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    Muscular System (1) Asjfnasnfnas

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    Jglacier god

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    Muscular System (1) Asjfnasnfnas

    Uploaded by

    Jglacier god
    11 views4 pages

    Original Title

    Muscular System (1) asjfnasnfnas

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    11 views4 pages

    Muscular System (1) Asjfnasnfnas

    Uploaded by

    Jglacier god

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    MUSCULAR SYSTEM

    Muscle Tissues
    Types
    A. Skeletal Muscles
    a. Striated and voluntary
    b. Forms the smoother contours of the body
    c. Cigar shaped, multinucleated
    d. Fibers can be seen by naked eye
    e. Often activated by reflexes
    f. Connective tissue wrapping – provides strength and support to the
    muscle as a whole; allows muscle to exert tremendous power
    without being ripped apart
    i. Endomysium – Binds the sarcolemma
    ii. Perimysium – Binds the fascicle
    iii. Fascicle – Bundle of fibers
    iv. Epimysium – “overcoat”; covers the entire muscle
    v. Aponeuroses – attach muscles indirectly to bones,
    cartilages or connective tissue coverings
    vi. Tendons – connects muscle to bone, provide durability
    and conserve space
    B. Smooth Muscles
    a. Visceral, non-striated, and involuntary
    b. Spindle shaped
    c. Arranged in sheets or layers
    d. Stomach, urinary bladder and respiratory passages
    C. Cardiac Muscles
    a. Striated and involuntary
    b. Arranged in spiral or figure 8 – shaped
    c. Branched in cells joined by special junctions called intercalated disks

    Physiologic properties
    a. Electrical excitability
    a. It is the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing signals such as action potentials
    b. Contractility
    a. It is the ability of muscle tissue to contract when stimulated
    c. Extensability
    a. Ability to stretch
    b. Allows muscle to contract even when stretched
    d. Elasticity
    a. Ability to return to its original length and shape after contraction or extension

    Comparison of the different types of muscle

    Characteristics Skeletal Smooth Cardiac


    Location Attached to bones or even skin Hollow visceral organs Heart
    Shape and appearance Single, long cylindrical, Single, uninucleated, no Branching, uninucleated,
    multinucleated and very striations, spindle shaped straited
    obvious striations
    Regulation of contraction Voluntary via NS Involuntary via NS and Involuntary via NS and own
    hormones pace maker, hormones
    Speed of contraction Slow to fast Very slow Slow
    Rhytmic contraction No Yes to some yes

    Functions of the Muscular system


    a. Movement

    b. Posture and joint stabilization

    c. Storing and moving substances within the body

    d. Generating heat
    MUSCULAR SYSTEM

    Microscopic anatomy of the Skeletal Muscle

    Sarcolemma – (sarc-flesh + lemma – sheath) plasma membrane


    of the muscle cell
    Myofibrils- ribbone like organelles ; contractile elements of the
    skeletal muscle
     Bands – give the muscle cell their stripped appearance
     Dark bands- A bands (H-Zone)
     Light bands – I bands (Z- line)
    Sarcomere (mere- part) – basic functional unit of a myofibril
    Myofilaments – Thread like proteins inside the sarcomere
    a. Myosin – Thick filaments made up of proteins, myosin
    and ATPase enzymes which split to generate power for
    muscle contraction
    b. Actin – Thin filaments, slides together with myosin,
    anchored to the z disc
    c. Sarcoplasmic reticulum(SR) – Fluid filled system of
    memranous sacs that encircles the myofibril
     Store Ca ions and releases it “on demand” when the
    muscle fiber is stimulated to contract.
    o Ca ions provide final “go” signal

    Skeletal Muscle activity

    I. Stimulation and contraction of single skeletal muscle

    The nerve stimulus and action potential


    One motor neuron may stimulate a few muscle cells or
    hundreds of them, depending on the particular muscle and the work
    it does.
    Neuromuscular junctions – end of the axon terminal that would
    connect to the muscle
    Neurotransmitter – released by neuron passes in the synaptic cleft,
    more specific neurotransmitter = Acethylcholine (Ach)
    Ach makes sacrolemma permeable to sodium ions (Na+),
    that rush into the muscle

    Mechanism of contraction: Sliding Filament Theory


    After stimulation by the NS the sliding begins. Energized by the
    ATP, each cross bridge attaches and detaches several times during
    contraction, acting like oars to pull filaments toward center of the
    sarcomere.
     Attachment of myosin cross bridge requires Ca ions, so the
    SR release Ca ions into the sarcoplasm.
     When the action potential ends, Ca is absorbed into the SR
    storage areas, and the muscle cell relaxes and goes to its
    original length.

    II. Contraction of skeletal muscle as a whole

    Graded responses
     “all-or-none” law of muscle physiology applies to the muscle cell, not to the whole muscle.
    o States that a muscle cell will contract to its fullest extent when stimulated adequately; it never partially contracts.
     Skeletal muscles are organs that is made up of thousands of muscle cells, and they react to stimuli with graded response, or
    different degrees of shortening.
    MUSCULAR SYSTEM

    2 ways of graded contractions


    1. Change in the speed of contraction
    2. Change in the number of muscle cells being stimulated

    1. Change in Speed ( Rapid Stimulation)


    Nerve impulses are delivered to the muscle at a very rapid rate – so rapid that muscles don’t get time to relax completely
    between stimuli.
    Results to “summed” contractions that gets stronger and smoother and smoother.
    Tetanus- State where muscle is stimulated so rapidly resulting in smooth and sustained contractions
    2. Change in number of cells or Stronger Stimuli
    The more muscle cells stimulated then it reaches the strongest contraction

    III. Energy for Muscle Contraction

    A. ATP molecules
     are hydrolyzed to release needed energy.
     Limited supply – about 4-6 seconds worth

    Three pathways for ATP


    1. Direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate (CP)
    High energy molecule creatine phosphate is found in muscle fiber
    CP interacts with ADP resulting in ATP regeneration
    2. Aerobic Respiration
    Use of Oxygen to regenerate ATP specially during rest and light
    exercise
    3. Anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation
    Breakdown of glucose

    IV. Muscle fatigue and O2 Debt

    Continous use of muscle tissue leads to use of O2, when O2 debt happens
    muscle becomes fatigue

    V. Type of muscle contraction


    i. Isotonic contractions (same tone or tension)
    1. Myofilaments are succesful in sliding, muscle shortens and movement occurs
    ii. Isometric contractions
    1. Muscle does not shorten, but tension is present

    Muscle tone – result of different motor units, which are scattered throught the muscle stimulated by the NS is a systematic way

    VI. Exercise and muscle


    Regular exercise increases muscle size, strength nad endurance
    Aerobic or endurance exercises – stronger more flexible muscles with stronger resistance to fatigue
    Isometric exercise – leads to muscle atrophy resulting in bigger mass

    VII. Muscle movement


    a. Flexion – movement that decrease the angle of the joint and brings 2 bones closer together.
    b. Extension – Movements that increase the angle or distance between 2 bones
    c. Abduction – moving a limb away from the midline or median plane
    d. Adduction – movement towards the midline
    e. Rotation – movement around the longitudinal axis. Common in ball-and-socket joints
    f. Circumduction – combination of flexion, extension, abduction, usually proximal end is stationary and distal is
    moving creating a cone.
    g. Pronation – moving the palm of the hand from an anterior or upward facing, position to a posterior, or downward-
    facing
    h. Supination – moving from posterior to anterior
    i. Inversion – Turning the sole of the foot so that it faces medially
    j. Eversion – turning the sole of the foot laterally
    k. Dorsiflexion – movement at the ankle that moves the instep of the foot up and dorsally toward the shin
    l. Plantar Flexion – Straighten the ankle joints, causes the toes to point downward
    MUSCULAR SYSTEM

    VIII. Type of muscle


    a. Prime mover – the muscle that has the major responsibility for causing a particular movement
    b. Antagonist – muscles that oppose or reverse a movement
    c. Synergists – help prime movers by producing the same movements or by reducing undesirable or unnecessary
    movement
    d. Fixators – Are specialized synergist
    a. Hold bone still, stabilize the origin of a prime mover
    b. Postural muscles that stabilizes the vertebral column

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