BS Nursing 1 (ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY)

Muscular System
Dr. Samantha Manalo-Salinas | Date: December 02, 2022

Outline
- Most skeletal muscles are attached to
I.Functions of the Muscular System
bones and are responsible for the
II. General Properties of Muscle Tissue
a. Contractability majority of body movements, including
b. Excitability walking, running, chewing, and
c. Extensibility manipulating objects with the hands.
d. Elasticity 2. Maintenance of posture.
III. Types of Muscle Tissues - Skeletal muscles constantly maintain
a. Skeletal Muscle tone, which keeps us sitting or standing
b. Smooth Muscle erect.
c. Cardiac Muscle
3. Respiration.
IV. Characters of the Skeletal Muscles
- Contraction of the skeletal muscles of the
a. Skeletal Muscle Structure
b. Skeletal Muscle Fiber thorax and the diaphragm help us
c. Excitability of Muscle Fibers breathe.
- Electrical Component 4. Production of body heat.
- Mechanical Component - When skeletal muscles contract, heat is
V. Nerve Supply And Muscle Fiber Stimulation given off as a byproduct. This released
a. Motor Neurons heat is critical for maintaining body
b. Neurons temperature.
VI. Muscle Contraction 5. Communication.
VII. Energy Requirement For Muscle Contraction
- Skeletal muscles are involved in all
VIII. Atp Is Derived From Four Processes In The
aspects of communication, including
Skeletal Muscle
a. Fatigue speaking, writing, typing, gesturing, and
IX. Effects Of Fiber Type On Activity Level smiling or frowning.
X. Types of Muscle Contractions 6. Constriction of organs and vessels.
a. Smooth muscle - The contraction of smooth muscle within
b. Cardiac muscle the walls of internal organs and vessels
XI. Leg Movements causes those structures to constrict. This
XII. Effects of Aging on Skeletal Muscle constriction can help propel and mix food
XIII. Representative Disease and Disorders and water in the digestive tract; remove
materials from organs, such as the
Legend: Black for powerpoint, Red for Audio
urinary bladder or sweat glands; and
Lecture
regulate blood flow through vessels.
7. Contraction of the heart.
- The contraction of cardiac muscle causes
I. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM AND ITS the heart to beat, propelling blood to all
FUNCTIONS parts of the body.

The following list summarizes the major II. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
functions of all three types of muscle:
1. Contractility
1. Movement of the body. - Is the ability of muscle to shorten
forcefully, or contract. For example, lifting
BS Nursing 1 (ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY)
Muscular System
Dr. Samantha Manalo-Salinas | Date: December 02, 2022

this textbook requires certain muscles to ● Skeletal muscle

contract. - Is voluntary muscle and constitutes about
2. Excitability 40% of the body’s weight. Locomotion,
- Is the capacity of muscle to respond to an facial expressions, posture, respiratory
electrical stimulus. Normally, the stimulus functions, speech, and other body
is from nerves that we consciously movements are due to skeletal muscle
control. For instance, if you decide to contraction.
wave to a friend, the conscious decision ● Smooth muscle
to lift your arm is sent via nerves. - Is involuntary muscle and is the most
3. Extensibility widely distributed type of muscle in the
- Means a muscle can be stretched beyond body. It is found in the walls of hollow
its normal resting length and still be able organs, such as the stomach and uterus,
to contract. If you stretch to reach a and tubes, such as blood vessels and
dropped pencil, your muscles are longer ducts of certain glands. Smooth muscle
than they are normally, but you can still contraction propels urine through the
retrieve the pencil. urinary tract, mixes food in the stomach
4. Elasticity and the small intestine, and regulates the
- Is the ability of muscle to spring back to flow of blood through blood vessels.
its original resting length after it has been ● Cardiac muscle
stretched. Taking a deep breath - Is also involuntary and is found only in
demonstrates elasticity because the heart. Its contractions provide the
exhalation is simply the recoil of your major force for moving blood through the
respiratory muscles back to the resting circulatory system. Cardiac muscle and
position, similar to releasing a stretched many smooth muscles are autorhythmic.
rubber band. Autorhythmicity allows these cells to
contract spontaneously and rhythmically.

IV. CHARACTERS OF SKELETAL MUSCLES

SKELETAL MUSCLE STRUCTURE

● Muscle Fibers are organized into fasciculi

which are organized into muscles by
associated connective tissue.
● Each skeletal muscle fiber is a single cell
containing numerous myofibrils.
● Myofibrils are composed of actin and myosin
myofilaments. All of these myofilaments give
the skeletal muscle the striated appearance
● SARCOMERES are joined end to end to
form myofibrils.
III. TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE ● The sarcomere is the basic structural and
functional unit of a skeletal muscle because it
BS Nursing 1 (ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY)
Muscular System
Dr. Samantha Manalo-Salinas | Date: December 02, 2022

is the smallest portion of a muscle that is myofilaments. They resemble two minute
capable of contracting. strands of pearls twisted together,
● Z disks are the ones separating from one ● Troponin molecules have binding sites for
sarcomere to the other. Ca2+. Troponin is attached at specific
● The sarcomere consists of two light staining intervals along the actin myofilaments.
bands: ● Tropomyosin filaments block the myosin
● The I bands light staining and consist of only myofilament binding sites on the actin
actin myofilaments. myofilaments.
● The A bands the dark staining central.
EXCITABILITY OF MUSCLE FIBERS
SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER

TWO MAIN COMPONENTS OF MUSCLE FIBER

CONTRACTION:
1. ELECTRICAL COMPONENT
2. MECHANICAL COMPONENT

V. NERVE SUPPLY AND MUSCLE FIBER

STIMULATION
Skeletal muscle fibers do not contract unless they
are stimulated with motor neurons.
MOTOR NEURONS
FIGURE 7.3 (Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology
11th Edition. P. 178) ● Specialized nerve cells that stimulate muscle
to contract.
● Actin myofilaments, or thin filaments, are ● Carry action potentials to skeletal muscles,
made up of three components: actin, where the neuron and motor fiber form
troponin, and tropomyosin. Actin strands neuromuscular junction.
have attachment sites for the myosin
BS Nursing 1 (ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY)
Muscular System
Dr. Samantha Manalo-Salinas | Date: December 02, 2022

NEURONS

● Release ACETYLCHOLINE which binds to

receptor on muscle cell membranes.
● Stimulates an action potential in the muscle
cell leading to contraction.

Each branch forms a junction with a muscle fiber

called your NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. A
more general term, SYNAPS, refers to the cell to
cell junction between a nerve cell and either
another nerve cell.

VI. MUSCLE CONTRACTION

VII. ENERGY REQUIREMENT FOR MUSCLE

FATIGUE
- Muscular Fatigue occurs as ATP is depleted
during muscle contraction.
IX. EFFECTS OF FIBER TYPE ON ACTIVITY
VIII. ATP IS DERIVED FROM FOUR PROCESSES LEVEL
IN THE SKELETAL MUSCLE
BS Nursing 1 (ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY)
Muscular System
Dr. Samantha Manalo-Salinas | Date: December 02, 2022

X. TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION

SMOOTH & CARDIAC MUSCLES

Smooth muscle

● is not striated
● has one (1) nucleus per cell
● contracts more slowly than skeletal muscles
● can be autorhytmic
● and under involuntary control
Cardiac muscle
● Is striated
● Usually one per nucleus
● Has intercalated disk
● Is authorhytmic
● And under involuntary control
BS Nursing 1 (ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY)
Muscular System
Dr. Samantha Manalo-Salinas | Date: December 02, 2022

Outline Many muscles are members of more than one group,

I.Terminologies depending on the type of movement being produced.
II. Agonist vs Antagonist
a. Synergists - members of a group of muscles
a. Synergists working together to produce a movement
b. Prime Mover b. Primer Mover - one muscle plays the major
c. Fixators role in accomplishing the desired movement
III. Nomenclature c. Fixators - muscles that hold one bone in place
relative to the body while a usually more distal
IV. Muscles of Facial Expression bone is moved
V. Muscles of Tongue and Swallowing
VI. Muscles of Thorax III. NOMENCLATURE
VII. Supination & Pronation
VIII. Muscles Moving the Thigh The name of a specific muscle is based on at least 7
IX. 3 Groups of Thigh Muscles characteristics:
X. Arm Movements
XI. Leg Movements Location
XII. Effects of Aging on Skeletal Muscle ● Pectoralis Muscle - chest
XIII. Representative Disease and Disorders ● Gluteus Muscle - buttocks
● Brachial Muscle - arm
Legend: Black for powerpoint, Red for Audio
Lecture Size
● Gluteus Maximus- largest muscle of buttocks
● Gluteus Minimus - smallest buttock muscle
● Longus Muscle - long
I. SKELETAL MUSCLE TERMINOLOGIES
● Brevis muscle - short
● Tendons - connects the muscle to the bone
● Aponeuroses - broad, sheetlike tendons Shape
● Retinaculum - band of connective tissue that ● Deltoid Muscle - triangular
holds down the tendons at each wrist and ● Quadratus Muscle - rectangular
ankle
● Origin - most stationary, or fixed, end of the ● Teres Muscle - round
muscle
● Insertion - end of the muscle attached to the Orientation of Fascicles
bone undergoing the greatest movement ● Rectus muscle - fascicles runs the same
● Belly – part of the muscle between the origin
and the insertion direction as associated structure
● Action - specific body movement a muscle ● Oblique Muscle- fascicles lie at an angle to
contraction causes the structure’s length

II. AGONIST VS ANTAGONIST Origin (start) & Insertion (end)

● Agonist-A muscle causing a specific
movement. ● Sternocleidomastoid- origin on the sternum
● Antagonist- A muscle causing the opposite and clavicle ; insertion on the mastoid process
movement. of the temporal bone
● Brachioradialis- arm (brachium) origin ;
Muscles also tend to function in groups to accomplish
specific movements. radius insertion
BS Nursing 1 (ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY)
Muscular System
Dr. Samantha Manalo-Salinas | Date: December 02, 2022

Number of Heads origin of the muscle ● Temporalis

● Biceps- two heads ● Masseter
● Triceps- three heads ● Lateral pterygoid
● Medial pterygoid
Function based on the type of movement the The 4 pairs of muscles for chewing/mastication are
muscle causes some of the strongest muscles in the body.
● Abductors- abduction (away from midline)
● Adductors- adduction (toward midline)

IV. MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION

• Occipitofrontalis
• Orbicularis oculi
• Orbicularis oris
• Buccinator
• Zygomaticus
• Levator labii superioris
• Depressor anguli oris V. MUSCLES OF TONGUE AND SWALLOWING

Kissing Muscles- term used to call the muscles listed The tongue is very important in mastication and
above because they pucker the mouth speech.

Trumpeter’s Muscle- buccinator flattening the Moves food around the mouth with the buccinator
cheeks (This comes in when we whistle or blow a muscle that holds the food in place while the teeth
trumpet) grind the food.

In humans, facial expressions are important Muscles that are involved in tongue and
components of nonverbal communication. Several swallowing:
muscles act to move the skin around the eyes and
eyebrows. ● Intrinsic Tongue muscles
● Extrinsic Tongue muscles
● Hyoid muscles
● Suprahyoid
● Infrahyoid
● Soft palate muscles
● Pharyngeal muscles
● Elevators
● Constrictors
● Superior
● Middle
● Inferior

The 4 muscles that are involved in Mastication:

BS Nursing 1 (ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY)
Muscular System
Dr. Samantha Manalo-Salinas | Date: December 02, 2022

VI. MUSCLES OF THORAX ● Posterior thigh muscles- extend the hip

● Medial thigh muscles- adduct the thigh

X. ARM MOVEMENTS

● Muscles of the thorax- involved almost

entirely in the process of breathing.
● External intercostals- elevates ribs during
inspiration (inhalation)
● Internal intercostals- depress the ribs during
forced expiration (exhalation)
●
VII. SUPINATION & PRONATION XI. LEG MOVEMENTS

● SUPINATION of the forearm, or turning the

flexed forearm so that the palm is up, is
accomplished by the SUPINATOR
● PRONATION turning the forearm so that the
palm is down, is a function of two
PRONATORS

VIII. MUSCLES MOVING THE THIGH

• Quadriceps femoris- primary extensors of

the knee
• Sortorius “tailor’s muscle”
o longest muscle in the body
o flexes the hip and knee, and rotates
the thigh laterally for sitting cross-
*Muscles of lower limb include the hip, thigh, leg, and legged, as tailor’s used to sit while
foot
sewing
*Several hip muscles originate on the hip bone, and • Posterior Compartment- A “pulled
insert onto the femur hamstring” results from tearing one or more
of these muscles or their tendons, usually
IX. 3 GROUPS OF THIGH MUSCLES
where the tendons attach to the hip bone.
● Anterior thigh muscles - flex the hip
BS Nursing 1 (ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY)
Muscular System
Dr. Samantha Manalo-Salinas | Date: December 02, 2022

3 SUBDIVISIONS OF THE 13 MUSCLES IN THE

LEG

● Anterior
● Posterior
● Medial

XII. EFFECTS OF AGING ON SKELETAL

MUSCLES

XIII. REPRESENTATIVE DISEASE AND

DISORDERS