Disposal

“The term “industrial waste” can be defined as any liquid, solid, or gaseous residual matter
stemming from industrial activity and, regardless of whether the certain waste is classified as
domestic or industrial, without proper, established disposal plans, any form of waste can lead
to employee health hazards”
With so many different categories of industrial waste, it’s important to understand what
materials can be reused and recycled, and how to properly manage and reduce waste disposal.
Here are some facts about the different categories of industrial waste
TYPES AND RESOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Liquid Waste
Liquid waste is produced both domestically and industrially. Large amounts of water are
needed in most industrial processes, which may come into contact with harmful substances like
radioactive materials, dirty water, organic liquids, rinse water, waste detergents, and even
rainwater.
Businesses and factories are required to install wastewater treatment facilities to stop the
polluted water from flowing into large bodies of water, since if it flows in untreated, it could
harm the surrounding environment and, in severe cases, even the surrounding population.
Industrial Solid Waste

In industrial services, solid waste includes a variety of different materials, including paper,
cardboard, plastics, packaging materials, wood, and scrap metal.
Some of these materials can be reused and recycled by a recycling center.By recycling as much
industrial waste as you can, you can significantly reduce waste clearance costs, and having
proper waste disposal programs in place helps ensure your waste management and waste
treatment solutions are as eco-friendly and as profitable as possible.
Toxic and Hazardous Waste
Toxic and hazardous waste is comprised of materials that can cause serious health and safety
problems if waste disposal is not handled correctly.
This type of waste typically includes dangerous byproducts materials generated by factories,
farms, construction sites, laboratories, garages, hospitals, and certain production and
manufacturing plants. The EPA and state departments regulate toxic and hazardous waste
disposal. This waste disposal is only legal at special designated facilities around the country.
SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE

• Agricultural waste
• Paint industries
• Smelting industries
• Chemical Industries
• Mine drainage
• Textile industry
• Paper industry
• Oil refineries
• Petroleum plants
METHODS OF THE DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
 Chemical Methods
Ion exchange
Ion exchange is another method used successfully in the industry for the
removal of heavy metals from effluent. An ion exchanger is a solid
capable of exchanging either cations or anions from the surrounding
materials. Commonly used matrices for ion exchange are
synthetic organic ion exchange resins
Oxidation Reduction method

Reduction/oxidation (Redox) reactions chemically convert hazardous
contaminants to nonhazardous or less toxic compounds that are more stable, less mobile,
and/or inert. Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one compound to
another. Specifically, one reactant is oxidized (loses electrons) and one is reduced (gains
electrons). The oxidizing agents most commonly used for treatment of hazardous
contaminants are ozone, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorites, chlorine, and chlorine
dioxide.Chemical reduction/oxidation is a short- to medium-term technology.
Membrane filtration
• Membrane filtration has received considerable attention for
the treatment of inorganic effluent, since it is capable of removing not only suspended
solid and organic compounds, but also inorganic contaminants such as heavy metals.
• Depending on the size of the particle that can be retained, various types of membrane
filtration such as ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis can be employed for
heavy metal removal from wastewater
Precipitation
Chemical precipitation is the most common technology used to remove dissolved (ionic)
metals from solutions, such as process waste containing toxic metals. The ionic metals are
converted to an insoluble form (particle) by the chemical reaction between the soluble
metal compounds and the precipitating reagent. The particles formed by this reaction are
removed from solution by settling and/or filtration.
The effectiveness of a chemical precipitation process is dependent on several factors,

including the type and concentration of ionic metals present in solution, the precipitant
used, the reaction conditions (especially the pH of the solution), and the presence of other
constituents that may inhibit the precipitation reaction.
Neutralization
The purpose of neutralization is to adjust the pH value
to meet the requirements of the different processing
units in the industrial waste treatment system.
Neutralization may be used in order to treat acid waste

containing metals, the method comprising increasing
the pH of the acid waste by addition of an alkaline
reagent, to form a precipitate and collecting the
precipitate. This way the incoming solution is pH
adjusted to the optimum range for precipitating metals
as hydroxides.
 Biological treatment
Biological treatment of certain organic wastes, such as those from the petroleum industry, is
also an option.
Land Farming
One method used to treat hazardous waste biologically is called landfarming. The process
involves spreading waste out in a shallow layer across a piece of land - the waste is on the soil.
Sometimes the waste is sewn into the soil, but not too deep. Over a period of several months,
the Sun and soil bacteria break down the waste. You have to be careful about what kind of
waste you put on the ground. Inorganic materials are less likely to break down, and heavy
metals may harm the microorganisms in the soil.You will have to monitor the site, perhaps with
weekly chemical analysis. When treatment is complete, no further action is needed. You do not
pick up the treated waste; it becomes part of the ground
Use of Microorganisms
Biological waste treatment method, also known as the conventional method, is a common and
widely used method of treatment. It takes into account biodegradation bleaching by taking aid
of several micro-organisms, fungi, bacteria, yeasts, and algae. This is a cheap and easy process
that goes through a combination of aerobic and anaerobic processes.
Limitations
(a)Complete color removal is not possible
(b)Xenobiotic dyes with complex chemical structures are found to be recalcitrant toward
degradation
(c)Biological method requires large land area, diurnal, and greater time for their functioning
(d)The process provides little flexibility in design and operation
 Physical treatment
Sedimentation
Sedimentation is the process of separating small particles and sediments in water. This process
is used to treat industrial waste under water. This process happens naturally when water is still
because gravity will pull the heavier sediments down to form a sludge layer. However, this
action can be artificially stimulated in the water treatment process.The advantage of
sedimentation is that it minimizes the need for coagulation and flocculation. Typically,
chemicals are needed for coagulation and flocculation, but improved sedimentation controls
the need for additional chemicals
Solidification
Solidification involves mixing a waste with a binding agent, which is a substance that makes
loose materials stick together. Common binding agents include cement, asphalt, fly ash, and
clay. Water must be added to most mixtures for binding to occur; then the mixture is allowed
to dry and harden to form a solid block
Thermal method (Incineration)

Among thermal methods is high-temperature incineration, which not only can detoxify certain
organic wastes but also can destroy them. Special types of thermal equipment are used for
burning waste in either solid, liquid, or sludge form. These include the fluidizedbed incinerator,
multiple-hearth furnace, rotary kiln, and liquid-injection incinerator. One problem posed by
hazardous-waste incineration is the potential for air pollution.
Land Disposal
Disposal is the placement of waste into or on the land. Disposal facilities are usually designed to
permanently contain the waste and prevent the release of harmful pollutants to the
environment. The most common hazardous waste disposal practice is placement in a land
disposal unit such as a landfill, surface impoundment, waste pile, land treatment unit, or
injection well.Underground injection wells are the most commonly used disposal method for
liquid hazardous waste. Because of their potential impact upon drinking water resources,
injection wells are also regulated.
Landfill method
In the landfill method of waste disposal, a huge pit is made in an open low lying area, usually
away from the places where people reside. The wastes is collected in huge trucks and dumped
into the pits. Once the pits are full, they are covered with soil and left for decomposition.
A secure hazardous-waste landfill must have two impermeable liners and leachate collection
systems. The double leachate collection system consists of a network of perforated pipes
placed above each liner. The upper system prevents the accumulation of leachate trapped in
the fill, and the lower serves as a backup. In order to reduce the amount of leachate in the fill
and minimize the potential for environmental damage, an impermeable cap or cover is placed
over a finished landfill.
CONCLUSION
The behaviour of generating garbage is too dangerous not only for today's generation, but also
for future generations. It is critical to educate people and encourage them to practise Recycle,
Reuse, and Reduce instead of producing waste. Waste disposal should be a priority for
municipalities and governments

Disposal

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Disposal

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“The term “industrial waste” can be defined as any liquid, solid, or gaseous residual matter

TYPES AND RESOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Industrial Solid Waste

SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Oxidation Reduction method

The effectiveness of a chemical precipitation process is dependent on several factors,

Neutralization may be used in order to treat acid waste

(a)Complete color removal is not possible

(d)The process provides little flexibility in design and operation

the need for additional chemicals

Thermal method (Incineration)

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