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    Exercise 2 Nuclear Reaction - Lucas Damien F. Mancera

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    Damien Mancera
    1. The document provides objectives and questions about nuclear reactions, binding energy, and rate of decay. It asks the student to balance nuclear equations, calculate binding energy per nucleon, determine energy released by nuclear reactions and fission, and calculate amounts of radioactive material remaining after a given period of time based on half-life. 2. Questions are provided about binding energy per nucleon for Osmium-190, energy released by Uranium-235 fission, and energy released by Uranium-238 alpha decay. 3. Questions also address calculating amounts of Cobalt-60, Plutonium-239, Iodine-131, and Carbon-14 remaining after given time periods based

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    Exercise 2 Nuclear Reaction - Lucas Damien F. Mancera

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    Damien Mancera
    115 views6 pages
    1. The document provides objectives and questions about nuclear reactions, binding energy, and rate of decay. It asks the student to balance nuclear equations, calculate binding energy per nucleon, determine energy released by nuclear reactions and fission, and calculate amounts of radioactive material remaining after a given period of time based on half-life. 2. Questions are provided about binding energy per nucleon for Osmium-190, energy released by Uranium-235 fission, and energy released by Uranium-238 alpha decay. 3. Questions also address calculating amounts of Cobalt-60, Plutonium-239, Iodine-131, and Carbon-14 remaining after given time periods based

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    Exercise 2 Nuclear reaction - Lucas Damien F. Mancera

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    1. The document provides objectives and questions about nuclear reactions, binding energy, and rate of decay. It asks the student to balance nuclear equations, calculate binding energy per nucleon, determine energy released by nuclear reactions and fission, and calculate amounts of radioactive material remaining after a given period of time based on half-life. 2. Questions are provided about binding energy per nucleon for Osmium-190, energy released by Uranium-235 fission, and energy released by Uranium-238 alpha decay. 3. Questions also address calculating amounts of Cobalt-60, Plutonium-239, Iodine-131, and Carbon-14 remaining after given time periods based

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    115 views6 pages

    Exercise 2 Nuclear Reaction - Lucas Damien F. Mancera

    Uploaded by

    Damien Mancera
    1. The document provides objectives and questions about nuclear reactions, binding energy, and rate of decay. It asks the student to balance nuclear equations, calculate binding energy per nucleon, determine energy released by nuclear reactions and fission, and calculate amounts of radioactive material remaining after a given period of time based on half-life. 2. Questions are provided about binding energy per nucleon for Osmium-190, energy released by Uranium-235 fission, and energy released by Uranium-238 alpha decay. 3. Questions also address calculating amounts of Cobalt-60, Plutonium-239, Iodine-131, and Carbon-14 remaining after given time periods based

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Exercise 2: Nuclear Reactions, Binding Energy and Rate of Decay

    Name: Lucas Damien F. Mancera Group No: ???

    Course/Section: B11 Instructor: Cathedrine Aurin

    Exercise 2
    NUCLEAR REACTIONS, BINDING ENERGY AND RATE OF DECAY

    OBJECTIVES

    Upon completion of the experiment, the student should be able to:


    1. Identify the missing species to balance nuclear reactions;
    2. Determine the binding energy of a nuclear species;
    3. Determine the amount of energy released in a nuclear fission;
    4. Calculate the amount of species left after a specified time of nuclear reaction; and
    5. Determine the half-life of a nuclear species.

    Direction: Answer the following questions. Show complete solution, whenever applicable.
    A. Nuclear Reactions
    Balance the following nuclear reactions by filling out the missing species or predicting the
    products.

    1. 1
    1𝐻 + 31𝐻 → 𝟒𝟐𝑯𝒆
    2. 239
    94𝑃𝑢 → 42𝐻𝑒 + 𝟐𝟑𝟓
    𝟗𝟐𝑼
    239 𝟐𝟒𝟐
    3. 92𝑈 + 42𝐻𝑒 → 𝟗𝟒𝑷𝒖 + 10𝑛
    𝟐𝟏𝟐
    4. 𝟖𝟑𝑩𝒊 → 42𝐻𝑒 + 208
    81𝑇𝑙
    37 𝟑𝟕
    5. 19𝐾 → 𝟏𝟖𝑨𝒓 + +10𝑒
    6. 226
    88𝑅𝑎 → 42𝐻𝑒 + 𝟐𝟐𝟒
    𝟖𝟔𝑹𝒏

    7. 9
    4𝐵𝑒 + 11𝐻 → 𝟔𝟑𝑳𝒊 + 42𝐻𝑒
    254
    8. 𝐸𝑠 + 4𝐻𝑒 → 𝟐𝟖𝟔
    𝟏𝟎𝟏𝑴𝒅 + 2 𝟎1𝑛
    𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
    222 𝟐𝟐𝟐
    9. 𝟖𝟔𝑅𝑛 → 𝟖𝟓𝑨𝒕 + 𝒙 − 𝒓𝒂𝒚
    𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
    10. 222
    𝟖𝟔𝑅𝑛 →
    𝟐𝟏𝟖
    𝟖𝟒𝑷𝒐 + 𝟒𝟐𝑯𝒆

    CHM031L. Chemistry for Engineers Laboratory Page E2-1


    No part of this laboratory manual may be reproduced without the written permission of the College of Arts and
    Science, Malayan Colleges Laguna.
    Exercise 2: Nuclear Reactions, Binding Energy and Rate of Decay

    B. Binding energy

    1. Determine the binding energy per nucleon (ΔE/A) for Osmium-190.

    mass of 190Os = 189.95863 amu


    mass of neutron = 1.008664 amu
    mass of proton = 1.007276 amu

    Protons of Os (Osmium) = 76
    Neutrons of Os (Osmium) = 114

    Protons = (76)(1.007276 amu) = 76.552976 amu


    Neutrons = (114)(1.008664) = 114.987696 amu

    Mass of free Nucleons = 191.540672 amu

    𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑢𝑚 − 190 = 189.95863 𝑎𝑚𝑢


    𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑜𝑛𝑠 = 191.540672 𝑎𝑚𝑢

    ∆𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒 − 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑜𝑛𝑠

    ∆𝑚 = 189.95863 − 191.540672
    ∆𝒎 = −𝟏. 𝟓𝟖𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝒂𝒎𝒖

    𝐸 = ∆𝑚𝑐 2
    3.5𝑥108 𝑚
    Speed of light =
    𝑠
    Kilogram converter = 6.0221418𝑥1026 𝑎𝑚𝑢
    2
    1 𝑘𝑔 3.0𝑥108 𝑚 1𝐽
    𝐸 = (−1.5820424) ( ) ( ) ( )
    6.0221418𝑥1026 𝑠 𝑚2
    1 𝑘𝑔 2
    𝑠
    𝑬 = −𝟐. 𝟑𝟔𝟒𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟖𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 𝑱

    6.022𝑥1023
    𝐸( )
    1
    6.022𝑥1023
    (−2.364337884𝑥10−10 ) ( )
    1
    = −1.42380427𝑥1014 𝐽

    Total Nucleon = 190


    CHM031L. Chemistry for Engineers Laboratory Page E2-2
    No part of this laboratory manual may be reproduced without the written permission of the College of Arts and
    Science, Malayan Colleges Laguna.
    Exercise 2: Nuclear Reactions, Binding Energy and Rate of Decay

    𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐽
    ( )
    𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑜𝑛𝑠
    −2.364337884𝑥10−10 𝐽
    ( )
    190 𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑜𝑛𝑠
    𝑱
    𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 = −𝟏. 𝟐𝟒𝟒𝟑𝟖𝟖𝟑𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐
    𝒏𝒖𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒐𝒏

    2. Calculate the amount of energy released (in kJ) 235U undergoes fission to form Te-137 and
    Zr-96 (Given: m(235U) = 235.043915 amu; m(1n) = 1.008664 amu; m(137Te) = 136.925449
    amu; m(96Zr) = 95.908286 amu)
    Note: Fission occurred because of the collision of 235U with a neutron.

    ∆m = mass of the products-mass of the reactant


    ∆𝑚 = [136.925449 𝑎𝑚𝑢 + 95.908286 𝑎𝑚𝑢 + 3(1.008664 𝑎𝑚𝑢 )]
    − (235.043915 𝑎𝑚𝑢 + 1.008664 𝑎𝑚𝑢)
    ∆𝑚 = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟐 𝒂𝒎𝒖
    𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 2
    1𝑘𝑔
    𝐸 = −0.192852 𝑎𝑚𝑢 ( × 1026 𝑎𝑚𝑢)
    6.0221418
    𝐸 = −3.202382249 × 1028 𝑘𝑔
    1𝐽
    𝐸 = −3.202382249 × 1028 𝑘𝑔(3.0 × 108 𝑚⁄𝑠)2 ( 2 )
    1𝑘𝑔 𝑚 ⁄ 2
    𝑠
    = −𝟐. 𝟖𝟖𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟐𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 𝑱
    1𝑘𝐽
    𝐸 = −2.882144024 × 10−11 𝐽 ( )
    1000𝐽
    = −𝟐. 𝟖𝟖𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟐𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟒 𝒌𝑱

    CHM031L. Chemistry for Engineers Laboratory Page E2-3


    No part of this laboratory manual may be reproduced without the written permission of the College of Arts and
    Science, Malayan Colleges Laguna.
    Exercise 2: Nuclear Reactions, Binding Energy and Rate of Decay

    3. How much energy is released in the decay of 23892U into 23490Th and an alpha particle?
    Mass of 23892U = 238.0508 amu
    Mass of 23490Th = 234.0426 amu
    Mass of 42α = 4.0026 amu

    ∆m = mass of the product – mass of the reactant


    ∆𝑚 = 238.0508 𝑎𝑚𝑢 − (234.0426 𝑎𝑚𝑢 + 4.0026 𝑎𝑚𝑢)
    ∆𝑚 = 5.6 × 10−3 𝑎𝑚𝑢
    𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 2
    𝐸 = (5.6 × 10−3 𝑎𝑚𝑢)(931)
    𝑬 = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟏𝟑𝟔 𝑴𝒆𝒗

    C. Rate of Decay

    1. Cobalt-60, with a half-life of 5 years, is used in cancer radiation treatments. If a hospital


    purchases a supply of 30.0 g, how much would be left after 15 years?

    𝑡1 𝑙𝑛2 𝑙𝑛2
    2= 𝐾 →𝐾= 1
    𝑡2

    𝑲 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟔𝟐𝟗𝟒𝟑𝟔𝟏/𝒚𝒓
    𝑁𝑡
    ln ( ) = −𝐾𝑡
    𝑁0
    𝑁𝑡 0.18362943861
    ln ( ) = −( )(15 𝑦𝑟𝑠)
    30.0𝑔 𝑦𝑟𝑠

    𝑵𝒕 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓𝒈

    CHM031L. Chemistry for Engineers Laboratory Page E2-4


    No part of this laboratory manual may be reproduced without the written permission of the College of Arts and
    Science, Malayan Colleges Laguna.
    Exercise 2: Nuclear Reactions, Binding Energy and Rate of Decay

    2. The half-life of plutonium-239 is 24,110 years. If an original sample is 100. grams, how
    much plutonium-239 remains after 96,440 years?

    𝑡1 𝑙𝑛2 𝑙𝑛2
    = →𝐾=
    2 𝐾 𝑡1
    2

    𝑙𝑛2
    =
    24110 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠

    𝟐. 𝟖𝟕𝟒𝟗𝟑𝟔𝟒𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓
    𝐾=
    𝒚𝒓
    𝑁𝑡
    ln ( ) = 𝑘𝑡
    𝑁0
    𝑁𝑡
    ln ( )
    100 𝑔

    2.87493646𝑥10−5
    = −( )(96440 𝑦𝑟𝑠)
    𝑦𝑟

    𝑁𝑡 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟓 𝒈

    3. Iodine-131 is used in the treatment of thyroid disease. What is the half-life of iodine-131
    if a 160-mg sample became 5 mg after 40 days?

    𝑁𝑡
    ln ( ) = −𝑘𝑡
    𝑁𝑜
    5𝑚𝑔
    ln ( ) = −𝑘(40 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠)
    160𝑚𝑔

    5𝑚𝑔
    ln(160𝑚𝑔)
    𝑘=
    −(40 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠)

    𝑲 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟔𝟔𝟒𝟑𝟑𝟗𝟕𝟓𝟕 𝒅𝒂𝒚−𝟏
    𝑙𝑛2
    𝑡1 =
    2 𝑘

    𝑙𝑛2
    𝑡1 =
    2 0.866433975 𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1

    𝑡1 = 𝟖. 𝟎𝟎 𝒅𝒂𝒚𝒔
    2
    CHM031L. Chemistry for Engineers Laboratory Page E2-5
    No part of this laboratory manual may be reproduced without the written permission of the College of Arts and
    Science, Malayan Colleges Laguna.
    Exercise 2: Nuclear Reactions, Binding Energy and Rate of Decay

    4. Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5715 years. It is used to determine the age of ancient objects.
    If a sample today contains 0.060 mg of carbon-14, how much carbon-14 just have been
    present in the sample 11,430 years ago?

    𝑡1 𝑙𝑛2 𝑙𝑛2
    = →𝐾=
    2 𝐾 𝑡1
    2
    𝑙𝑛2
    =
    5715 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠

    𝟏. 𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟓𝟗𝟓𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒
    𝐾=
    𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓
    𝑁𝑡
    ln ( ) = 𝑘𝑡
    𝑁0
    0.060 𝑚𝑔
    ln ( )
    𝑁0
    1.21285595𝑥10−4
    = −( )(11430 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠)
    𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
    𝑁𝑡 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒 𝒎𝒈

    CHM031L. Chemistry for Engineers Laboratory Page E2-6


    No part of this laboratory manual may be reproduced without the written permission of the College of Arts and
    Science, Malayan Colleges Laguna.

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