Statnprob1 Q4 Testinghypothesiss

STATISTICS AND
PROBABILITY
LESSON 1: TESTING HYPOTHESIS
4TH QUARTER
Teacher: ENGR. JAKE ANDREI T. CALICA

OBJECTIVES:
• define and illustrate the null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, level of
significance, rejection region, and types of errors in hypothesis testing;
• identify the rejection and non-rejection regions and the critical values;
and
• differentiate Type I and Type II errors in claims and decisions.
What is HYPOTHESIS?
testable statement or an educated guess based on

given data of what the researcher predict will be the
outcome of the study.
A hypothesis is a proposed explanation, assertion,

or assumption about a population parameter or about the
distribution of a random variable.
What is HYPOTHESIS TESTING?
Hypothesis testing in statistics is a way for you to test the
results of a survey or experiment to see if you have meaningful
results. You’re basically testing whether your results are valid by
figuring out the odds that your results have happened by chance.
(statisticshowto.com)
Hypothesis testing is a form of statistical inference that
uses data from a sample to draw conclusions about a population
parameter or a population probability distribution.
(britannica.com)
There are two assumptions when conducting hypothesis testing;

NULL and ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
The null hypothesis is an initial claim based on previous
analyses, which the researcher tries to disprove, reject, or nullify. It
shows no significant difference between two parameters. It is
denoted HO
On the other hand, alternative hypothesis, shows that

observations are the result of a real effect, and it shows
contradiction to null hypothesis. It is denoted by HA
NOTE: Null and Alternative hypothesis must be always complementary

SYMBOL MEANING WORD PHRASES

< less than fewer than, below
> greater than more than, above
≤ less than or equal at most, no more than
≥ greater than or equal at least, not less than
≠ not equal not equal to
Level of Significance
Since hypothesis is are based on sample information errors can
occur and these possibilities needs to be considered. This is called
Level of Significance it pertains to the tolerable margin of error
when conducting hypothesis testing.
Here are things we should know about Level of Significance

• The level of significance denoted by alpha or 𝛂 refers to the degree
of significance in which we accept or reject the null hypothesis.
• 100% accuracy is not possible in accepting or rejecting a hypothesis
• The significance level α is also the probability of making the wrong
decision when the null hypothesis is true.
Error in Hypothesis Testing
Any decision made based on a hypothesis test may be incorrect. In
the framework of hypothesis tests there are two types of errors: Type I
error and type II error. A Type I error occurs if a true null hypothesis is
rejected (a “false positive”), while a Type II error occurs if a false null
hypothesis is not rejected (a “false negative”).
Hartmann, K., Krois, J., Waske, B. (2018): E-Learning Project SOGA: Statistics and Geospatial Data
Analysis. Department of Earth Sciences, Freie Universitaet Berlin.
Let’s Try!
Bryan is starting his own food cart business, and he is
choosing cities where he will run his business. He wants to
survey residents and test at 5% level of significance whether the
demand is high enough to support his business before he applies
for the necessary permits to operate in his selected city. He will
only choose a city if there is strong evidence that the demand
there is high enough. We can state the null hypothesis for his test
as:
Let’s Try!
• He doesn't choose a city where demand is actually high

enough.
• He chooses a city where demand is actually high
enough.
• He chooses a city where demand isn't actually high
enough.
Directional Test
We can claim or reject the null hypothesis through directional tests
by using the level of significance.
Here are things we should know about One and Two-tailed test
• When the alternative hypothesis is two-sided like Ha : 𝜇 ≠𝜇 o , it is
called two-tailed test.
• When the given statistics hypothesis assumes a less than or greater
than value, it is called one-tailed test.
Illustration of Rejection Region
For us to understand on how to claim or reject the null hypothesis,
let’s take note the regions on our distribution curve.
Here are things we should know about Rejection Region

• The rejection region (or critical region) is the set of all values of the
test statistic that causes us to reject the null hypothesis.
• The non-rejection region (or acceptance region) is the set of all values
of the test statistic that causes us to fail to reject the null hypothesis.
• The critical value is a point (boundary) on the test distribution that is
compared to the test statistic to determine if the null hypothesis would
be rejected.
Illustration of Rejection Region
For us to understand on how to claim or reject the null hypothesis,
let’s take note the regions on our distribution curve.
STATISTICS AND
PROBABILITY
LESSON 2: Formulating Appropriate Null and
Alternative Hypotheses on a Population Mean
4TH QUARTER
OBJECTIVES:
• identify the notation to be used in formulating hypotheses;
• illustrate one-tailed and two-tailed tests;
• differentiate null and alternative hypotheses; and
• formulate null and alternative hypotheses.
What is STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS?
The statistical hypothesis is about a parameter or distribution of

the population values. It is a claim or a conjecture that may either be true
or false
For example, the parameter in the statement is the average daily

number of text messages that a Grade 11 student sends. Usually, the
parameter is represented by a symbol, like for the population mean, we
use µ. Hence, the null and alternative hypotheses could be stated using
symbols as “Ho: µ= 100 against Ha: µ ≠ 100.”
What is STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS?
Null Hypothesis (𝑯𝒐) Alternative Hypothesis
(𝑯𝒂 )
• It states that there is no • It states that the population
difference between population parameter has some statistical
parameters (such as mean, significance (smaller, greater,
standard deviation, and so on) or different than) with the
and the hypothesized value. hypothesized value.
• There is no observed effect. • There is an observed effect.
• The null hypothesis is often an • The alternative hypothesis is
initial claim that is based on what you might believe to be
previous analyses or true or hope to prove true.
specialized knowledge.
SYMBOL MEANING WORD PHRASES

< less than fewer than, below
> greater than more than, above
≤ less than or equal at most, no more than
≥ greater than or equal at least, not less than
≠ not equal not equal to
The null and alternative hypotheses are
complementary and must not overlap.
The null and alternative hypotheses are complementary and must
not overlap. The usual pairs are as follow:
(a) Ho: Parameter = Value versus Ha: Parameter ≠ Value;

(b) Ho: Parameter = Value versus Ha: Parameter < Value;
(c) Ho: Parameter = Value versus Ha: Parameter > Value;
(d) Ho: Parameter ≤ Value versus Ha: Parameter > Value; and
(e) Ho: Parameter ≥ Value versus Ha: Parameter < Value
One-Tailed Test
An alternative hypothesis predicts not only the difference of
sample mean from the population mean but also how it would be different
in a specific direction - lower or higher. This test is called a directional or
one-tailed test because the rejection region is entirely within one tail
of the distribution.
Example of One-Tailed distribution

Two-Tailed Test
The test of such a hypothesis is nondirectional or two tailed
because an extreme test statistic in either tail of the distribution (positive
or negative) will lead to the rejection of the null hypothesis of no
difference.
Example of Two-Tailed distribution

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STATISTICS AND

Teacher: ENGR. JAKE ANDREI T. CALICA

testable statement or an educated guess based on

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation, assertion,

There are two assumptions when conducting hypothesis testing;

On the other hand, alternative hypothesis, shows that

NOTE: Null and Alternative hypothesis must be always complementary

SYMBOL MEANING WORD PHRASES

Here are things we should know about Level of Significance

• He doesn't choose a city where demand is actually high

Here are things we should know about Rejection Region

The statistical hypothesis is about a parameter or distribution of

For example, the parameter in the statement is the average daily

SYMBOL MEANING WORD PHRASES

(a) Ho: Parameter = Value versus Ha: Parameter ≠ Value;

Example of One-Tailed distribution

Example of Two-Tailed distribution

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