DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BOMBAY

PROPULSION LAB REPORT

NOZZLE JET REACTION FORCE MEASUREMENT

Submitted By: Tank Nirav Vinodray

Roll No: 193010024
Programme: M.tech in Aerospace Propulsion
Aim:
1. To measure nozzle jet thrust of the various nozzles used in the experiment.
2. To identify the type of each nozzle used in the experiment.
Apparatus:
F791 Nozzle Performances Test Unit equipped with following components:
1. 3 Nozzles of unknown configurations
2. Pressure Gauges: Two Gauges of 0 kN/m2 to 1100 kN/m2 to measure
inlet and exit pressures.
3. Rota Meter: Measure air flow range between 1.4 to 9.0gm/s
4. Chamber: Stainless Steel, 50 mm diameter and 300 mm long, end cover
secured by bolts and sealed by ring.
5. Cantilever and Impact Head: Hollow cantilever approximately, 250mm
long with impact head and nozzle adaptor, cantilever deflection
approximately 4N/mm.
6. Micrometer: Deflection Measurement by Micrometer, with micrometer
least count 0.01mm with electrical contact, indicator Lamp and Volt meter
(0-1.5 V)
7. Input and output Valves
8. Air Regulator

Figure 1: F791 Nozzle Performance Apparatus

Theory:
Nozzle: The basic principal of nozzle is to accelerate the flow along its path. This can
be done with providing a special shape and pressure difference across the inlet and
outlet of the nozzle. For specific type of the flow the shape of nozzle varies. This
variation is as follows.

Figure 2: Area ratio variation with Mach number

Thus, for subsonic flow inlet convergent passage accelerates the flow and for
supersonic flow inlet divergent passage accelerates the flow. As we are going to
encounter flow from static chamber it is necessarily a subsonic flow at inlet. Hence
we are concerned with following two types no nozzle.

1. Convergent nozzle
This nozzle is mainly used to accelerate the flows till Mach number 1.

The pressure distribution along the nozzle for various back pressure values are shown
in following graph.

Figure 3: pressure variation across convergent nozzle in isentropic flow conditions

In curve a and b Pb is more than P* and hence flow is accelerated at less than M=1.
Curve c represents design condition where flow is expanded to sonic conditions and
Pb=P*. at curve c maximum mass flow condition occurs. For curve d and e Pb<P* and
discontinuity in the form of expansion wave occurs at outlet as nozzle can’t accelerate
flow to achieve Pb . Thus, nozzle is said chocked at curve c and mass flow rate is
constant after that point. The mass flow parameter variation with back pressure
variation is as shown below.

Figure 4: mass flow parameter variation with pressure ratio

2. Convergent Divergent nozzle

This type of nozzle is used to accelerate the subsonic flows to the supersonic
conditions. This contains a convergent section which accelerates the flow to the sonic
condition to throat and a divergent section afterwards which accelerates the sonic
flow to the supersonic conditions.
Pressure distribution along its path for various back pressure conditions is as shown
below.

Figure 5: pressure distribution across CD nozzle

 Here, as shown in the figure, for curve 1 and 2 the back pressure is high enough that
the Mach at throat is less than 1. Here divergent section behaves as diffuser and
increases the flow pressure to achieve Pb. Curve c shows choking condition at throat
i.e. M=1 and divergent section still acts a diffuser. Further reducing Pb means that the
divergent section starts acting as nozzle. After some distance a shock wave appears to
increase the pressure and decrease the speed to subsonic. This discontinuity occurs to
match flow pressure to Pb. Curve 7 represents design condition where expansion
occurs in whole nozzle and no discontinuity forms. This represents the maximum
possible isentropic expansion done with nozzle. Curve 8 represents the under
expansion condition where exit pressure is more than Pb. Thus, an expansion wave
occurs at the exit of the nozzle. Maximum mass flow parameter occurs at curve 3 and
remains constant since. This represents the choking condition. This can be seen in
following figure.

Figure 6: variation of mass flow parameter with pressure ratio

Nozzle performance parameters:
1. Ideal velocity:

It can be obtained using observed quantities of experiment.

2. Actual Thrust:
候䂅   ‫  ـ‬
Vreal can be calculated by dividing actual Thrust obtained with mass flow rate mo.
mo is observed quantity.

3. Ideal Thrust:
t‫  ـ‬ t‫  ـ‬
Videal can be obtained by the numerical formula mentioned earlier.

4. Efficiency:
Δ tht ‫  ـ‬ ‫  ـ‬
Δ tht t‫  ـ‬ t‫  ـ‬
Both the velocities can be calculated using numerical formulas mentioned before to
calculate Efficiency.
Observations:

Deflection (δ)

Load (N) Deflection (Loading) Deflection (un-loading) Deflection (Average)

0.5 15 9 12
1 27 23 25
1.5 40 37 38.5
2 53 50 51.5
2.5 67 62 64.5
3 77 76 76.5
3.5 96 92 94

4 109 109 10

Table 1: Load & Deflection reading for calibration of thrust

Figure 7: Load vs deflection plot

Nozzle 1
Pinlet Pexit .  Thrust Vactual Temp Videal Thrust ideal efficiency(η) Specific
m Pexit Thrust(actual)
Fexp Tinlet
Pinlet

(kN/m^2) (kN/m^2) (g/s) (mm) (N) (m/s) (K) (m/s) (N) (N-s/kg)
700.00 600.00 1.90 14.00 0.86 0.61 322.35 300.00 161.19 0.31 4.00 322.35
700.00 500.00 3.20 24.00 0.71 0.98 305.42 300.00 235.10 0.75 1.69 305.42
700.00 400.00 3.80 34.00 0.57 1.34 353.23 300.00 298.50 1.13 1.40 353.23
700.00 300.00 4.20 46.00 0.43 1.78 423.84 300.00 360.07 1.51 1.39 423.84
700.00 200.00 4.40 54.00 0.29 2.07 470.92 300.00 425.95 1.87 1.22 470.92
Table 2: Nozzle 1 at Constant inlet pressure = 700 KN/m2

Pinlet Pexit .  Thrust Vactual Temp Videal Thrust ideal efficiency(η) Specific
m Pexit Thrust(actual)
Fexp Tinlet
Pinlet

(kN/m^2) (kN/m^2) (g/s) (mm) (N) (m/s) (K) (m/s) (N) (N-s/kg)
700.00 200.00 4.40 54.00 0.29 2.07 470.92 300.00 425.95 1.87 1.22 470.92
600.00 200.00 3.80 45.00 0.33 1.74 458.85 300.00 403.05 1.53 1.30 458.85
500.00 200.00 3.10 34.00 0.40 1.34 432.99 300.00 372.68 1.16 1.35 432.99
400.00 200.00 2.40 22.00 0.50 0.90 376.82 300.00 329.15 0.79 1.31 376.82
300.00 200.00 1.60 14.00 0.67 0.61 382.79 300.00 256.83 0.41 2.22 382.79
Table 3: Nozzle 1 at Constant exit pressure = 200 KN/m2
Nozzle 3
Pinlet Pexit .  Thrust Vactual Temp Videal Thrust ideal efficiency(η) Specific
m Pexit Thrust(actual)
Fexp Tinlet
Pinlet

(kN/m^2) (kN/m^2) (g/s) (mm) (N) (m/s) (K) (m/s) (N) (N-s/kg)
700.00 600.00 3.40 35.00 0.86 1.38 405.51 300.00 161.19 0.55 6.33 405.51
700.00 500.00 4.30 38.00 0.71 1.49 346.10 300.00 235.10 1.01 2.17 346.10
700.00 400.00 4.70 41.00 0.57 1.60 339.93 300.00 298.50 1.40 1.30 339.93
700.00 300.00 4.80 44.00 0.43 1.71 355.66 300.00 360.07 1.73 0.98 355.66
700.00 200.00 4.80 52.00 0.29 2.00 416.47 300.00 425.95 2.04 0.96 416.47
Table 4: Nozzle 3 at Constant inlet pressure = 700 KN/m2

Pinlet Pexit .  Pexit Thrust Vactual Temp Videal Thrust ideal efficiency(η) Specific
m Thrust(actual)
Pinlet Fexp Tinlet

(kN/m^2) (kN/m^2) (g/s) (mm) (N) (m/s) (K) (m/s) (N) (N-s/kg)
700.00 200.00 4.80 52.00 0.29 2.00 416.47 300.00 425.95 2.04 0.96 416.47
600.00 200.00 4.00 40.00 0.33 1.56 390.30 300.00 403.05 1.61 0.94 390.30
500.00 200.00 3.40 29.00 0.40 1.16 341.12 300.00 372.68 1.27 0.84 341.12
400.00 200.00 2.70 19.00 0.50 0.79 294.41 300.00 329.15 0.89 0.80 294.41
300.00 200.00 2.00 12.00 0.67 0.54 269.74 300.00 256.83 0.51 1.10 269.74
Table 5: Nozzle 3 at Constant exit pressure = 200 KN/m2
Nozzle 5
Pinlet Pexit .  Pexit Thrust Vactual Temp Videal Thrust ideal efficiency(η) Specific
m Thrust(actual)
Pinlet Fexp Tinlet

(kN/m^2) (kN/m^2) (g/s) (mm) (N) (m/s) (K) (m/s) (N) (N-s/kg)
700.00 600.00 4.80 14.50 0.86 0.63 131.40 300.00 161.19 0.77 0.66 131.40
700.00 500.00 5.00 22.00 0.71 0.90 180.88 300.00 235.10 1.18 0.59 180.88
700.00 400.00 5.00 28.00 0.57 1.12 224.66 300.00 298.50 1.49 0.57 224.66
700.00 300.00 5.00 38.00 0.43 1.49 297.64 300.00 360.07 1.80 0.68 297.64
700.00 200.00 5.00 50.00 0.29 1.93 385.22 300.00 425.95 2.13 0.82 385.22
Table 6: Nozzle 5 at Constant inlet pressure = 700 KN/m2

Pinlet Pexit .  Pexit Thrust Vactual Temp Videal Thrust ideal efficiency(η) Specific
m Thrust(actual)
Pinlet Fexp Tinlet

(kN/m^2) (kN/m^2) (g/s) (mm) (N) (m/s) (K) (m/s) (N) (N-s/kg)
700.00 200.00 5.00 50.00 0.29 1.93 385.22 300.00 425.95 2.13 0.82 385.22
600.00 200.00 4.20 38.00 0.33 1.49 354.34 300.00 403.05 1.69 0.77 354.34
500.00 200.00 3.60 27.00 0.40 1.09 301.90 300.00 372.68 1.34 0.66 301.90
400.00 200.00 2.80 17.00 0.50 0.72 257.83 300.00 329.15 0.92 0.61 257.83
300.00 200.00 2.10 9.00 0.67 0.43 204.77 300.00 256.83 0.54 0.64 204.77
Table 7: Nozzle 5 at Constant exit pressure = 200 KN/m2
Sample Calculations:

Nozzle 5

Obtained Values:

Pinlet = 700 kPa

Pexit = 500 kPa
δ = 22 mm
Mass flow rate = 5.0 g/sec
1. Actual Thrust is calculated from the interpolation from equation load
Load = Deflection - 2.7845
27.405
Actual Thrust: 0.9 N

2 Actual velocity is obtained from dividing Actual velocity from mass flow rate
(Kg/sec). Hence obtained
Actual Velocity= 180.88 m/sec
3 Ideal Thrust is calculated from the relation

P
Videal  2c pT01 (1  exit )  1
Pinlet

F =m* Videal
J
C p  1005
kgK
Pexit
 0.71
Pinlet
Tinlet  300 K
Putting all the values in Videal we get ,
Ideal velocity = 235.12 m/s ;
Thus,
Ideal Thrust: 0.31 N

2. Efficiency obtained from relation

Putting the values of both kind of velocities
Efficiency = 0.59
Plots:
1. Mass flow rate vs pressure ratio

For constant inlet pressure = 700kpa

Figure 8 : Mass flow rate vs Pressure ratio

For constant exit pressure = 200kpa

Figure 9 : Mass flow rate vs Pressure ratio

In constant inlet pressure condition ,decrease in pressure ratio causes increase in

mass flow rate and achieve maximum mass flow rate in chocking. further drop in
pressure ratio didn’t affect the mass flow rate its become constant. In Constant
exit pressure condition, chocking phenomena seize to exist and mass flow rate
increases constantly for all 3 nozzles.
2. Ideal thrust vs pressure ratio
For constant inlet pressure = 700kpa

Figure 10 : Ideal thrust vs Pressure ratio

For constant exit pressure = 200kpa

Figure 11 : Ideal thrust vs Pressure ratio

Ideal thrust is a product of mass flow rate & velocity.Its function of
pressure ratio & stagnation temperature.Hence Decrease in pressure ratio
causes increase in ideal thrust just by increasing ideal velocity & mass
flow rate. Thus for both conditions Ideal thrust increases with decrease in
pressure ratio.
3. Specific thrust vs pressure ratio

For constant inlet pressure = 700kpa

Figure 12 : Specific thrust vs Pressure ratio

For constant exit pressure = 200kpa

Figure 13 : Specific thrust vs Pressure ratio

Specific thrust is actual thrust divided by mass flow rate. velocity is a function of
pressure ratio & stagnation temperature. Hence decrease in pressure ratio causes
increase in Specific thrust just by increasing actual velocity. There is Steep
increase for pressure ration less then 0.5 which is due to constant mass flow rate
condition in that region. Mass flow rate gets constant but velocity increases and
so does the Thrust with decrease in pressure ratio. Thus, there is constant increase
in Specific Thrust with decrease in pressure ratio.
4. Efficiency vs pressure ratio
For constant inlet pressure = 700kpa.

Figure 14 : Efficiency vs Pressure ratio

For constant exit pressure = 200kN/m^2

Figure 15 : Efficiency vs Pressure ratio

As pressure ratio decreases,the efficiency of the nozzle 3 and 5 increases as
desired. Whereas, Nozzle 1 efficiency decrease with increase in pressure ratio. At
higher pressure ratios unusual efficiency is seen.
5. Thrust comparison
For constant inlet pressure = 700kpa

Figure 16 : Thrust vs Pressure ratio

For constant exit pressure = 200kpa,

Figure 17 : Thrust vs Pressure ratio

The actual and ideal thrust variation is shown in the graph above. Ideal
thrust calculated considering Isentropic process is always more then the
actual thrust measured in the experiment. This is due to the various losses
occuring in actual conditions.
Conclusions:

 Nozzle 3 and 5 shows chocking behaviour at pressure ratios more

then 0.528 when looked upon at the Mass flow vs pressure ratio
graph. Nozzle 1 chocks at lower pressure ratio. Hence we can
conclude that Nozzle 1 is convergent Nozzle and Nozzle 3 and 5 are
Convergent Divergent Nozzle.
 Efficiency shows very high values at high pressure ratios and that
can be accounted for machine errors and human error during
measurement of temperature values.
 Maximum mass flow rates through all nozzles:
mnozzle1  4.4g / s
mnozzle 3  4.8g/ s
mnozzle 5  5g /s