Muscular System

Muscle
• Comes from the Latin word “mus” meaning little mouse.
• The dominant tissue in the heart and in the walls of other
hollow organs of the body.
• It makes up half of the body mass.
• Essential function: contraction or shortening – a unique
characteristic that sets it apart from any other tissue.

Muscle types

Similarities of the 3 types of muscle

• All muscles are elongated (muscle fibers)
• The ability of muscle to shorten, or contract depends in two
types of myofilaments.
• Terminology: myo and mys (muscle) and sarco (flesh)

A. Skeletal Muscle
• Attached to bones or some facial muscles to skin.
• Single, very long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with very
obvious striations.
• Are packaged into the organs called ‘Skeletal muscles’ that
attach to the body’s skeleton.
• Helps form the much smoother contours of our body.
• Are cigar-shaped, multinucleate cells, and the largest of the
muscle fiber types.
• Known as striated muscle, because its fibers appear to be
stripped.
• Known as voluntary muscle, because it is the only muscle type
subject to conscious control.
• Can contract rapidly and with great force, but it tires easily and
must rest after short periods of activity.

Endomysium – a delicate connective tissue sheath that enclosed muscle

fibers.
Perymisium – a coarser fibrous membrane that wraps several sheathed
muscle fibers.
Fasicles – bundle of fibers formed by perymisium.
Epymisium – covers the entire muscle.
Aponeuroses – attach muscle indirectly to bones, cartilages, or
connective tissue coverings of each other.

B. Smooth Muscle
• Found mostly in walls of hollow visceral organs (other than
heart)
• Single, fusiform, uninucleate and no striations.
 • Has no striations and is involuntary (we cannot consciously
control it.)
• Are spindle shaped and have a single nucleus, arranged in
sheets of layers.
• Contraction is slow and sustained.

C. Cardiac Muscle
• Found in the walls of the heart, which serves as a pump,
propelling blood into the blood vessels and to all tissues of the
body.
• Branching chains of cells, uninucleate, striations.
• Striated and is involuntary.

Muscle Functions
• Producing Movement
• Maintains posture
• Stabilizes joints
• Generates heat.

Anatomy of the Skeletal Muscle

Sarcolemma - muscle husk (plasma membrane)

Myofibril – long ribbonlike organelles which nearly fill the cytoplasm.
Z disc – a darker area, midline interruption
H zone – lighter central area
Sarcomeres – chains of tiny contractile units; are aligned end-to-end like
boxcars in a train along the length of the myofibrils.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum – a specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Cross bridges – myosin heads.

Skeletal Muscle Activity

Special Functional properties

Irritability – the ability to receive and respond to a stimulus
Contractility – the ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus is
received

*guys – basahin nyu na lang yung skeletal muscle activity, more on

discussion tapos in paragraph pa, hindi aq makakuha ng matinong
definition sa mga terms na andun eh..

Muscle Movements, Types and Name

5 Golden Rules of Skeletal Muscle Activity

1.) All muscles cross at least one joint.

2.) Typically, the bulk of the muscle lies proximal to the joint
crossed.
3.) All Muscles have at least two attachments; the origin and the
insertion.
4.) Muscles can only pull; they never push.
5.) During the contraction, the muscle insertion moves toward the
origin.
 Types of Body Movements

Origin – attached to the immovable or less movable bone.

Insertion – attached to the movable bone, and when the muscle
contracts, the insertion moves toward the origin.

1.) Flexion – a movement, generally in the sagittal plane, that

decreases the angle of the joint and brings two bones closer
together. (bending the knee or elbow and bending forward at
the hip)
2.) Extension – the opposite of flexion, a movement that increases
the angle, or the distance, between two bones of parts of the
body. (straightening the knee or elbow)
3.) Rotation – is a movement of a bone around it longitudinal axis.
A common movement of all ball-and-socket joints and describes
the movement of the atlas around the dens of the axis.
4.) Abduction – is moving a limb away from the midline, or median
plane, of the body.
5.) Adduction – the opposite of abduction, the movement of a limb
toward the body midline.
6.) Circumduction – a combination of flexion, extension, abduction
and adduction commonly seen in ball-and-socket joints such as
the shoulder.
7.) Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion – up and down movements
of the foot at the ankle are given special names.
8.) Inversion and eversion – special movements of the foot,
medially and laterally.
9.) Supination and pronation – turning back and turning forward,
refer to movements of the radius around the ulna.
a. Supination – occurs when the forearm rotates laterally so
that palm faces anteriorly, and the radius and ulna are
parallel.
b. Pronation – occurs when the forearm rotates medially so
that the palm faces posteriorly.
10.) Opposition – is a unique action that makes the human hand
such a fine tool for grasping and manipulating things.

Types of Muscles

1.) Prime mover – the muscle that has the major responsibility for
causing a particular movement.
2.) Antagonists – muscles that oppose or reverse a movement.
3.) Synergists – help prime movers by producing the same
movement or by reducing undesirable movements.
4.) Fixators – are specialized synergists. They hold a bone still or
stabilize the origin of a prime mover so all the tension can be used
to move the insertion bone. (e.g postural muscle that stabilize the
vertebral column)
Naming Skeletal Muscles

• Direction of the muscle fibers – some muscles are named in

reference to some imaginary line, usually the midline of the
body or the long axis of a limb bone.
• Relative size of the muscle – maximus, minimus and longus are
often used in the names of muscles.
• Location of the muscle – some muscles are named for the bone
with which they are associated.
• Number of origins – when the term biceps, triceps and
quadriceps are used, one can assume that the muscle has two
or more origins
• Location of the muscle’s origin and insertion – named for their
attachment sites.
• Shape of the muscle – distinctive shapes helps them to be
identified.
• Action of the muscle – based on the action or movement they
cause.

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles

HEAD AND NECK MUSCLES

1.) FACIAL MUSCLES

a. Frontalis – covers the frontal bone as it runs from the
cranial aponeurosis to the skin of the eyebrows, where it
inserts. Allows raising eyebrows and wrinkling of the
forehead.
b. Orbicularis Oculi – has fibers that run in circles around
the eyes. Allows closing of the eyes, squint, blink and
wink.
c. Orbicularis Oris – circular muscle of the lips. Closes the
mouth and protrudes the lips – kissing muscle.
d. Buccinator – runs horizontally across the cheek and
inserts into the orbicularis oris. Flattens the cheek,
chewing muscle.
e. Zygomaticus – extends from the corner of the mouth to
the cheek bone, smiling muscle.
2.) CHEWING MUSCLES
a. Masseter – covers the angle of the lower jaw as it runs
from the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to the
mandible.
b. Temporalis – a fan-shaped muscles overlying the
temporal bone. It inserts into the mandible and acts as a
synergist of the masseter in closing the jaw.
3.) NECK MUSCLES
a. Platysma – is a single sheetlike muscle that covers the
anterolateral neck. Its action is to pull the corners of the
mouth inferiorly, producing downward sag of the nouth.
b. Sternocleidomastoid – two headed muscles, one found
on each side of the neck. (bowing of head.)
TRUNK MUSCLES

1.) ANTERIOR MUSCLES

a. Pectoralis major – a large fan-shaped muscle covering the
upper part of the chest. Its origin is from the shoulder girdle
and the first six ribs.
b. Intercostal muscle – deep muscles found between the ribs.
They are important in breathing because they help to raise
the ribcage for breathing air in.
c. Muscles of the abdominal girdle – forms a natural girdle
that reinforces the body trunk
i. Rectus abdominis – paired straplike rectus abdominis
muscles are the most superficial muscles in the
abdomen. Function is to flex the vertebral column.
ii. External oblique – paired superficial muscles that
make up the lateral walls of the abdomen. Function is
like the rectus, but they also rotate the trunk and bend
it laterally.
iii. Internal oblique – paired muscles deep to the
external oblique. Same as the external oblique.
iv. Transversus abdominis – the deepest muscle of the
abdominal walls and has fibers that run horizontally
across the abdomen.
2.) POSTERIOR MUSCLES
a. Trapezius – most superficial muscles of the posterior neck
and upper trunk. Runs from the occipital bone of the skull
down the vertebral column to the end of the thoracic
vertebrae.
b. Latissimus Dorsi – the large, flat muscle pair that covers
the lower back. Originates on the lower spine and illium and
then sweeps superiorly to insert in to the proximal end of the
humerus.
c. Erector spinae – prime mover of the back extension.
Provides powerful back extensors and resistance that helps
control the action of bending over at the waist.
d. Deltoid – fleshy, triangle-shaped muscles that form the
rounded shape of your shoulders. Prime movers of arm
abduction.
3.) MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB
a. Biceps brachii – the most familiar muscle of the forearm
because it bulges when the elbow is flexed. Originates by two
heads from the shoulder girdle and inserts into the radial
tuberosity. Primary mover for flexion of the forearm and acts
to supinate the forearm.
b. Brachialis – lies deep to the biceps muscle and is as
important as the biceps in elbow flexion.
c. Brachioradialis – a fairly weak muscle that arises on the
humerus and inserts into the distal forearm. Resides mainly
in the forearm.
d. Triceps brachii – only muscle fleshing out the posterior
humerus. Boxer’s muscle, because it can deliver a straight-
arm knockout punch.
MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LIMB

1.) MUSLCES CAUSING MOVEMENT AT THE HIP JOINT

a. Gluteus Maximus – a superficial muscle of the hip that
forms most of the flesh of the buttock. A powerful hip
extensor that acts to bring the thigh in a straight line with
the pelvis, most important muscle for extending the hip
when power is needed.
b. Gluteus Medius – runs from the ilium to the femur. A hip
abductor and is important in steadying the pelvis during
walking.
c. Iliposoas – a fused muscle composed of two muscles, the
iliacus and the psoas major, runs from the iliac bone and
lower vertebrae deep inside the pelvis to insert on the
lesser trochanter of the femur. Prime mover of the hip
flexion. Acts to keep the upper body from falling backward
when we are standing erect.
d. Adductor muscles – forms the muscle mass at the
medial side of each thigh. They adduct or press the thighs
together.
2.) MUSCLES CAUSING MOVEMENT AT THE KNEE JOINT
a. Hamstring group – muscles forming the muscle mass of
the posterior thigh. Consists of biceps femoris,
semimembranous, and semitendinous, which originate on
the ischial tuberosity and run down the thigh to insert on
both sides of the proximal tibia.
b. Sartorius – most superficial muscle of the thigh, it runs
obliquely across the thigh from the anterior iliac crest to
the medial side of the tibia, tailor’s muscle, because it
acts as a synergist to bring about the cross-legged
position in which old-time tailors are often shown.
c. Quadriceps group – consists of rectus femoris and three
vastus muscles. The vastus muscle originates from the
femur. The group as a whole acts to extend the knee
powerfully and helps to flex the hip.
3.) MUSCLES CAUSING MOVEMENT AT THE ANKLE AND
FOOT
a. Tibialis anterior – a superficial muscle on the anterior
leg. Arises from the upper tibia and then parallels the
anterior crest as it runs to the tarsal bones, where it
inserts by a long tendon.
b. Extensor Digitorum Longus – lateral to the tibialis
anterior, it arises ftom the lateral tibial condyle and
proximal radius and inserts into the phalanges of toes.
Primary mover of toe extension and doorsiflexor of the
foot.
c. Fibularis Muscles – consists of longus, brevis and
tertius, found on the lateral part of the leg. Arise from the
fibula and insert into the metatarsal bones of the foot. It
flexes and everts the foot.
d. Gastrocnemius – is a two-bellied muscle that forms the
curved calf of the posterior leg. Arises by two heads, one
from each side of the distal femur, and inserts through the
large calceneal tendon into the heel of the foot. A primary
mover for plantar flexion of the foot, toe’s dancer’s
muscle.
e. Soleus – deep to the gastrocnemius is the fleshy soleus
muscle, for it arises on the tibia, it does not affect knee
movement, but like the gastrocnemius
END