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    CHAPTER 11 (Muscles)

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    eumarasigan
    This document provides information on muscle tissue and the classification of muscles. It discusses that there are three main types of muscle tissue - striated, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Striated muscle is further divided into skeletal and cardiac muscle. Key points about each type are provided, such as their histological features, innervation, and location in the body. The document also discusses muscle shape, origins/insertions, actions, and naming conventions.

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    CHAPTER 11 (Muscles)

    Uploaded by

    eumarasigan
    122 views5 pages
    This document provides information on muscle tissue and the classification of muscles. It discusses that there are three main types of muscle tissue - striated, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Striated muscle is further divided into skeletal and cardiac muscle. Key points about each type are provided, such as their histological features, innervation, and location in the body. The document also discusses muscle shape, origins/insertions, actions, and naming conventions.

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    This document provides information on muscle tissue and the classification of muscles. It discusses that there are three main types of muscle tissue - striated, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Striated muscle is further divided into skeletal and cardiac muscle. Key points about each type are provided, such as their histological features, innervation, and location in the body. The document also discusses muscle shape, origins/insertions, actions, and naming conventions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    122 views5 pages

    CHAPTER 11 (Muscles)

    Uploaded by

    eumarasigan
    This document provides information on muscle tissue and the classification of muscles. It discusses that there are three main types of muscle tissue - striated, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Striated muscle is further divided into skeletal and cardiac muscle. Key points about each type are provided, such as their histological features, innervation, and location in the body. The document also discusses muscle shape, origins/insertions, actions, and naming conventions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 5

    CHAPTER 11 (MUSCLES)

    Muscle is a tissue
    Muscles are organs (specialized to perform a single
    function to shorten and recover)
    Classification of muscles based on histology:
    1. Striated Muscle Tissue
    Long, cylindrical, multinucleate
    Each with transverse bands and longitudinal

    and neural tisues for mechanical


    support, tensile strength, metabolic
    needs and stimuli for contraction
    Impulses at motor nerve endings > release
    of neurotransmitter amines into motor end
    plate (nerve endings depress the
    sarcolemma ) > motor end plate initiates
    stimuli along th sarcolemma > interactions
    between actin and myosin > shortening of

    striae (caused by Myofibrils)


    Myofibril > repeating sarcomeres along its

    the sarcomeres
    Shortening of sarcomeres: myofibrils bulge:

    length > each consists of proteinaceous

    muscle shortens and thickens


    Motor unit functional group of muscle

    myofilaments (actin and myosin)


    Cross striations of muscle are the result

    perfect alignment of sarcomeres


    Syncytium (single functional unit)
    Formed when myoblasts aligned end

    to end and unite


    Sarcolemma ( delicate plasma membrane)
    Where nuclei and protoplasm
    contributed to the syncytium are
    contained
    Motor end plate portion of
    sarcolemma with receptors for

    consisting of: Connective, vascular

    neurotransmitters
    Assemble to form SKELETAL MUSCLES

    fibers
    Contracts simultaneously because a
    single nerve cell supplies motor end
    plate on many muscle fibers
    Larger number of motor units
    stimulated, the greater the effect of
    contraction
    2. Cardiac Muscle Tissue
    Heart muscle
    Uninucleate
    Cells have boundaries called intercalated
    disks
    link cytoplasms of adjacent cells

    facilitates ion transport > rapid


    passage of action potentials
    Cells can contract without nervous
    stimulation
    Innervated by fibers of autonomic nervous
    system
    Autonomic nerves modify the

    Nerve
    impulses,

    Innervated by fibers of

    release of

    autonomic nervous system

    neurotransmitt

    (involuntary)

    ers (voluntary)

    rhythmicity of its myogenic activity


    Myogenic regularly self depolarizes
    Conducts impulses through its own system
    of fibers

    SOMATIC

    3. Smooth Muscle tissue


    Fusiform
    Uninucleate
    Have myofibrils but NOT STRIATED
    Occurs often as sheets (part of an organ)
    Innervated by fibers of autonomic nervous
    system
    SKELETAL
    multinucleate

    Major Categories of Muscles

    CARDIAC
    SMOOTH
    uninucleate
    Same with
    skeletal but

    Long cylindrical

    has

    fusiform

    INTERCALATED
    DISKS
    Non striated
    striated

    (occurs in
    sheets)

    VISCERAL

    BRANCHIOME

    Striated, skeletal,

    Smooth, non-

    RIC
    Striated,

    voluntary

    skeletal,

    skeletal,

    Primitively

    involuntary
    Unsegmented

    segmented
    Myotomal or soitic

    Derived from

    Myotomal in

    muscles (from the

    lateral

    origin - from

    myotomes of

    mesoderm

    the most

    mesodermal

    splanchnic

    anterior

    somites)

    mesoderm

    somites and

    Mostly in body

    Mostly in

    wall and

    splanchnopleure;

    appendages

    (smooth muscles

    somitomeres

    of organs,
    intrinsic

    musculature of
    eyeballs, erector

    TWITCH AND TONIC MUSCLE FIBERS


    (contractile fiber types)

    muscles, cardiac
    Primarily for

    muscle)
    Regulate internal

    Belong to the

    orientation in

    environment

    pharyngeal

    external

    arches and

    environment

    their

    Innervated by

    Innervated by

    derivatives
    Innervated by

    spinal nerves and

    postganglionic

    cranial nerves

    cranial nerves III,

    fibers of

    IV, VI, XII

    autonomic
    nervous system

    TWITCH
    Fast to slow contraction

    Slow postural

    Postural muscles
    (AMPHIBIANS AND

    muscles (MAMMALS)
    Fast most
    locomotor muscles

    Extraocular and ear

    bundles of muscle fibers)


    Endomysium ( surround each muscle fiber)
    Tendons are cotinuations of the muscle

    beyond the site where fascicles end.


    The collagenous bundles of epimysium and
    perimysium continue into and become part
    of the tendon.

    REPTILES)

    Innervation single axon


    Action potential all-or-

    muscles (MAMMALS)
    Multiple axons
    Temporal summation with

    none
    Variably fatiques

    graded concentration
    Can maintain tension

    SKELETAL MUSCLES AS ORGANS


    Epimysium (surrounds the muscle fascia)
    Periysum (surrounds each fascicle major

    TONIC
    Slow contraction

    efficiently

    Fiber type variations within twitch fibers


    Slow twitch
    Fast oxidative
    (type I)
    (type IIA)
    Posture or slow
    fast
    repetitive
    movements
    Fatigue slowly
    Large number of mimtohondria
    High myoglobin
    (red muscle)

    ATP formed by
    oxidative

    Fast glycolytic
    (type IIB)
    Powerful and fast

    Fatigue quickly
    Few
    mitochondria
    ATP formed by
    glycolysis with

    phosphorylation
    Dark meat of
    fish and fowl

    Bird flight
    muscles

    possible oxygen
    debt
    White breast of
    domestic fowl

    Androgens cause amino acids to be linked

    Fusiform muscle consisting of a belly and two

    tendons
    Digastrics muscles with 2 bellies
    Some muscles have 3 or 4 heads or tendon of

    together into polypeptides add proteins thus; they


    produce larger muscles in males.

    ORIGINS, INSERTIONS, AND MUSCLE SHAPES

    bordering tendon to insert multiple sites suh

    Anatomic origin site of attachment that


    remains fixed under most functional conditions;
    the bone on which it originates is not displaced

    when the muscle contracts


    Insertion site of attachment that is usually

    displaced by the contraction of the muscle.


    A muscle may cause displacement of the bone of
    origin instead of the bone of insertion if the former
    is immobilized by other muscles.
    o Example:
    Geniohyoid muscle which extends
    between the hyoid bone and the lower
    jaw at the chin, either lowers the
    lower jaw or draws the hyoid forward
    depending on which bone is
    immobilized at that time.

    origin
    Many muscles are straplike
    o Geniohyoideus of tetrapods
    o Sternomastoid muscles of mammals
    Less frequently seen are pinnate muscles
    o Resembles contour feather
    o Slips feather out from a central or

    as on successive vertebrae.
    o Domed diaphragm
    Aponeuroses tough, thin, sheetlike expanses of
    mammalian tendons and ligaments
    o Gala aponeurotica (mammalian scalp)
    insertion for the muscles of forehead,

    temporal, and occipital regions.


    Raphes - long seamlike tendons
    o Linea alba
    o Muscles inserting on raphes often compress
    a cavity and the organs within it
    Tendonous inscriptions non metameric,
    myoseptalike, that traverse many straplike
    muscles or broad muscular sheets, adding tensile
    strength to the muscle
    o Prominent in : rectus abdominis of humans
    and oblique and transverse muscle of the
    abdomens of anurans and amniotes.

    For muscle groups to fucntion smoothly, they


    must be under regulatory control of cerebellum,
    which dispatches motor impulses to appropriate

    ACTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLES


    Extensors straighten two segments
    Flexors - draw one segment toward another
    Adductors draw a part toward the midline
    Abductors cause displacement away from the

    muscles on receiving sensory feedback


    NAMES AND HOMOLOGIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLES

    midline
    Protractors cause a part to be thrust forward or

    supraspinatus, superficialis)
    o Number of subdvisions ( quadriceps,

    outward
    Retractors pull it back
    Levators raise
    Depressors lowers
    Rotators rotation on its axis
    o Supinators turn the palm upward
    o Pronator make it prone (turn it
    downward)
    Tensors make a part more taut
    Constrictors compress internal parts
    o Most are non skeletal:
    o Sphincters makes opening smaller
    o Dilators makes opening larger
    Muscles act in functional groups and with other
    functional groups that have an opposing action

    Skeletal muscles have ben named for :


    o Direction of their fibers (oblique, rectus)
    o Location or position (thoracis,

    digastric)
    o Shape (deltoid, teres, serratus)
    o Origin or insertion (xiphihumeralis,

    stapedius)
    o Action ( levator scapulae, risorius)
    o Size (major, longisimus)
    Similarity of location, origin and insertion is not
    reliable for establishing homologies because:
    o Muscles sometimes alter their site of

    attachment during evolution


    Homologies between functional groups of
    muscles may be deduced with a much greater
    degree of reliability.

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