TENSES REVIEW

PAST & NON-PAST ASPECTS

by ⇒ using to mark the mark of the time

( SIMPLE/CONTINUOUS/PERFECT )

1. simple
○ habitual actions, single events in a series, facts…
○ a single event in the past, not connected to the present ⇒ narrating a story
■ ( that something i did in the past, no more explanation)
○ V (s/es/ed/ing)
2. continuous :
○ ongoing but (usually) temporary actions at a partic. moment
○ (any form of) be + pr.p
3. perfect:
○ happening before a point of time
○ ( any form of) have + p.p
○ generally in the past, but somehow connected to the present
○ giving (experiences ) related to what I’m going to say next
■ an event in the past has effects to the present
4. perfect + continuous:
○ (still) ongoing action since a point of time ( without a stop during the action )
○ ( any form of ) have been + pr.p

( FUTURE )

1. FOUR ASPECTS OF WILL/SHALL

○ WILL: predictions, offers, requests, promises in FORMAL situations

■ I will go to the cinema
○ WILL + CONTINUOUS: an action is ongoing during a point of time in the
■ I will be going to eat breakfast at 7 am
○ WILL + PERFECT: an action will be finished before a point of time in the future
■ I will have had the driving license by the end of the year.
○ WILL + PERFECT CONTINUOUS:
■ an event happens and it lasts to a mark of the future
■ to emphasize the frequency of an action compared to other action.
■ They will have been talking to each other for an hour by the time I get home
2. WILL vs BE GOING TO
○ Will: prediction based on one’s own opinions/experiences
■ e.g: It will rain
○ Be going to: prediction based on some present evidence
■ e.g: I saw thunder, it’s going to rain
● will: decisions made at the moment of speaking
● be going to: future plans that has alr been made
3 + 4. NEAR/EXPECTED FUTURE

● be about to, be on the brink of, be on the verge of, be on/at the point of, be due to, be bound to, be set to…
○ We are about to have dinner.
○ Scientists are on the brink of making major advances in space exploration.

5. INTENTIONS

● intention-verbs + to-V

○ Do you mean to ( dự định ) study harder for higher scores?

○ I intend to purchase more computers for the office
● verbs in present continuous/simple

○ I**’m hoping to** become a businessman in 5 years`

● hope: nguyện vọng

● be hoping to: chuẩn bị, đang cố gắng làm

6. ARRANGED ACTIVITIES:

● Present simp.

○ for fixed or unchangable events

○ with conjuctions ( after, as soon as, before…)
■ After conjuctions expressing time conditions, the next clause will be TENSE ( NOT
ASPECT ⇒ ASPECT like future )
■ When you see him tmr, tell him to buy me a coffee.
○ possible future events with “suppose, supposing, what if” (there’s one more option)
● Present continuous

○ having a firm intention or having made a definite decision to do

■ Are you meeting with him again next week?
■ *People are living longer in the future = WRONG, NOT PRE CONT.

ASPECT COMPARISON: CONTINUOUS vs PERFECT [CONTINUOUS]

- Simple, Continuous and Perfect aspect of verb forms in English

An aspect is a way we look at something. With verb forms, there are three aspects: simple, continuous
and perfect.

The simple aspect emphasises that an action is complete.

The perfect aspect emphasises that an action is completed before another time.

The continuous aspect focuses on the action and duration (how long it lasts), rather than the result. It
is used to show that an activity is temporary and its duration is limited.In contrast to the continuous
aspect, we usually use simple tenses to talk about facts, permanent situations, finished actions and
habits. Some verbs - called state verbs - are not usually used in the continuous: verbs that describe
personal feelings (to love, to prefer), the senses (to hear, to smell) and thoughts (to believe, to
understand).
The Continuous aspect. We use continuous aspect to talk about:

● actions that we see happening over a period of time

○ What have you been doing since you graduated?
● actions is progress when another thing happens
○ I was having a great time at the party when my dad arrived and dragged me home!
● temporary or incomplete situation
○ I am living with my parents until I can find a house.
● repeated actions (mostly annoying)
○ He is always playing her music loudly.
● situation is in the process of changing
○ The economy is getting worse.
● plans
○ I was thinking of going home this weekend.
● tentative ideas (to avoid being too direct with a request)
○ I was wondering if you could lend me some money.
● actions in progress at a particular time.
○ Everyone seems to be working at the moment.

The Perfect aspect The perfect aspect looks back from one time to another and emphasises that an
action is completed before another time. In some cases, the exact time may be unimportant or
unknown. Sometimes the event is incomplete. It started in the past and still relevant now.

● We use the present perfect to look back from now to a time before now.
○ I've lived in London since 1999.
● We use the present perfect continuous to focus on the length of time the action takes.
○ I have been waiting for hours.
● We use the past perfect to look back from a time in the past to a time before that.
○ I had to go back because I'd forgotten my passport.
● We use the past perfect continuous to focus on the lengh of time the action takes.
○ I'd been doing the same job for fifteen years.
● We use future perfect to look back from a time in the future to a time before that.
○ By next week we will have finished the project.
● We use future perfect continuous to focus on the length of time the action takes.
○ In 2020, I'll have been living here for 20 years.
● We use will have + past participle to make predictions about the present or the future.
○ Don't call the house, she'll have left for work by now.
● We use the perfect infinitive after verbs like seem and appear to look back to a previous time
period.
○ He seems to have forgotten his password.
● The perfect aspect can be used with different time periods.
○ It's great to have finished my exams.
○ She said she was sorry to have missed your party.
○ We hope to have done the work by 5.00

The perfect continuous aspect

● The perfect continuous expresses that the action had, has or will have been in progress for
some time at a specific point in time. This point in time may be defined by a time expression
(at 5 o'clock) or a clause (when she gets home).
○ I**'ve been waiting** for this moment all my life. (from when I was born until now)
 ● Future continuous
○ part of a repeated or regular event
■ Dr.A wil be giving the same talk in room 1
○ pre-arranged activ (=present cont)
■ we will be leaving for Vene tmr at 4pm.

BE + TO-V

● used in news reports, official arrangements, formal instructions, orders

● future events under control ( except: events in the past )
○ in if-clause

■ If the human race is to survive, we must look at environmental problems now

⇒ Mệnh đề sau phải xảy ra trước thì mới đến mệnh đề trước

( >< định nghĩ của if-clause)

○ You are not to leave the school

( PRESENT )

● SIMPLE:

○
state verbs ( can be seen, felt ): love, like…
○
verbs: action verb / state verb
○
mental states ( not realisticly seen ): realize, regret…
■ on-going ( e.g: being love ⇒ not love anymore )
○ performatives ( including state verbs with actions) : deny, advice….
■ Some adj which is not your normal state ⇒ being
■ I’m being ridiculous ( normally im not ridiculous )
○ In newspaper headlines, contents of books, films.
○ In narratives, anecdotes ( chuyện vặt, giai thoại ),…
● CONTINUOUS:

○ in live commentaries ( bài bình luận ) ( on sport events)

○ in complaints ( with always, constantly..)

( PRESENT PERFECT)

● used in the introductory sent. of news events

● with for or since

○ It has been a while since she has lived in Jp

● ( tính thời gian người ta sống thì phải tính đúng thời gian người ta sống )

● In “It/That is/ will be the first time”

● After “ when, as soon as, until, once: ⇒ FUTURE

○ As soon as you have graduated from IU ( đã xảy ra trước câu what will you do ⇒ lùi 1 thì ( to
emphasize the event that happened before) , what will you do?
( PAST )

● USED TO vs WOULD
○ used to + V ⇒ repeated activites, past states , a contrast with the present, with or without a time
frame
■ I used to smoke ( but i dont now)
○ would ⇒ repeated activites, NOT past states , with a time frame
○ More common in written/ formal writing for reminiscenes
○ used to, would will NOT go with FREQUENCY ( once, twice, three times…)

(THE FUTURE SEEN FROM THE PAST)

( a point of time after an event )

● WAS/WERE + PRESENT INFINITIVE ⇒ for things that actually happened

○ He was to find out years later that the car has been stolen
● WAS/WERE + PERFECT INFINITIVE ⇒ for things that were expected, but didnt happen

○ The house was to have been ready today.

(Ngôi nhà đáng lý là hôm nay xong).

PASSIVE/CAUSATIVE
Adv Grammar 7.12
Transitive - usually can be paraphrased into passive voice

S+V+O

● Uses a direct subject, which shows who or what receives the action in the sentence.
○ I pass the pen
○ The pen was passed to me.

Intransitive - cannot be paraphrased into passive voice

S+V

● Does not take a subject.

○ He runs.

Ditransitive - usually can be paraphrased into passive voice

S+ V + O1 + O2

Takes two objects - direct and indirect objects

● I pass the pen to Thanh.

● The pen was passed from me to Thanh.

Voice
the number of arguments( đối số ⇒ giúp hoàn thiện câu ) required in English is 3

every verb in English needs to have 1 subject - complement

● could be a noun, noun phrase, noun clause

predicate toàn bộ động từ đi kèm với main verb

● trad grammar: what comes after the subject

● modern theories of syntax and grammar: the main verb (and any auxiliary verb(s) if there is

⇒ an argument completes the meaning of a predicate

Auxiliary verb ( trợ động từ) - verbs that make a sentence grammatically correct.

the main verb is a verb that has a meaning

● Method: when you make a sentence you think of a verb first n then build ur sentence around it, even a to-be
verb, although it carries no meaning, it holds a function.

○ eg. I have explained to you a lot about the predicate and argument

predicate - have explained

 argument - to you … and argument

○ have you understood everything?

predicate - have understood

argument - you everything

○ Don’t (you) hesitate to ask me in class

predicate - ask

argument - you, me

○ Is everything alright?

predicate - alright

argument - everything

Number and types of ARGUMENTS

Adjuncts ( Phụ trợ)

● Adjuncts

○ time adj
○ manner adj
○ place adj
● what can be omitted without affecting the overall meaning of the sentence

● by + subject in passive voice is also an adjunct

⇒ opposite to complement

Passive and active

depends on what u r trying to focus on, the agent or what happened

passive is preferred when a subject is:

● unknown
● not important
● obvious
● people

in passive voice, valency is reduced

Use passive voice to shift focus

● informal context
○ somebody is going to give you the form
● formal context:
○ the form will be given to you | you will be given a form

VERBS OF VARIOUS VALENCIES

● smoke, change, rip, burn, increase… ( your textbook, p56)

Double passive

1. they thought that the plan would be implemented the following day
● passive - the plan was thought to be implemented the following day
2. they believed he was struck by lightning on his birthday
 ● passive - he was believed to be struck by lightning on his birthday

⇒ phải nhớ focus vào cái nào trước sau

some verbs are weird

when followed by object + V in the active voice => no passive

1. Tom liked Susan => Susan was liked. (by Tom)

2. Tom liked Susan to be there => Susan was liked to be there

Verb + to-V + object => the verb remains active, to-V becomes passive

1. the market started to sell American apples

○ American apples started to be sold by the market.

Passive voice for report

IT + verb in passive + that

● when it doesn’t matter who did smth, or that agent is not worth mentioning, or the action is the only thing in
focus.

Some verbs dot that it is passive voice

inform reassure remind encourage warn (check textbook?

Double passive in report

it is reported that the damage is caused by people’s recklessness

● the damage is reported to be caused by people/s recklessness.

Some verbs go in passive with wh-clause

establish, discover explain know reveal understand

it has now been revealed who was responsible for the accident

passive voice gets weird too

there + be is turned into passive

1. people believe that there are some places unknown to all humans
● it is believed that there are some places unknown to all humans.
● **there **are believed to be some places unknown to all humans.

A tiny review

● to need often goes with a to-infinitive

 ● to need can go with a gerund
○ the car needs repairing - the car needs to be repaired.

CAUSATIVE ( thể sai khiến: let, make, have, get..)

● it is a valency-increasing process
● a process causes somebody else to do something
● a subject causes something to change its state

Compare

● I will repair my bike

● I have John repair my bike ( have s/o do sth) - Who does what?

Forms:

● Active
○ have + O: + Verb (make, let)
■ I have my car repair
○ get + O + to verb (force, come, ask)
● Passive in meaning:
○ have +O + past participle (formal)
■ I have my car repaired
○ get + O + past participle (informal)

VERB COMPLEMENATION
THIS IS WHERE VALENCY REVEALS ITSELF IN A BETTER WAY!!

COMPLEMENTS VS ADJUNCTS

● Comple. ( usually an adverbial/prepositional phrase) complete the

meaning of a verb, noun, or an adj.
● Adjuncts: can be omitted w/o affecting the overall meaning
○ The product originated in the US
○ She put more salt in her soup
○ I dont get your point regarding that topic → your point là đã nói
về topic r ( regarding that topic can be omitted)

SOME VERBS ARE MORE SPECIAL

● V + prep. + O
○ It’s inevitable to deal/cope with her problems.
● V + O + prep. phrase [prep + N]
○ I often associate pizza with Italy
● V + O + adj./ adj phr
○ I will hold you responsible for these mistakes.

VERB + 2 OBJECTS
TO/FOR
● TO: transfer of the direct object to the indirect object [RECIPIENT]
● FOR: the indirect object benefits from or receives the service [BENEFICIARY]
○ I bought you a flower = I bought a flower for you

METHOD WHETHER TO USE ‘TO’ OR ‘FOR’

● To: sự vận động có phương hướng

○ She stood up and walked to the wall

● For:
○ object give beneficiary to another object
■ Someone left a message for you
 ○ reasons
■ I bought this cake for his birthday.

=> Linguisic has weight and parsing - light chunks of info => heavier chunks of info

SOME VERBS ARE WEIRD

VERB + OBJECT/POSSESSIVE + GERUND

Obj: normal life

Poss: acade/formal life

● I recalled him/his criticizing my work →

○ his: formal
○ him : normal
● She resented Susan(’s) winning the prize.

( TEXTBOOK, U30, P60)

VERBS + TO + GERUND

● Did you adapt to living here?

VERBS + PREPOS( OBJECT/POSS) + GERUND

You’re always insisting on [him] learning by heart

VERBS + O + TO-INFINITIVE /PRESENT PARTI.

● Yesterday, I saw them do exercise in the garden

● Yesterday, I saw them doing exercise in the garden

⇒ doing - a fragment of an action (continuous → temporary → a part of an action)

DARE, HELP,MAKE, LET

● I let him do sth

→ He was let do sth

● I make him do sth

→He was made to do sth

● dare: to/ ko cần to

 → dare phủ định ( dare not): ko có

VERBS [+ O] + TO-INF

● It’s hard to encourage him to focus on….

→ It’s hard for him to be encouraged to focus on..

ASPECTS:

It seems to be raining

You seem to have passed the exam

She is believed to have committed the crime

MODALS &(SEMI-) MODALS, MODAL
PERFECT
Ought to, Dare, Need, Used to

DONT FORGET: MODAL PERFECT

Should - have function, not meaning

Verb

1. Main/ Lexical Verb: meaning

2. Auxiliary verb: help the verb to have func
○ Auxiliary (func):
■ Have - perfect ⇒ markers
■ Do - questions, negative ⇒ markers
■ Be - passive ⇒ markers
○ Modality ( should, need, must…)
■ obligation
■ ability
■ possibility
■ permission

modality ( phương thức )

● certainty and likelihood/possibility ( epistemic - phương thức nhận thức)
○ you must be hungry
● permisssion and duty ( deontic - )
○ You must stay home
● subj’s own ability ( and willingness to act) ( dynamic - phương thức động)
○ I must finish the meal

can-could-be able to
● can + v = be able to + v
○ I can swim → giving command, demand ( ask you to swim)

○ I’m able to swim → ask for the ability whether your able to swim

○ Text can be easily plagarized →

○ Texts are able to be plagarized →

● could + v = was/were able to + v

○ at 6, she could play the piano → general ability
○ at 6, she was able to play the piano → specifically manage to do it, efforts
can-could-be allowed to ( modals not give an exact %
)
● can → 60-70%
● could → ( có muốn hay ko ) ai muốn vô thì vô, kb có ai vô ko
● be allowed to → có người rồi

will-would-used to
● not talking abr fut., will-would

○ characteristic beh or habi

■ when i see a mistake, i will correct it
○ things that are/were true
■ lack of food will lead to starvation
● ? how abt a parti event

○ last night when i gave him the gift, he *would open it. → WRONGGG

⇒ nhiều lần mới WOULD, này chỉ mở 1 lần thôi

○ Every time i gve hime a gift, he would smile at me

how to cri
● would - hồi đó lúc nào nó cũng làm như vậy
○ i was happy when he left. He would talk about people behind their backs.
● will - sỉ nhục

○ A: I feel sick
B: Well, if you will eat so much, I am not suprised.

Had better
when want to say that its a good idea to do sth in part

● you’d better study harder for the exams

in general cases, u’d better use ‘’should/ought to”

● i don’t think you should play games a lot and ignore homework.

**** NEGATIVE FORM: had better NOT + V

● You had better not be late again → a warning

MODAL PERFECT
should (not) + perfect
● talkin abt sth that didnt happen in the past, and we’re sorry that it did, or didnt ( used for critic, regrets…)
● always nega
○ yesterday was my mom’s birth but i forgot. I should have bought her
● talkin abt expect as well
○ the parcel i sent u should have arrived by now
● with “be” + adj → descr chance
○ it was strange that we should have been staying in the same hotel last year.

UNREAL PAST SIT ( hành động chưa lm)

● not did it
● no emotion or feelings
● would + perf
○ I would have gone to last night’s party, but didnt have time

⇒ ko đi

○ smoking> no, my grands wouldnt have let me do it

PAST SIT THAT WE THINK ACTUALLY HAPPENED *( chỉ nghĩ là nó xảy ra thôi chứ kb có xảy ra ko)

● will + perf ( will này trg quá khứ)

○ as you will have noticed, i changed the notes.

⇒ you chỉ nghĩ là mn đã đọc bài nhưng thật sự ko chắc là mn đã đọc hết chưa)

COULD + PERF

● talking abt past poss or uncer

○ we could have had it all rolling in the deep

● phủ định là lên cao nhất

○ we couldnt have been happier in those days

→ cảm giác vui nhất, vui chưua từng có

● expressing unwillingness

○ she could have gone to the party (but she didnt)

MAY/MIGHT + PERF

● might + perf

○ past possibility that didnt happen

■ you shouldnt have jumped → đã làm. you might have drowned ⇒ ko bị drown
○ annoyance

■ you might have told me that you broke my car

○ ⇒ chưa nói

● may/might + perf ⇒ uncer

○ i may have been rather critical

● idiom abt a typ ac: S + might have known … would

○ i might have known that he would be late.

MUST + PERF / CANT + PERF

● must perf phủ định → cant + perf → chắc chắn

● drawing a conclusion abt the past [speculative - phỏng đoán ]

○ why my hous ddirty? my mom must have thrown a party

⇒ phải có bằng chưunsg must have mới có nghĩa

● speaker’cer abt a past act

○ You can’t have lost the wallet [ I’m sure you didnt]

⇒ I know you wouldnt lost that.

NEEDN’T + PERF vs DIDN’T NEED TO + V

● needn’t perf → unness act which was act done

○ you needn’t have paid at once [ but you did]

→ mày làm chi, chả cần phải làm

● didnt need to → unnecess act which was not done, ko cần làm → vô nghĩa

● you didnt need to go to the dentist

→ bạn chưa lm và cũng ko cần làm

ARTICLES - DETERMINERS - QUANTIFIERS

Determiners
THE: second and third times mentioned, defined objects

● representative
● empha the uniqueness
● Specific

A/AN: first time mentioned, undef obj

● in numb and quant expre

○ half an hour
○ a friend of mine
● Non-specific

( TRANS MUST KNOW)

The Ipad has changed the way we look at tablets

⇒ no referents ( ko tồn tại trong đầu ng nghe)

An Ipad is indispensible in my backpack

⇒ any iPad rather than a specific ipad

The Ipad is indispensible in my backpack

⇒ nó sẽ đúng nếu mình vừa show ra cái ipad vừa nói → list sẽ hình dung

● iPads

● **the iPads** : đã mention số lượng đã nhắc từ trước, mới dùng đc

● the students of IU : nói tất cả

● IU students: có thể ko nói tất cả mn

Referents???

● nằm trg đầu người nghe

● speaker: I bought the house

listner: → which house?

● That was a friend I’ll never forget

⇒ any friend rather than a specific friend

 ● That was the friend we made in France

⇒ the specific one.

● Let’s read the book → a specific one

● Let’s read a book → any book rather than the specific one

● Articles: is a modal verb which has no meaning but have function: introduce and provide context to a noun
or noun phrase

○ Modal V ( can, could, ought to…)

○ Auxi V

○ Prep: func as a bridge between two objects

○ Conj ( For,And,Nor,But,Of,Yet,So)

DETERMINERS = AN UMBRELLA TERM

○ articles, quantifiers, demonstratives, poss determin
○ express the refer of a N (phr) in a cont

● ARTICLES mark the identifiability of the referents of a N ( phr)

QUANTIFIERS ind quantity ( many, a few…)

SOME vs ANY
Affirm vs Non-affir

● some
○ số 2 trở lên
● any
○ số 0 → câu phủ định
● *** SPECIAL USE: more emphatic than a/an ( sing N)
○ while the singer was singing, some troublemaker rushed to the stage and made a fuss.
→ người ta có mún focus cái này hay ko?

○ There are
■ neg V: deny, fail, forbid…
■ neg Adv: not, barely, never…
 ■ neg N
○ There are
■ before in the cla
■ I hid my treasure before anyone could see it
■ comparisons in the cla
● NOT A(NY) + N = NO + N( EMPHATIC)
○ there’s not any train until 2mr = there’s no train
○ NOT ANY doesnt begin a clause. USE NO/NONE (OF THE)
● *** In formal or literacy style, NOT A(NY)
○ No other place could replace home. → home là 1 nên placeS
○ Not a sound came from…
● *** differ
○ I called her last night but there was *no ans ⇒ correspond to the “i called her” → i had no ans to my
call ( corress bef it )

○ He was so timid that he almost had no friends. ⇒ correspond to the fact → number of friends is
zerooo

QUANTIFIERS

MANY/MUCH
pronouns

Many → time expres ( days, minutes..) and number of N

Many a + sing N = many + plural N

○ Many a student ( = a lot of stu) think it’s not a good idea

● A good/great many + plural N
○ I have a great many of friends in JP

THE WHOLE vs ALL

ALL/ ALL OF THE

○ After the noun, it refers to

■ we all know that gram is complicated
○ After TO BE or the first MODAL/AUX V
■ They are all going to the beach today
■ They are not all going to the beach today
■ SAU AUX V → not
■ All of them are not going to the beach today

THE WHOLE

○ before sing count N

■ The whole concert was a success → everything done during the day
 ■ All the concert…. → từ sáng đến hết sáng
■ Entire = Whole
○ However,
■ All + day/week/night
■ All the time/ All the way
■ All the world/ All the house
○ A diff
■ All of the towns were destroyed in the storm→ Some of them can be not
■ After the storm, whole towns were destroyed → destroyed completely
○ Whole of + periods of time = emphazise

EVERY vs EACH

○ EACH
■ individual
■ within a group of 2 or more.
■ 2 slices of pizza → each slice
○ EVERY
■ collective whole, not indi
■ at least 3 items
■ every number + plural n
■ every other + sing n
■ every other week → hôm nay lm bữa sau nghỉ bữa sau làm tiếp
■ every = complete …………

PHRASAL VERB
A main verb + prep

○ come up with, put sth on….

■ I had to go up to find him ⇒ go + up = go up → 1 động từ bình thường
■ Prices have gone up pretty fast ⇒ go + up >< go up → 1 phrasal verb
● TYPES
○ prepositional verbs
■ V + prep
■ She looks after her mother
■ Features: non-separable ( ko đưa cái N vào cái V + prep) ,intransitive
○ particle verbs
■ V + particle ( which = prep)

■ cho phép danh từ chạy vào giữa

hand it over → particle verb

hand over it → prep verb, particle verb

■ You must have thought it over, right?

■ Features: transitive ⇒ separable, intransitive
○ particle-prep verbs

■ V + parti + prep
■ No one can put up with that kind of beha
 ■ Features: non-separable ( put up with → ko tách with ra được)

PHRASAL VERBS - RELATIVE

PHRASAL VERBS
prep. V

● non-separable
● transitive

past. V

● separable
● (in)transitive

prep-past V

● non-separable
● transitive

[ language = arbitrariness: the reason why sth like that ( a lang can be this way but can’t in some way) ]

PARTI. VERBS VS PREP VERBS

● You can depend me on/bank me on

● She looks after her mother ⇒ she looks after her

……

● The noun ⇒ Pronoun

○ The meaning of the pronoun becomes lighter → is shifted ( sits before the parti.) if the verb is a parti.
verb
■ Ex: ….
■
● if a sentence lacks relative clauses, it makes the sentence **“weight”(**too heavy, not clear)

RELATIVE CLAUSES
Definition:

● connect clauses

○ His parents bought him a cat for his birthday

● modify a noun

○ My friend, one of the most famous….. → modify “my friend”

 ⇒

💡 nằm giữa 2 dấu phẩy → non-defi

nằm trơ trọi → defi

○ My brother, who lives in LA, ….

■ ,…, → non-def → omitted
■ only one
■ emphasis: “my brother”
○ My brother who lives in LA ….
■ can be more than 2
■ emphasis: “lives in LA”, not in any other countries.
1. who(m) → human → who: subj; whom: obj
2. which → non-human
3. that → non-human
4. whose → poss
5. when/where/what/why

Relative pronoun: a blank that does not exist in relative clauseause

● I met a girl (whom) I liked …. a lot

○ Like: transitive verb → need an obj → I like who? ⇒ whom

POSSESSIVE

● can be used for everything except for things, but this rule is unstable
○ I received a letter whose poor spelling made me disappointed

⇒ whose poor… belongs to the writing the letter, NOT the letter

WHERE, WHEN, WHEREBY ( bằng cách đó), WHY

● used as relative pronouns

● Method:
○ def/ non-def
○ it can replace the blank BEFORE or AFTER the noun/ noun phrase
● be replaced by the structure: [ prep + which]
○ I didn’t expect the time when/at which I found out about it.
○ This was the place where/in which …. → “the place”
○ The govermentment is to end the system whereby/by which means …. → “the system”

NOUN CLAUSES/ NOMINAL RELATIVE

CLAUSES
● This is a list of who has been invited → CORRECTTT

● More emphasis:

○ Whoever did this must have been out of mind

● Whose: doesn't go with things ⇒ NOUN + of which

○ I received a letter, the spelling of which made me disappointed

● All, both, each, most, many, most, neither + of which

○ 2 types of no
■ none → all
■ neither → both
○ She’s good at maths and physics**, both of which** are my worst ones
● Clause 1 + rela. pro + Clause 2

○ Rela pro. : Q/N (1), prep (2), which (3) ( bắt buộc phải có)
● When the verb is a prepo one, we dont SPLIT UP

○ I think that’s the man ( whom) I came across the day…..