Experiment 01

Experiment 01
Working and Characteristics of Various Types of Meters.
Objectives:
The objective of this lab is to learn about the working and Characteristics of various types of meter
Equipment:
 Multi meter
 Clamp meter
 Tacho meter
 LCR meter
 Resistor
 Motor
 Wire
THEORY
Multi Meter:
A multimeter is a measuring instrument that can measure multiple electrical properties. A typical multimeter can
measure voltage, resistance, and current, in which case it is also known as a volt-ohm-milliammeter (VOM), as
the unit is equipped with voltmeter, ammeter, and ohmmeter functionality. Some feature the measurement
of additional properties such as temperature and capacitance.
Analog multimeters use a microammeter with a moving pointer to display readings. Digital
multimeters (DMM, DVOM) have numeric displays and have made analog multimeters virtually obsolete as they
are cheaper, more precise, and more physically robust than analog multimeters.
Working:
A multimeter is basically a PMMC meter. To measure dc current the meter acts as an ammeter with a low series
resistance. Range changing is accomplished by shunts in such a way that the current passing through the meter
does not exceed the maximum rated value.
Clamp meter:
A clamp meter is an electrical test tool that combines a basic digital multimeter with a current sensor.
Clamps measure current. Probes measure voltage. Having a hinged jaw integrated into an electrical meter
allows technicians to clamp the jaws around a wire, cable or other conductor at any point in an electrical
system, then measure current in that circuit without disconnecting it.
Beneath their plastic moldings, hard jaws consist of ferrite iron and are engineered to detect,
concentrate and measure the magnetic field being generated by current as it flows through a conductor.
Figure 1.1 (Clamp meter)
Specification:
1. Current-sensing jaw.
2. Tactile barrier (to protect fingers from shocks).
3. Hold button: Freezes the display reading.
4. Dial (aka rotary switch).
5. Display.
6. Backlight button.
7. Min Max button: On first push, display shows maximum input. On subsequent pushes,
minimum and average inputs are shown. Works in current, voltage and frequency modes.
8. Inrush current button.
9. Zero button (yellow): Removes dc offset from dc current measurements. Also serves as
dial’s shift button to select yellow functions scattered around the dial.
10. Jaw release lever.
11. Alignment marks: To meet accuracy specifications.
12. Common input jack.
13. Volts/ohm input jack.
14. Input for flexible current probe.
LUX Meter:
A light meter/lux meter is a device used to measure the amount of light falling on an object at area. In
other words, it properly gauges the intensity at which brightness appears to the human eye. Lux can be simply
defined as a unit of measurement of illuminance or more accurately, brightness. It derives its name from the
candela, which is the standard unit of measurement for the power of light. There are many benefits of using
lux meters. Firstly, they provide a quantified measurement of the amount of light available without which you
are simply guessing.
Secondly, with a lux meter, you can clearly see and compare the impacts of different lighting
conditions. A lux meter works by making use of a photo cell to capture light. The lux meter then converts this
light to an electrical current stream, and after measuring this current, allows the device to calculate the lux
value of the light it has captured.
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Figure 1.2 (Lux meter)
Table 1.1 (Specifications of Lux meter)

Tachometer:
A tachometer is an instrument measuring the rotation speed of a shaft or disk, as in a motor or other
machine. The device usually displays the revolutions per minute on a calibrated analogue dial, but digital
displays are increasingly common. Digital tachometers can measure low-speeds at 0.5 rpm and high speed at
10,000 rpm and are equipped with a storage pocket for the circumferential measurement. The specifications
of this tachometer are LCD 5-digit display, operational temperature range of 0 to + 40 C, temperature storage
range of – 20 to + 55 C.
Figure 1.4 (Tachometer)
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Specification:
1. Measurements of RPM with no contact
2. Recommended measurement distance of 50mm to 200mm
3. MAX/MIN/AVG functions
4. Data hold function
5. Four measurement ranges: 10-99RPM; 100-999RPM; 1000-9999RPM and 10000RPM-
99999RPM
6. Revolution counter function with range of 0 to 99999
7. Auto shut down when left idle
8. Low battery indicator
Megger:
Megohmmeter or megger is a special type of ohmmeter used to measure the electrical resistance of
insulators. Insulating components, for example cable jackets, must be tested for their insulation strength at
the time of commissioning and as part of maintenance of high voltage electrical equipment and
installations. For this purpose, megohmmeters, which can provide high DC voltages (typically in ranges from
500 V to 5 kV, some are up to 15 kV) at specified current capacity, are used. Acceptable insulator resistance
values are typically 1 to 10 megohms, depending on the standards referenced.
Figure 1.5 (Megger)
1. The tester consists of a hand-driven high voltage

2. DC generator and an internal magnet cross coil current ratio meter.
3. The hand-driven generator is equipped with a centrifugal governor which enables the rotor
to rotate with constant speed for containing
4. Steady output voltage
5. Cranking speed: 120rpm
6. Damping time: Within 4 second
7. Effective measuring: 0-1000V/1000MOhm
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LCR Meter:
An LCR meter is a type of electronic test equipment used to measure the inductance (L), capacitance (C),
and resistance (R) of an electronic component. In the simpler versions of this instrument the impedance was
measured internally and converted for display to the corresponding capacitance or inductance value. Readings
should be reasonably accurate if the capacitor or inductor device under test does not have a significant resistive
component of impedance. More advanced designs measure true inductance or capacitance, as well as
the equivalent series resistance of capacitors and the Q factor of inductive components.
Working:
LCR meters are measuring instruments that measure a physical property known as impedance. Impedance, which
is expressed using the quantifier Z, indicates resistance to the flow of an AC current. It can be calculated from the
current I flowing to the measurement target and the voltage V across the target's terminals.
Since impedance is expressed as a vector on a complex plane, LCR meters measure not only the ratio of
current and voltage RMS values, but also the phase difference between current and voltage waveforms.
Specifications:
Diagram:
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Conclusion:
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Experiment 01

Working and Characteristics of Various Types of Meters.

Table 1.1 (Specifications of Lux meter)

Figure 1.4 (Tachometer)

Figure 1.5 (Megger)

1. The tester consists of a hand-driven high voltage

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