.
8. For major reading adjust the display at the indentation made by the indentor
to co inside with the micrometer on the display screen.
9. For major (minor) reading adjust the movable side at the micrometer and
note down the total reading.
10. The measurement is to be made for two opposite corners of the diagonal
indentation denoted as (l).
11. Repeat the above procedure for different material.
Calculations
Vicker’s Hardness Number (VHN) =
Where,
P= Load applied in Kg
l= Average length of the diagonal L in mm

Least count of microscope=0.001mm

1st scale each division =0.1mm
2nd scale each division =0.01
3rd scale each division =0.001mm
Type of indenter = Diamond cone
TABULAR COLUMN
Length of Indentation in
Load Averag VHN=
Sl. mm(l)
Specimen applied e length
No
in Kgf in mm
1 2 3
RESULT
Vicker’s hardness Number of given specimen is
1. Mild steel =
2. Hardened mild steel =
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is harness?
2. Give out the expression for finding out VHN.
OUTCOME:
After performing the experiment, one can determine the VHN for hardened steel

A. TESTS ON BRICKS
1. WATER ABSORPTION TEST
AIM: To conduct water absorption test on Bricks.
OBJECTIVE: To determine percentage of water absorption.
APPARATUS: Water bath, Scale, Balance.
THEORY: High percentage of water absorption indicates the insufficient

burning. The amount of water absorption indicates the degree of burning of
bricks. The percentage of water absorption of bricks should not exceed 20% of
the weight of dry brick.
PROCEDURE
1.
Weigh the given brick accurately W1 Kg.
2.
Immerse the brick in clean water bath for 24 hrs.
3.
After 24 hours take out the brick and remove the moisture content by wiping off
with cloth.
4.
Record the final weight of the brick W2 Kg.
𝑊2−𝑊1
5. 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = ∗ 100
𝑊1
6. Take the average value of the Water Absorption capacities of the five bricks.

TABULAR COLUMN
{(W2-
Sl.no Size of W1 W2
brick in cm W1)/W1}*100
RESULT
% Water absorption=
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is standard dimension of brick?
2. What is allowable percentage of water absorption for bricks?
OUTCOME:
After conduction the experiment, one can able to determine the percentage of water
absorption of brick and can validate whether it can be used or not.

2. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

AIM: To conduct compressive strength test on bricks.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the compressive strength of the given brick material.
APPARATUS: UTM, Standard brick, scale.
THEORY:For average bricks the minimum crushing strength is 35Kg/Sq.cm
and for superior bricks it varies from 35 to 45 Kg/Sq.cm
PROCEDURE
1. Take five bricks out of the sample at random.
2. The bricks are immersed in water at room temperature for 24 hours.
3. These are then taken out of water and surplus water on the surfaces is wiped
off with cotton or a moist cloth.
4. The frog of the brick is flushed level with cement mortar 1:1 & 1:3 and
the brick is stored under damp jute bags for 24hrs followed by its immersion
in water at room temperature for three days.
5. The specimen is placed in the compression testing machine with flat faces
horizontal and mortar filled face being upwards.
6. Apply the load onto the brick exactly at the center till it breaks.
7. Note down the failure load.
8. Determine the compressive strength by using the following formula
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑(𝐾𝑔)
Compressive strength=
Area over which the load is applied(Sq.cm)
9. Take the average value of the compressive strengths of the five bricks.
10.The maximum load at failure divided by the average area of bed gives
the
compressive strength.

Tabular Column
Sl Name of Dimensions of brick Compressive Compressive Remarks
No. brick Length Width Height load in Kg strength
(Kgf/cm2)
The compressive strength of different classes of common burnt bricks is as given

below.
Class Average Compressive strength
Designation not less than
( N/mm2 ) (Kgf/cm2)
35 35 350
30 30 300
25 25 250
20 20 200
17.5 17.5 175
15 15 150
12.5 12.5 125
10 10 100
7.5 7.5 75
5 5 50
3.5 3.5 35

RESULT:
Average compressive strength= Kg/cm2
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is standard dimension of brick?

2. What are the different types of bricks?
OUTCOME
After performing this test, one can able to determine the compressive strength of
bricks

B. TESTS ON TILES
1. WATER ABSORPTION TEST
AIM: To determine the percentage of water absorption of tiles
APPARATUS: Water bath, Balance.
THEORY: High percentage of water absorption indicates the insufficient burning.
The amount of water absorption indicates the degree of burning of tiles. The
percentage of water absorption of tiles should not exceed 19 to 24% of the weight
of tiles.
PROCEDURE:
1.
Weigh the tiles accurately W1.
2.
Immerse the tiles in clean water bath for 24 hours.
3.
After 24 hours take out the tiles and remove the moisture content by wiping
of with a cloth.
4.
Record the final weight of the tiles W2.
𝑊2 −
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = ∗ 100
𝑊1
𝑊1
{(W2-
Sl.no Size of W1 W2
brick in W1)/W1}*100
cm

RESULT:
Percentage water absorption of tiles =
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is tile?
2. What is the standard dimension of tile?
3. Why it has got the name as Mangalore tile?
OUTCOME:
After performing the experiment, one can determine the percentage of water
absorption of tiles.

2. KNIFE EDGE LOAD TEST OF TILES

AIM: To perform knife edge test on tiles
OBJECTIVE: To determine the central breaking load and strength of the given
tile.
APPARATUS: Knife edge load testing machine, scale.
PROCEDURE:
1. Note down the dimensions of the tile.
2. Place the tile on the reapers correctly.
3. Bring the knife edge of the testing machine in contact with the tiles.
4. Apply the load gradually.
5. Note down the load at which it fails.
6. Calculate the knife edge strength using the formula
𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐾𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑒 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ =
Area
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:
Avg. Knife
Size of Knife edge
Breaking load edge
Sl.no Tile W1 strength
applied, P Kg strength
in P/A
cm*cm, Kg/Cm2
A

RESULT:
Average knife edge strength of the tile = Kg/cm2
VIVA QUESTIONS
4. What is tile?
5. What is the standard dimension of tile?
6. Why it has got the name as Mangalore tile?
OUTCOME:
After performing the experiment, one can determine the knife edge strength of
tiles.

TESTS ON FINE AGGREGATE
1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE
AIM: To conduct specific gravity test on Fine aggregate.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the Specific gravity of Fine aggregate.
APPARATUS: Balance accurate to 0.01gm, Pycnometer, Tamping rod 25mm in
diameter.
THEORY
The Specific gravity of an aggregate is defined as the mass of a given volume of
sample to the mass of an equal volume of water at the same temperature.
The Specific gravity of the fine aggregate is generally required for
calculations in connection with concrete mix design for determination of moisture
content and for the calculation of volume yield of concrete. The Specific gravity
also gives information on the quality and properties of aggregate.

PROCEDURE:
1. Calibrate the Pycnometer, by weighing it empty and full with water at room
temperature. Roll and agitate the flask gently in an inclined position, to
eliminate air bubbles.
2. Take a sample of the fine aggregate and soak it in water and keep it for
24±1/2 hours. The temperature should be 27±5oC.
3. Take out and spread the sample (approximately 1.5kg) on a clean flat
surface , exposed to gently moving current of warm air until the material just
reaches free running condition (flowing freely).
4. Immediately weight 500gm of saturated surface dry sand in the flask.
5. Weigh the empty pycnometer and note it as W1
6. Fill the pycnometer with 500 gms of fine aggregate weigh it , and note it as
W2
7. Now fill completely the pycnometer with fine aggregate with water upto the
top and note its weight as W3 . Roll the flask in an inclined position to
eliminate all air bubbles .
8. Now pour out all the fine aggregate with water , clean it to free from any
aggregate particle .Now fill empty pycnometer completely with distilled water
upto top , wipe the pycnometer dry and weigh it .
9. Repeat the above steps for 3 such trials and determine the specific gravity .

OBSERVATION:
Sl no OBSERVATION
1 Weight of empty pycnometer W1 gms
2 Weight of pycnometer with fine aggregates ,
W2 gms
3 Wt of pycnometer+ fine aggregate + water ,
W3 gms
4 Wt of pycnometer+ water , W4 gms
5 Specific Gravity
6 Average specific gravity
CALCULATIONS:
Specific gravity G =(W2 – W1) / [(W4–W1)-(W3-W2)]
RESULT:
Specific gravity of fine aggregate G =
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Define specific gravity.

2. What is the unit of specific gravity?
3. What is the advantage of finding out specific gravity of material?
4. Give out an expression for finding out the specific gravity of aggregates.
OUTCOME:
After conducting the experiment, one can able to determine the specific gravity of
aggregate.

2 FINENESS MODULUS & GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION
AIM: To conduct fineness modulus test on fine aggregates.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the fineness modulus and grain size distribution of
given fine aggregates.
THEORY: IS: 383-1963 defines the Fine aggregates as the aggregate most of
which will pass 4.75mm IS sieve. The fine aggregate is often termed as a sand size
aggregate. The sand is generally considered to have a lower size limit of 0.07mm.
The material between 0.06mm and 0.002 mm is classified as silt and still smaller
particles are termed as clay.
The object of finding fineness modulus is to grade the given aggregate for the most
economical mix for the required strength and workability with minimum
quantity of cement .For aggregates commonly used, the fineness modulus of
aggregate varies between 2 and 3.5; for coarse aggregate between 5.5 and 8. A
grading curve is drawn IS sieve size v/s percent passing on in semi log sheet.
The fineness modulus is a numerical index of fineness, giving some idea of the
mean size of the particles present in the entire body of the aggregate.
APPARATUS
IS test sieves: IS 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600m, 300m, 150m and 75m.
Weighingbalance (sensitive to 1/1000th of the test specimen), sieve shaker,
trays, drying oven (to operate between 100 to 110oC).
PROCEDURE
1. Take 1Kg of sand from a laboratory sample of 10 Kg by quartering and
break clay lumps, if any, in a clean dry rice plate.
2. Arrange the sieves in order of IS sieve nos: 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm,
600m, 300m and 150m keeping sieve nos. 4.75mm at the top and

150m at the bottom. Fix them in the sieve shaking machine with the pan at
the bottom and cover at the top.
3. Place 1000 gms of sand sample on the top sieve; carry out sieving in the set
of sieves as arranged before for not less than 10minutes.
4. Find the mass retained on each sieve.
5. Fineness modulus is an empirical factor which is obtained by dividing the
cumulative sum of the percentage of aggregate retained on each IS sieves
taken in order by 100.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
Sample taken = 1000 gms of sand
SL Sieve No. Mass Percentage Cumulative % Finer
No. retained mass Percentage passing
retained Retained F
1. 4.75 mm
2. 2.36 mm
3. 1.18 mm
4. 600 m
5. 300 m
6. 150 m
7. Pan
F
RESULT
Fineness modulus of Fine aggregate = F / 100

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is fineness modulus?
2. What is grading?
3. What is a sieve?
4. What is sieve analysis?
5. What is the importance of grading of aggregates?
OUTCOME:
After performing the experiment, one can determine the fineness modulus of
fine aggregate and can classify the aggregate based of fineness modulus.

3 BULKING OF FINE AGGREGATE

AIM: To conduct Bulking of sand
OBJECTIVE: Determination of necessary for bulking of fine aggregate and to
draw curve between water content and bulking.
APPARATUS: Balance, Cylinder container, graduated cylinder, beaker, tray, steel
rule and oven.
THEORY:In concrete mix design, the quantity of fine aggregate used in each
batch should be related to the known volume of cement. The difficulty with
measurement of fine aggregate by volume is the tendency of sand to vary in
bulk according to moisture contents. The extent of this variation is given by this
test.
If sand is measured by volume and no allowance is made for bulking,
because for given mass, moist sand occupies a considerably larger volume than the
same mass of dry sand, as the particles are less closely packed when the sand is
moist. Usually the sand is measured by loose volume, it is necessary in such
case to increase the measured volume of the sand, in order that the amount of sand
put into concrete may be the amount intended for the nominal mix used (based on
the dry sand). It will be necessary to increase the volume of sand by the
‘percentage bulking’.
PROCEDURE
1. Put sufficient quantity of the oven dry sand loosely into the container until it
is two-third full (about 500 gm). Calculate the mass of sand by deducting the
mass of container.
2. Measure the height of sand. Let it be ‘h’ml.
3. Empty the sand out into a clean metal tray without any loss.
4. Add two percent of water by mass of sand. Mix the sand and water
thoroughly by hand.
5. Put the wet sand loosely into the container without tamping it.

6. Smooth and level the top surface of the inundated sand and measure its
depth at the middle with a steel rule. Let it be “h`”ml.
7. Repeat the above procedure with 2 percent of water by mass.
8. Go on increasing the percentage by two till bulking is maximum and starts
falling down and ultimately bulking is zero, i.e., saturated sand occupies the
same volume as dry sand.
9. Draw curve between % water content and % bulking.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION
Material details:
Mass of fine aggregate (sand) = gm
Height of dry sand ‘h’ = mm
Tabular Column:
Mass of Mass of Percentage Height Bulking
Sand added water added of sand percentage
taken water h`, ml (h’-h ) 100
h

RESULT:
Bulking of sand is maximum at ------- of water, bulking of sand is back to
initial portion at of water.
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is bulking of sand?

2. Explain the phenomenon of bulking?
3. Whether bulking takes place for saturated and unsaturated sand particles?
OUTCOME:
Gives knowledge about the bulking of sand grains

EXPERIMENT NO 10
TESTS ON COARSE AGGREGATES
1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE
AIM: Determination of Specific Gravity Coarse Aggregate.

APPARATUS: Balance of capacity 5kg, weight box, wire basket 200mm in
diameter and 200mm height of 4.75mm IS sieve net, water tub for immersing the
wire basket in water, suitable arrangement for suspending the wire basket from
center of scale pan of balance and absorbent cloth for surface drying of the sample.
THEORY: Specific gravity of a coarse aggregate is defined as the ratio
between the mass of equal volume of coarse aggregate and water at constant
temperature. Specific gravity of an aggregate gives valuable information on its
quality and properties. If the specific gravity is above or below that normally
assigned to a particular type of aggregate, it may indicate that shape and grading
of aggregate has altered.
It is also important in determination of moisture content and in many
concrete mix design calculations of volume yield of concrete.
PROCEDURE
1. Take about 5kg of aggregate by method of quartering; rejecting all
material passing a 10mm IS sieve.
2. Wash thoroughly to remove dust etc., from the surface of particles. Dry
to constant mass at a temperature of 105 ±5oC.
3. Immerse the sample in water at 22 to 32oC for a period of (24±1/2)hrs
(30mins for laboratory practice).

4. Remove the aggregate from water and roll in a large piece of an absorbent
cloth until all visible films of water are removed, although the surface of
particles will still appear to be damp.
5. Now, weigh 3 kg of this sample in the saturated surface dry condition and
note down the mass as W1 gm.
6. Place the weighed aggregate immediately in the wire basket and dip it in
water. Weigh the basket with aggregate, while keeping it in water with the
help of the balance. Note its mass as W3 gm.
7. Dry the sample to the constant weight at the temperature of 110oC for
(24±1/2) hrs.
8. Cool to room temperature and weigh.
9. Calculate the specific gravity and absorption of the aggregate.
10.Repeat the procedure for fresh aggregates.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCUALTIONS
Mass of saturated surface dry sample W1 = gm

Mass of basket suspended in water W2 =
gm Mass of
material + basket suspended in water W3 =
gm
Mass of aggregate suspended in water (W3 – W2)= gm
Mass of oven dry aggregate in air W4 = gm
Bulk density specific gravity = mass of sample in air = W1 / [W1 –( W3 –W2)]

Loss of mass of sample in water
Apparent specific gravity = W4 / [W4 – (W3 –W2)]
RESULT
Bulk Specific gravity =
Apparent specific gravity =
DISCUSSIONS
The specific gravity of an aggregate sample is the ratio between the mass in
air and mass of an equal volume of water. For accurate results in laboratory the
allowance is made for the volume of voids between the particles and for the water
absorbed by them.
It is seen that higher the specific gravity of aggregate, harder and stronger it
will be. Average figures for the specific gravity of stone aggregate are as below:
Gravel = 2.6, Lime stone = 2.7, Granite = 2.75
VIVA QUESTIONS
5. Define specific gravity.

6. What is the unit of specific gravity?
7. What is the advantage of finding out specific gravity of material?
8. Give out an expression for finding out the specific gravity of aggregates.
OUTCOME:
After conducting the experiment, one can able to determine the specific gravity of
aggregate.

2. FINENESS MODULUS & GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION
AIM: To conduct fineness modulus test on coarse aggregates.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the fineness modulus and grain size distribution of
given coarse aggregates.
THEORY: The Coarse aggregate is defined as an aggregate most of which is
retained on 4.75mm IS sieve. The fineness modulus is a numerical index of
fineness, giving some idea of the mean size of the particles present in the entire
body of the aggregate.
APPARATUS: IS test sieves 80mm,63 mm ,50 mm ,40mm, 31.5 mm, 25mm
,20mm, 16mm , 12.5mm ,10mm ,6.3mm ,and 4.75mm, Weighing balance 0.001gm
sensitive, drying oven
PROCEDURE:
1. Take 10Kg of coarse aggregate of nominal size 20mm from a sample of
50Kg by quartering.
2. Arrange the sieve in order such that the IS 80 sieve is at the top and IS 4. 75
mm IS sieve is at the bottom.
3. Place 10 KG of sample of coarse aggregate on the top sieve and sieve it for 2
minutes. Actual sieving is done by hand for not less than ten minutes. The
shaking is done with a varied motion: backwards and forwards, left to right,
circular, clockwise and anti-clockwise and with frequent jarring, so that the
material is kept moving over the sieve surface in frequent changing directions.
4. Find the mass of aggregate retained on each sieve taken in order.
5. Fineness modulus is an empirical factor which is obtained by dividing the
cumulative sum of the percentage of aggregate retained on each IS sieves
taken in order by 100.
6. A grading curve is drawn IS sieve size v/s % passing on semi log sheet .
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

Mass of Coarse aggregate = 10000gms of coarse aggregate
SL Sieve Mass Percentage Cumulative Percent

No. No. retained retained Percentage age
Retained C passing
1. 80 mm
2. 40 mm
3. 20 mm
4. 10 mm
5. 4.75
mm
6. Pan
C
Fineness modulus of Coarse Aggregate = C /100
RESULT: Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate =
VIVA QUESTIONS
6. What is fineness modulus?
7. What is grading?
8. What is a sieve?
9. What is sieve analysis?
10. What is the importance of grading of aggregates?
OUTCOME:
After performing the experiment, one can determine the fineness modulus of
fine aggregate and can classify the aggregate based of fineness modulus.

3 UNIT MASS AND VOIDS OF CONCRETE AGGREGATES

AIM: To conduct density test on coarse aggregates
OBJECTIVE: Determination of unit mass (bulk density) and voids of concrete
aggregates
APPARATUS: Weighing balance, weight box, sample splitter, cylindrical
containers (3, 15 or 30litres capacity, shovel, tamping rod (16mm dia and 600mm
long, rounded at one end), a piece of glass plate to be used in calibrating the
container.
THEORY: The bulk density of an aggregate can be used for judging the quality by
comparison with normal density for that type of aggregate. The bulk density
determines the type of concrete for which it may be used. It is also required for
converting proportions by weight into the proportions by volume and is used in
calculating the percentage of voids in the aggregate.
PROCEDURE
Compact Mass Determination:
1. Determine the volume of container to be used by accurately filling it with water
at 16.7oC and weighing the amount of water. The mass of water in kg will give
the volume of container in litres.
2. Take the sample by quartering.
3. Fill the container with aggregate in three layers, each layer being tamped with
25 strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod, distributing the strokes evenly
over the surface. The container is finally filled to over flowing.
4. Strike off the surplus aggregate, using tamping rod as straight edge.
5. Weigh the container full of aggregate.
6. Calculate the net mass of aggregate in the container and compute the unit mass
of aggregate in kg/litre by dividing the net mass of aggregate in the container by
the volume of container.
Loose Mass Determination:

1. Fill the container to overflowing by means of a shovel, the aggregate being
discharged from a height not exceeding 50mm above the top of container.
2. Level off the surface of the aggregate with a straight edge.
3. Determine the net mass of aggregate in the container.
4. Compute the unit mass of aggregate by dividing the net mass of aggregate in
container by volume of container.
5. Calculate the percentage of voids density in kg/litre.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
For fine aggregate
Diameter of the mould( 3ltr capacity) = cm
Length of the mould =cm
Area of the mould = cm2
Volume of the mould = cm3
Volume in litre = ltr
Compacted density for fine aggregate

Empty weight of the mould = w1 = kg
Mould + compacted fine aggregate = w2 = kg
Mass of the compacted aggregate = w2-w1= kg
Density for compacted aggregate = M/V = kg /
ltr
Loose density for fine aggregate

Mould + weight of loose fine aggregate = w2 = kg
Mass of the loose aggregate = w2-w1= kg
Density for loose aggregate = M/V = kg / ltr
For coarse aggregate

Diameter of the mould( 5ltr capacity) = cm
Length of the mould =cm
Area of the mould = cm2
Volume of the mould = cm3
Volume in litre = ltr

Compacted density for coarse aggregate

Mould + compacted coarse aggregate = w2 = kg
Mass of the compacted aggregate = w2-w1= kg
Density for compacted aggregate = M/V = kg / ltr
Loose density for fine aggregate

Mould + weight of loose coarse aggregate = w2 = kg
Mass of the loose aggregate = w2-w1= kg
Density for loose aggregate = M/V = kg / ltr
RESULT :
Coarse aggregate
1.Compacted mass bulk density =
2.Loose mass bulk density =
3.Percentage of voids =
Fine aggregate
1. Compacted mass bulk density =
2.Loose mass bulk density =
3.Percentage of voids =
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is dry density?

2. What is bulk density?
3. Whether loose filled aggregates contains more voids or for compacted
aggregates?
OUTCOME:
After conducting this experiment, one can able to determine the density of an
aggregate and voids ratio.

EXPERIMENT No. - 11
STRAIN GAUGES
Strain gauges are mostly used to measure strains on the free surface of a
body. Strain gauges of all types are essentially devices that sense the change in
length, magnify it and indicate it in some form. They can be classified broadly into
five groups on the basis of the physical principle employed for the magnification of
change in length:
1. Mechanical 2. Optical 3. Electrical
4. Pneumatic 5. Acoustical
Further each strain gauge is sub divided into two types:

1. Bonded strain gauge 2. Unbonded strain gauge
In bonded strain gauge a grill of fine wire is cemented to a thin paper sheet.
In unbonded strain gauge a resistance wire is wound around the structure under
study.
Properties of good strain gauge:

1. The gauge factor should be high to get more resolution.
2. The wires used in the strain gauge should have high resistance.
3. The wires have low temperature co-efficient of resistance.
4. The wires should not have any hysterisis in its response.
5. The wires should have a linear relationship between strain and resistance.
Mechanical strain gauge:

These mechanical devices are generally known as extensometers and are to
measure strain under static or gradually varying loading conditions. An
extensometer is usually provided with two knife edges which are clamped firmly in
contact with the test component at a specific distance or gauge length apart. When
the test component is strained, the two knife edges undergo a small relative
displacement. This is amplified through a mechanical linkage and the magnified
displacement or strain is displayed on a calibrated scale.
Optical Gauges:
Mechanical Optical gauges:
In mechanical-optical gauges a combination of mechanical & optical levers
are used to amplify the relative displacement between the knife edges. The moving
knife is pivoted so that it rotates while undergoing displacement.
Electrical Gauges:
In an electrical strain gauge a change in length or strain produces a change in
some electrical property. The greatest advantage common to all electrical gauges is
the ease with which the electrical signal can be displayed, recorded or conditioned
as required. Three types of electrical gauges are in use: (i) Inductance gauges, (ii)
Capacitance gauges & (iii) Electrical resistance gauges. Well over 90 percent of
the strain gauges used in practice are of the electrical-resistance type and a large
proportion of these are foil gauges.
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What are strain gauges?

2. What are the applications of strain gauges?
OUTCOME:
After performing the experiment, one can get knowledge about strain gauges.


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ATME College of Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBJECT: Material Testing Laboratory

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Vision of the Institute

Development of academically excellent, culturally vibrant, socially responsible and globally

Mission of the Institute

To strive to attain ever-higher benchmarks of educational excellence.

Vision of the Department

Mission of the Department

PEO l- Engaged in professional practices, such as construction, environmental, geotechnical,

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PEO 3- Serve in a leadership position in any professional or community organization, or

PEO 4- Registered as a professional engineer or developed a strong ability leading to

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3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research

7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

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PSO2: To analyse, design, estimate and supervise infrastructure construction activities.

Building Material Testing Laboratory

Subject Code : 18CVL38 I.A. Marks : 40

Sub Code: 18CVL38 IA Marks: 40

Experiment No 1: Tension test on Mild steel and HYSD bars.

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BUILDING MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY

Subject Code : 18CVL38 I.A. Marks : 40

Experiment 1: Duration:3 hours

Experiment 2: Duration:3 hours

Experiment 3: Duration:3 hours

Experiment 4: Duration:3 hours

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Experiment 5: Duration:3 hours

Experiment 6: Duration:3 hours

Experiment 7: Duration:3 hours

Experiment 8: Duration:3 hours

Objectives: To determine the compressive strength of the given brick material.

Experiment 9: Duration:3 hours

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Experiment 10: Duration:3 hours

Objectives: To determine specific gravity fineness modulus and percentage of bulking of

Objectives: to study the strain gauges and strain indicators

List of text books

QUESTION PAPER PATTERN:

 Individual Experiments – Remaining tests.

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 All exercises are to be included for practical examination.

The objectives of this course is to make students to learn:

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2. Identify, formulate and solve engineering problems of structural elements subjected to

Prerequisite: Building Materials and Construction

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Tension test on Mild steel and HYSD bars. 2-8

Compression test of Mild Steel, Cast iron and Wood. 9-14

Torsion test on Mild Steel circular sections 15-17