67 Nice sentence to remember!

I came to England six months ago. I started my economics course three

months ago. When I return to Australia, I will have been studying (study) for
nine months and I will have been (be) in England for exactly one year.

VOCABULARY

1. Care about
2. Deal with = Handle (Tratar, encargarse de algo)
3. I deal with sharks / I handle sharks
4. Find out – descubrir, encontrar
5. Get on well with someone – llevarse bien con alguien
6. Steep - empinada
7. Allow someone to do something
8. Let you do something
9. I don’t mind going… (No me importa ir…)
10. It doesn’t matter - No importa
11. I don’t care - me da igual
12. Far FROM- lejos de
13. Tan....como - as…(large)...as
14. I haven’t been to a concert for a long time / It’s a long time since I ​went ​to a
concert ​(After “it’s time…” we put Past Simple)
15. I have nev90`´ er been to this place before. ​It’s the first time ​I have ever been
to this place. ​It’s the first time + Present Perfect
16. Taking pictures is not allowed​. ​You are ​not allowed to ​take pictures​.
17. There are only a few concerts this month - There aren’t ​very many
18. My homework needs checking → I need someone TO CHECK my homework.
19. Realise - darse cuenta de
20. Wonder - preguntarse a sí mismo
21. Once - una vez
22. Prefer - ​I prefer eating to swimming / I prefer volleyball to football.
23. I agree with
24. Along = a lo largo de
25. I am​ keen on going​ to the… -> te gusta hacer algo → ​KEEN ON + ING
26. Help - helpful
27. Tight - apretado
28. Unable - incapaz
29. Trouble - problema
30. Play - obra de teatro
31. Must/Should/Could - ​NO VAN CON ​TO
32. I’d rather = preferiría
 33. At least = al menos
34. Every ​+ palabra en singular = every film (cada película)
35. It’s import​ant to arrive at work on time.
It’s important ___________​not to arrive ___​________ late to work.
BE CAREFUL!! Infinitive in the negative form: NOT TO!!
36. Even - incluso
37. So That - para que
38. Whose - cuyo
39. Avoid - evitar
40. Unir dos verbos.
I want to study (to + infinitive) VS. I hate studying (ing)
Prefer - acepta las dos formas
Estudiar lista de qué verbo va con qué cosa para saberlo! Está en los
apuntes!!!
Informal invitations:
Why don’t we go to the mountain?
Let’s go to the mountain!!
Do you want to...?

Formal invitations:
Would you like to....?
41. Think ​OF
42. Each = cada
41. IN length (total de largo)
42. The rain FALLS
43. TAKE advantage of…. Sacar provecho/ventaja de algo
44. You LACK knowledge: te falta conocimiento (pero no porque seas retramonguer)
45. Cantidad→ amount
46. Depend ON
47. journey → viaje (genérico)
48. Voyage→ travesía
49. Notice the difference → ver la diferencia
50. Desarrollar → develop
51. Groups of up to 20 people → de hasta 20 personas
52. Frase condicional negativa → suele ser UNLESS
53. I had that→ I used to have
54.. Keen on +ing→ Que te gusta algo. I’m keen on playing basketball / I’m keen on
basketball
55. Similar TO
56. whereas → mientras
57. Such as → por ejemplo
58. TELL a story
59. My parents gave me some money
Some money WAS GIVEN to me by my parents.
I WAS GIVEN some money by my parents.
60. unable → incapaz
61. Ser bueno en: To be good at → I’m good at playing
62. Exciting Vs. Excited
63. En esa época → At that time
64. Cantidad→ amount
65. Money → uncountable
66. Trade → comercio
67. Doormat → felpudo
68. Give a speech → dar un discurso

GRAMMAR

Who/Which/That/Whose
● The boy that/who came yesterday is really handsome.
● The dog that/which you have is blablabla.
● The place where I went.
● The woman, whose daughter was really nice, bought me a dress.
● This is the person I sold my car to → This is the person TO WHOM I sold my
car (WHOM = WHO pero after prepositions)
● This is the girl about whom we are talking → this is the girl we are talking
about.

Paco, who is a boy, bought a film → no se puede cambiar a “that” porque va entre
comas.

Who is the owner of these trousers? —> ​Whose ​trousers are these? —> I don’t
know ​whose ​trousers are these.

I have no idea ​whose ​pen this is

Auxilar vs. No Auxiliar?

● What happened yesterday? Vs. What did you buy?
Cuando la partícula es parte del sujeto, no ponemos auxiliar. En la primera frase, el
sujeto es “What”, pero en la seguida, “You” es el sujeto y por eso ponemos auxiliar.
When did you come? Vs. Who opened the bottle?

VERB TENSES

Present Simple

● Things that are always true

● Habits and routines

Present Continuous

● What you are doing NOW: At the moment we're sending all the mail by
courier, be
● cause the Post Office is on strike.
● Something repeated temporary: Whenever I see Juan, he’s smoking
● Annoying habit: You're always borrowing money from me!

Present Perfect
● I have eaten potatoes
● I have just seen your mother
● I haven’t finished my homework yet
● She has already eaten that.
● Trabajo aquí desde 1990: I’ve worked here since 1990
● Trabajo aquí desde hace/durante tres meses: I’ve worked here for 3 months.

To talk about a period of time in the past (NOT finished)

To talk about something you have done without specifying when

I have been married for ten years (I’m married now)

VS.
Past Simple ​(Finished action in the past)
I was married for ten years (I’m divorced now)
NO USAR SI NO HAY REFERENCIA DE TIEMPO

Past Continuous​: repeated actions in the past

I was studying for two hours yesterday

Present Perfect Continuous​→ ​I have BEEN reading for two hours.

Process of the action for unfinished actions
How long have you been studying?
They have been going out for three years.

Past Perfect → ​When I arrived, they had finished

To speak about an earlier past in the past

Past Perfect Continuous ​→​ I had BEEN reading

He wasn't hungry because had ​had been eating​ all day long.
Igual que el pasado perfecto pero quieres enfatizar el proceso/duración de la
acción.

Used to (Solía…) Vs. I usually go to school (Present)

I used to play the violin
I didn’t use to play the violin
Did I use to play the violin)

Would:​ Repetitive action in the past

Every evening, Jack would turn on the radio, light his pipe, and fall asleep.

​Present Continuous / Going to

● Mi madre va a venir: My mother is going to come / My mother is coming
● Nosotros vamos a ir al médico mañana: We are going to go the doctors
tomorrow / We are going to the doctors

Going to Vs. Will

Going To
1. Plans
2. Something is going to happen immediately - Be careful! it is going to fall
down!
3. Predictions with CLEAR evidence

When we talk about the weather, we usually (Always) use Going to.
Example: Is it going to rain tomorrow? Vs. Is it raining tomorrow?

Future
1. Decisions in the moment of speaking
2. Prediction without evidence
3. Offers
4. Promises
 Activity

● Va a llover mañana (hay nubes negras): It ​is going to​ rain (Prediction with
evidence)
● Te amaré siempre: I will love you forever (Promise)
● Suena el teléfono. Contestaré yo: I will answer (decision in the moment)
● Te encantará la película, creo: I think you will like it (no evidence)
● Tu amigo lleva bolsas. Te ayudaré. I will help you! (decision in the moment,
offer)

​Present SImple en Futuro ​→ Para horarios

Future Continuous ​→ I​ will be eating

By this time next week​, I will be dancing...
By Christmas​, I will be skiing like a pro
It is used to express what you will be doing in a concrete moment in the
future.

Future Perfect ​→​ I will have read

By the time​ you read this, I will have disappeared.
It is used to speak about a finished event in the future.

Future Perfect Continuous ​→ ​I will have been reading

It is used to speak about the duration of a finished event in the
future.
They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Thomas arrives.

___________________________________________________

-ing Vs. to infinitive (p.154):

We write -ing:
1. After prepositions – He was thinking of going to the mountain.
2. Subject of the sentence – Eating outside is fun.
3. After some verbs (like, dislike, love, hate, ​mind​, finish…) – I like going out

Be careful!! I would like TO go. (Porque va con “would”)

We write -to infinitive:

1. After adjectives – It is impossible to park here.
2. After some verbs (promise, want, decide, forget, hope…) – I promise to go
there.

Remember: The negative is: NOT to go

Modal Verbs
● Ability:
○ Can:​ present
○ Could:​ past
○ Be able to: se puede usar en presente y pasado como “Can/Could”
pero se usa sobre todo para todos los demás tiempos porque no se
pueden hacer con “can”.

I can sing = I am able to sing

She could swim = She was able to swim
She will be able to swim Vs. ​She will can (MAL!!!!)
She would be able to swim
She is going to be able to swim
She has been able to swim

● Obligation:
○ Have to​: general obligation / rules (negative consequences) → You
have to wear a uniform.
○ Must​: the speaker tells you to do it / personal obligation → You must go
to the doctor.
○ Had to​: Sorry, I’m late. I had to take the children to school.
○ Didn’t have to​: I didn’t have to buy that (no tenía que hacer algo)

● No obligation:
○ Don’t have to​: no hace falta que… → You don’t have to pay. I have
already paid
○ Didn’t have to​: You didn’t have to pay (pero ya has pagado)
○ Needn’t​: You needn’t buy more sugar.
○ Needn’t have + 3rd column:​ You needn’t have bought sugar (pero ya la
has comprado)
○ Don’t need to: ​You don’t need to pay
○ Didn’t need to: ​You didn’t need to pay (pero ya has pagado)

● Prohibition:
 ○ Mustn’t​: You mustn’t smoke in class. ​It’s forbidden.
○ Can’t​: You can’t go in there.

● Probability:
○ May/Might​ - I might go to the party. I’m not sure.
○ May/Might Have + 3rd column​: I might have gone to the party. I don’t
remember​.

The negative is: I might not go to the party.

Remember: You need to see “I’m not sure, I don’t know…” to be sure that you
are expressing probability.

Might: menos probable. I might go to the cinema if I have time.

Super probability: He is very fast, he can win the race.

● Advice / Suggestions: no obligation, just a friendly suggestion.

○ Should​: You should do more sport.
○ Should + have + 3rd column​: You should have done more sport
○ Ought to​: You ought to go to the doctor.
○ Ought to have + 3rd column:​ You ought to have gone to the doctor
○ Could​: We could go to the beach
○ Could have + 3rd column:​ We could have gone to the beach
○ Shall​: Shall we go to the beach?
○ Had better​: I think you’d better leave now.
- To stop something going wrong

Would ​you like to go to the meeting? Te gustaría ir a la reunión

Would you tell me? Me dirías----

Would you eat that?Te comerías eso? Solo hace que la frase sea condicional.

● Negative deduction: something is IMPOSSIBLE.

○ Can’t​: He can’t be your father because he is on holiday.
○ Can’t have + 3rd column​: Jean can’t have noticed you.

● Positive deduction: something has to be TRUE.

○ Must​: He must be at home because his car is outside.
○ Must + have + 3rd column: ​He must have left the wallet at home
 ○ Be bound to​: You are bound to see her if you go there.

Be careful, although you think they are not sure of something, if it doesn’t say “I’m
not sure”, it means they are sure.

Modals verb are followed by a verb without TO or ING.

https://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-modals-present-
past.php

https://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-53195.p
hp

http://usefulenglish.ru/grammar/subjunctive-mood-exercise-three

https://www.examenglish.com/grammar/B1_reported_speech.htm

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?09

http://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/4g7-wishes-and-regrets.php

CAN / COULD / BE ABLE TO

MAY / MIGHT → I might go to the library //// I might have gone to the library

MUSTN’T → You mustn’t speak in class //// You mustn’t have spoken in class

Must / Have to → You must do--- You have to … //// You had to

Don’t have to / Needn’t / don’t need to→ fdkghdfjkghd // Didn’t have to / You
needn’t have…. / didn’t need to

Should / ought to → kdfhsdjfh /// should have / ought to have

can’t / must → can’t have / must have

If you are interested in losing weight, you __SHOULD/OUGHT

TO/COULD______________ try this new diet.

Johnn’s fallen down the stairs!! __Should_______ I call an ambulance?

You _needn’t_________come too early. We won’t leave until

The train was damaged, but the passengers __WEre able to__________ get
out through a broken window.

Children ___MUST__________ be accompanied by an adult at the zoo.

You ________talk during tests. It’s forbidden-
I can feel the heat. We __MUST____________be near the fire.
tHEY __Couldn’t_____________ HEAR HIM BECAUSE HE WAS
WHISPERING.
You’ve never heard of Britney Spears!!!You ____can’t_________ be
seriuos!
__WOULD_______________ you like to have dinner with me?
Could you open the door? COuld you correct the activity?
You ___MUSTN’T_______let him hear about the party tomorrow. It’s a
surprise!
___MAY_________ I speak to the Chief of Police I, please?

Conditional Sentences
1) If + Present Simple + Will (Future Simple) / Real things
If I am hungry, I will eat.
I will cry if you hit me.

2) If + Past Simple + Would (Conditional) / Imaginary - hypothetical

If I had a lot of money, I would buy an island.
I would buy a lot of presents if I had time.
If I ​WERE ​you….

Vanesa llorará si le enseñas una araña.

3) If + Past Perfect + Conditional Perfect (Regrets in the past)
If I ​had studied​ more, I ​wouldn’t have failed​ the exam.
If I ​had known​ the truth, I ​wouldn’t have got​ married.
You would ​have ​gone/been to the party, if I had invited you.

Unless: I won’t take the job UNLESS the pay is ok.

(a menos que / si no)
IF = As long as / Provided

● Should → If you should see John, tell him that...

(En un hipotético caso-Presente)
● Were to → If you were to offer me the job, I would turn it down
(En un hipotético caso-Futuro)
● Mixed conditional:
 If you had saved money, you wouldn’t be so poor now
3 2
Se refiere a un pasado, que llega al presente

Vanesa will cry if you show her a spider.

Si fuera tú, visitaría a Ana.
If I were you, I would visit Ana.
Si pudiera ser un superhéroe, elegiría a Batman.
If I could be a superhero, I would choose Batman.
Si habláis demasiado, no entenderéis la lección.
If you speak too much, you won’t understand the lesson.
She would change her job if she was a millionaire.
Ella cambiaría su trabajo si fuera millonaria.
If you go to Paris, you will see the Eiffel Tower.
Si vas a París, verás el Coliseo Romano.

So vs. Such
You are so handsome - SO + adj
You are such a lovely guy - SUCH + (a) + adj + noun
I am so lucky, I have such an amazing friend!! I have such amazing
friends!!

Passive ​(being = siendo / been= sido)

I eat tomatoes - Tomatoes are eaten by me

I ate tomatoes - Tomatoes were eaten...
I am eating… - Tomatoes are being eaten...
I was eating… Tomatoes were being eaten ...
I have eaten… - Tomatoes have been eaten
I had eaten… - Tomatoes had been eaten…

Los policías atraparon a los ladrones - The thieves were caught by the
police

I always buy fruit with my family in the supermarket with my family.

fruit is always bought with my family in the supermarket (by me).

The doctor will operate my brother tomorrow

My brother will be operated tomorrow (by the doctor)
 The students were studying the lesson
The lesson was being studied by the students.

I am opening presents
Presents are being opened (by me).

Special cases of Passive

● CD + CI
- They sent ​me​ ​a letter​ → A letter was sent to / I was sent a letter
- My parents will read ​me​ ​a novel​ → I will be read a novel / A novel will
be read to me
- They have told ​me ​a story​ → The story has been told to me (by them)
/ I have been told a story (by them )
- They write songs to my sister → My sister is written songs by them /
Songs are written to my sister.
- Michael has taken lots of photos of their friends during the summer →
Michael’s friends have been taken photos by Michael during the
summer.

● Impersonal:

PRESENTE: ​TO + VERBO EN INFINITIVO​ + LO QUE TOQUE

To be / to be eating / to eat
PASADO: ​TO + HAVE + VERBO EN TERCERA COLUMNA​ + LO QUE
TOQUE
To have eaten / to have been eating

- People say ​that Electrik lives in Elda →

It is said that Electrik lives in Elda
Electrik is said ​to ​live in Elda

- People believe​ that killing animals is illegal →

It is believed that killing animals is illegal
Killing animals is believed ​to ​be illegal

- People say​ that Pedro ​lived ​in Elda → Pedro is said ​to have lived​ in
Elda
- People say that this car is very beautiful → This car is said to be very
beautiful
 - People say that this car was very beautiful → This car is said to have
been very beautiful
- People say that my friend is stupid → It is said that my friend is stupid /
My friend is said to be stupid.
- People say that my friend was stupid → my friend is said to have been
stupid.

- People think she is writing a book → She is thought​ to be​ writing a

book
- People say that the government was/ have been / had been building
schools → The government is said ​to have​ been building schools.
- People say that the factory will make profit soon → the factory is said
to make profit soon

● NEED: I need to fix my trousers —> ​My trousers NEEDS FIXING

● Causative “have”

Subject + Have (Conjugated) + Object + Verb Past Participle

● Yo me corto el pelo → I have my hair cut

● Nosotros pintamos la casa el mes pasado → We had our/the house
painted last month
● Ellos se pintarán las uñas → They will have their nails cut
● I paint my nails → I have my nails painted
● I’m painting my nails -> I’m having my nails painted
● I will decorate my room → I will have my room decorated

has / have - Present

had - Past
‘m having - Present C
was having - Past C
will have - Future
would have - Conditional
has/have had - present perfect
had had - past perfect

● Needs doing
- The floor is dirty → It needs cleaning
ACTIVITIES PASSIVE
❏ The Government is planning a new road near my house.
- A new road is being planned near my house ​The Government​.
❏ My grandfather built this house in 1943.
- This house was built in 1943 by ​my grandfather​.
❏ People believe that she ate all the hamburguers.
- It is said that she ate all the hamburgers.
- the hamburgers are said to have​ been ​eaten
❏ Picasso was painting Guernica at that time.
- Guernica was being painted at that time by Picasso.
❏ He had written three books before 1867.
- Three books had been written before 1867
❏ People consider that she will win the contest.
- It is considered that she will win the contest
- She is said to win the contest
❏ I lent a pencil to Graham
- A pencil was lent to Graham
- Graham was lent a pencil

❏ The cleaner has cleaned the office.

- The office ​has been​ cleaned by the cleaner
❏ Fiona told the truth to Julian
- The truth was told to Julian ​by Fiona
- Julian was told the truth
❏ John will tell you later.
- You​ will be told later ​by Jonh
❏ By this time tomorrow we will have signed the deal.
- By this time tomorrow the deal will ​have been​ signed
❏ Somebody should do the work.
- The work should be done
❏ People say that she has finished the first.
- It is said that she has finished the first.
- she is said to have finished the first
❏ The traffic might have delayed Jimmy.
- Jimmy might have been delayed ​by the traffic
❏ People say that the teacher is living in Japan
- It is said that the teacher is living in Japan
- the teacher is said to be living in Japan
❏ They offered the job to Simon
- The job was offered to Simon
 - Simon was offered the job
❏ They are building a new stadium near the station.
- A new stadium is being built near the station
❏ At six o'clock someone was telling a story.
- At six o’clock a story was being told
❏ John gave a bar of chocolate to Jill
- a bar of chocolate was given to Jill
- Jill was given a bar of chocolate
❏ The boss showed the new computer to Anna
- The new pc was shown to Anna
- Anna was shown the new pc

CAUSATIVE HAVE
❏ Van a pintar mi casa
- I’m going to have my house painted.
❏ Me pintarán las uñas mañana
- I will have my nails cut tomorrow
❏ Arreglaron ayer el coche de mi hermana
- My sister had her car repaired yesterday
❏ Han solucionado los problemas del jefe
- The boss ​HAS HAD​ the problems solve
❏ Nos habían organizado una fiesta
- We had had a party prepared
❏ Los mecánicos arreglarán su coche
- She will have her car repaired by the mechanics.

Something, anything, nothing

some...​With positive sentences → We are going somewhere tomorrow
any...​with negative/interrogative sentences → We are not going anywhere
tomorrow
no...​with positive sentences with negative meaning → Nobody is there

Quantifiers

Mucho
● A lot of = lots of --> affirmative/negative/question

I have a lot of cars

● Many/much → negative/question (it can also be used in affirmati​ve)
● A lot (It doesn’t go with anything) → I like it a lot
● Plenty of - I have plenty of time (more than you need)
Demasiado
● too much / too many + ​noun

I have too much work

● too + ​adjective/adverb

You are too tall

Un poco
● a little(uncountable) / a few (countable)

There are a few bars...

Muy poco
● Very little / very few

Suficiente
● enough

There are enough chairs

You are tall enough

Nada
● There isn’t any room
● There is no room
● How much money do you have? None

Word order Phrasal Verbs

● Don’t have an object

I get up at six

● Have an object

I turn on the radio = I turn the radio on

Vs.
I turn it on ​→ ​When the object is a pronoun, there is only a possibility.

● Special cases
 I look for my keys → ​You can’t change the order with some verbs, for
example “look”.

So, neither + auxiliaries (Yo también, yo tampoco)

I love football → So do I
I am not dancing → Neither am I

So/Neither + auxiliary verb + subject

Reported Speech

SAID + THAT + SENTENCE: She said that I…

TOLD + SB + THAT: I told her that...

Affirmative Sentences
● I like shopping - She ​said that ​she liked shopping
● I am eating potatoes - She said she was eating potatoes
● I have eaten potatoes - She said she had eaten
● I had eaten potatoes - She said she had eaten
● I will eat potatoes - She said she would eat
● I have been eating potatoes - She said she had been eating…
● I can dance - She said she could dance
● I must open the letter - She said she had to open the letter
● I may go to the dentist - She said she might go to the dentist
● I should study - She said that she should study

I opened the box here - He told me he had opened the box there
I will open this letter tomorrow - He said he would open that letter the following
day

Interrogative Sentences
Do you like apples? I asked him if he liked apples
Are they singing? I asked her if they were singing
What is your name? He asked me what my name was
where is she living? He asked me where she was living
How have you done that? She asked me how I had done that

Orders ​(PONER VERBO EN INFINITIVO)

Write the letter - She ​told me​ to write the letter
Open the door - He told to open the door
Don’t come later - She told me not to come later
Could you open the door? - She told me to open the door / She asked me if I
could open the door.

Words that change:

Here → there
Yesterday → the day before
The next week → the following week
tomorrow→ The following day
This → that

● We will go to the supermarket. He told me…

- that they would go to the supermarket
● They have visited the museum. She said…
- that they had visited the museum
● Where will you live in the future? He asked me…
- where I would live in the future
● Are you eating candies here? They asked me…
- If I was eating candies there
● Shut up! She told me…
- to shut up
● Don’t speak! He told you…
- not to speak
● I am writing a lovely story. I told them...
- that I was writing a lovely story
● Could you give me that? He told me ….
- to give him that
● She has been living here since 2001. She told me...
- that she had been living there since 2001

Question Tags
No? Verdad? → Auxiliary verb + Subject

BUT!!!
If it is positive → auxiliary negative
If it is negative → auxiliary positive

Do you want to dance, don’t you?

You don’t want to dance, do you?
Are you happy, aren’t you?
You won’t come, will you?
Don’t drive fast, will you?
Let’s go out, shall we?

Embedded question
When you have one question inside a question, the second is not a question, so
it follows the structure of affirmative sentences.

Where is the bank? → Could you tell me where the bank is?
Is there a bus stop near here? → Do you know if there is a bus stop near here?
Wishes

1. Wish about the Present/Future → Se pone en PASADO

Ojalá fuera/tuviera/comiera....

a. I wish/​If only​ I were taller

b. I wish/​If only​ I had a super car
c. I wish / If only I had a son
2. Wish about the Past → Se pone en PAST PERFECT

Ojalá hubiera estudiado, comido...

a. I wish/​If only​ I had studied more

b. I wish/​If only​ I had accepted the offer
c. I wish I hadn’t eaten that
3. Wish in which you “Annoying Habits” → Se pone WOULD
a. I wish/​If only​ she wouldn’t smoke
b. I wish you would shut up
❏ I failed my exam because I didn’t study enough.
- I wish I had studied more
❏ I like red hair.
- I wish I had red hair
❏ My sister sings at night. I hate it.
- I wish she wouldn’t sing
❏ I didn’t go to the concert and they told me it was awesome.
- I wish I had gone/been at the concert

- It’s time + Past Simple​ → It’s time we went home

- I’d rather/I’d sooner (Preferiría) + Past Simple​→ I’d rather you were taller
→ I wish you were taller → If only you were taller.

● CONNECTORS
○ Purpose:
■ so (that) → ​They ​open the box ​so that​ ​the teacher ​wouldn’t…
(Son diferentes sujetos)
■ to / in order to / so as to→ I went to the cinema to see my
favourite films (son el mismo sujeto)
■ For (describes how something is used / no el objetivo) → this
button if for opening the box.
○ Contrast
■ Although / Even though / Though (you can put it at the end of
the sentence / informal) → Although I’m black, I’m living in Spain
// I’m black, but I’m living in Spain, though.
■ However / Nevertheless → Sin embargo
■ Despite / In spite of → A pesar de
● + Noun / Gerund → In spite of the rain, we went to the
parc. Despite the rain, we went to parc. Despite / In spite
of losing, we went to the parc.
● + Complete sentence (Subject + Verb) → in spite of /
Despite THE FACT THAT it was raining…

A pesar de que te invité a comer… → in spite of / Despite ​the fact that

I invited you to have lunch…

A pesar del mal tiempo, fuimos… → in spite of / Despite the bad

weather, we went

A pesar de cantar horriblemente… → in spite of / Despite singing

horribly
 such + adjective `+ noun: such a tall person / such tall people

So + adj : so tall

Time expressions

● Nowadays
● In two day’s time
● This time next week
● Eventually (finalmente)
● In those day (en el pasado)
● Later / Then
● After something → After that
● Afterwards → The film is starting now. I will tell you afterwards.
● Yesterday evening/ morning (no se pone “Last”)

REWRITING EXERCISES

● If Machu Picchu isn’t protected, tourists will damage it.

Tourists will damage M.P ​unless it​ is protected.
● The site contains the remains of many different buildings.
There ​ARE​ the remains of many buildings at the site.
● The tourist train to the side doesn’t travel very quickly.
The tourist train travels ​slowly​ to the site.
● M.P is probably the most important historical site in South America.
Other historical sites in South America are probably not ___​_as important__​_______
as M.P.
● Plants and trees hid the ancient city from people for 100 of years.
The ancient city ​WAS ​hidden​ from people by plants and trees for 100 of years.
● His new house is taller than the other houses in the street.
His new house is ​the tallest​ house in the street.
● His old friend Fred lives in the same street.
Fred, an old friend ___​_of his_​____, lives in the same street.
● He had a rather small house before.
He _____​used to​____ to have a rather small house.
● There’s a beautiful view from Ian’s balcony.
Ian’s balcony __​has​____ a beautiful view.
● He was given help moving by his family.
His family ____​gave him​_____ help moving.
● Mount Everest is such a high mountain that it is very difficult to climb.
Mount Everest is _____​_so_​_____ high that it is very difficult to climb.
● The top was first reached in 1953 by two climbers.
The top was reached for the ​__first time_​___ by two climbers in 1953.
● There is too little oxygen at the top of Everest to breathe easily.
There isn’t ​_____enough_______ ​oxygen at the top of Everest to breathe easily.
● At only 13, Jordan Romero climbed Everest in May 2010.
Jordan Romero ​____was only_____ ​13 when he climbed Everest in May 2010.
● It costs a lot of money to climb Everest.
Climbing Everest _________​is very​_​____ expensive.
● Last month, Sally suggested joining a swimming class together.
Las month, Sally said, ‘Why​ ​don’t we ​join a swimming class together?’
● It was the first swimming class they had attended.
They had​n’t been to​_________ a swimming class before.
● It was such an enjoyable class they decided to go every week.
The class was ____​so​_______ enjoyable they decided to go every week.
● They realise they won’t get better if the don’t practise.
They realise they won’t get better ​____unless_________ ​they practise.
● They both like the sea more than the pool.
They both prefer the sea ____​_to_​________ the pool.
● He’s very careful when he drives, so he doesn’t have an accident.
He drives very ___​careful​L​y​_____, to avoid having an accident.
● He thinks it’s more fun to drive a bus than a car.
He enjoys ​____driving____ ​a bus more than a car.
● Passengers say other drivers don’t help them as much as he does.
Passengers say he is ___​more​__​helpful​__​than​______ other drivers.
● There aren’t enough bus drivers in London.
There are too ____​few​______ bus drivers in London.
 ● In my opinion, he’s the best driver of all.
In my opinion, none of the other drivers are _​as ​good​ as​________ he is.
● She didn’t want to go by herself.
She wasn’t keen __​on going​______ by herself.
● She asked me to go to the class with her.
She asked me if I _​could go​____________ to the class with her.
● At the fitness center the trainer asked me my weight.
At the fitness center the trainer asked me _​how much​_ I weighed.
● The exercises were easier than I expected.
The exercises weren’t __​as difficult as​___________ I expected.
● You have to pay 150 a year to belong to the club.
It _____​costs​ ______ 150 a year to belong to the club.
● It’s always been a dream of mine to see the Amazon.
It’s always been one of ______​my dreams​________ to see the Amazon.
● I wa​nt to walk in the rain forest beside the river.
I want to go ___​for​____ a walk in the rain forest beside the river.
● I can’t go to the Amazon if I don’t save a lot of money.
I can’t go the the Amazon unless __​I save​___________ a lot of money.
● I’m going to the Amazon next year for two weeks.
When I __​go​____ to the Amazon next year, I’ll stay for two weeks.
● I had to book early because so many people want to go.
I had to book early because ____​such​____ a lot of people want to go.
● I usually go to the cinema two or more times a month.
I usually go to the cinema ______​at least​____ twice a month.
● I prefer films about ordinary people to action films.
I’d rather see films about ordinary people ​___than________ ​action films.
● Not all films attract a large audience.
Not every films attract​S​_______________ a large audience.
● I don’t enjoy horror films as much as other films.
I think horror films are ___​less​_______ enjoyable than others.
● Sometimes there are such a lot of good films that I can’t see them all.
Sometimes there are ___​too​____ many good films for me to see them all.

● Last week, one of my friends visited the Santiago Bernabéu football

stadium.
Last week, a friend of ​_mine__​_________ visited the Santiago Bernabéu football
stadium.
● He had not been to this stadium before.
It ______​was_​_____ the first time he had been to the stadium.
● A visit to the dressing room is included in the tour.
The tour ___​includes_​_____ a visit to the dressing room.
● No other football stadium in Madrid is as big as Santiago Bernabéu.
Santiago Bernabéu is ​bigger than ​____________ any other football stadium in
Madrid.
● It costs 9 euros to go on a tour of the stadium.
You have to _____​pay​________ 9 euros to go on a tour of the stadium.
● The Santiago Bernabéu stadium is close to the center of Madrid.
The Santiago Bernabéu stadium is not _______​_far from_​____ the center of Madrid.
● There are some advertisements for jobs in the local newspaper​.
The local newspaper ____​_shows​(has)​_​_____ some advertisements for jobs.
● Filling in a job application form doesn’t take you long.
It doesn’t take you long _______​_to fill​______ in a job application form.
● At a job interview they will want to know what jobs you have done
before.
At a job interview they will ask, ‘What jobs _​_did you have​____________ before?
● It’s important to arrive at work on time.
It’s important ___________​NOT​ to arrive​ ___​________ late to work.
● Some people like working outdoors more than working inside​.
Some people _​__prefer _​_ working outdoors to working inside.
● At some firms, staff are given free uniforms.
Some firms ___​__​give_​TO​_______ their staff free uniforms.
● My father was given his first boat by his parents.
My father’s parents _____​gave​_​him​________ his first boat.
● My father doesn’t have that boat any more.
My father ________​_hasn’t __​______ got that boat any more.
● I wanted to start sailing, but my father insisted that I took some lessons
first.
I wanted to start sailing, but my father said I had _​to take__​_ some lessons first.
● My local sailing school said I was too young to join their courses.
My local sailing school said I wasn’t ____​old enough​_______ to join their courses.
● I found it more difficult to learn than I had expected.
It wasn’t ​__as ​easy​____ to learn ​as ​I had expected.
● Florene is not as crowded in winter as it is in summer.
Florence is _​less​________ crowded in winter than in summer.
● John suggested taking a taxi to the hotel.
John said, ‘If I were you, _​_I_would take​_________ a taxi to the hotel.’
● Florence is a very easy city to walk around.
It is not very ________ ​difficult_​________ to walk around Florence.
● A city like Florence can teach you a lot.
You can ​__learn_______ ​a lot in a city like Florence.
● I will probably visit some museums while I’m in Florence.
I will probably visit some museums ​________during______ ​my stay in Florence.