Hypothesis Testing 1

HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
HYPOTHESIS
- a proposition on the relation between two or more variables that
are measurable.
Example:
There is a relationship between mass media exposure and
social awareness
Hypothesis testing is a method for testing a claim or hypothesis

about a parameter in a population, using data measured in a sample.
It is really a systematic way to test claims or ideas about a group or
population.
Example
• There is a claim that a new drug to treat tuberculosis is
better than the current drug used in treating the same
illness.
• The question of interest is simplified into two competing
claims, that there is no significant difference in the effects
of drug or there is significant difference in the effect of the
drugs in treating tuberculosis.
TWO TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
1. NULL HYPOTHESIS
2. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
NULL HYPOTHESIS
- states that there is no relationship between the independent
variable and dependent variable
- symbolized by Ho
- must contain the condition of equality and must be written with the
symbols =, ≤, ≥
Example:
There is no relationship between mass media exposure and
social awareness
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
- states that there is a significant relationship between the
independent variable and dependent variable
- a statement of the theory where the researcher believes to be true
or wishes to prove.
- sometimes referred to as research hypothesis
- symbolized by Ha or H1
Example:
There is a relationship between mass media exposure and

social awareness
Example 1
• A study is conducted on the relationship of the fourth year
high school general weighted average (x) and the practice
teaching performance (y) of 15 graduating students.
• Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant relationship

between the fourth year high school general weighted
average and practice teaching performance of 15
graduating students.
• Alternative Hypothesis (HA): There is significant
relationship between the fourth year high school general
weighted average and practice teaching performance of
15 graduating students.
Example 2.
A study is conducted whether there is a significant
difference in the managerial and leadership skills of a public
secondary school principals and private secondary school
principals in a certain district.
• Null hypothesis (H0): There is no significant difference
in the managerial and leadership skills of a public
secondary schools principals and private secondary
schools principal in district X.
• Alternative Hypothesis (HA): There is significant

difference in the managerial and leadership skills of a
public secondary schools principals and private
secondary schools principal in district X.
State the null and alternative hypotheses for each conjecture.
1. A researcher thinks that if expectant mothers use vitamin pills,
the birth weight of the babies will increase. The average birth
weight is 8.6 pounds.
2. An engineer hypothesized that the mean number of defects

can be decreased in a manufacturing process of compact
disks by using robots instead of humans for certain tasks. The
mean number of defective disks per 1000 is 18.
3. A psychologist feels that playing soft music during a test will

change the results of the test. The psychologist is not sure
whether the grades will be higher or lower. In the past, the
mean of scores was 73.
Directional and Non-directional Tests
• In hypothesis testing, a hypothesis is of two types, a
directional (one-tailed test) and non-directional a (two-
tailed test).
One-tailed Test (Directional)
• A one-tailed test is a statistical hypothesis test in which the values
for which we can reject the null hypothesis, H0 are located entirely
in one tail of the probability distribution either located at the left or
at the right side of the bell curve.
Two-tailed test (Non-directional)
• A two-tailed test is a statistical hypothesis test in which
the values for which we can reject the null hypothesis,
H0 are located in both tails of the probability distribution.
CRITICAL VALUE
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
- probability of rejecting a null hypothesis when it is true.
- denoted by 𝛼 .
Example:
A significance level of 0.05 indicates a 5% risk of concluding
that a difference exists when there is no actual difference.
CONCLUSIONS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING
• It is understood that if the null hypothesis is rejected as a result of
sample evidence, then the alternative hypothesis is accepted.
• If the null hypothesis is accepted, this does not necessarily
implied that the null hypothesis is true, it only suggest that there is
no sufficient evidence against H0 in favor of HA. However, rejecting
the null hypothesis suggests that the alternative hypothesis may
be true.
The table below gives a summary of possible results of any
hypothesis test:
Null Hypothesis
Decision True False
Reject Ho Type I Error Correct

Decision
Accept Ho Correct Type II Error

Decision
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Steps:
1.State the hypothesis and identify the claim.
2.Find the critical value(s) from the appropriate table.
3.Compute the test value
4.Make the decision to reject or not to reject the null
hypothesis.
5.Summarize the result.
Z-TEST
Given:
Population mean 𝝁 = 𝟐𝟒, 𝟔𝟕𝟐
Sample mean 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟔, 𝟑𝟒𝟑
Population std. dev. 𝝈= 3, 251
Sample size 𝒏 = 𝟑𝟓
𝜶 = 0.01
1. A company advertises that the average life of their bulbs is 1200
hours. The standard deviation of the lives of the bulbs is 60 hours.
If a sample of 60 bulbs has an average life of 1500 hours, can we
conclude that the advertisement is likely to be true? Use 5%
significance level.
Given:
Population mean 𝜇 = 1,200
Sample mean 𝑥 = 1,500
Population std. dev. 𝜎= 60
Sample size 𝑛 = 60
𝛼 = 0.05
Given:
Population mean 𝝁 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟎𝟎
Sample mean 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝟓𝟎𝟎
Population std. dev. 𝝈= 60
Sample size 𝒏 = 𝟔𝟎
𝜶 = 0.05
Step 1. Ho : 𝜇 = 1,200 (𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑚) Ha : 𝜇 ≠ 1,200

Step 2: Critical value: 1. 96 and -1.96 since 𝛼 = 0.05 (two-tailed)
Step 3: Compute the test value
𝑥 −𝜇 1500−1200 300
z= 𝜎 = 60 = 7.75
= 38.71
𝑛 60
Step 4: Make the decision.
Since the test value 38. 71 > 1.96 , and is in the critical region, the
decision is to reject the null hypothesis.
Step 5: The advertisement is not true.
Try this!
1. A principal at a certain school claims that the students in his school are
above average intelligence. A random sample of 30 students IQ scores
have a mean score of 112. Is there sufficient evidence to support the
principal’s claim? The mean population IQ is 100 with a standard deviation
of 15.
2. Blood glucose levels for obese patients have a mean of 120 with a standard
deviation of 12. A researcher thinks that a diet high in raw cornstarch will
have a positive or negative effect on blood glucose levels. A sample of 30
patients who have tried the raw cornstarch diet have a mean glucose level
of 140.

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HYPOTHESIS

Hypothesis testing is a method for testing a claim or hypothesis

There is a relationship between mass media exposure and

• Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant relationship

• Alternative Hypothesis (HA): There is significant

2. An engineer hypothesized that the mean number of defects

3. A psychologist feels that playing soft music during a test will

Reject Ho Type I Error Correct

Accept Ho Correct Type II Error

Step 1. Ho : 𝜇 = 1,200 (𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑚) Ha : 𝜇 ≠ 1,200

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