HUMAN

REPRODUCTION

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 In the reproductive process, a
male sperm and a female egg
provide the information required
to produce another human being.
 Conception occurs when these
cells join as the egg is fertilized.
 Pregnancy begins once the
fertilized egg implants in the
uterus.
 The human body
constantly develops
and changes
throughout
the human life
cycle, and food
provides the fuel for
those changes.
 Bladder
Seminal vesicles
Ejaculatory ducts
Cowper's gland Prostate gland

Vas deferens Penis

Epididymis Urethra

Testis Fore skin

Scrotum

Clear view
Seminal vesicles: produces a
nutrient rich fluid that that provides Prostate gland: Produces
energy for the sperm cells an
alkaline fluid that neutralises
Cowper's gland: Produces mucus the acids produced in the
that helps with the movement of vagina, which would kill
sperm cells sperm cells

Vas deferens: Transports sperm

Urethra: Transports
from the epididymis to the urethra
semen and urine out of the
body
Epididymis: stores Sperm cells
and allow the mature.
Urethra:Transports semen
and urine out of the body
Testis: Produces sperm cells and
the hormone testosterone
Scrotum: Skin sac that protects the
Question: Why do testes hung testes and holds the testes ‘outside’ the
outside the body? body, at a temperature that is 2°C
below 37°C. This is the best
temperature for the production of
sperm.
 1. Development of male secondary sexual
characteristics, such as beard, pubic hair, deep
voice and a muscular body.
 2. Stimulates the maturation of sperm cells.

Seminal vesicles, Prostate gland and Cowper's

gland are called accessory glands

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 Cells of Leydig
- Production of
Testosterone
 Sertoli cells :-
- Provides nutrients
to developing
sperms
(spermatozoa)

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 Ovary

Fallopian tube
Endometrium
Uterus

Cervix

Vagina
Vulva

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 Ovary :Produces egg cells, Fallopian tube:
secretes progesterone and Connects the
oestrogen ovaries to the
Endometrium: uterus, transports
Inner lining of egg cells from the
uterus; place where ovary; it is the site of
the embryo implants fertilisation
and the placenta
forms Uterus: Carries the embryo
Cervix: Lower, narrow part of and foetus during pregnancy
uterus. It stretches to allow
the baby through during Vagina: Receives the penis and
childbirth semen during sexual
intercourse.
Vulva:external opening,
it is the passage through which
the baby is born (birth canal)
allows penetration to occur
Female sex organs.
Found in lower part of
abdominal cavity.
Made up of a covering
called germinal
epithelium with a large
number of follicles in it.
Germinal epithelium
produces follicles.
This produces ova during
Oogenesis
Follicles secrete oestrogen
and progesterone
 Puberty is the period in humans in which
they experience physical changes in their
bodies in order to be capable of sexual
reproduction.
It’s a period which indicates sexual maturity
 In boys, Stimulated by testosterone

 the first puberty change is the

enlargement of the scrotum and testes.
As the testes and scrotum continue to
grow, the penis grows. (sex organs)
 Growth of pubic hair, facial hair and body
hair
 Development of muscles and deepening
of voice
 Main changes that occur
under oestrogen
 Growth of female sex organs
 Start of the menstrual cycle
 production of ova
 Growth of pubic hair
 Growth and development of
breasts and widening of hips

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 Gametogenesis is the formation of gametes
 During the process of gametogenesis, a germ
cell undergoes meiosis to produce haploid cells
that directly develop into gametes. Hence, in
animals, meiosis is an integral part
of gametogenesis.
 Its divided in two
 Male gametes formed by spermatogenesis
 Female gametes formed by oogenesis

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 Spermatogenesis: this is the formation of
sperms
 PROCESS OF SPERMATOGENESIS.
 Under the influence of testosterone
 diploid cells in the seminiferous tubules
of the testes
 undergo meiosis
 to form haploid sperm cells
Germinal epithelium undergoes meiosis

Producing 4 haploid spermatids

Mature to form a spermatozoon

Each spermatozoon is made of a head,

middle portion and a tail.
 The sperm cell is made up of:
 1.Head which contains ACROSOME that contains the
enzymes to digest the membrane of ovum during
fertilization
 The NUCLEUS which contain the genetic material for in
heritance
 2.Middle piece with MITOCHONDRIA to provide energy
for sperm movement
 3. Tail which provide propulsion force for sperm
movement
 Oogenesis: is the formation of ovum

 PROCESS OF OOGENESIS
 Under the influence of FSH
 diploid cells in the ovary undergo
mitosis
 to form numerous follicles
 One cell inside a follicle enlarges and
undergoes meiosis
 Of the four cells that are produced,
only one
 survives to form a mature, haploid
ovum

One cell inside a follicle

Meiosis

4 haploid cells formed

3 cells break up; one cell matures

Mature ovum
 Functions of the different Jelly-like layer

parts of an ovum Cytoplasm

 layer of jelly- the provide Nucleus
protection
 Haploid nucleus-
contains genetic material Jelly-like layer

for inheritance Cytoplasm

 cytoplasm- its where
Nucleus
cells activities takes
place and also contains
other parts of the cells
 The menstrual cycle is divided into two
 the uterine and ovarian cycles

ovarian cycles

uterine cycles
 These are events
that occur inside the
ovary only.
 Development of the
Graafian follicle
under the influence
of FSH
 Ovulation and
changing of empty
graafian follicle to
 corpus luteum under
the influence of LH
 Oestrogen stimulates the endometrium to
become thicker and develop more blood vessels
(vascular) and glands (glandular).
 Under the influence of progesterone, the
endometrium to become even thicker and to
develop more blood vessels and glands, ready
to receive the embryo
 if the level of progesterone drops , Lining
breaks down and is released (menstruation)
 Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle
Hormones from brain
F=FSH (hypophysis) L=LH MENSTRUAL CYCLE =FLOP
Stimulates the development
of Graafian follicle to • Trigger ovulation 3
1
Ovarian cycle =ovaries

produce ovum • Stimulates the conversion of empty

Graafian follicle to Corpus luteum

0 7 14 21 28
Hormones from ovary (G.F & CL) Maintains pregnancy
O=OESROGE P=PROGESTRONE by making
N Prepares the uterus for
4
endometrium more
2 implantation ; by making it thick, more vascular &
thick, vascular & glandular more glandular
Uterine cycle =uterus

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 SUMMARY
Day 1–7 • Day 14
Ovaries: New follicles • Ovaries: Graafian follicle
develop and secrete bursts to release an egg
oestrogen cell. The process is called
Uterus: Lining breaks down ovulation
and is released (menstruation) • Day 15–22
Day 8–13 • Ovaries: The Graafian
Ovaries: Mature Graafian follicle becomes a corpus
follicle develops and then luteum that secretes
moves to edge of the ovary progesterone
 It secretes oestrogen. • Uterus: Progesterone
stimulates the endometrium
Uterus: Oestrogen stimulates to become even more
the endometrium to become thicker and to develop more
thicker and develop more blood vessels and glands,
blood vessels and glands
• ready to receive the
• Day 23–28
• Ovaries:
• If fertilization does not take place:
• The corpus luteum shrinks
• stopping secreting progesterone (levels of
progesterone drop)
• Endometrium shrink
• Accompanied by bleeding
• If fertilisation takes place:
• The corpus luteum remains active in the ovary
• and continues to secrete progesterone
• No more follicles develop in the ovaries
• No menstruation takes place
 Oestrogen inhibits FSH.
 The follicle becomes the corpus luteum
 and this produces oestrogen and progesterone
 which inhibit FSH and LH production by the
pituitary.
 This is an example of negative feedback .
 Progesterone maintains the uterus lining (the
thickness of the uterus wall).
 COPULATION:Is sexual activity typically
involving the insertion and thrusting of the penis
into the vagina for sexual pleasure/reproduction
purposes.

 FERTILIZATION is when the haploid nucleus of

sperm fuses with haploid nucleus of ovum to
form a diploid zygote
 After ovulation, a haploid sperm cell
produces the enzymes from the acrosome
which digests the cell membrane of the ovum
and then sperm cell then penetrates the
haploid ovum.
 The nuclei of the ovum and sperm fuse to
form a diploid zygote.
 DEVELOPMENT OF A ZYGOTE UNTIL
IMPLANTATION

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Grade 12 life sciences ThunderEDUC
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morula
mitosis
mitosis
blastula

• After fertilization, the zygote undergoes

mitosis
• to form a ball of cells called morula
• it divides by mitosis repeatedly to form a
hollow ball of cells called blastula
chorion
• It forms the outer layer called chorion
• which form finger-like projects called
chorionic villi for implantation
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 3D-ILLUSTRATION

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 1.4.The diagram below represents a
Questio sequence of events that may take
n to try place inside the human female
reproductive system.

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 OVULATION TO EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT

3-D Qns
 IMPLANTATION: The attachment of
the fertilized egg to the uterine lining.
 The embryo, moving as a blastocyst
through a uterus, makes contact with
the uterine wall and remains attached
to it until birth.
 Oestrogen and progesterone are the
chief pregnancy hormones.
 A woman will produce more oestrogen during
one pregnancy than throughout her entire life
when not pregnant.
 The increase in estrogen during pregnancy
enables the uterus and placenta to improve
vascularization (the formation of blood vessels)
 Progesterone, will maintain what oestrogen has
built (maintaining the pregnancy).
 CHORION: to protect and nurture the embryo.
 The chorionic fluid protects the embryo from shock.
 CHORIONIC VILLI: allow the exchange of nutrients,
oxygen and waste products with the mother.
 AMNION/ AMNIOTIC FLUID:
 Has thin, transparent fluid in which the embryo is
suspended.
 providing a cushion against mechanical injury.
 Prevents dehydration of the baby.
 Keeps the temperature almost constant.
 Allow the developing baby to move in the womb.
 Placenta: provides oxygen and nutrients to your
growing baby and removes waste products from your
baby's blood.
 Umbilical cord It contains a vein, which
carries oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood to the
fetus,
 and arteries that carry deoxygenated,
nutrient-depleted blood away.
 1. Nutrition: Nutrients diffuse from the maternal blood to
the foetus
 2. protection; The placenta acts as a barrier or filter for
certain harmful pathogens and chemicals eg HIV and
alcohol.
 3. Gaseous exchange, Oxygen and carbon dioxide are
exchanged between maternal and foetal blood
 4. excretion, Nitrogenous wastes are carried away from
the foetus by maternal blood
 5. endocrine function; After two months the placenta
takes over the secretion of progesterone and oestrogen
to maintain the endometrial lining.
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