Reproductive System:

Responsible for the production of off spring of the

same species.
Male reproductive system:

Ovary - Produces the egg cell; the

main reproductive organ of the female reproductive
system
Penis – a hollow tube that also contains the urethra
Fallopian tube - Serves as the passageway of the egg
Testis/Testicle - Responsible for the production of
connects the ovaries to the uterus
semen, which
the site of fertilization
contains the sperm; the main
Uterus - Also known as the womb;
reproductive organ of males
the part where the zygote
Epididymis – a comma-shaped part of the male
grows and develops
reproductive
Cervix - The part that separates the
system.
uterus from the vagina. The
- Stores the sperm and
cervix stays closed until the
serves as the site for sperm cell maturation.
female gives birth.
Scrotum - A bag or pouchlike part that holds the
Vagina - A hollow tube that serves as the passageway
testes
out of the
Urethra - The passageway of both
female reproductive system
urine and semen
Vas deferens - Also known as the ductus deferens; a
Summary question:
long transport
Which part of the male reproductive
tube that carries the sperm
system is responsible for the production of semen,
from the epididymis to the
which contains the sperm?
ejaculatory duct.
Testis
Ejaculatory duct - Formed by the vas deferens and the
Which part of the male reproductive system stores
seminal
the sperm and serves as the site for sperm cell
vesicle; carries the sperm to the urethra
maturation?
Seminal vesicles - Secretes an alkaline fluid that
Epididymis
contains sugar; which provides energy to the sperm
Which part of the male reproductive system releases
cell.
a milky fluid that liquefies the semen, making the
sperm move faster?
Prostate gland - Releases a milky fluid that liquefies
Prostate Gland
the semen,
What is the main reproductive organ of the female
making the sperm move
reproductive system?
faster. The fluid secreted by the prostate gland makes
Ovary
up 25% of the semen.
What is the main reproductive organ of the male
Bulbourethral gland
reproductive system?
or Cowper’s gland - Secretes an alkaline substance in
Testis
the urethra, which neutralizes the acid from the
A hollow tube that serves as the
urine. This helps protect the sperm as it passes along
passageway out of the female reproductive system is
the urethra.
called
Major Transport Accessory Vagina
Reproductive tubes Glands What part of the female reproductive
Parts: system serves as the site for
Penis Urethra Cowper’s fertilization?
Gland Fallopian tube
testes Ejaculatory Prostate What part of the female
duct gland reproductive system serves as the site for the growth
epididymis Vas Seminal and development of the zygote?
deferens vesicles Uterus
Scrotum What part of the female reproductive
Female Reproductive System: system separates the uterus and the
vagina? Cervix
r33Role of Hormones in the Reproductive System:
Parts of the Sperm Cell Ovulation
HEAD – encloses the nucleus which carries the male’s - A sharp increase in the concentration of LH
genetic material - The follicle breaks and
Autosomes: 22 releases the secondary oocyte and remains in the
Sex chromosomes: 1 oviduct for possible fertilization by a sperm
MIDDLE PIECE – contains the mitochondria - Upon entry of sperm the
which provide energy for the sperm to move secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis II produces an
TAIL – used by the sperm cell for movement ovum and a polar body
- LH transforms the
ruptured follicle into the corpus luteum
Luteal Phase
- Corpus luteum starts to
Secrete progesterone and more estrogen
- Estrogens function by
1. Spermatogenesis (64-75 days) healing and repairing the uterine wall, which causes
– process of producing sperm cells, happening in the the thickening in preparation for the implantation of
seminiferous tubules of the testes. a fertilized ovum.
2. Spermatogonia undergoes - Progesterone stimulates
Mitosis to form primary spermatocytes (diploid) the growth and development of the blood vessels in
3. Primary spermatocytes the endometrium and further thickens it.
undergo Meiosis to produce secondary How to keep the Reproductive System Healthy?
spermatocytes (haploid). 1. Eat a balanced diet that is high in fiber
2. and low in fat.
4. Secondary spermatocytes 3. Drink plenty of water.
undergo Meiosis II to produce spermatids (haploid). 4. Get regular exercise.
5. Spermatids mature and 5. Maintain a healthy weight.
become flagellated to form sperm cells. 6. Get enough sleep.
7. Avoid using tobacco, alcohol, or other drugs.
Role of Hormones in the Reproductive System 8. Manage stress in healthy ways.
At the onset of puberty the
hypothalamus secretes more gonadotrophin- Summary questions:
releasing hormone(GnRH) that stimulates the What are the parts of the
anterior pituitary gland to release sperm cell?
luteinizing hormone(LH) and follicle-stimulating Head, Tail, Mid piece
hormone(FSH). What particular part of the
LH stimulates the gonads to produce sex testis does spermatogenesis take place?
hormones and release the egg cells from the ovary. Seminiferous Tubules
FSH stimulates the sex organs to produce What hormone stimulates
gametes or sex cells. the gonads to produce sex hormones and release the
In males, LH directs the specialized cells egg cells from the ovary?
in the testes to secrete testosterone. Pituitary gland
Testosterone stimulates the
development of secondary characteristics. Summary Questions:
Testosterone triggers spermatogonia to What are the events that take place in the
divide and produce spermatids process of spermatogenesis?
a proliferative phase as spermatogonia divide to
Menstrual Cycle: replace their number
Follicular Phase What are the hormones involved in
Beginning of the menstrual cycle spermatogenesis? GnRH, LH, FSH
Concentration of FSH causes the follicle What specific hormone triggers the
of one of the primary oocyte in one of the ovaries to spermatogonia to divide and produce spermatids?
start to grow and thicken Testosterone
The follicle secretes estrogen What are the results of Meiosis II in
and release it to the bloodstream to the uterus spermatogenesis? Spermatids
causing the lining of the uterus to thicken in What do we call the first occurrence of
preparation for possible pregnancy. menstruation that a woman experiences? Menarche
Menstruation What hormone initiates the development of
Monthly discharge of blood and the uterine lining the follicles in the ovary? FSH
Lasts around 2 to 7 days What event in oogenesis triggers ovulation?
LH
 What happens to the ruptured follicle after h. into an embryo and begins to secrete the
ovulation? Corpus Luteum pregnancy
What stimulates the further thickening of the i. hormone.
uterine lining during the luteal phase of the During Pregnancy
menstrual cycle? Estrogen a. About 4 weeks after fertilization the embryo
What ovarian hormone is dominant during is
the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle? Estrogen b. now implanted into the uterus.
What are the cells of the ovarian follicle that c. At week 5 the circulatory system, brain, and
surrounds the immature cell or primary oocyte? d. spinal begin to develop and the baby’s heart
Granulosa cells starts to beat.
What phase of the menstrual cycle is e. Placenta also starts to develop.
considered the secretory phase? f. At Week 6 the nose, mouth, and ears start to
Luteal Phase g. develop.
h. At week 7 and 8 the embryo has doubled in
Pregnancy and Fertilization: size.
Before Fertilization i. At weeks 9 to 12 the embryo develops into
a. Ejaculation process leaves fetus
the seminal fluid in the vagina. j. The diaphragm muscles start to grow and the
b. Sperms travel to the k. reproductive, circulatory, and urinary systems
uterus through the cervical canal. are in their advanced stage of development.
c. The sperm cells that l. Succeeding weeks onwards, the baby then
survive are pushed to the fallopian tube by the continues to develop until birth.
cilia. Summary Questions:
Where does fertilization takes place? ampullar
d. The egg cell rises to the isthmic junction
ampullar isthmic junction of the What happens to the zygote after
fallopian tube for fertilization. fertilization? As it travels to the uterus the zygote
e. The egg secretes a divides rapidly and develops into a blastocyst ball.
chemical that attracts sperms. What happens to the blastocyst upon
f. The sperm first enters the reaching the uterus? The blastocyst hatches out of
egg cell through the corona radiata. its shell and implanted into the endometrium.
g. The sperm binds with the What do we call the zygote after 4
receptors in the zona pellucida and weeks of implantation? embryo
enters the cell membrane of the egg cell. At what week of pregnancy do the
During Fertilization reproductive, circulatory, and urinary systems start to
a. The sperm first enter the cell through the develop? Week 5
corona radiata In what week of pregnancy is the
b. The sperms binds into the receptors of the embryo fully developed into a fetus? Week 9 to 12
zona pellucida
c. The acrosome releases its digestive enzyme Nervous System:
d. The sperm fuses with the plasma What are the two main division of the nervous
e. or cell membrane of the egg cell which causes system?
the plasma membrane to change to prevent Central Nervous System (CNS)
other sperm cells from entering the egg cell. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
f. The nucleus of the sperm cell and egg cell What composes the CNS?
combines to form a zygote with complete set Brain, spinal cord
of chromosomes. What composes the PNS?
After Fertilization Ganglia, nerves
a. The zygote divides rapidly as it travels down Parts of the nervous system:
to the
b. uterus.
c. The zygote continues to divide to and form
into a
d. blastocyst ball.
e. The blastocyst hatches from its shell and
burrows itself
f. into the endometrium.
g. After about four weeks the blastocyst now
developed Brain – a part of the nervous system that
processes and interprets the
signals transmitted to it?
Spinal cord - It serves as a connection from the brain
to the rest of the body.
Somatic nervous system – a section of the
PNS that includes the motor nerves, spinal nerves,
and cranial nerves.
Autonomic nervous system – a section of
the PNS regulates the smooth and cardiac muscles as Dendrites - receiving parts of the neurons
well as the other glands. Axon – transmits impulse to another neuron
Sympathetic Nervous system – a part of the
ANS is activated during physical and emotional stress Types of neurons:
Parasympathetic nervous system - part of Sensory neurons (afferent neurons) - receive stimuli
the ANS is activated when the body is at rest or in and transmit them toward the CNS
recovery. Motor neurons (efferent neurons) - carry the impulse
away from the CNS to the effectors such as the
Lobes of the brain: muscles of the glands
Relay neurons or interneurons (association neurons) -
process the sensory information carried by the
sensory neurons and give a response through the
motor neurons

Parietal Lobe - Part of the brain controls most of the

senses such as touch and taste and also responsible
for controlling pain, body temperature and balance
Frontal lobe - part of the brain controls some
voluntary motor functions, different moods, and
sense of smell
Occipital lobe – part of the brain that controls the
sense of sight.
Temporal lobe - of the brain controls the sense of
smell and hearing and has a role in memory
Main parts of the brain:

Cerebrum - It is the largest part of the brain that

controls your ability to read, write, speak,
mathematical and musical skills and your memory.
Cerebellum - It helps in the smooth coordination of
skeletal muscle contractions, and regulates body
posture and balance.
Brain Stem – connects the brain and the spinal cord.
Medulla Oblongata - It is associated with heartbeat,
breathing, sensations, and reflect control when the
person is swallowing, vomiting, coughing, hiccupping,
and sneezing.
Mid-brain - It controls the coordination of muscular
movements and the reflexes that controls the
movement of the eyes, head, and neck.
Pons – connects the parts of the brain and also helps
control breathing.
Nerve cells: