ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

 Alternative hypothesis is a statement denoted by , is a statement that states

that there is a difference, an effect, change, relationship between a parameter and a
specific value, the independent variable has an effect on the dependent variable, or
something happened.

 An alternative hypothesis is a statement that directly contradicts a null hypothesis

by stating that that the actual value of a population parameter is less than, greater
than, or not equal to the value stated in the null hypothesis.

In symbol, it is written as:

5≠

< or

>

The alternative hypothesis will also determine the type of hypothesis testing will be
conducted.

One-tailed test will be used when using > or <.

Two-tailed test will be used when ≠is used.
Below are the common phrases used in hypothesis testing that will guide you the
correct symbol to be used in formulating alternative
13 hypothesis.

> < ≠ =
greater than less than
not equal equal to
above below
different from the same as
higher than lower than

longer than smaller than not changed

changed from
from
bigger than shorter than
not the same
decreased or is
increased ase as
reduced from
 LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

 Significance is defined as the quality of being statistically significant

 Level of significance, or significance level, refers to a criterion of judgment

upon which a decision is made regarding the value stated in a null hypothesis. Its
value is between 0 to 1 or between 0% to 100%.

 The level of significance, denoted by the Greek letter alpha , is a probability of

rejecting a true null hypothesis. In public health research, alpha is usually 0.01 or
1%. In social science, alpha is usually 0.05 or 5% and 0.10 or 10% in other
studies. This implies that there is 1%, 5%, or 10% probability of rejecting a true null
hypothesis. Further, it implies that the result has 99%, 95%, or 90% chance of
being true, respectively.

In symbol, it is written as:

=
= or
=

Furthermore, if the alternative hypothesis used ≠,

then alpha will be divided by 2, i.e.,
⁄ =
⁄ = or
⁄ =

ACTIVITY 1

A. Read and understand the given statements below. Determine the value of or
⁄ based on the alternative hypothesis in decimal form. Write your answer in
mathematical symbol in your notebook.
1. A chemist invented an additive to increase the lifespan of rechargeable battery. The
said additive will extend on average the battery’s lifespan to 48 months. Test the
hypothesis at 0.01 level of significance that the average lifespan is higher than 48
months.

2. The average number of years to finish basic education is 14. A sample of 30 senior
high school students were asked and found out that the mean number of years to finish
their basic education is 12 with a standard deviation of 2 years. Test the hypothesis at
93% confidence interval that the average number of years to finish basic education is
less than 14 years.

3. A sample of 100 private school students were surveyed whether they planned to
transfer to public school in the incoming school year. Results showed that 40% of these
students will transfer to public school. Test the average number of private school
students that will transfer to public school is not 40% at 5% level of significance.

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CRITICAL REGION

 Critical region, also known as rejection region, is a range of values that

corresponds to the rejection of the null hypothesis. If the value of the test statistic is
within the critical region, then the null hypothesis is rejected. Otherwise, the null
hypothesis is not rejected. This will be based on the alternative hypothesis.

 Critical values of the tests of hypotheses are the number or numbers that
determine the rejection region. Thus, critical region might be a single number or an
interval.

For one-tailed test or directional test <, the critical region is at the left side of the
acceptance region.
For one-tailed test or directional test >, the critical region is at the right side of the
acceptance region.
For two-tailed test or non-directional test ≠, the critical region is at the left and right
sides of the acceptance region.
Below is the illustration of the different critical region.

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ACTIVITY 2

A. Complete the sentence below by providing the correct word/s on the blank.
Write your answers in your notebook.

1. In non-directional test, the acceptance region lies ___________ the two critical
regions.
2. The acceptance region for the right-tailed test (one-tailed test) is in the __________
side of the critical region.
3. There are at most ___________ possible critical regions in a hypothesis testing.
4. When the test statistic is located within the critical region, then is __________.
5. There are at most ___________ possible critical value/s in a hypothesis testing.

B. Read and understand the given statements below. Determine the position of
the rejection region either left side, right side, or between the acceptance region.
Write your answer on the blank after the given.
1. A chemist invented an additive to increase the lifespan of rechargeable battery. The
said additive will extend on average the battery’s lifespan to 48 months. Test the
hypothesis at 0.01% level of significance that the average lifespan is higher than 48
months.

2. The average number of years to finish basic education is 14. A sample of 30

senior high school students were asked and found out that the mean number of
years to finish their basic education is 12 with a standard deviation of 2 years.
Test the hypothesis at 93% confidence interval that the average number of years
to finish basic education is less than 14 years.

3. A sample of 100 private school students were surveyed whether they planned to
transfer to public schools in the incoming school year. Results showed that 40% of
these students will transfer to public schools. Test the average number of private school
students that will transfer to public schools is not 40% at 5% level of significance.

TYPES OF ERRORS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING

 Type I error is committed when rejecting a true null hypothesis. The

probability of committing it is denoted by or the level of significance.
 Type II error is committed when accepting a false null hypothesis. The
probability of committing it is denoted by .

Commonly Used Levels of Significance and Its Corresponding Critical Values

Level of Significance Test Types

One-tailed Two-tailed

0.05 or

0.01 or

0.001 or
An example on how to state these types of errors in a sentence is given below.
Given: The mean number of years a teacher work before retiring is 30.
Type I error: We conclude that the mean number of years a teacher work before
retiring is not 30 years, when it really is 30 years.
Type II error: We conclude that the mean number of years a teacher work before
retiring is 30 years, when in fact it really is not 30 years.

z-Test on the Comparison Between the Population Mean

and Sample Mean

Decision making is part of our daily lives. We are given different options. This
situation is the same as in testing hypothesis. Options can be treated as hypothesis. It is
like the process of selecting which of these options is the best solution to our problem.
There are steps to follow to come up with the solution. Now, we will learn these steps.
The first step in hypothesis testing is the formulation of the null and alternative
hypotheses.

z-test on the comparison between the population mean and sample mean ̅ is
used when the population mean and the population standard deviation are known,
and is compared to a sample mean ̅ .

It is also important to identify the parameters or statistics involve in the problem

to determine the appropriate formula. 21
Example 2.1. Read and understand the problems below. Determine the values of
the parameters, statistics and sample size involved and formulate the null and
alternative hypotheses.

Example 2.1.1

A manufacturer of ethyl alcohol has developed a new packaging design. He

claims that the new packaging design has an average reduction of production expenses
of Php 5.00 per bottle with a standard deviation of Php 2.00. A manager of one of their
satellite production branch claims that the 200 samples of this new packaging design
has an average reduction of production expenses of Php 3.00. Test the difference of the
population and sample means at 0.05 level of significance.
Solution:
Given: sample size =
Parameter: population mean = population standard deviation =
Statistic: sample mean ̅ =
Formulation of null and alternative hypotheses.
The average reduction of production expenses of the new packaging design
of ethyl alcohol is Php 5.00.
In symbol, =
The average reduction of production expenses of the new packaging design
of ethyl alcohol is less than Php 5.00.
In symbol, <
(We used less than in because the sample average is Php3.00 which is less than the
population average Php5.00)

Example 2.1.2

A manufacturer of face mask has developed a new face mask design. He claims
that the new design has an average profit increase of 10% with a standard deviation of
3%. Test the hypothesis that the new face mask design average profit increase of is not
10% if a random sample of 50 face mask is tested with an average profit increase of
4%. Use 10% level of significance.
Solution:
Given: sample size =
Parameter: population mean = population standard deviation =
Statistic: sample mean ̅ =
Step 1. Formulation of null and alternative hypotheses.
The average profit increase of the new face mask design is 10%.
In symbol, =
22
The average profit increase of the new face mask design is not 10%.
In symbol, ≠
(We used not equal because it was indicated in the problem.)
Example 2.1.3

A teacher conducted a study to know if blended learning affects the students’

performances. A class of 30 students of Grade 11 was surveyed and found out that their
mean score was 83 with a standard deviation of 4. A study from other country revealed
that = with a standard deviation of 3. Test the hypothesis at 0.10 level of
significance.
Solution:
Given: sample size =
Parameter: population mean = population standard deviation =
Statistic: sample mean ̅ =
Step 1. Formulation of null and alternative hypotheses.
 The mean score of students’ performances in blended learning is 80.
In symbol, =
The mean score of students’ performances in blended learning is greater
than 80
In symbol, >
(We used greater than because sample mean 83 is greater than population mean 80.)

ACTIVITY 3
Determine the given of the problems below and formulate the null and alternative
hypothesis both in words and symbols. Write your answer in your notebook.
Please follow the format in the examples.
1. A jeepney driver claims that his average monthly income is Php 3000.00 with a
standard deviation of Php 300.00. A sample of 30 jeepney drivers were surveyed
and found that their average monthly income is Php 3500.00 with a standard
deviation of Php 350.00. Test the hypothesis at 1% level of significance.
2. A mathematics teacher in senior high school developed a problem-solving test to
randomly selected 40 grade 11 students. These students had an average score
of 85 and a standard deviation of 5. If the population had a mean score of 90 and
a standard deviation of 3, use 5% level of significance to test the hypothesis.
3. A kinder teacher developed a coloring worksheet for her pupils. Using this
worksheet, the pupil’s performance has a mean score of 90 and a standard
deviation of 10. Fifty kinder pupils from a certain barangay were asked to answer
the said worksheet and found that 23 their mean score was 95 with a standard
deviation of 5. Test the hypothesis at 1% significance level.

t-Test on the Comparison Between the Population Mean

and Sample Mean

This test will be used when the population standard deviation is unknown but
the sample standard deviation is known or can be computed. The t-test will replace z-
test. The degrees of freedom df is the number of pieces of independent information
available for computing variability. The required number of degrees of freedom varies
depending on the size of the distribution. Hence, for a single group of population
= and for two groups = for t-test where and are the
population size.
Example 2.2. Read and understand the problems below. Determine the values of
the parameters, statistics and sample size involve and formulate the null and
alternative hypotheses.

Example 2.2.1

The mean number of hours of student to finish answering the Statistics Module is
5 hours. A random sample of 15 students was asked and found that their mean number
of hours to finish answering the Statistics module is 6 hours with a standard deviation of
2 hours. Test the hypothesis at 5% level of significance.

Solution:
Given: sample size =
Parameter: population mean =
Statistic: sample mean ̅ = sample standard deviation =

Step 1. Formulation of null and alternative hypotheses.

The mean number of hours of student to finish answering the Statistics
Module is 5 hours.
In symbol, =

The mean number of hours of student to finish answering the Statistics

Module is greater than 5 hours 24
In symbol, >

(We used greater than in because the sample mean 6 is greater than the population
mean 5.)

Example 2.2.2

In a study of television viewing, the mean number of television program they

watched during daytime was 7. A survey was conducted on the random sample of 25
households and found that the mean number of television program they watched during
daytime was 5 with a standard deviation of 1.5. Test the hypothesis at 10% level of
significance.
Given: sample size =
Parameter: population mean =
Statistic: sample mean ̅ = sample standard deviation =
Step 1. Formulation of null and alternative hypotheses.
mean number of television program they watched during daytime was 7.
 In symbol, =
The average profit increase of the new face mask design is not 10%.
In symbol, <
(We used less than because the sample mean 5 is less than the population mean 7.)

Example 2.2.3

A rural health unit conducted a survey on the heights of the male aged 18 to 24
years old. It was found out that the mean height of male aged 18 to 24 years old was 70
inches. Test the hypothesis that the mean height of the male aged 18 to 24 years old is
not 70 inches if a random sample of 20 male aged 18 to 24 years old had a mean height
of 65 inches with a standard deviation of 3. Use 1% level of significance.

Given: sample size =

Parameter: population mean =

Statistic: sample mean ̅= sample standard deviation =

Step 1. Formulation of null and alternative hypotheses.

The mean height of male aged 18 to 24 years old was 70 inches.
In symbol, =
25
The mean height of male aged 18 to 24 years old was not 70 inches
In symbol, ≠
(We used not equal because it was indicated that the population mean was not 70
inches.)

ACTIVITY 4
Determine the given of the problems below and formulate the null and alternative
hypothesis both in words and symbols. Write your answer in your notebook.
Please follow the format in the examples.

1. A health specialist wants to determine the average number of hours a person

exercise in a day during the quarantine period. She found out that the mean number of
hours a person exercise in a day during the quarantine period is 80 minutes. A random
sample of 29 persons were surveyed and found that their mean is 65 minutes and a
standard deviation of 10 minutes. Test the hypothesis at 2% level of significance and
assume that the population is normally distributed.

2. A study was conducted to determine the marrying age of teachers. It was found out
that the mean marrying ager of teachers is 30 years old. Fifteen teachers were
surveyed randomly and found that their mean marrying age was 33 years old with a
standard deviation of 5 years. Use 10% level of significance to test the hypothesis and
assume that the population is normally distributed.

3. An association of City Mayors conducted a study to determine the average number of

times a family went to buy necessities in a week. They found that the mean is 4 times in
a week. A random sample of 20 families were asked and found a mean of 5 times in a
week and a standard deviation of 2. Use 5% significance level to test that the population
mean is not equal to 5. Assume that the population is normally distributed.

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