PROGRAM : EM220 SARJANA MUDA KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

KURSUS : THERMOFLUIDS LAB 1 (MAKMAL THERMOBENDALIR 1)

KOD KURSUS : MEC454
PENSYARAH : MOHAMAD TOLHA BIN SUBHI

LAPORAN MAKMAL

TAJUK UJIKAJI: IMPACT OF JET (FLUIDS)

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GROUP: EMD2M4A1

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 29/4/2021

1.0 TITLE: IMPACT OF JET (FLUIDS)

2.0 OBJECTIVES:
i. To measure force produced by a jet on flat and curved surfaces.
ii. To compare the experimental results with the theoretically calculated values.

3.0 INTRODUCTION
The Impact of a Jet apparatus shows students the force produced by a jet of water as it
strikes a flat plate or hemispherical cup. They can then compare this to the momentum
flow rate in the jet. the equipment comprises a transparent cylinder containing a
vertically tapered nozzle and a test plate. The cylinder is on legs and mounts on the
 top of the hydraulic bench. The nozzle, supplied by the hydraulic bench, produces a
high-velocity jet of water which hits the test plate. The test plate connects to a weigh
beam assembly with jockey weight which measures the jet force. A drain tube in the
base of the cylinder directs water back into the hydraulic bench, allowing accurate
flow rate measurement. 

All test plates are all easily interchangeable, taking only a few seconds and
needing no tools. 

To perform experiments, students level the apparatus and zero the weigh beam
assembly. They set the flow from the hydraulic bench to maximum, and measure the
jet force. They reduce the flow from the hydraulic bench in several increments. At
each increment they record the force of the jet on the plate and the flow rate. They
then repeat the experiments for different test plates. Students compare their
experimental results to those calculated from theory, working out graphs of rate of
delivery of momentum against force on the plate.

4.0 THEORITICAL BACKGROUND

Consider a jet of liquid striking a fixed curved vane at the centre as shown in the
figure below.

The force produced by a jet striking the vane in the x-direction (horizontal) can be
derived from the momentum equation:
5.0 APPARATUS

6.0 PROCEDURE
Part A: Flat surface with θ = 90º
1. The water valve is closed, and the pump is off.
2. Top plate is removed. The diameter of the nozzle is measured and recorded.
3. The flat target is placed on the rod attached to the weight pan.
4. The top plate back is placed, and the knurled screws is tightened.
5. Apparatus is levelled by adjusting the stands.
6. The level gauge is adjusted to point at the white line on the side of the
weight pan. This was considered as balance position.
7. Weight pan is placed in some mass and the value is recorded.
8. Pump is switched on.
9. The flow rate is increased by slowly opening the water valve until the level
gauge points at the white line on the side of the weight pan. The balance
position is achieved.
10. The flow rate was being measured and recorded.
11. Mass is added and steps 9 and 10 are repeated. 5 different value mass is
being taken.
12. The valve is closed on the pump is turned off.

Part B: Curved surface with θ = 120º

The steps in part A were being repeated by replacing the target with a 120º
curved surface.

Part C: Curved surface with θ = 180º

The steps in part A were being repeated by replacing the target with a 180º
curved surface.
 7.0 RESULTS
Impact of Jet Experimental
Data

Jet (nozzle) diameter , d =8 mm = 0.008m

Jet area , Ajet = m2
0.0000503
Gravitational acceleration , g = 9.81 m/s2 0.
Mass density of water ,  =1000 kg/m3

Deflection angle
Load Jet flow rate measurement Force of the jet
Measurement Time observed
No.  Mass, m Weight, W Vol. measured Q Experimental Theoretical
(o) (g) (N) (litres) (s) (litres/s) (m3/s) Fexp. = W (N) Ftheo. (N)
1 100 0.981 5 20.13 0.248 0.000248 0.981 1.223

2 200 1.962 5 15.50 0.323 0.000323 1.962 2.074

3 90o 300 2.943 5 12.84 0.389 0.000389 2.943 3.008

4 400 3.924 5 11.05 0.452 0.000452 3.924 4.062

5 500 4.905 5 9.86 0.507 0.000507 4.905 5.110

6 100 0.981 5 27.94 0.179 0.000179 0.981 0.955

7 120o 200 1.962 5 20.01 0.250 0.000250 1.962 1.864

8 300 2.943 5 17.60 0.284 0.000284 2.943 2.405

 9 400 3.924 5 15.35 0.326 0.000326 3.924 3.169

10 500 4.905 5 13.83 0.362 0.000362 4.905 3.908

Deflection angle
Load Jet flow rate measurement Force of the jet
Measurement
No.  Mass, m Weight, W Vol. measured Time observed Q Experimental Theoretical
(o) (g) (N) (litres) (s) (litres/s) 3
(m /s) Fexp. = W (N) Ftheo. (N)
11 100 0.981 5 29.01 0.172 0.000172 0.981 1.176

12 200 1.962 5 21.90 0.228 0.000228 1.962 2.067

13 180o 300 2.943 5 18.58 0.269 0.000269 2.943 2.877

14 400 3.924 5 15.02 0.333 0.000333 3.924 4.409

15 500 4.905 5 14.05 0.356 0.000356 4.905 5.039

8.0 DISCUSSIONS

As we can see in the graph above, the value of experimental force of the jet is
directly proportional to the theoretical value. The slopes obtained for the deflection
angle (90°, 120° ,180°) are 0.96, 0.75, and 0.88. The value of the slopes obtained are
slightly different from the ideal value which is 1.000. There were few errors that
might affect the data collected during the experiment. Firstly, the condition of the
instrument. Poorly maintenance of the hydraulic water bench surface of the water
reservoir effect the stream off the water causing the irregular water flow of the water.
The condition of the pump which produce vibration throughout the bench also cause
the water to have an inconsistent flow throughout the experiment. Then, some of
precautions should be taken. For example, avoid shaking the water bench, so that the
water level is set to a balanced position and during the experiment the measurement
taken using the eye that can make errors while reading the measurement that needs to
be avoided. With the measurement taken, it can lower to the minimum error and get
accurate reading to avoid the great difference of gradient of slope value.
 9.0 IDEAS FOR IMPROVEMENT / SUGGESTIONS FOR THE EXPERIMENT
We should repeat the steps to get accurate results, which would increase the
experiment's accuracy. When taking a reading in an experiment from a scale, it is
extremely important to ensure that the eye, object or marker and scale are all in a
straight line, perpendicular to the scale.  This is to ensure that the measurement being
taken is as close as possible to the actual value. Thus, if setting the pointer, make sure
the eye position is at the same level as the pointer to ensure it is correctly set to 0. To
prevent air from entering the pump, make sure the control valve is fully closed before
turning it on. Entrapped air could reduce the jet's exerted force.

10.0 MAKE AVAILABLE RELEVANT INFORMATION RELATED TO

THERMOFLUID TECHNOLOGIES CORRESPONDING TO LABORATORY
WORKS CARRIED OUT

10.1 EXPLAINATION OF POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS

Water turbines are widely used throughout the world to generate power. In the type of
water turbine referred to as a Pelton wheel, one or more water jets are directed
tangentially on to vanes or buckets that are fastened to the rim of the turbine disc. The
impact of the water on the vanes generates a torque on the wheel, causing it to rotate
and to develop power. Although the concept is essentially simple, such turbines can
generate considerable output at high efficiency. Powers in excess of 100 MW, and
hydraulic efficiencies greater than 95%, are not uncommon. It may be noted that the
Pelton wheel is best suited to conditions where the available head of water is great,
and the flow rate is comparatively small. For example, with a head of 100 m and a
flow rate of 1 m3 /s, a Pelton wheel running at some 250 rev/min could be used to
develop about 900 kW. The same water power would be available if the head were
only 10 m and the flow were 10m3 /s, but a different type of turbine would then be
needed. The study of impact of jet can help to understand how the deflection of the jet
generates a force on the buckets and how the force is related to the rate of momentum
flow in the jet in order to predict the output of a Pelton wheel and to determine its
optimum rotational speed.
 Figure shows Pelton turbine

10.2 ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE GAINED THROUGHOUT THE      

EXPERIMENT AND RELATE AVAILABLE INFORMATION TO THE
LAB CONDUCTED.
From the experiment, the jet of water provided from a nozzle has a velocity and hence
it possesses a kinetic energy. When a jet of water strikes a surface, its velocity and its
momentum is changed. The jet will exert a force on the plate which it strikes. This
force is called a dynamic force exerted by the jet. This force is due to the change in
the momentum of the jet as a consequence of the impact. The force exerted by the
surface on the jet is then obtained by applying Newton’s Second Law, such as the
force normal to the surface is equal to the rate of change of momentum, or change of
momentum per second, normal to the surface. This is shown from the experiment
which when the load on the weight pan is increased, the force of the jet also increases.

11.0 CONCLUSIONS
As the conclusion, the experiment that have been carried out were successful, even
though the data collected are a little bit difference compared to the theoretical value. The
difference between the theoretical value and actual value may mainly due to human and
servicing factors such as parallax error. This error occurs during observer captured the
value of the water level. This error may occur because of the water valve was not
completely close during collecting the water. This may affect the time taken for the water
to be collected. The recommendation to overcome the error is to ensure that the position
of the observer’s eye must be perpendicular to the reading position. Then, ensure that the
apparatus functioning perfectly in order to get an accurate result.

12.0 REFERENCES
 i. Czubai, A., Sopko, N., Patel, A., Ahmari, H., & Kabir, S. M. I. (2019, August 14).
Experiment #5: Impact of a Jet. Applied Fluid Mechanics Lab Manual.
https://uta.pressbooks.pub/appliedfluidmechanics/chapter/experiment-5/
ii. To improve the accuracy of this experiment we may repeat the steps to get: Course
Hero. repeat the steps to get | Course Hero. (n.d.).
https://www.coursehero.com/file/p1ih7pv/To-improve-the-accuracy-of-this-
experiment-we-may-repeat-the-steps-to-get/.
iii. IMPACT OF A JET. TecQuipment. (2021, April 28).
https://www.tecquipment.com/impact-of-a-jet.
iv. Impact of a jet lab report. Homework Help Sites. PCMS Engineering. (n.d.).
https://pcmseng.co.uk/impact-of-a-jet-lab-report/.
v. TecQuipment Impact of A Jet – H8. AYVA Educational Solutions. (n.d.).
https://www.ayva.ca/eng/product/impact-of-a-jet/.