Question Bank For Physics Class 12
Question Bank For Physics Class 12
Question Bank For Physics Class 12
Sl.No. Typology of Questions VSA SA-I SA-II Value based (LA) Total %
(1M) (2M) (3M) question (5M) Marks Weigh-
(4M) tage
Total 26 70
2. The above template is only a sample. Suitable internal variations may be made for
generating similar templates keeping the overall weightage to different form of questions
and typology of questions same.
Total 160 70
1. Electrostatics 9
2. Current Electricity 9
6. Optics 103
Coulomb’s force N
In vector from
9
Linear charge density Cm–1
10
Electric field as a gradient of potential
= E × Effective Area =
11
Electric field due to two infinitely charged plane parallel
sheets
Capacitors in series
Capacitors in parallel C = C1 + C2 + C3
12
Energy stored in a charged capacitor J
Potential difference between inner and outer shell in Volts (or JC–1)
13
4. Resistance V = potential difference across
conductor
or Resistivity
8. Resistances in
Series
14
11. Power P = V I = I2R =
Equivalent resistance
15
E = e.m.f.
metre Bridge
17. Potentiometer
16
UNIT I & UNIT II
ELECTROSTATICS AND
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Ans.
2. Sketch field lines due to (i) two equal positive charges near each other (ii)
a dipole.
(i) (ii)
Ans.
Fv
Ans. r Fm
F0 r Fm ' 81F
5. Electric dipole moment of CuSO4 molecule is 3.2 × 10–32 Cm. Find the
separation between copper and sulphate ions.
3.2 1032
Ans. p q(2a) 2a 1013
2 1.6 1019
12
Ans. Cp = 12 f C = = 4 F..
3
Cp = C1 + C2 = 8 F
C1C2 16
Cs = C C 8 2 F
1 2
q
Ans.
0
q
'
2 2 0
8. Draw the electric field vs distance (from the centre) graph for (i) a long
charged rod having linear charge density < 0 (ii) spherical shell of radius
R and charge Q > 0.
Ans.
R
r r
Linear Charge Charge on spherical shell
9. Diagrammatically represent the position of a dipole in (i) stable (ii) unstable
equilibrium when placed in a uniform electric field.
E E
Ans.
Stable equilibrium Unstable equilibrium
dv Q Q
E 0 V = Constant K
dr 4 0 R R
11. If a body contains n1 electrons and n2 protons then what is the total charge
on the body?
Q = (n2 – n1)e
= –2p E
i. e. energy decreases.
14. Write the ratio of electric field intensity due to a dipole at apoint on the
equatorial line to the field at a point at a point on the axial line, when the
points are at the same distance from the centre of dipole.
2K p Kp
Ans. Eaxial , Eequatorial
r3 r3
Eaxial 2 Eequatorial .
Ans.
18. An electron and proton are released from rest in a uniform electrostatic
field. Which of them will have larger acceleration?
force
Ans. acceleration = , mp > m e
mass
ap < ae
WAB
Ans. 1
WBA
WAB + WBA = 0
| WAB | = | WBA |
20. If a dipole of charge 2µC is placed inside a sphere of radius 2m, what is
the net flux linked with the sphere.
Net charge q q
Ans. Net flux = , 0
0 0
21. Four charges + q, –q, +q, –q are placed as shown in the figure. What is
the work done in bringing a test charge from to point 0.
+q –q
A B
q0
O
–q +q
D C
W q V00 0
22. Calculate number of electric field lines orgnating from one coulomb charge.
q lc
0 0
23. If the metallic conductor shown in the figure is continuously charged from
which of the points A,B,C or D does the charge leak first. Justify.
B
C
D
Ans. Charge leaks from A first as surface charge density ( ) at A (sharp ends)
is more.
24. What is dielectric strength? Write the value of dielectric strength of air.
25. Two charge –q and +q are located at points A (0, 0, –a) and B(0, 0, +a).
How much work is done in moving a test charge from point (b, 0, 0) to
Q (–b, 0, 0)?
Ans. W F . dr q E . dr q Edr cos90° = 0
d1 d2
Ans.
28. Figure shows five charged lumps of plastic and an electrically neutral coin.
The cross-section of a Guassian surface S is indicated. What is the net
electric flux through the surface?
R s.1
+q1 –q 2
+q3 –q 6
+q5
q1 q2 q q
Ans. 3 6.
0 0 0 0
29. Without referring to the formula C = 0A/d. Explain why the capacitance
of a parallel plate capacitor reduces on increasing the separation between
the plates?
Ans. P D = V = E × d.
Q2
+ –
Q1 N
31. How does the relaxation time of electron in the conductor change when
temperature of the conductor decreases.
Ans. When temperature of the conductor decreases, ionic vibration in the
conductor decreases so relaxation time increases.
32. Sketch a graph showing variation of resistivity with temperature of (i) Copper
(ii) Carbon.
Resistivity (10 m)
0.4
–8
0.2
Ans.
50 100 150
Temperature T (K) T
For Copper For Carbon
33. The emf of the driver cell (Auxillary battery) in the potentiometer experiment
should be greater than emf of the cell to be determined. Why?
Ans. If emf of a driver cell is less, then null point will not be obtained on the
potentiometer wire.
34. You are required to select a carbon resistor of resistance 47k ± 10%
from a large collection. What should be the sequence of color bands used
to code it?
Ans. Yellow, Violet, Orange, Silver.
2A
2A
P 2A
4A Q
3A
At ‘Q’ 3 + 2A = 5A = i
36. Two wire one of copper and other of manganin have same resistance and
equal length. Which wire is thicker?
lc l A
Ans. R c m m c c 1
Ac Am m Am
Manganin is thicker..
37. You are given three constantan wires P, Q and R of length and area of
A L
cross-section (L, A), 2L, , , 2A respectively. Which has highest
2 2
resistance?
L 2L . 2 4L
Ans. RP , RQ
A A A
4L L
RQ , RR
A 4A
Q has the highest resistance.
T1
V T2
V
R slope.
l
39. Out of V – I graph for parallel and series combination of two metallic
resistors, which one represents parallel combination of resistors? Justify
your answer.
I A
V
Ans. The resistance for parallel combination in lesser than for series combination
for a given set of resistors. Hence B represents parallel combination since
I V
is more. Hence Resistance = is less..
V l
40. Why is the potentiometer preferred to a voltmeter for measuring emf of a
cell?
Ans. Emf measured by the potentiometer is more accurate because the cell is
in open circuit giving no current.
Ans. Copper has high temperature coefficient of resistance and hence not
preferred.
A B
10 2A 12 V
Ans. VA – VB = –8 Volt.
Ans. R’ = n 2 R
45. Two resistances 5 and 7 are joined as shown to two batteries of emf
2V and 3V. If the 3V battery is short circuited. What will be the current
through 5?
5
7
2V 3V
2
Ans. I A
5
46. Calculate the equivalent resistance between points A and B in the figure
given below.
R
R
A B
R R
R
Ans.
M
R R 2R
B B R
A L B A B
2R
R R
N
47. What is the largest voltage that can be safely put across a resistor marked
196, 1W?
V2
Ans. P , V2 = P R = 1 × 196 = 196
R
V = 14 Volt.
Ans. (i) When the cell is being charged terminal potential difference (V)
becomes greater than emf (E), V = E + I r
V = E – I r
49. A car battery is of 12V. Eight dry cells of 1.5 V connected in series also
give 12V, but such a combination is not used to start a car. Why?
Ans. Dry cell used in series will have high resistance (=10) and hence provide
low current, while a car battery has low internal resistance (0.1) and
hence gives high current for the same emf, needed to start the car.
50. Two electric lamps A and B marked 220V, 100W and 220V, 60W respectively.
Which of the two lamps has higher resistance?
V2
Ans. As R , 220V, 60W lamp has higher resistance..
P
51. Constantan is used for making the standard resistance. Why?
52. A 16 thick wire is stretched so that its length becomes two times. Assuming
there is no change in density on stretching. Calculate the resistance of
new wire.
l l2 l2
Ans. R , and V are constant
A Al V
2
R1 l
R l2 1
R2 l2
2
16 l
1 R2 64
R2 2l1
53. State the Condition under which the terminal potential difference across a
battery and its emf are equal.
Ans. When battery is in open circuit i.e. when no current is eing drawn from the
cell.
[Class XII : Physics] 28
54. State the Condition for maximum current to be drawn from a Cell.
E
Ans. I for I maximum R = 0 i.e. for maximum current the terminals of
Rr
a cell must be short circuited.
4. Derive an expression for the work done in rotating an electric dipole from
its equilibrium position to an angle with the uniform electrostatic field.
5. Show that there is always a loss of energy when two capacitors charged
to different potentials share charge (connected with each other).
6. A thin long conductor has linear charge density of 20 µC/m. Calculate the
electric field intensity at a point 5 cm from it. Draw a graph to show
variation of electric field intensity with distance from the conductor.
Ans. : 72 x 105 N/C
7. What is the ratio of electric field intensity at a point on the equatorial line
to the field at a point on axial line when the points are at the same
distance from the centre of the dipole? Ans : 1:2
8. Show that the electric field intensity at a point can be given as negative
of potential gradient.
11. Two point charges –q and +q are placed 2l metre apart, as shown in fig.
Give the direction of electric field at points A,B,C and D.
B –q A +q C
12. The electric potential V at any point in space is given V = 20x3 volt, where
x is in meter. Calculate the electric intensity at point P (1, 0, 2).
Ans : 60NC–1
13. Justify why two equipotential surfaces cannot intersect.
A B
15. What is the electric field at O in Figures (i), (ii) and (iii). ABCD is a square
of side r.
A B A B A B
q q q
O O O
q q q q q
D r C D r C D r C
I II III
q 1 2q
Ans : (i) Zero, (ii) 4 2 (iii) 4
0 r 0
1 2 3
x
1m 2m
22. Calculate the work required to separate two charges 4c and –2c placed
at (–3cm, 0, 0) and (+3 cm, 0, 0) infinitely away from each other.
23. What is electric field between the plates with the separation of 2cm and
(i) with air (ii) dielectric medium of dielectric constant K. Electric potential
of each plate is marked in Fig.
___________150 V
4
4 1 10 1
(i) ___________–50 V Ans. : E 0 10 NC , E NC
k
A B
27. Can two equi potential surfaces intersect each other? Give reasons. Two
charges –q and +q are located at points A (0, 0, –a) and B (0, 0, +a)
respectively. How much work is done in moving a test charge from point
P(7, 0, 0) to Q(–3, 0, 0)? (zero)
28. The potential at a point A is –500V and that at another point B is +500V.
What is the work done by external agent to take 2 units (S.I.) of negative
charge from B to A.
29. How does the Potential energy of (i) mutual interaction (ii) net electrostatic
P.E. of two charges change when they are placed in an external electric field.
30. With the help of an example, show that Farad is a very large unit of
capacitance.
31. What is meant by dielectric polarisation? Why does the electric field inside
a dielectric decrease when it in placed in an external field?
34. The net charge of a system is zero. Will the electric field intensity due to
this system also be zero.
35. A point charge Q is kept at the intersection of (i) face diagonals (ii) diagonals
of a cube of side a. Wha is the electric flux linked with the cube in (i) & (ii)?
36. There are two large parallel metallic plates S1 and S2 carrying surface
charge dnsities 1 and 2 respectively (1 > 2) placed at a distance d
apart in vacuum. Find the work done by the electric field in moving a point
charge q a distance a (a < d) from S1 and S2 along a line making an angle
/4 with the normal to the plates.
40. Two manganin wires whose lengths are in the ratio 1 : 2 and whose
resistances are in the ratio 1 : 2 are connected in series with a battery.
What will be the ratio of drift velocities of free electrons in the two wires?
E
R2
R1
R3
10
44. A 100W and a 200 W domestic bulbs joined in series are connected to the
mains. Which bulb will glow more brightly? Justify. (100W)
45. A 100W and a 200 W domestic bulbs joined in parallel are connected to
the mains. Which bulb will glow more brightly? Justify. (200W)
46. A battery has an emf of 12V and an internal resistance of 2. Calculate
the potential difference between the terminal of cell if (a) current is drawn
from the battery (b) battery is charged by an external source.
47. A uniform wire of resistance R ohm is bent into a circular loop as shown
in the figure. Compute effective resistance between diametrically opposite
points A and B. [Ans. R/4]
A B
49. In a meter bridge, the balance point is found to be 39.5 cm from end A.
The known resistance Y is 12.5. Determine unknown resistance X.
[Ans. 8.16]
X Y
G
A B
39 .5 cm
A B
5A 2 .0 V 0 .1 W
58. Why should the jockey be not rubbed against potentiometer wire?
V R
A F
V C
B E
– +
C D
2V 2R
63. A cell of e.m.f. ‘E’ and internal resistance ‘r’ is connected across a variable
resistor ‘R’. Plot a graph showing the variation of terminal potential ‘V’ with
resistance ‘R’. Predict from the graph the condition under which ‘V’ becomes
equal to ‘E’.
1. Define electrostatic potential and its unit. Obtain expression for electrostatic
potential at a point P in the field due to a point charge.
5. Three capacitors are connected first in series and then in parallel. Find the
equivalent capacitance for each type of combination.
8. You are given an air filled parallel plate capacitor. Two slabs of dielectric
constants K1 and K2 having been filled in between the two plates of the
P P
K1
K1 K2
K2
Q Q
F ig . 1 F ig . 2
C1 = (K1 + K2)C0
K1 K 2 C0
C2
K1 K2
9. In the figure shown, calculate the total flux of the electrostatic field through
the sphere S1 and S2. The wire AB shown of length l has a liner charge
density given = kx where x is the distance measured along the wire
from end A.
A B
Q S1 S2
0
l l
1 2
Ans. Total charge on wire AB = Q = dx k xdn = K l
o o 2
By Gauss’s theorem.
Q
Total flux through S1 =
0
1
Q kl2
Total flun through S2 = 2
0
12. Define electric flux. Write its SI unit. An electric flux of units passes
normally through a spherical Gaussian surface of radius r, due to point
charge placed at the centre.
(2) If radius of Gaussian surface is doubled, how much flux will pass
through it?
17. Two metal spheres A and B of radius r and 2r whose centres are separated
by a distance of 6r are given charge Q , are at potential V 1 and V2. Find
the ratio of V1/V2. These spheres aqre connected to each other with the
help of a connecting wire keeping the separation unchanged, with is the
amount of charge that will flow through the wire?
[Class XII : Physics] 38
A B
6r
18. Define specific resistance. Write its SI unit. Derive an expression for
resistivity of a wire in terms of its material’s parameters, number density
of free electrons and relaxation time.
19. A potential difference V is applied across a conductor of length L and
diameter D. How are the electric field E and the resistance R of the
conductor affected when (i) V is halved (ii) L is halved (iii) D is doubled.
Justify your answer.
20. Define drift velocity. A conductor of length L is connected to a dc source
of emf E. If the length of conductor is tripled by stretching it, keeping E
constant, explain how do the following factors would vary in the conductor?
(i) Drift speed of electrons (ii) Resistance and (iii) Resistivity.
21. Define potential gradient. How can potential gradient of a potentiometer be
determined experimentally. In the graph shown here, a plot of potential
drop versus length of the potentiometer is made for two potentiometers.
Which is more sensitive –A or B?
V B
V o lt
l(m )
22. Define conductivity of a substance. Give its SI units. How does it vary with
temperature for (i) Copper (ii) Silicon?
23. State the principle of potentiometer. Draw a circuit diagram used to compare
the emf of two primary cells. Write the formula used.
24. The graph shows how the current I varies with applied potential difference
V across a 12 V filament lamp (A) and across one metre long nichrome
wire (B). Using the graph, find the ratio of the values of the resistance of
filament lamp to the nichrome wire
(i) when potential difference across them is 12 V.
25. Electron drift speed is estimated to be only a few mm/s for currents in the
range of few amperes? How then is current established almost the instant
a circuit is closed.
26. Give three points of difference between e.m.f and terminal potential
difference of a cell.
27. Define the terms resistivity and conductivity and state their S.I. units. Draw
a graph showing the variation of resistivity with temperature for a typical
semiconductor.
28. The current flowing through a conductor is 2mA at 50V and 3mA at 60V.
Is it an ohmic or non-ohmic conductor? Give reason.
29. Nichrome and copper wires of same length and area of cross section are
connected in series, current is passed through them why does the nichrome
wire get heated first?
1. State the principle of Van de Graaff generator. Explain its working with the
help of a neat labelled diagram.
3. Derive an expression for potential at any point distant r from the centre O
of dipole making an angle with the dipole.
10. Write five to six important results regarding eloectro statics of conductors.
(See Page 68, NCERT Vol I).
11. State Kirchhoff’s rules for electrical networks. Use them to explain the
principle of Wheatstone bridge for determining an unknown resistance.
How is it realized in actual practice in the laboratory? State the formula
used.
12. Define emf and terminal potential difference of a cell. When is the terminal
charging potential difference greater than emf? Explain how emf and terminal
potential difference can be compared using a potentiometer and hence
determine internal resistance of the cell.
of three cells with e.m.f E1, E2, E3 & internal resistances r1, r2, r3 respectively.
18. Deduce the condition for balance in a Wheatstone bridge. Using the principle
of Wheatstone bridge, describe the method to determine the specific
resistance of a wire in the laboratory. Draw the circuit diagram and write
the formula used. Write any two important precautions you would observe
while performing the experiment.
9. In the following fig. calculate the potential difference across capacitor C2.
Given potential at A is 90 V. C1 = 20 µF, C2 = 30 µF, and C3 = 15 µF.
(Ans. 20V)
A
C1 C2 C3
10. A point charge develops an electric field of 40 N/C and a potential difference
of 10 J/C at a point. Calculate the magnitude of the charge and the distance
from the point charge. (2.9 × 10–10 C, 25 cm)
11. Figure shows three circuits, each consisting of a switch and two capacitors
initially charged as indicated. After the switch has been closed, in which
circuit (if any) will the charges on the left hand capacitor (i) increase (ii)
decrease (iii) remain same?
6q 3q 6q 3q 6q 3q
2c c 3c c 2c 2c
1 2 3
(1 remains unchanged, 2 increases, 3 decreases).
12. For what value of C does the equivalent capacitance between A and B is
1µF in the given circuit.
C 3
A
3
3 3
4 2
B
3 3
All capacitance given in micro farad
Ans. : 2 µF
14. Eight charged water droplets each of radius 1 mm and charge 10 × 10–
10C coalesce to form a single drop. Calculate the potential of the bigger drop.
(3600 V)
15. What potential difference must be applied to produce an electric field that
can accelerate an electron to 1/10 of velocity of light. (2.6 × 103 V)
18. Four point charges are placed at the corners of the square of edge a as
+q
–q
19. Find the potential at A and C in the following circuit :
12 V
B
A C
1m F 5m F
20. Two capacitors A and B with capacitances 3 F and 2 F are charged 100
V and 180 V respectively. The capacitors are connected as shown in the
diagram with the uncharged capacitor C. Calculate the (i) final charge on
the three capacitors (ii) amount of electrostatic energy stored in the system
before and after the completion of the circuit.
C
2 F
+ –
3 F 2 F
A 10 0V 18 0V B
21. Two identical parallel plate capacitors connected to a battery with the
switch S closed. The switch is now opened and the free space between
the plates of the capacitors is filled with dielectric of dielectric constant 3.
Find the ratio of the total electrostatic energy stored in both capacitors
before and after the introduction of dielectric.
E A B
22. The charge passing through a conductor is a function of time and is given
as q = 2t2 – 4t + 3 milli coulomb. Calculate (i) Current through the conductor
(ii) Potential difference across it at t = 4 second. Given resistance of
conductor is 4 ohm. [Ans. : I = 12A, V = 48 V]
23. The resistance of a platinum wire at a point 0°C is 5.00 ohm and its
resistance at steam point is 5.40. When the wire is immersed in a hot oil
bath, the resistance becomes 5.80. Calculate the temperature of the oil
bath and temperature coefficient of resistance of platinum.
[Ans. : a = 0.004°C; T = 200°C]
24. Three identical cells, each of emf 2V and internal resistance 0.2 ohm, are
connected in series to an external resistor of 7.4 ohm. Calculate the current
in the circuit and the terminal potential difference across an equivalent cell.
[Ans. : I = 0.75; V = 5.55 V]
25. Calculate the equivalent resistance and current shown by the ammeter in
the circuit diagram given. [Ans. : R = 2; I = 5A]
2
4
4 6
1 6
A
2V 12V
26. A storage battery of emf 12V and internal resistance of 1.5 is being
charged by a 12V dc supply. How much resistance is to be put in series
for charging the battery safely, by maintaining a constant charging current
of 6A. [Ans. : R = 16.5]
29. A length of uniform ‘heating wire’ made of nichrome has a resistance 72.
At what rate is the energy dissipated if a potential difference of 120V is
applied across (a) full length of wire (b) half the length of wire (wire is cut
into two). Why is it is not advisable to use the half length of wire?
[Ans. : (a) 200W (b) 400W. 400W >> 200W but since current becomes
large so it is not advisable to use half the length]
30. With a certain unknown resistance X in the left gap and a resistance of
8 in the right gap, null point is obtained on the metre bridge wire. On
putting another 8 in parallel with 8 resistance in the right gap, the null
point is found to shift by 15cm. Find the value of X from these observations.
[Ans. : 8/3]
31. Figure show a potentiometer circuit for comparison of two resistances. The
balance point with a standard resistance R = 10 is found to be 160 cm.
While that with the unknown resistance X is 134.4 cm. Determine the
value of X. [Ans. : 2]
E´
A B
R K1 G
X
K2
E
0.5W
32. Two cells of E.M.F. E1 and E2 (E1 > E2) are connected as shown in figure.
Potentiometer is connected between points A and B. Calculate the ratio of
E1 E2 K1
( )
A B
( )
E1 E2 K2
33. Potential difference across terminals of a cell are measured (in volt) against
different current (in ampere) flowing through the cell. A graph was drawn
which was a straight line ABC. Using the data given in the graph, determine
(i) the emf. (ii) The internal resistance of the cell.
[Ans. : r = 5 emf = 1.4V]
1 .6
1 .4 A
1 .2
P .D .
B
(vo lt) 0 .8
C
0 .4
.0 4 .0 8 .1 2 .1 6 .2 0 .2 4 .2 8
I (a m p e re )
34. Four cells each of internal resistance 0.8 and emf 1.4V, d are connected
(i) in series (ii) in parallel. The terminals of the battery are joined to the
lamp of resistance 10. Find the current through the lamp and each cell
in both the cases.
[Ans. : Is = 0.424A, Ip = 0.137A current through each cell is 0.03A]
a
12 V
2 A
a´ 4 b´
36. In the circuit shown, the reading of voltmeter is 20V. Calculate resistance
of voltmeter. What will be the reading of voltmeter if this is put across 200
40
resistance? Ans. : RV 150; V V
3
60V
300 200
V
37. For the circuit given below, find the potential difference b/w points B and D.
[Ans. : 1.46 Volts]
2V 2
A B
1V , 1 1V , 1
2
C D
3V 3
(ii) Also calculate the current through CD & ACB if a 10V d.c source
is connected b/w point A and B and the value of R = 2
R
R R
A
R B
D E
R
= 3V
A B
J
R
G
´
(i) Calculate unknown emf of ´ the Cell.
(ii) Explain with reason, whether the circuit works if the driver cell is
replaced with another a cell of emf IV.
(iii) Does the high resistance R, used in the secondary circuit affect
the balance point? Justify your answer.
6
16V 1
42. The number density of conduction electrons in a Copper Conductor
estimated to be 8.5 x 1028 m–3. How long does an electron take to drift
from one end of a wire 3.0m long to its other end? The area of cross
section of the wire is 2.0 x 10–6 m2 and it is carrying a current of 3.0 A.
84V
100 200
V
44. The Equivalent Resistance between points A and B of the adjoing circuit.
R R
A B
R R
45. A copper wire of length 3m and radius r is nickel plated till its radius
becomes 2r. What would be the effective resistance of the wire, if specific
resistance of copper and nickel are c and n respectively.
l l
[Hint. : Pc Pe ; Rn ln
2 2 2
r 2r – r
46. In the figure, if the potential at point P is 100V, what is the potential at point
Q?
3 .0 W
Q
– –
150V 50V
+ +
P
2 .0 W
[Ans. : – 10V]
47. Given two resistors X and Y whose resistances are to be determined using
an ammeter of resistance 0.5 and a voltmeter of resistance 20 k. It is
known that X is in the range of a few ohms, while Y is in the range of
several thousand ohm. In each case, which of the two connection shown
should be chosen for resistance measurement?
X Y
A A
(i) (ii)
V V
49. A part of a circuit in steady state, along with the currents flowing in the
branches and the resistances, is shown in the figure. Calculate energy
stored in the capacitor of 4µF capacitance.
[Ans. : VAB = 20V, U = 8 × 10–4 J]
A B
51. A voltmeter with resistance 500 is used to measure the emf of a cell of
internal resistance 4. What will be the percentage error in the reading of
the voltmeter. [Ans.: 0.8%]
1. Geeta has dry hair. A comb ran through her dry hair attract small bits of
paper. She observes that Neeta with oily hair combs her hair; the comb
could not attract small bits of paper. She consults her teacher for this and
gets the answer. She then goes to the junior classes and shows this
phenomenon as Physics Experiment to them. All the junior feel very happy
2. A picnic was arranged by schools for the student of XII class. After some
time it was raining heavily accompanied by thundering & lightening. The
Student got afraid. Some students went inside the room. The students
asked for the key of the car and set inside the car folding their legs on the
seat. The other students called them to come out but they refused. They
knew that charge inside the conducting shell is zero as told by the teacher
and told other not to stand near the electric pole when it is lightening.
3. Renu, Ritu and Kajal lived in a resettlement colony where they observed
most houses stole power from transmission lines using hooks. They had
learnt in school about fire caused due to electric short circult. They decided
to make people aware to the risks involved an also the importance of
paying their electricity bills. They got all their friends and responsible elders
together and with the help of the electricity board, succeeded in changing
the situation.
(ii) A low voltage supply from which one needs high currents must
have a very low internal resistance, why?
(iii) A high tension supply of say 6 KV must have a very large internal
resistance. Why?
4. Rahul and Rohit bought an electric iron. They had a 2 pin plug. Rahul was
keen to start using the new iron with the 2 pin plug. However, Rohit
insisted that they buy a 3 pin plug before using it. Rahul got angry. Rohit
patiently explained the importance of using a 3 pin plug and the earthing
wire. He said that if the metallic body of the iron came in contact with the
live wire at 220 volt, they would get an electric shock. If earthed, the
current would go to the earth and the potential of the metallic body would
not rise. The iron would then be safe to use hearing Rohit, Rahul calmed
down and agreed.
2. Construct a closed system such that charge is enclosed within it. For the
charge on one face, we need to have two cubes place such that charge
is on the common face. According to Gauss’s theorem total flux through
q
the gaussian surface (both cubes) is equal to . Therefore the flux
0
q
through one cube will be equal to 2 .
0
q 1 2 a
3. Work done = fd cos = qEd cos
0 2
Charge circulating e
4. I v speed
Time for one revolution 3 r v
e e2 h h
h
2 h me2 2
m e5
2 h 3
5. In steady state the branch containing C can be omitted hence the current
2V V V
I
R 2R 3R
For loop EBCDE
VC V 2V I 2R 0
V
VC
3
R
ER E
6. V IR
Rr r
1
R
V
7. If e.m.f decreases decreases position of zero deflection increases..
8. Otherwise resistance per unit length of Bridge wire be different over different
length of meter Bridge.
10. The electron number density is of the order of 1029 m–3. the net
current can be very high even if the drift spread is low.
12. V = E + ir
= 2 + 0.1 5
= 2.5 V
13. Affects the uniformity of the cross-section area of wire and hence
changes the potential drop across wire.
14. A potentiometer is said to be sensitive if :
(i) It can measure very small potential differences.
(ii) For a small change in potential diff. being measured it shows large
change in balancing length.
E E´ E´ E´ E 2
kq kq 7kq
2. V1
r 6r 6r
kq kq 3kq kq 4kq
V2
2r 6r 6r 6r
V1 7
V2 4
2q 2q
Vcommon V´
4 0 r 2r 12 0r
r kq r k 2q
q´ C1V1 C1V ´ . .
k r k 3r
2q q
q – .
3 3
V1 50
3. R1 25,000
I1 2 x10 –3
V2 60
R2 20,000
I2 3 x10 –3
V2
(ii) If V in circuit is Constant because H t
R
q q q 4 a 2
VB k 1 2 3 k – 4kb 4kc
b b c b
2
a 2 2
b c
0 b
a2 2 2
VC b c
0c
When VA = VC
a2 2 2
a b c – b c
0 0C
ac – bc + c2 = a2 – b2 + c2
c (a – b) = (a – b) (a + b)
c = a + b.
2. Q = CV
Total charge Q = Total capacitance in series × voltage
5 –3 3
10 12 10 10 coulomb
6
3
Q 10 10
VAB 3
10V
c1 1 10
3
Q 10 10
VBC 3
2V .
c2 5 10
E´ 5
.
E 3
4. RAB = 2
V 10
ICD = 0 IACB 2.5A
2R 2 2
C
R R
i1
B
i2 R
A
i3 = 0
R R
i2
D
10V
E2 l2 l 80
5. (i) E2 2 E1 1.5 2.0V
E1 l1 l1 60
(ii) The Circuit will not work if emf of driven Cell is IV, \ total Vottage
across AB is IV, which cannot balance the voltage 1.5V.
7. Req = 7W
2 4
I4 = 1A, I1 = 2A, I12 = A , I6 A , V
3 3 AB = 4V, VBC = 2V, VCD = 8V
8. I enAVd enA
t
enA
t 2.7 104 s
I
84 84
9. I 0.3A
100 400 280
100 400 200
100 400
0.3 24V .
100 400
R R
A B
R/2
R
A 3R B
(i) 2 (ii)
µ0
Magnetic field on equatorial line of a bar magnet Beq T
4 3
2 2 2
r l
104 Gauss = 1T
61
Magnetic field at the centre of a circular T
When, x = 0,
For a << x,
62
Magnetic field due to a toroidal solenoid B = 0 n I T
Or F = B qv sin
63
The radius corresponding to maximum velocity
64
= n BIA sin ;
= n BIA sin
angle between notmal
drawn on the plane of
loop and magnetic field
magnetic field s
Sensitivity of a galvanometer or
65
The current loop as a magnetic dipole T
66
Magnetic flux Weber (Tm2)
Magnetic induction (or Magnetic flux B = B0 + µ0Im T
density or Magnetic field) = µ0 (H + Im)
Magnetic susceptibility —
1. Must every magnetic field configuration have a north pole and a south
pole? What about the field due to a toroid?
Ans. No, pole exists only when the source has some net magnetic moment.
There is no pole in tornoid. Magnetic field due to a toroid B = 0 nI
2. How are the figure of merit and current sensitivity of galvanometer related
with each other?
Ans. Reciprocal.
B 1
r
B
B
Ans. r
r
4. The force per unit length between two parallel long current carrying
conductor is F. If the current in each conductor is tripled, what would be
the value of the force per unit length between them?
0 3 I1 3 l2
F 9 times
2r
7. An electric current flows in a horizontal wire from East to West. What will
be the direction of magnetic field due to current at a point (i) North of wire;
(ii) above the wire.
Ans. W E
(i) Going into the plane of the paper
*9. Why the core of moving coil galvanometer is made of soft iron?
10. Where on the earth’s surface, is the vertical component of earth’s magnetic
field zero?
Ans. At equator.
Ans. 1%.
12. Write S.I. unit of (i) Pole strength and (ii) Magnetic dipole moment.
Ans. (i) Am
(ii) Am2
Therefore,
14. If a toroid uses Bismuth as its core, will the field in the core be lesser or
greater than when it is empty?
Ans. Bismuth is diamagnetic, hence, the overall magnetic field will be slightly
less.
Ans. +Z axis.
Ans. S to N
18. What is the angle of dip at a place where vertical and horizontal component
of earth’s field are equal?
Ans. 45°
20. Sketch the magnetic field lines for a current carrying circular loop.
Ans.
22. What is the direction of induced currents in metal rings 1 and 2 seen from
the top when current I in the wire is increasing steadily?
I
2
1
I
Ans.
2
23. In which of the following cases will the mutual inductance be (i) minimum
(ii) maximum?
Ans. (i) (ii)
2
25. Why can’t transformer be used to step up or step down dc voltage?
26. In an a.c. circuit, instantaneous voltage and current are V = 200 sin 300
t volt and i = 8 cos 300t ampere respectively. What is the average power
dissipated in the circuit?
Ans. As the phase difference b/w current and voltage is
2
Pa v Iv Ev cos 0
2
27. Sketch a graph that shows change in reactance with frequency of a series
LCR circuit.
vr resonant frequency
X
vr
O v
Ans.
A A
Ans. i = 12 sin 314 t
2
i.e. Current is ahead the voltage by a phase difference of . Hence
2
circuit is a capacitive circuit.
30. In a series L–C–R circuit VL = VC VR. What is the value of power factor?
U
Ans. UL I2 U '
4
32. A rectangle loop a b c d of a conducting wire has been changed into a
square loop a´ b´ c´ d´ as shown in figure. What is the direction of induced
current in the loop?
× × × × × × × × × ×
a b
a´ b´
× × × × × × × × × ×
× × × × × × × × × ×
d´ c´
× × × × × × × × × ×
d c
× × × × × × × × × ×
Ans. Clockwise.
33. Twelve wires of equal lengths are connected in the form of a skeleton of
a cube, which is moving with a velocity in the direction of magnetic field
. Find the emf in each arm of the cube..
I
R1 R2
v
Ans. R1 > R2 as I is smaller in larger resistance.
Ans. Corrosion free and small expansion on heating maintains proper contact.
*36. What are the values of capacitive and inductive reactance in a dc circuit?
1 1
Ans. XC for d c = 0 XC
wc 2c
XL = 0 & XL L 2L 0
37. Give the direction of the induced current in a coil mounted on an insulating
stand when a bar magnet is quickly moved along the axis of the coil from
one side to the other as shown in figure.
S N
P
S
× × × × × ×
× × × × × ×
× × × × × ×
R Q
x=0 x = 2b
39. A wire moves with some speed perpendicular to a magnetic field. Why is
emf induced across the rod?
Ans. Lorentz force acting on the free charge carrier of conducting wire hence
polarity developed across it.
40. Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the situation described in the figure
below.
a S N
b
41. A circular coil rotates about its vertical diameter in a uniform horizontal
magnetic field. What is the average emf induced in the coil?
Ans. Zero
Ans. RMS Value of ac is defined as that value of direct currect which produces
the same heating effect in a given resistor as is produced by the given
alternating current when passed for the same time.
Q
Ans. Q (–)
P (+)
44. A long straight wire with current i passes (without touching) three square
wire loops with edge lengths 2L, 1.5L land L. The loops are widely spaced
(so as to not affect one another). Loops 1 and 3 are symmetric about the
long wire. Rank the loops according to the size of the current induced in
them if current i is (a) constant and (b) increasing greatest first.
2 3
1
45. In an L–C circuit, current is oscillating with frequency 4 × 106 Hz. What is
the frequency with which magnetic energy is oscillating?
n B
(1) (2) B
n
4. A current of 10A flows through a semicircular wire of radius 2cm as shown
in figure (a). What is direction and magnitude of the magnetic field at the
centre of semicircle? Would your answer change if the wire were bent as
shown in figure (b)?
2cm 2cm
10 A
10 A
F ig . (a) F ig . (b)
5. A proton and an alpha particle of the same enter, in turn, a region of
uniform magnetic field acting perpendicular to their direction of motion.
Deduce the ratio of the radii of the circular paths described by the proton
and alpha particle.
6. Which one of the two an ammeter or milliammeter, has a higher resistance
and why?
7. Mention two properties of soft iron due to which it is preferred for making
electromagnet.
10. A steady current I flows along an infinitely long straight wire with circular
cross-section of radius R. What will be the magnetic field outside and
inside the wire at a point r distance far from the axis of wire?
11. A circular coil of n turns and radius R carries a current I. It is unwound and
rewound to make another square coil of side ‘a’ keeping number of turns
and current same. Calculate the ratio of magnetic moment of the new coil
and the original coil.
12. A coil of N turns and radius R carries a current I. It is unwound and
rewound to make another coil of radius R/2, current remaining the same.
Calculate the ratio of the magnetic moment of the new coil and original coil.
× ×
×
×
(a ) (b )
17. What is the radius of the path of an electron (mass 9 x 10–31 kg and
charge 1.6 x 10–19 C) moving at a speed of 3 x 107 m/s in a magnetic field
Ans. r EK
Radius (r)
Ans. Yes; for example the atoms of a paramagnetic substance possess a net
magnetic moment though its net charge is zero.
20. Define the term magnetic dipole moment of a current loop. Write the
expression for the magnetic moment when an electron revolves at a speed
‘v’, around an orbit of radius ‘r’ in hydrogen atom.
Ans. The product of the current in the loop to the area of the loop is the
magnetic dipole moment of a current loop.
e e e
The magnetic moment of electron –
2
r v –
2me
r p –
2me
22. A bar magnet is falling with some acceleration ‘a’ along the vertical axis
of a coil as shown in fig. What will be the acceleration of the magnet
(whether a > g or a < g or a = g) if (a) coil ends are not connected to each
other? (b) coil ends are connected to each other?
S S
(a) (b)
N a N a
23. The series L–C–R circuit shown in fig. is in resonance state. What is the
voltage across the inductor?
L C R
~
( V, v)
24. The divisions marked on the scale of an a.c. ammeter are not equally
spaced. Why?
25. Circuit shown here uses an airfield parallel plate capacitor. A mica sheet
is now introduced between the plates of capacitor. Explain with reason the
effect on brightness of the bulb B.
~
( V , v)
26. In the figure shown, coils P and Q are identical and moving apart with
same velocity V. Induced currents in the coils are I1 and I2. Find I1/I2.
× × × × × ×
× × × × × ×
V b P V
× × × × × ×
× × l × × × ×
× × × × × ×
b
27. A 1.5 µF capacitor is charged to 57V. The charging battery is then
disconnected, and a 12 mH coil is connected in series with the capacitor
so that LC Oscillations occur. What is the maximum current in the coil?
Assume that the circuit has no resistance.
28. The self inductance of the motor of an electric fan is 10H. What should be
the capacitance of the capacitor to which it should be connected in order
to impart maximum power at 50Hz?
29. How does an inductor behave in a DC circuit after the current reaches to
steady state? Justify.
32. Show that in the free oscillation of an LC circuit, the sum of energies
stored in the capacitor and the inductor is constant with time.
1 2 1 q2
Ans. Hint : U LI
2 2 c
33. Show that the potential difference across the LC combination is zero at the
resonating frequency in series LCR circuit
V = IXL – IXC
at resonance XL = XC
V = O.
34. How does an capacitor behave in a DC circuit after the steady state?
Explain your answer.
35. For circuits used for transmitting electric power, a low power factor implies
large power loss in transmission. Explain.
P = VI cos
P
Or I
V cos
37. A bar magnet M is dropped so that is falls vertically through the coil C. The
graph obtained for voltage produced across the coil Vs time is shown in figure.
S
N p.d. (m V )
t
V R
tim e
(ii) Why is the negative peak longer than the positive peak?
39. How does mutual inductance of a pair of coils kept coaxially at a distance
in air change when
40. Two circular conductors are perpendicular to each other as shown in figure.
If the current is changed in conductor B, will a current be induced in the
conductor A,
A B
1. Derive the expression for force between two infinitely long parallel straight
wires carrying current in the same direction. Hence define ‘ampere’ on the
basis of above derivation.
4. Name all the three elements of earth magnetic field and define them with
the help of relevant diagram.
7. State Ampere, circuital law. Use this law to obtain an expression for the
magnetic field due to a toroid.
*8. Obtain an expression for magnetic field due to a long solenoid at a point
inside the solenoid and on the axis of solenoid.
10. Derive an expression for magnetic field intensity due to a bar magnet
(magnetic dipole) at any point (i) Along its axis (ii) Perpendicular to the axis.
*11. Derive an expression for the torque acting on a loop of N turns of area A
of each turn carrying current I, when held in a uniform magnetic field B.
13. A long wire is first bent into a circular coil of one turn and then into a
circular coil of smaller radius having n turns. If the same current passes
in both the cases, find the ratio of the magnetic fields produced at the
centres in the two cases.
Ans. When there is only one turn, the magnetic field at the centre,
µ0 I
B
2a
2a1xn = 2a a1 = a/n
µ0nI µ0n2 I
The magnetic field at its centre, B1 n2B
2a n 2a
The ratio is, B1/B = n2
16. In a series L–C–R circuit XL, XC and R are the inductive reactance,
capacitive reactance and resistance respectively at a certain frequency f.
If the frequency of a.c. is doubled, what will be the values of reactances
and resistance of the circuit?
17. What are eddy currents? Write their any four applications.
18. In a series L–R circuit, XL = R and power factor of the circuit is P1. When
capacitor with capacitance C such that XL = XC is put in series, the power
factor becomes P2. Find P1/P2.
21. Which of the following curves may represent the reactance of a series LC
combination.
(a)
(d)
XC – XL
O
frequ ency (f)
(b) (c)
[Ans. : (b)]
23. The figure shows, in (a) a sine curved (t) = sin t and three other
sinusoidal curves A(t), B(t) and C(t) each of the form sin (t – ). (a) Rank
the three curves according to the value of , most positive first and most
negative last (b) Which curve corresponds to which phase as in
2 3
A (t) 1
4
B (t)
S (t)
C (t)
(a ) (b )
24. In an LC circuit, resistance of the circuit is negligible. If time period of
oscillation is T them :
(i) at what time is the energy stored completely electrical
(ii) at what time is the energy stored completely magnetic
(iii) at what time is the total energy shared equally between the inductor
and capacitor.
26. Figure (a), (b), (c) Show three alternating circuits withe equal currents. If
frequency of alternating emf be increased, what will be the effect on current
in the three cases? Explain.
E E E
(a) (b) (c)
Ans. (i) No effect, R is not affected by frequency.
2. State Biot-Savart law. Use it to obtain the magnetic field at an axial point,
distance d from the centre of a circular coil of radius ‘a’ and carrying
current I. Also compare the magnitudes of the magnetic field of this coil
at its centre and at an axial point for which the value of d is 3a.
*4. Write the principle, working of moving coil galvanometer with the help of
neat labelled diagram. What is the importance of radial field and phosphor
bronze used in the construction of moving coil galvanometer?
6. Explain, with the help of a neat and labelled diagram, the principle,
construction and working of a transformer.
1
(i) leads the voltage when
LC
1
(ii) is in phase with voltage when .
LC
9. Write two differences in each of resistance, reactance and impedance for
an ac circuit. Derive an expression for power dissipated in series LCR
circuit.
3. Calculate the magnetic field due to a circular coil of 500 turns and of mean
diameter 0.1m, carrying a current of 14A (i) at a point on the axis distance
0.12m from the centre of the coil (ii) at the centre of the coil.
[Ans. : (i) 5.0 × 10–3 Tesla; (ii) 8.8 × 10–2 tesla]
6. A uniform wire is bent into one turn circular loop and same wire is again
bent in two turn circular loop. For the same current passed in both the
cases compare the magnetic field induction at their centres.
[Ans. : Increased 4 times]
7. A horizontal electrical power line carries a current of 90A from east to west
direction. What is the magnitude and direction of magnetic field produced
by the power line at a point 1.5m below it? [Ans. : 1.2 × 10–5 T south ward]
*8. A galvanometer with a coil of resistance 90 shows full scale deflection
for a potential difference 225 mV. What should be the value of resistance
to convert the galvanometer into a voltmeter of range 0V to 5V. How
should it be connected? [Ans. : 1910 in series]
9. Two identical circular loops P and Q carrying equal currents are placed
such that their geometrical axis are perpendicular to each other as shown
in figure. And the direction of current appear’s anticlockwise as seen from
point O which is equidistant from loop P and Q. Find the magnitude and
direction of the net magnetic field produced at the point O.
I
O
R
P x
x
Q R
I
2
µ0IR 2
Ans. :
2 32
2 R x
2
10. A cyclotron’s oscillator frequency is 10 MHz. What should be the operating
13. A short bar magnet placed with its axis at 30° with an external field 1000G
experiences a torque of 0.02 Nm. (i) What is the magnetic moment of the
magnet. (ii) What is the work done in turning it from its most stable
equilibrium to most unstable equilibrium position?
[Ans. : (i) 0.4 Am2; (ii) 0.08 J]
14. What is the magnitude of the equatorial and axial fields due to a bar
magnet of length 4cm at a distance of 40 cm from its mid point? The
magnetic moment of the bar magnet is 0.5 Am2.
[Ans. : BE = 7.8125 × 10–7 T; BA = 15.625 × 10–7 T]
15. What is the magnitude of magnetic force per unit length on a wire carrying
a current of 8A and making an angle of 30° with the direction of a uniform
magnetic field of 0.15T?
16. Two moving coil galvanometers, M1 and M2 have the following specifications.
Given that the spring constants are the same for the two galvano meters,
B4
B5 C A B3
B2
B6
(a) In which configuration is the systems not in equilibrium?
18. In the circuit, the current is to be measured. What is the value of the
current if the ammeter shown :
3
3V
0.5
Dx x
20. A straight wire of mass 200g and length 1.5 m carries a current of 2A. It
s suspended in mid-air by a uniform horizontal magnetic field B. What is
the magnitude of the magnetic field?
Hint :
0 2I12
I 10–7 2 25 15 0.25
F1 9.38 10–4 N attractive
4 r1 0.02
0 2I12
I 10 –7 2 25 15 0.25
F2 1.56 10 –4 Nrepalsive
4 r2 0.12
15 A
25 A 25 cm
2
cm 10 cm
23. The true value of dip at a place is 30°. The vertical plane carrying the
needle is turned through 45° from the magnetic meridian. Calculate the
apparent value of dip. [Ans. : ´ = 39°14´]
24. Figure shows the path of an electron that passes through two regions
containing uniform magnetic fields of magnitude B1 and B2. Its path in each
region is a half circle. (a) Which field is stronger? (b) What are the directions
of two fields? (c) Is the time spend by the electron in the B 1 , region greater
than, less than, or the same as the time spent in B 2 region?
B1
B2
25. In a series C–R circuit, applied voltage is V = 110 sin 314t volt. What is
the (i) The peak voltage (ii) Average voltage over half cycle?
26. Magnetic flux linked with each turn of a 25 turns coil is 6 milliweber. The
flux is reduced to 1 mWb in 5 s. Find induced emf in the coil.
29. The magnetic flux linked with a closed circuit of resistance 8 varies with
time according to the expression = (5t2 – 4t + 2) where is in milliweber
and t in second. Calculate the value of induce current at t = 15 s.
4
30. A capacitor, a resistor and 2 henry inductor are connected in series to
b v
2l
The loop is moving at constant speed v and at t = 0 it just enters the field
3l
B. Sketch the following graphs for the time interval t = 0 to t .
v
(i) Magnetic flux – time
36. Figure shows a wire of length l which can slide on a U-shaped rail of
negligible resistance. The resistance of the wire is R. The wire is pulled to
the right with a constant speed v. Draw an equivalent circuit diagram
representing the induced emf by a battery. Find the current in the wire
using this diagram.
× × × × × × ×
× × × × × × ×
× × × v× × × ×
× × × × × × ×
× × × × × × ×
× × × × × × ×
(ii) What kind of Ferro magnetic material is using for coating magnetic
tapes used in cassette.
3. Pooja went to the market with her mother and decided to come back home
by metro. At Metro station they were made to pass through a gate way for
security check. Pooja passed through it and was waiting for her mother to
come. She heard a long beep when her mother passed through metal
detector. Pooja was confused why metal detector beeped in case of her
mother. She asked the duty staff, who explained her in detai. Both were
satisfied with the security system.
(i) What values are displayed by Pooja.
(ii) What is cause of sound through metal detector
(iii) Write the Principle on which a Metal detector works.
4. Mr. Sanjeev, a physics teacher, was doing an experiment in lab using dry
cell battery. The dry cell was weak, giving less voltage, which was not
suffcient to give proper reading. One of the student asked, “Sir, can’t we
step-up the voltage using a transformer?” Teacher replied, No, we cannot
3
Ig 5 10
1. S G 3
120 0.12.
I Ig 5 5 10
–7
10 10 5
3. (i) B 2
5 10 T outwards .
2 10
(ii) B = 5p × 10–5 T (inwards).
m 4m rp 1
4. rp and r 2r .
qB 2q B ra 2
5. RmA > RA.
R R
r r
B . d l. = µ 0 I
µ0 I
B r R .
2 r
R
2 rN 4aN a
2
M2
4
M1
2
r
2I
mnew 2 1
11. 2
.
moriginal I R 2
13. (a) B . d l 0I 2 0 Tm
(b) zero
22. (i) a = g because the induced emf set up in the coil does not produce any
current and hence no opposition to the falling bar magnet.
V
23. Current at resonance I .
R
V
Voltage across inductor VL = I.XL = I.L 2 L.
R
24. A.C. ammeter works on the principle of heating effect H I2.
V 2 2
I where Z Xc R and
Z
1 1
XC
C 2C
1
XC , when mica sheet is introduced capacitance C increases
C
K 0 A
C ,
d
Bvb
In coil P, I1 E1 R
R
Bvl
In coil Q, I 2 E 2 R I1 I 2 b l .
R
27. em energy is conserved
µE(max) = µB(max)
2
Q 1 2
12 LI
C 2
I = 637 mA
28. 10–6 F.
NBA
16. (a) Current sensitivity,
I K
N1 B1 A1 N2 B2 A 2
Ratio of current Sensitivity =
K K
30 0.25 3.6 10–3
5 7
42 0.50 1.8 10–3
NBA
(b) Voltage sensitivity,
V kR
N B A N2B2 A 2
Ratio of voltage sensitivity 1 1 1 kR
kR1 2
17. (a) For equilibrium, the dipole moment should be parallel or auto parallel
to B. Hence, AB1 and AB2 are not in equilibrium.
(b) (i) for stable equilibrium, the dipole moments should be parallel,
examples : AB5 and AB6 (ii) for unstable equilibrium, the dipole
moment should be anti parallel examples : AB3 and AB4
19. From Biot-Sayart’s Law, d Id sin / r 2
10–7 10 10–2
dB 4 10–8 T along z axis
25 10–2
0.2 9.8
mg = BIl B = mg/Il 0.657 T
2 1.5
2V0 2 110 7
(ii) Vav 1 2 70 volt.
22
d 1 – 6 10–3
26. Induced emf –N –25 = 0.25 volt.
dt .5
27. (i) Reactance XL = L = 300 × 4 × 10–3 = 1.2
VPIP = VsIs
VS IP NS VS 240
NS N 4000 = 400
VP IS NP V P 2400
P
.146
where = 5t2 – 4t + 2 and R = 8 I – A = – .018A
8
30. When V and l in phase
1 1
X L XC ,
2 LC
1 1
C 2 2
4 L 2 4
4 50 50 2
= 2.5 × 10–5 = 25 µF.
V
31. Current in the circuit I
Z
2 2 1 1
When Z Xc R , XC
C 2 C
Then total voltage across capacitor and resistor
VC = i XC, VR = IR.
32.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
1
2 LC
q0
(iii) Maximum current in the circuit I 0
LC
2 2 2 2
1 q0 1 q q0 – q
UL = U – UC –
2 C 2 C 2C
Here q0 = 5mC; q = 4mC
V 2 2
(i) I , where Z XL R
Z
VL = I . XL; VR = IR
(iii) (VL + VR) > V because VL and VR are not in same phase.
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
AND OPTICS
Properties of em waves :
1
(v) In any medium v
µ
Where µ = µr µ0, = r 0
Also V = c/n
B 0E 0
(vi) Wave intensity equals average of Poynting vector I = S av =
2µ0
(vii) Average electric and average magnetic energy densities are equal.
Wavelength and frequency are related with each other v = Here
is the wave velocity.
2
2 v wave speed
T k
2
k 2
frequency
1
wave number.
105
critical angle
Lateral shift m
or m–1
Magnification –
P = P1 + P2 and m = m1 × m2
Refraction in a prism + A = i + e
106
Compound Microscope
Magnification
Astronomical Telescope
Magnification
Length of tube L = fo + fe
107
The resolving power
Reflection Telescope
Magnifying power
Brightness
Wave Optics
Young’s Double Slit Experiment
Intensity of light
Path difference
108
The angular width of each fringe
Fresnel distance
Brewster’s Law r + p = 90° and µ = tan p
Law of Malus I = I0 cos2
109
[Class XII : Physics]
UNIT V & UNIT VI
2. What is the phase difference between electric and magnetic field vectors
in an em wave?
Ans.
2
Ans. Polarization.
1
Ans. V
Ans. X-rays
Ans. Radiowaves.
Ans. Speed.
d e
0 where e electric flux.
dt
Ans. Current.
15. What is the wavelength range of em waves that were produced and
observed by J.C. Bose?
Ans. Milimeter
1 1 1
Ans. V
0 r 0 r 0 0 r r
C C
V
9 3
18. Identify the part of the electromagnetic spectrum to which the following
wavelengths belong :
19. Name the part of the electromagnetic spectrum of wavelength 10–2 m and
mention its one application.
21. Mention the pair of space and time varying E and B fields which would
generate a plane em wave travelling in Z-direction.
Ans. Ex and By
22. The charging current for a capacitor is 0.2A. What is the displacement
current?
23. Give the ratio of Velocities of light waves of wavelengths 4000A° and
8000A° in Vaccum.
24. Which physical quantity, If any has the same value for waves belonging to
the different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum?
Ans. Speed
25. Write the value of angle of reflection for a ray of light falling normally on
a mirror.
Ans. Zero.
26. How does the dispersive power of glass prism change when it is dipped
in water?
Ans. Decreases.
27. Light falls from glass to air. Find the angle of incidence for which the angle
of deviation is 90° if refractive indes of glass is 2.
Ans. 45°
28. Name the phenomenon due to which one cannot see through fog.
Ans. Scattering
29. What is the ratio of sini and sinr in terms of velocities in the given figure.
Velocity = v1 i µ1
Velocity = v2 r µ2
v1
Ans.
v2
Ans. Hyperbolic.
31. A equiconcave lens of focal length 15 cm is cut into two equal halves along
dotted line as shown in figure. What will be new focal length of each half.
32. For the same angle of the incidence the angle of refraction in three media
A, B and C are 15°, 25° and 35° respectively. In which medium would the
velocity of light be minimum?
Ans. A
33. What is the phase difference between two points on a cylindrical wave front?
Ans. Zero.
Ans. Zero.
35. How does focal length of lens change when red light incident on it is
replaced by violet light?
Ans. Decreases, r v
36. Lower half of the concave mirror is painted black. What effect will this have
on the image of an object placed in front of the mirror?
Ans. The intensity of the image will be reduced (in this case half) but no change
in size of the image.
37. An air bubble is formed inside water. Does it act as converging lens or a
diverging lens?
38. A water tank is 4 meter deep. A candle flame is kept 6 meter above the
level. for water is 4/3. Where will the image of the candle be formed?
10. A person can adjust the power of his eye lens between 50D and 60D. His
far point is infinity. Find the distance between retina and eye lens.
11. Calculate the value of , for which light incident normally on face AB
grazes along the face BC.
µglass = 3/2 µwater = 4/3
A µg B
q
µW
C
13. Complete the path of light with correct value of angle of emergence.
µ = 1.5
60 °
14. Define diffraction. What should be the order of the size of the aperture to
observe diffraction.
15. Show that maximum intensity in interference pattern is four times the
intensity due to each slit if amplitude of light emerging from slits is same.
16. Two poles-one 4m high and the other is 4.5 m high are situated at distance
40m and 50m respectively from an eye. Which pole will appear taller?
S 1×
S2× P
18. If a jogger runs with constant speed towards a vehicle, how fast does the
image of the jogger appear to move in the rear view mirror when
Ans. The speed of the image of the jogger appears to increase substantially,
though jogger is moving with constant speed.
19. A person looking at a mesh of crossed wire is able to see the vertical wire
more distinctly than the horizontal wire. Which defect he is suffering from?
How can this defect be corrected?
Ans. Optical density is the ratio of the speed of light in two media whereas
mass density e.g. mass per unit volume of a substance. e.g. Mass density
of turpention in less than that of water but its optical density is higher.
21. When does (i) a plane mirror and (ii) a convex mirror produce real image
of objects.
Ans. Plane and convex mirror produce real image when the object is virtual that
is rays converging to a point behind the mirror are reflected to a point on
a screen.
22. A virtual image cannot be caught on a screen. Then how do we see it?
Ans. The image is virtual when reflected or refracted rays divergent, these are
converged on to the retina by convex lens of eye, as the virtual image
serves as the object.
23. Draw a diagram to show the advance sunrise and delayed sunset due to
atmospheric refraction. NCERT Pg 318
24. Define critical angle for total internal reflection. Obtain an expression for
refractive index of the medium in terms of critical angle.
25. The image of a small bulb fixed on the wall of a room is to be obtained
on the opposite wall ‘s’ m away by means of a large convex lens. What is
the maximum possible local length of the lens required.
Ans. For fixed distance ‘s’ between object and screen, for the lens equation to
give real solution for u = v = 2f, ‘f’ should not be greater than 4f = s.
f = s/4
26. The angle subtended at the eye by an object is equal to the angle subtended
at the eye by the virtual image produced by a magnifying glass. In what
sense then does magnifying glass produce angular magnification?
Ans. The absolute image size is bigger than object size, the magnifier helps in
bringing the object closer to the eye and hence it has larger angular size
than the same object at 25 cm, thus angular magnification is achieved.
27. Obtain relation between focal length and radius of curvature of (i) concave
mirror (ii) convex mirror using proper ray diagram.
29. How is a wave front different from a ray? Draw the geometrical shape
of the wavefronts when.
(ii) light emerges out of convex lens when a point source is placed at
its focus.
30. What two main changes in diffraction pattern of single slit will you observe
when the monochromatic source of light is replaced by a source of white
light.
31. You are provided with four convex lenses of focal length 1cm, 3cm, 10cm
and 100 cm. Which two would you prefer for a microscope and which two
for a telescope.
C
O x
R
h
35. A point source S is placed midway between two concave mirrors having
equal focal length f as shown in Figure. Find the value of d for which only
one image is formed.
d
36. A thin double convex lens of focal length f is broken into two equal halves
at the axis. The two halves are combined as shown in figure. What is the
focal length of combination in (ii) and (iii).
38. A ray PQ incident on the refracting face BA is refracted in the prism BAC
as shown in figure and emerges from the other refracting face AC as RS
such that AQ = AR. If the angle, of prism A = 60° and µ of material of
prism is 3 then find angle .
A
Q R
S
P
B C
6. Obtain the formula for combined focal length of two thin lenses in contact,
taking one divergent and the other convergent.
9. Define total internal reflection. State its two conditions. With a ray diagram
show how does optical fibres transmit light.
10. A plane wave front is incident on (i) a prism (ii) A convex lens (iii) a
concave mirror. Draw the emergent wavefront in each case.
11. Explain with reason, how the resolving power of a compound microscope
will change when (i) frequency of the incident light on the objective lens
is increased. (ii) focal length of the objective lens is increased. (iii) asperture
of objective lens is increased.
12. Derive Mirror formula for a concave mirror forming real Image.
(b) One of the slits is now completely covered. Draw the intensity
pattern now obtained and name the phenomenon.
14. Explain briefly (i) sparkling of diamond (ii) use of optical fibre in
communication.
15. Using appropriate ray diagram obtain relation for refractive index of water
in terms of real and apparent depth.
n1 < n2 n1 = n2 n1 > n2
(i) (ii) (iii)
n1 < n2 n1 = n2 n1 > n2
(iv) (v) (vi)
17. A converging beam of light is intercepted by a slab of thickness t and
refractive index µ. By what distance will the convergence point be shifted?
Illustrate the answer.
P
1
x 1 t
µ
t
18. In double slit experiment SS2 is greater than SS1 by 0.25. Calculate the
path difference between two interfering beam from S1 and S2 for minima
and maxima on the point P as shown in Figure.
S1
P
S
O
S2 S creen
1 1 1
8. Derive lens formula – for
f v u
10. Draw a graph to show the angle of deviation with the angle of incidence
i for a monochromatic ray of light passing through a prisin of refracting
sin A m 2
µ
sin A 2
11. State the condition under which the phenomenon of diffraction of light
takes place. Derive an expression for the width of the central maximum
due to diffraction of light at a single slit. Also draw the intensity pattern with
angular position.
Then find :
1 .5 c m 40 cm
20 cm
O C 1.6 cm approx.
µ1 = 1 µ 2 = 1 .3 3
60 ° air
Liqu id
15 °
12. At what angle with the water surface does fish in figure see the setting
sun?
µ = 1 air Sun
µ W = 4/3
W a ter
13. In the following diagram, find the focal length of lens L2. [40 cm]
Ans. = –100 cm
u = –25 cm
1 1 1 –1 1 3
f u 100 25 100
100
f 33.3 cm so a converging lens
3
100
3 dioptre
f
15. For a man shortest distance of distinct vision is 20 cm. What will be the
type and power of lens which would enable him to read a book at a
distance of 60 cm?
Ans. v = –20 cm
u = –60 cm
1 –1 1 –2 –1
f 20 60 60 30
f = – 30 cm. So a diverging lens
100
–3.3 dioptre
–30
16. Using the data given below, state which two of the given lenses will be
preferred to construct a (i) telescope (ii) Microscope. Also indicate which
is to be used as objective and as eyepiece in each case.
L1 6 D 1 cm
L2 3 D 8 cm
L3 10 D 1 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1
F f1 f 2 15 30 10
F = 10 cm
P = 10 D.
1. Lot of people like TV program CID. In this program there is some murder
mystery which has to be solved by the team of CID people. Every member
of CID team work with full dedication. They collect information from
everywhere which can lead to correct conclusion. They use ultraviolet rays
in forensic laboratory. Some people got surprised to see the advantageof
ultraviolet rays because they only know that ultraviolet rays coming from
SUN are harmful.
3. Ravi is using yellow light in a single silt diffraction experiment with sit width
of 0.6 mm. The teacher has replaces yellow light by x-rays. Now he is not
able to observe the diffraction pattern. He feels sad. Again the teacher
replaces x-rays by yellow light and the differaction patter appears again.
10. For point is infinity so in this case focal length is maximum. Hence power
is minimum.
11. sin1 8 9
13. sin1 3 4
14. 4 m pole
29. A wavefront is a surface obtained by joining all points vibrating in the same
phase.
(i) Spherical
(ii) Plane
30. (i) In each diffraction order, the diffracted image of the slit gets
dispersed into component colours of white light. As fringe width
, red fringe with higher wavelength is wider than violet fringe
with smaller wavelength.
R –h
R µx h x .
µ
(ii) f/2
27.
21 –x
21 m 21 –x
x
x 4
x = 12 cm.
21 – x 3
38. This is a case of min. deviation = 60°.
2µ sin
2µ sin
c
(i) When frequency increases, R.P. increases
(ii) R.P. does not change with change in focal length of objective lens.
(iii) When aperture increases, increases R.P. increases.
1
17. x 1 t
18. Path diff. : (SS2 + S2P) – (SS1 + S1P) = (SS2 – SS1) + (S2P – S1P) =
(0.25 + S2P – S1P)
For maxima, path diff. = n
So S2P – S1P = n – 0.25 = (n – 0.25)
For minima, path diff. 2n 1
2
So S2P – S1P = (2n + 0.5) /2.
Max. Kinetic energy of emitted electron = h( – 0) Here 0 is the frequency
below which no photoelectron is emitted and is called threshold frequency.
.
mv
(i) Electrons revolve round the nucleus in certain fixed orbits called
stationary orbits.
n 2 h 2 2
0
rn rn n
m 2 e 2
4
me 2
The total energy is also quantised : E n 2 2
13.6 eV n
8n 2 0 h
The n = 1 state is called the ground state.
Neutrons and protons are bound in nucleus by short range strong nuclear
force. Nuclear force does not distinguish between nucleons.
The nuclear mass ‘M’ is always less than the total mass of its constituents.
The difference in mass of a nucleus and its constituents is called the mass
defect.
For the mass number ranging from A = 30 to 170 the binding energy per
nucleon is nearly constant at about 8MeV per nucleon.
dN t
N or N t N0e
dt
where is called decay constant. It is defined as the reciprocal of the time
during which the number of atoms of a radioactive substance decreases
to 1with of their original number.
Half life : The half life of a radio active substances is defined as the time
during which the number of atoms disintegrate to one half of its initial
value.
ln 2
T1 2 ln 2 mean life
0.693
or 0.693
Ans. Zero
2. A good mirror reflects 80% of light incident on it. Which of the following is
correct?
(b) Total no. of reflected photons decreases by 20%. Justify your answer.
1 2
Ans. mvmax h h o
2
(i) Microwave
(ii) Infrared
7. A metal emits photoelectrons when red light falls on it. Will this metal emit
photoelectrons when blue light falls on it?
Ans. Yes
8. Name any two phenomena which show the particle nature of radiation.
= 2.4 × 10–19 J
h 6.6 10 34
Ans. 1.1 10 34 m.
mv 32
11. What factors determine the maximum velocity of the photoelectrons from
a surface?
Ans. 5.6 V
13. Work functions of caesium and lead are 2.14 eV and 4.25 eV respectively.
Which of the two has a higher threshold wavelength?
c 1
Ans. Work function, 0 h 0 h 0
or 0
0
h h h
Ans. K B Boltzmann’s Constant
2m n E k 3 3m n k BT
2m n k T
2 B
15. Define atomic mass unit. Write its energy equivalent in MeV.
1
Ans. 1 a.m.u is of the mass of a carbon isotope
12
12C 1 u = 931 MeV
6
236
17. What are the number of electrons and neutrons in singly ionised 92 U
atom?
18. Name the series of hydrogen spectrum which has least wavelength.
19. Any two protons repel each other, then how is this possible for them to
remain together in a nucleus.
Ans. Nuclear force b/w two protons is 100 times stronger than the electrostatic
force.
22. After losing two electrons, to which particle does a helium atom get
transformed into?
Ans. particle..
24. What will be the ratio of the radii of the nuclei of mass number A1 and A2?
1/ 3
R1 A
Ans. 1
R2 A2
1 1 P
25. In nuclear reaction 1H 0n + Qx find P, Q and hence identify X.
Ans. P = 0, Q = 1
X is + 1e0 a positron.
26. Binding energies of neutron 12 H and -particle (2He4) are 1.25 MeV/
nucleon and 7.2 MeV/nucleon respectively. Which nucleus is more stable?
Ans. Binding energy of 2He4 is more than deutron 1H2. Hence 2He4 is more
stable.
27. -particles are incident on a thin gold foil. For what angle of deviation will
the number of deflected -particles be minimum?
Ans. 180°
28. If the amount of a radioactive substance is increased four times then how
many times will the number of atoms disintegrating per unit time be
increased?
n(n 1) 43
Ans. Max number of spectral lines = 6
2 2
30. Under what conditions of electronic transition will the emitted light be
monochromatic?
Ans. Only fixed two orbits are involved and therefore single energy evolve.
31. Why does only a slow neutron (.03eV energy) cause the fission in the
uranium nucleus and not the fast one?
Ans. Slow neutron stays in the nucleus for required optimum time and disturbs
the configuration of nucleus.
0
Ze 2e
1
Ans. 4 0 mv 2
2
33. In Bohr’s atomic model, the potential energy is negative and has a
magnitude greater than the kinetic energy, what does this imply?
34. Name the physical quantity whose dlimensions are same as Planck’s
constant.
36. The ionisation potential of helium atom is 24.6 V. How much energy will be
required to ionise it?
Ans. 24.6 eV
13.6
En eV 0
n2
39. Name the spectral series of hydrogen atom which lie in uv region.
40. Name the series of hydrogen spectrum lying in the infra red region.
1 1
Ans. R 2 2 n 4, 5........
3 n
Ans. , ,
1
Ans. J average life
45. Write two units for activity of radioactive element and relate them with
number of disintegration per second.
46. The half life of a radioactive element A is same as the mean life time of
another radioactive element B. Initially, both have same number of atoms.
B decay faster than A. Why?
47. Draw the graph showing the distribution of Kinetic energy of electrons
emitted during decay.
No. of particle
Ekmax
K.E.
1/ 3
R1 1 1
Ans.
R2 27 3
R 1 : R2 = 1 : 3
49. Which element has highest value of Binding Energy per nucleon.
Ans. 56Fe
26
50. Mention the range of mass number for which the Binding energy curve is
almost horizontal.
51. What is the ratio of nuclear densities of the two nuclei having mass numbers
in the ratio 1 : 4?
N0
N t
53. Write an equation to represent decay.
A A4
Ans. ZX Z 2Y 42 He Q.
1. Write one similarity and one difference between matter wave and an
electromagnetic wave.
2. Does a photon have a de Broglie wavelength? Explain.
3. A photon and an electron have energy 200 eV each. Which one of these
has greater de-Broglie wavelength?
4. The work function of the following metal is given Na = 2.75 eV, K = 2.3
eV, Mo = 4.14 eV, Ni = 5.15 eV which of these metal will not give a
photoelectric emission for radiation of wave length 3300 Ao from a laser
source placed at 1m away from the metal. What happens if the laser is
brought nearer and placed 50 cm away.
5. Name the experiment for which the followings graph, showing the variation
of intensity of scattered electron with the angle of scattering, was obtained.
Also name the important hypothesis that was confirmed by this experiment.
Incide nt
electron
be am
V = 54 volt
6. In a photoelectric effect experiment, the graph between the stopping potential
V and frequency of the incident radiation on two different metals P and Q
are shown in Fig. :
(i) Which of the two metals has greater value of work function?
9. Find the ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths associated with two electrons ‘A’
and ‘B’ which are accelerated through 8V and 64 volts respectively.
2
I I2 r
Ans. I 2
1
r I1 r2
11. How does the maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons vary with the
increase in work function of metals?
12. Define distance of the closest approach. An -particle of kinetic energy ‘K’
is bombarded on a thin gold foil. The distance of the closet approach is ‘r’.
What will be the distance of closest approach for an -particle of double
the kinetic energy?
13. Show that nuclear density is independent of the mass number.
14. Which of the following radiations and are :
15. Some scientist have predicted that a global nuclear war on earth would be
followed by ‘Nuclear winter’. What could cause nuclear winter?
16. If the total number of neutrons and protons in a nuclear reaction is conserved
how then is the energy absorbed or evolved in the reaction?
17. In the ground state of hydrogen atom orbital radius is 5.3 × 10–11 m. The
atom is excited such that atomic radius becomes 21.2 × 10–11 m. What is
the principal quantum number of the excited state of atom?
18. Calculate the percentage of any radioactive substance left undecayed after
half of half life.
19. Why is the density of the nucleus more than that of atom?
20. The atom 8O16 has 8 protons, 8 neutrons and 8 electrons while atom 4Be8
has 4 proton, 4 neutrons and 4 electrons, yet the ratio of their atomic
masses is not exactly 2. Why?
21. What is the effect on neutron to proton ratio in a nucleus when – particle
is emitted? Explain your answer with the help of a suitable nuclear reaction.
22. Why must heavy stable nucleus contain more neutrons than protons?
23. Show that the decay rate R of a sample of radio nuclide at some instant
is related to the number of radio active nuclei N at the same instant by the
expression R = – N.
24. What is a nuclear fusion reaction? Why is nuclear fusion difficult to carry
out for peaceful purpose?
25. Write two characteristic features of nuclear forces which distinguish them
from coulomb force.
26. Half life of certain radioactive nuclei is 3 days and its activity is 8 times the
‘safe limit’. After how much time will the activity of the radioactive sample
reach the ‘safe limit’?
nh
27. Derive m r using de Broglie equation.
2
29. Show that nuclear density is same for all the nuclei.
30. What is the shortest wavelength present in the (i) Paschen series (ii)
Balmer series of spectral lines?
Ans. : 820nm, (ii) 365 nm
31. The radius of the inner most electron orbit of a hydrogen atom 0.53 Å.
What are the radii of the n = 2 and n = 3 orbits.
32. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is –13.6 eV. What are the
Kinetic and potential energies of the electron in this state?
33. Write formula of frequency to represent (i) Lyman series (ii) Balmer series.
34. From the relation R = R0 A1/3 where R0 is a constant and A is the mass
number of a nucleus, show that nuclear matter density is nearly constant.
Mass of nucleus
Ans. Nuclear matter density
Volume of nucleus
mA mA
4 3 4 3
R R 0 A
3 3
m 17 3
2.3 10 kg / m
4 3
R0
3
= Constant
35. Find the energy equivalent of one atomic mass unit in joules and then in
MeV.
= 1.4924 × 10–4 J
10
1.4924 × 10
–19
eV
1.6 10
= 931.5 MeV
3
4. If kinetic energy of thermal neutron iskT then show that de-Broglie
2
wavelength of waves associated with a thermal neutron of mass m at
h
temperature T kelvin is where k is boltz mann constant.
3mkT
5. Explain Davisson and Germer experiment to verify the wave nature of
electrons.
6. Explain the effect of increase of (i) frequency (ii) intensity of the incident
radiation on photo electrons emitted by a metal.
Ans. 1:1
9. Give one example of a nuclear reaction. Also define the Q-value of the
reaction. What does Q > 0 signify?
10. Explain how radio-active nucleus can-emit -particles even though nuclei
11. Define the term half life period and decay constant. Derive the relation
between these terms.
12. State the law of radioactive decay. Deduce the relation N = N0e–t, where
symbols have their usual meaning.
14. With the help of one example, explain how the neutron to proton ratio
changes during alpha decay of a nucleus.
15. Distinguish between nuclear fusion and fission. Give an example of each.
If the mass and atomic numbers of A2 are 171 and 76 respectively, find
mass and atomic number of A and A1. Which of the three elements are
isobars?
17. Obtain a relation for total energy of the electron in terms of orbital radius.
Show that total energy is negative of K.E. and half of potential energy.
2
e
E .
8E 0r
18. Draw energy level diagram for hydrogen atom and show the various line
spectra originating due to transition between energy levels.
19. The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of the hydrogen
atom is about –3.4 eV. What is
(c) Which of the answers above would change if the choice of the zero
of potential energy in changed to (i) + 0.5 eV (ii) –0.5 eV.
Ans. (a) When P.E. is chosen to be zero at infinity E = – 3.4 eV, using
E = – K.E., the K.E. = + 3.4 eV.
(c) If the zero of P.E. is chosen differently, K.E. does not change. The
P.E. and T.E. of the state, however would alter if a different zero of
the P.E. is chosen.
(i) When P.E. at is + 0.5 eV, P.E. of first excited state will be
–3.4 – 0,5 = – 3.9 eV.
(iii) When P.E. at is + 0.5 eV, P.E. of first excited state will be
–3.4 – (–0.5) = –2.9 eV.
60
21. U sing energy leveldiagram show em ission of rays by 27 Co nucleus and
60
subsequent decay to obtain 28 Ni .
NCERT pg. 457
(i) N = N0 e–t
(ii) R = R0 e–t
3. An electron and photon each have a wavelength of 0.2 nm. Calculate their
momentum and energy.
Ans. (a) 6.5 × 106 m/s; (b) 5.92 × 10–24 kg m/s; (c) 0.112 nm.
2
h h 1
Ans. 2m n K .E . K .E .
2m n
2
6.625 10 34 1 21
27
3.35 10 J
5.6 10 –10 2 1.67 10
M 2M M 2M
2 0 or 2
3 1 3 3 1 3
M
h 1 2
3 2 1
m 2 M
3 1
9. An electron and a proton are possessing same amount of K.E., which of
the two have greater de-Broglie, wavelength? Justify your answer.
1 2 1 2
Ans. Ee m and E p m p p
2 e e 2
mee 2E e m e and m p p 2E p m p
e mp
But. E e E p 1
p me
e > p.
10. The radius of inner most orbit of Hydrogen atom is 5.3 × 10–1m. What are
the radii of n = 2 and n = 8 orbits.
12. Calculate the longest and shortest wavelength in the Balmer series of
Hydrogen atom. Rydberg constant = 1.0987 × 107 m–1.
Ans. : l = 6563 A°, s = 3646 A°
17. The half life of a radioactive substance is 5 hours. In how much time will
15/16 of the material decay? Ans. : 20 hours
18. At a given instant, there are 25% undecayed radioactive nuclei in a sample.
After 10 seconds, the number of undecayed nuclei reduces to 12.5%.
Calculate the mean life of nuclei. Ans. : 14.43
19. Binding energy of 2He4 and 3Li7 nuclei are 27.37 MeV and 39.4 MeV
respectively. Which of the two nuclei is more stable? Why?
Ans. : 2He4 because its BE/nucleon is greater
20. Find the binding energy and binding energy per nucleon of nucleus 83B209.
Given : mass of proton = 1.0078254 u. mass of neutron = 1.008665 u.
Mass of 83Bi209 = 208.980388u.
Ans. : 1639.38 MeV and 7.84 MeV/Nucleon
21. Is the fission of iron (26Fe56) into (13Al28) as given below possible?
56 28 28
26Fe 13Al + 13Al + Q
Given mass of 56 28
26Fe = 55.934940 and 13Al = 27.98191 U
Ans. : Since Q value comes out negative, so this fission is not possible
2
93.4n i o
2
A
ni 1
2
913.4 2 o
Ans. : 21 2
1218 A
2 1
2
913.4 3 o
31 2
1028 A
3 1
2
913.4 4 o
41 2
974.3 A
4 1
41 < 31 < 21
238
24. The half life of 92 u undergoing decay is 4.5 × 109 years what is the
238
activity of 1g. sample of 92 u .
= 1.42 × 1017 s
1g of 238 u contains = 1 23
92 6.025 10 atom
238
0.693
decay rate = R = N
T
20
0.693 25.3 10 1
17
s
1.42 10
2. A function was arranged in the school auditorium. The auditorium has the
capacity of 400 students. When entry started students entered in groups
and counting becomes a great problem. Then science students took
responsibility at the gate. All the students entered the hall one by one. This
helped them to maintain discipline and counting became easy with the
help of a device used by these students.
3. Ruchi’s uncle who was a kabadiwalah was getting weak day by day. His
nails were getting blue, he stated losing his hair. This happened immediately
after he purchased a big contained of heavy mass from Delhi University
Chemistry Department. Doctor advised him hospitalization and suspected
he has been exposed to radiation. His uncle didn’t know much about
radiations but Ruchi immediately convinced her uncle to get admitted and
start treatment.
(i) What are the values/skills utilized by Kajal to make her grandfather
understand the reason of genetically deformity?
7. No.
E h
m 2
2
c c
m depends on frequency of photon.
8. Because electrons lose their energy in collision. And energy is different for
different electrons.
9. 2 2
4 3 4 3 4 3
13 R1 R1 R 2
R1 A1 3 A1
or 3 3
R2 A 4 3 A2 A1 A2
2 R 2
3
Hence nuclear density of 1st element = Nuclear density of 2nd element.
(ii) -particle.
(iii) -rays.
(iv) -particle.
15. Nuclear radioactive waste will hang like a cloud in the earth atmosphere
and will absorb sun radiations.
16. The total binding energy of nuclei on two sides need not be equal. The
difference in energy appears as the energy released or absorbed.
17. n = 2 as rn n2
tT
N 1
18. From relation when t T 2
N0 2
12
N 1 N 1 100
or 70.9%.
N0 2 N0 2 2
22. To counter repulsive coulomb forces, strong nuclear force required between
neutron–neutron, neutron–proton and proton–proton.
25. Nuclear forces are short range forces (within the nucleus) and do not obey
inverse equare law while coulomb forces are long range (infinite) and obey
inverse square law.
t T1 2
A 1
26.
8A 2
3 t 3
1 1
or
2 2
t
or 3
3
t = 9 days.
ELECTRONIC DEVICES
C .B .
energy
Eg = 0
C .B .
Eg
Semiconductor Eg < 3eV
V .B .
C .B .
Eg
Insulator Eg > 3eV
V .B .
Elemental Compound
7. Diffusion and drift are the two process that occur during formation of p-n
junction.
10. Because of its different behaviours in forward biasing (as conductor for
V > Vb) and reverse biasing (as insulator for V < VB) a p–n junction can
be used as Rectifier, LED, photodiode, solar cell etc.
11. In half wave rectifier frequency output pulse is same as that of input and
in full wave rectifier frequency of output is double of input.
12. When a zener diode is reverse biased, voltage across it remains steady
for a range of currents above zener breakdown. Because of this property,
the diode is used as a voltage regulator.
13. In a transistor current goes from low resistances (forward biasing) to high
resistance (reverse biasing).
14. Current relationship in a transistor.
VCE
Output resistance r0 I
I B
C
Ic
ac V
I CE
b
dc = Ic/Ib.
ac dc .
17. Transistor is used (i) as a switch in cut off and saturation state. (ii) as
amplifier in active region.
20. Gates used for performing binary operations in digital electronics mainly
consist of diodes and transistors.
21. NAND gates alone can be used to obtain OR gate and similarly a NOR
gates alone can be used to obtain AND gate, OR gate.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
(iii) Demodulator
1
Power radiated by an antena W
2
d = 2Rh
The range of tower R radius of earth m
h Height of antena
The Internet is a global system that makes it possible for computers world-
wide to share information via a variety of languages called protocols.
(i) ARPANET It tends for Advance Research project Ajency network. It was
invented in 1969. In U.S.A Department of Defence sponsored a project
called ARPANET whose goal is to connect the computer of U.S. defence.
This model is designed to share the maximum information.
(ii) NSFnet It tends for national science foundation network. It was invented
in 1980. In U.S.A. a new project after ARPANET was started to connect
the computer of different universities so that the students can share
maximum information.
(iii) Internet In 1990 the internetworking of ARPANET, NSFnet and other private
network revisited into internet. So, an internet is an interconnection of
different network through world wide. The information of world can be
shared through internet.
Note : If we want to define the internet in one sentence then we can say
that “An internet is a network of network”.
The internet is not run by any individual, so many organizations take respon-
sibilities to govern the internet from which the main three organizations are.
It tends for world wide web It is a set of programme & protocols that allow
the users to create & display the combination of text, photographs, graphics,
videos, audio & other multimedia files. Before www, internet was mainly used for
obtaining textual information only, multimedia file can’t be accessed.
Attributes of WWW
3. Hyperlink : Hyperlink refer to the link through which we can open the
other new web page by clicking on it.
A web page is a document on the internet, that can contain textual files,
multimedia files & hyper links. A web page is made up by using hyper text markup
language (HTML).
A www client is called web browser & www server is called web server. A
web browser sends a request of user to the web server to open a desired web
page on the web browser through which user can access the information.
2. MOBILE TELEPHONY
The traditional telephone system will still not be able to satisfy a growing
group of users: people on the go. People now expect to make phone calls, send
e-mail and surf the Web from airplanes, cars, swimming pools, and while jogging
in the park. Consequently, there is a tremendous amount of interest in wireless
telephony.
In this techniques a message can be divided into some fixed size of packets
that can be transferred across the network. At the receiver side these packets are
further collected to make an original message.
The communication protocol used by mobile telephone is TCP / IP. Here TCP
is responsible for transferring of information. TCP is responsible for dividing a
message into packets and also responsible for combining these packets into original
form at other ends.
Mobile phones have gone through three distinct generations, with different
technologies:
1. Analog voice.
2. Digital voice.
All that changed with AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), invented in
1982.
B G CG
A F DF DF
E B
(a)
(b)
Fig. (a) Frequencies are not reused in adjacent cells. (b) To add more users, smaller
cells can be used.
At the center of each cell is a base station to which all the telephones in the
cell transmit. The base station consists of a computer and transmitter/receiver
connected to an antenna. In a small system, all the base stations are connected
to a single device called an MTSO (Mobile Telephone Switching Office) or MSC
Thus, the key to CDMA is to be able to extract the desired signal while
rejecting everything else as random noise.
Many people are drooling over a lightweight, portable device that acts as a
telephone, CD player, DVD player, e-mail terminal, Web interface, gaming machine,
word processor, and more, all with worldwide wireless connectivity to the Internet
3. GPS
Speed and direction of travel (course) can be derived from these co-ordinates
as well as the time. The co-ordinates and time values are determined by 28
satellites orbiting the Earth.
GPS receivers are used for positioning, locating, navigating, surveying and
determining the time.
GPS (the full description is: Navigation System with Timing And Ranging
Global Positioning System, NAVSTAR GPS) was developed by the U.S. Department
of Defense (DoD) and can be used both by civilians and military personnel. The
civil signal can be used freely by the general public, whilst the military signal can
only be used by authorised government agencies.
During the development of the GPS system, particular emphasis was placed
on the following three aspects:
The GPS system functions according to exactly the same principle. In order
to calculate one’s exact position, all that needs to be measured is the signal transit
time between the point of observation and four different satellites whose positions
are known and using distance =(speed )(time)
longitude (X)
latitude (Y)
1. Write the relation between number density of holes and number density of
free electrons in an intrinsic semiconductor.
Ans. ne = nh
2. Write the value of resistance offered by an ideal diode when (i) forward
based (ii) reverse biased.
(ii) Use of LED (a) Infrared LEDs sare used in burglar alarm
Ans. A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
5. At what temperature does a semiconductor behave as an insulator?
1
Ans. Frequency of AC f
2 LC
7. Semiconductors do not support strong current i.e., a semiconductor is
damaged when strong current passes through it. Why?
Ans. Because bonds break up, crystal breakdown takes place and crystal
becomes useless.
Voc V
9. What is the phase difference between input and output waveform in the
common emitter transistor amplifier?
13. Name the p.n. junction diode which emits spontaneous radiation when
forward biased.
Ans. Ga As, Ga P
(Junction Diode)
17. In the following diagram write which of the diode is forward biased and
which is reverse biased?
–10V
–12V
–5V
(i) (ii)
18. How does the energy gap in a semiconductor vary, when doped, with a
pentavalent impurity?
Semiconductor <3eV
Insulator >3eV
20. The ratio of the number of free electrons to holes ne/nh for two different
materials A and B are 1 and < 1 respectively. Name the type of
semiconductor to which A and B belong.
ne
Ans. 1 ne nh Intrinsic semiconductor
nh
ne
1 ne nh p type extrinsic semiconductor
nh
Ans. The em. wave radiated from antenna which are transmitted through space
along the ground. If a radiowave from the transmitting antenna reaches to
the receiving antenna either directly or after reflection from the ground, it
is called a ground wave.
23. On what factors does the maximum coverage range of ground wave
communication depend?
Ans.
4
27. Why is ionisation low near the earth and high, far away from the earth?
Ans. The U.V. radiation and other high energy radiations coming from the outer
space on entering ionosphere of Earth’s atmosphere, are largely absored
by the molecules of the layer of atmosphere. Due to this molecules get
ionised. The degree of ionisation varies with height. At high attitude solar
intensity is high, but density of Earth’s atmosphere is low. Therefore, there
are few air molecules to be ionised. On the other hand, close to the earth,
the density of Earth’s atmosphere is high but the radiation intensity is low.
Due to of ionisation is low.
Ans. Modulation index is defined as the ratio of the change in the amplitude of
the carrier wave to the amplitude of the original carrier wave. It is also
known as modulation factor.
29. What should be the length of dipole antenna for a carrier wave of frequency
2 × 106 Hz?
C
Ans. Length of dipole antena :
2 2
3 108
L = 0.75 × 102 m
2 2 106
Ans. The energy loss of a ground wave increases rapidly with the increase in
frequency. Hence ground wave propagation is possible at low frequencies
i.e. 500 KHz to 1500 KHz
Ans. Any device which converts energy from one from to another is called
transducer e.g. a microphone converts sound energy (signal) into an
electrical energy (signal).
Ans. The maximum distance upto which the signal transmitted from 80m tall T.V.
antena can be received.
Area = d2 m2
Ans. Attenuation is the loss of strength of a signal during its propagation through
the communication channel.
Ans. Modulation index determines the strength and quality of the transmitted
signal. High modulation index ensures better quality and better strength.
Its range is 0 to 1.
1. If the frequency of the input signal is f. What will be the frequency of the
pulsating output signal in case of:
A B
20
R
7, What is the field ionisation in zener diode? Write its order of magnitude.
14. The output of a 2 input AND gate is fed as input to a NOT gate. Write the truth
table for the final output of the combination. Name this new logic gate formed.
15. Write the truth table for the combination of gates shown.
y´
A y
B
y´´
Yt t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8
1
17. In the given circuit, D is an ideal diode. What is the voltage across R.
When the applied voltage V makes the diode.
R D
V
18. A transistor is a current operated device. Explain.
19. Given here is a circuit diagram of a transistor as a NOT gate. Here the
transistor has been represented by a circle with the emitter (e), base (b)
and collector (c) terminals marked clearly. Carefully look at the polarity of
the voltages applied and answer the following question.
c
b
e
X Y
30. In only one of the circuits given below the lamp L lights. Which circuits is
it? Give reason for your answer.
(a) (b)
31. Following voltage waveform is fed into half wave rectifier that uses a silicon
diode with a threshold voltage of 0.7V. Draw the output voltage. waveform.
2v
1v
t
tim e
–2 v
32. Why are Si and GaAs are preferred materials for solar cell.
33. Write two differences between point to point communication and broadcast
mode of communication. Give one example of each.
34. An audio signal of amplitude one fourth of the carrier wave, is used in
amplitude modulation. What is the modulation index?
36. Explain by a diagram, how space waves are used for Television broadcast.
37. Long distance radio broadcasts use short wave bands. Why?
Ans. The short waves are the waves of wavelength less than 200m or frerquency
greater than 1.5 MHz. They are absorbed by the earth due to their high
frequency. These waves are reflected from ionosphere. These waves after
reflection from ionosphere reach the surface of earth only at a large distance
from the place of transmission. It means attenuation is less for short waves.
It is due to this reason; the short waves are used in long distance
broadscasts.
39. Give two reasons for using satellite for long distance T.V. transmission.
41. Derive an expression for maximum range of an antenna of height ‘h’ for
LOS communication.
Ans. Yes, TV signals being of high frequency are not reflected by the ionosphere.
Therefore, to reflect these signals, satellites are needed. That is why;
satellities are used for long distance TV transmission.
46. What is ground wave? Why short wave communication over long distance
is not possible via ground waves?
1. What is depletion region in p-n junction diode. Explain its formation with
the help of a suitable diagram.
2. Explain the working of npn transistor as an amplifier and find an expression
for its voltage gain.
3. What is rectification? With the help of a labelled circuit diagram explain
half wave rectification using a junction diode.
8. What is p-n junction? How is p-n junction made? How is potential barrier
developed in a p-n junction?
10. Give three differences between forward bias and reverse bias.
11. What is integrated circuit? Give two advantages of integrated circuit over
conventional electronic circuit.
13. Construct AND gate using NAND gate and give its truth table.
14. Construct NOT gate using NAND gate and give its truth table.
15. With the help of Block Diagram show how an amplitude modulated wave
can be demodulated.
16. How an amplitude modulated wave can be produced? Give the equation
of amplitude modulated wave.
4. What are logic gates? Why are they so called? Draw the logic symbol and
write truth table for AND, OR and NOT gate.
5. Describe (i) NAND gate (ii) NOR gate and (iii) XOR gate.
6. Two signals A, B as given below are applied as input to (i) AND (ii) NOR
and (iii) NAND gates. Draw the output waveform in each case.
Inp ut A 0
t1 t2 t 3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t 8
Inp ut B 0
t1 t2 t 3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t 8
Si Ge
V0
12 V Id
5.6 k
7. Determine V0, Idl and Id2 for the given network. Where D1 and D2 are made
of silicon.
I1
Id 1 Id 2 14.09 mA
2
I 1 0.3 3k
Id 1 Id 2
10 V Si Si V0
8. Two amplifiers with voltage gain 10 and 20 are connected in series. Calculate
the output voltage for an input signal of 0.01 volt. [Ans. : 2 volt]
9. A transistor has a current gain of 30. If the collector resistance is 6kW and
input resistance 1k. Calculate the voltage gain. [Ans. : 180]
13. A sinusoidal carrier wave of frequency 1.5 MHz and amplitude 50 volt is
amplitude modulated by sinusoidal wave of frequency 10 kHz producing
50% modulation. Calculate the frequency
(i) How much population is covered by the T.V. broadcast if the average
population density around the tower is 1000km–2? Radius of earth
is 6.4 × 106 m.
17. Calculate the percentage increase in the range of signal reception, if the
height of TV tower is increased by 44%. [Ans. : 20% increase]
18. A transmitting antenna at the top of a tower has a height 32m and the
hight of the receiving antenna is 50m. What is the maximum distance
between them for satisfactory communication in LOS mode? Given radius
of earth 6.4 X 106m.
20. A carrier wave of peak voltage 12v is used to transmit a message signal.
What should be the peak voltage of the modulating signal in order to have
a modulation index of 75%?
Am
Sol : 0.75
Ac
1
m( t )
(in v o lt) 1 2 t (in s )
Sol : (i)
3
2
1
S ignal in 0 t
V olts
–1
–2
–3
0 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
(ii) = 0.5
M2 = Ac – Am
Am M1 – M2 8 2
A c M1 – M2 12 3 .
1. A child uses a semi conductor device in listening radio & seeing pictures
on T.V. He was asked to suggest the techniques as the cost of LPG/CNG
is going up, to cope up with future situations.
(ii) What may be the suitable semi conductor material used for utilization of
maximum solar energy with reasons?
2. Raju was enjoying TV programme at his home with his family at night.
Suddenly the light went off causing darkness all over. Mother asked Raju
to bring candle along with matchstick from kitchen to put on TV switch off.
Raju at once picked the mobile phone and pressed the buttons lighting up
the surrounding. Her mother was surprised and asked where from the light
was coming. Raj proudly showed her the mobile.
3. Deepa’s uncle wants to talk to his son in USA. He does not have much
money to spend on telephone calls. He has a computer at his home.
Deepa told her uncle that he can talk to his son with the help of computer
and told him about internet. Her uncle now talks to his son every day. He
thanked Deepa for giving useful advice.
4. Renu has to take admission in some professional college. It was last date
of admission and Renu left her birth certificate at her home. College was
very far from the home. She called her brother and he faxed the birth
certificate. She got the admission and thanked her brother.
(ii) NCERT
4. (i) Awareness
(ii) Understanding
1
7. Frequency of A.C. f .
2 LC
8. Because bonds break up, crystal breakdown takes place and crystal
becomes useless.
V OC
V
O
I
IS C
2. Equivalent resistance is
10. In this case diode is sensitive and it gives very large amount of current in
this situation.
15. A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
18. Change in Ic is related to Ib and not to the base voltage change (Vbe).
I (MA)
VZ
I (MA)
(i) Reverse Bias (ii) Iosmard Bias
26. Ge ~ 0.2V
Si ~ 0.7 V.
V
(ii)
I (H A )
29. (b)
2V
V T pe riod of A C im put
T /2 T 3T /2 t
10
2. Emitter current Ie 100 11.11 mA
90
E1 – E 2 – Vd 20 – 4 – 0.7
4. I 6.95 mA
3
R 2.2 10
V0 10.2
Id 3
1.82 mA.
R 5.6 10
Ans. Velocity per unit electric field with the charges is called as Mobility or
v
d S.I. unit = N1 C m s–1 or m2 V–1 s–1 [1/2]
E
2. The carrier wave is represented by
m(t)
1 t(s)
Am
1/ 2 0.5 [1/2]
Ac
Ans. If the field were not normal to the equipotential surface, it would have non-
zero component along the surface. This field may move the charge along
the surface without any energy supply violating the law of conservation of
energy. [1]
4. Two spherical bobs, one metallic and the other of glass, of the same size
are allowed to fall freely from the same height above the ground. Which of
the two would reach earlier and why ?
Ans.
T
Ans. Since image coincides with object, it implies that ray must be falling normally
on the plane mirror. This implies that the ray after passing through lens
becomes parallel. So, object must be at the focus of lens.
20cm
Ans. X Channel
9. Out of the two magnetic materials, ‘A’ has relative permeability slightly
greater than unity while ‘B’ has less than unity. Identify the nature of the
materials ‘A’ and B’ Will their susceptibilities be positive or negative.
10. Given a uniform electric field E = 5 x 103 i N/C, find the flux of this field
through a square of side 10 cm, whose plane is parallel to the y-z plane.
What would be the flux through the same square, if the plane makes an
angle of 30° with the x-axis?
5x 103 . 10x 10x 10–4 50Vm [1/2]
1 50V m
2 EA cos 5x 103 . 10x 10x 10–4 cos 60 25Vm
11. For a single slit of width “d”, the first minimum of the interference pattern
of a monochromatic light of wavelength occurs at an angle of . At the
a
same angle of , we get a maximum for two narrow slits separated by a
a
distance “a”. Explain.
a sin = n.
a
a
The minima can be explained by dividing two slits in two equal halves. For
every secondary source in upper slit cancels the corresponding contribution
of secondary source in second slit which differ’s in path length by . [1]
2
Whereas the condition for maxima in two narrow slits is
a sin n
for first maxima and for small angle [1]
a
In this case the path difference between the waves reaching screen is
and will be contributing to maximum.
12. Write the truth table for the combination of the gates shown. Name the
gates used.
A
A S Y
R
Y'
B
Ans. R is OR Gate [1/2+1/2+1]
A B Y = A + B Y = A(A+B)
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1
A
P X
Q
B
Q is OR Gate [1/2+1/2+1]
Truth Table :
A B AB B AB
0 0 1 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
13. State Kirchhoff s rules. Explain briefly how these rules are justified.
Ans. Kirehoff s Current (Junction) Rule : At any junction, the sum of the
currents entering the junction is equal to the sum of current leaving the
junction.
14. A capacitor ‘C’ a variable resistor ‘R’ and a bulb ‘B’ are connected in series
to the ac main; in circuit as shown. The bulb glows with some brightness.
How will the glow of the bulb change if (i) a dielectric slab is introduced
between the plates of the capacitor, keeping resistance R to be the same;
(ii) the resistance R is increased keeping the same capacitance ?
Mains
Ans. (a) When dielectric slab is introduced between the plates of capacitor, its
capacitance increases and reactance decreases. This increases the current
flowing in bulb and so the bulb glows brighter with eresistance unaltered.
15. State the underlying principle of a cyclotron. Write briefly how this machine
is used to accelerate charged particles to high energies.
Working
1. Suppose the positive ion enters the gap between the two dees & finds D,
to be negative and it gets accelerated towards D1.
4. At the instant the ion comes out of D1, it finds D1 to be +ve & Di –ve. It
now gets accelerated towards dee D2.
6. Thus, the +ve ion will go on accelerating every time it comes into the gap
between the dees and will go on describing circular path of greater and
greater radius with greater speed and finally acquire a sufficiently high
energy.
16. An electric dipole of length 4 cm, when placed with its axis making an
angle of 60° with a uniform electric field, experiences a torque of 4 3 Nm.
Calculate the potential energy of the dipole, if it has a charge of ±8 nC.
60°
–q +q
E 4 10 11V / m
Potential energy of dipole
U PE cos
1
U 8 10 9 4 10 11 64J
2
U 64J
17. A proton and a deuteron are accelerated through the same potential.
Which one of the two has (i) greater value of de-Broglie wavelength
associated with it and (ii) less momentum. Give reasons to justify your
answer.
h h
(i) Debroglie Wavelength
mv p
since p 2 m eV
h h
d
2 2m eV 4m eV
(ii) Draw a plot showing the variation of photoelectric current versus the intensity
of incident radiation on a given photosensitive surface.
Power 2 10 3 1017
= 5.03 1015
Energy of one photon 6.63 6 10 20 19.89
Photocurrent
(ii)
Intensity
19. A 12.5 eV beam of electrons is used to bombard gaseous hydrogen at
room temperature. Upto which energy level the hydrogen atoms would be
excited ?
Calculate the wavelength of the first member of Lyman and first member
of Balmer series.
13.6
Energy in nth shell =
n2
1 1 1 3R
(ii) For Layman series, R
1 4 4
For Balmer series, n1 = 2, n2 = 3
1 1 1 36
R 2 2
2 3 5R
20. When Sunita, a class XII student, came to know that her parents are
planning to rent out the top floor of their house to a mobile company she
protested. She tried hard to convince her parents that this move would be
a health hazard.
(2) By objecting to this move of her parents, what value did Sunita
display?
Ans. (1) Mobile tower requires giant structure at the top level of‘any building. All
through the year it will be an action point where link will be made with
mobiles. In case of large scale wind, there is a fear of fall of the structure.
Also, the signals wavering around may affect all human life in the
neighbourhood. [1+1+1]
(2) By objecting to this move of her parents, Sunita displaced the values that
[Any One]
(iii) She has foresight of the problems that they may face at large.
5V 5
A B
6 6 2
Current flowing in the primary circuit is i A
10 5 15 5
Potential difference across wire AB
2
V 10 4 volt
5
V 4
Potential gradient = 4V / m
L 1
V 40
At balance point 1 4 1.6 Volt
L 100
1.6 Volt [1]
22.(a) Draw a labelled ray diagram showing the formation of a final image by a
compound microscope at least distance of distinct vision.
Eyepiece
Objective
D
me 5
ue
20
ue 4 cm
5
For eye-piece
1 1 1
v e ue fe
1 1 1
20 4 fe
1 5 1
20 fe
20
fe cm 5 cm
4
v0 D v0
Since m m 0 me 5
f0 ue f0
v 0 14 4 10 cm
v0 10
f0 5 5 2.5 cm
20 20
23.(a) A mobile phone lies along the principal axis of a concave mirror. Show,
with the help of a suitable diagram, the formation of its image. Explain why
magnification is not uniform.
(b) Suppose the lower half of the concave mirror’s reflecting surface is covered
with an opaque material. What effect this will have on the image of the
object ? Explain.
The magnification is not uniform along the length and height as, based on
the position of the portion of the object, magnification is formed. The
portion O of the object and the portion A of the object are separated by
v
a length causing the variation in magnification as m .
u
B D
A'
P OD = OC
F A A'B' > AB
C
B'
(b) We know intensity of image is directly proportional to area of the reflecting
surface. When half part is covered reflecting surface area decreases. So,
intensity of image decreases. But full image of the object will be formed
at the same position as light falls at every point on the mirror from every
point of the object.
24.(a) Obtain the expression for the energy stored per unit volume in a charged
parallel plate capacitor.
(b) The electric field inside a parallel plate capacitor is E. Find the amount of
work done in moving a charge q over a closed rectangular loop a b
c d a.
d c
Ans. (a) Assume the capacitor is being charged and, at some moment, has a
charge q on it.
The small work needed to transfer a charge dq from one plate to the other:
q
dW Vdq dq
C
Q
q Q2
The total work required: W dq [2+1]
0C 2C
A B
d
Energy Density
E
0
Q = A
1Q2
U
2 C
1 0 A
U A 2 d
C d
2 0 A
1 2 2 d
U A
2 0 A
1 02
U dA
2 02
1
making U E 2 Volume between the plates
2 0
So, energy density, i.e., energy stored per unit volume (uF) is
U 1
uE E2
Volume 2 0
(b) Since, electrostatic field that exists between the positive and negative
plate is a conservative field, the amount of work done in the given path is
zero.
OR
24.(a) Derive the expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor
having plate area A and plate separation d.
If is surface charge density of the plates, then electric field between the
plates is given by E
0
Since, the field is uniform, the potential difference between the plates is
+ –
A B
d
Q A A
C making C 0
V d d
0
(b) Since, they are connected, their potentials will be equal with the charges.
q1
2
4R12 q1 R2
Ratio of surface charge densities, 1
2 q2 q 2 R1
2
4R2
25.(a) State Ampere’s circuital law, expressing it in the integral form.
(b) Two long coaxial insulated solenoids, S, and S, of equal lengths are wound
one over the other as shown in the figure. A steady current “I” flow through
the inner solenoid S, to the other end B, which is connected to the outer
solenoid S, through which the same current “I” flows in the opposite direction
so as to come out at end A. If n, and nz are the number of turns per unit
length, find the magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field at a point
(i) inside on the axis and (ii) outside the combined system.
Ans.(a)Integral of magnetic field B.dl around a closed imaginary loop is µ0
times current encircled by the loop.
B .dl 0I [1]
A
S1
In S2
1 n
2
(b)(i) Magnetic field at any point inside the long solenoid is 0nI
Magnetic field due to smaller solenoid = 0n1I towards point ‘A’ [1]
(ii) Net field due to long solenoid outside is zero, as the fields due to two
diametrically opposite elementary lengths will be zero. [1]
(a) Name the em waves which are suitable for radar systems used in aircraft
navigation. Write the range of frequency of these waves.
(b) If the earth did not have atmosphere, would its average surface temperature
be higher or lower than what it is now? Explain.
Ans.(a)Microwaves
(b) In the absence of atmosphere, the surface temperature will be less as the
higher wavelength rays reflected from the surface will not be trapped.
(b) (i) Write symbolically the process expressing the decay of 22 Also
11 Na.
write the basic nuclear process underlying this decay.
22
(ii) Is the nucleus formed in the decay of the nucleus 11 Na, an isotope or
isobar ?
dN
R [Minus sign indicates that the number
dt
of atoms left undecayed decreases with time]
dN
N
dt
dN
R N
dt
= Disintegration constant
dN
dt
N
dN
Integrating both side dt
N
logc N t C
C = Constant of integration t = 0
N = N0
loge N 0 0 C
N
log t
N0
N t
i.e., N e
0
N N 0e t
p n e
22 22
The reaction is 11 Na 10 Ne
(ii) It is an isobar.
(ii) Light waves each of amplitude “a” and frequency “(j)”, emanating from
two coherent light sources superpose at a point. If the displacements due
to these waves is given by y1 = a cos t and y2 = a cos(t + ) where
is the phase difference between the two, obtain the expression for the
resultant intensity at the point.
(ii) The phase difference between two waves arising from slits A and B is
. Then,
y 2a cos .cos t
2 2
The amplitude of the resultant displacent is given by
R 2a cos
2
2 2
Resultant intensity, I 4a cos
2
IR I 1 2 I 1cos 0 2I 2 I 2 1 2I 2I 4I K .
2
When the path difference , phase difference .
3 3
2 1 2I
I 'R I I 2 I .I . cos 2I 2 I 2 2I I
3 2 2
K
I'
4
OR
30. (a) How does one demonstrate, using a suitable diagram, that unpolarised
light when passed through a Polaroid gets polarised ?
I0 P1 I0/2
Polariser has a pass axis along which if any electric field vector lies, it will
get transmitted to the other side. If an electric field vector which is
perpendicular the pass axis, falls on the polariser then, it gets absorbed.
We know that an unpolarised light has two components of electric field
vector, one of which is parallel to the pass axis and the other which is
perpendicular to the pass axis. Since, the perpendicular component gets
absorbed, the output light obtained is a polarised light whose electric field
vector is parallel to the pass axis.
Air
ip ip
median 90°
refracted ray
ip + 90° + r = 180°
I p r 90 or r 90 i p
29.(a) Describe a simple experiment (or activity) to show that the polarity of emf
induced in a coil is always such that it tends to produce a current which
opposes the change of magnetic flux that produces it.
dI
(ii) Induced emf versus
dt
(iii) Magnetic potential energy stored versus the current.
Ans.(a)As shown in the figure, moving the magnetic closer to the coil increases
the flux associated with the coil. To oppose the rise in magnetic flux, a
north pole is developed in the coil, this causes as induced current in the
anti-clockwise direction as seen from the side of the magnet. [2+1+1+1]
coil
magnet
S N
motion
A B
B
I
LdI
(ii)
dt
dI
dt
B
I I
(iii) uB
2 0
B2 ni 2
2 0 0
i current
I
0 2 2
uB n i
2
uB i 2
OR
(b) Why is choke coil needed in the use of fluorescent tubes with ac mains?
Ans.(a) [2+1+1]
N S
A D Field
R1 magnet
B1
R B2
Carbon Brushes R1 2
Load resistance
• Slip rings: The slip rings R, and R2 are two metal rings to which the ends
of the armature coil are connected. These rings are fixed to the shaft
which rotates the armature coil so that the rings also rotate along with the
armature.
• Brushes (B1 and B2): These are flexible metal plates or carbon rods
which are fixed and constantly touch the revolving rings. The output current
in external load resistance RL is taken through these brushes.
2
T (Time period)
NBA
B T/4 3T/4
T/2 T
E
d
(ii) E NAB sin t E 0 sin t making EO = NAB
dt
E T T
2
–Eo
(b) Fluorescent tubes have a choke coil which has some inductive reactance,
which causes a delay in the growth of current, thereby reducing the voltage
across fluorescent tube. This allows the low frequency to pass through. [1]
30.(a) State briefly the processes involved in the formation of p-n junction
explaining clearly how the depletion region is formed.
(b) Using the necessary circuit diagrams, show how the V-I characteristics of
a p – n junction are obtained in (i) Forward biasing (ii) Reverse biasing.
How are these characteristics made use of in rectification ? [2+1+1+1]
W
p n
Forward biased
p-n junction
metallic metallic
contact depletion contact
layer
p-n junction
p n
W
Diode under reverse bias
100 80 60 40 20
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.81.0 V (V)
Vbr 10
20
30
I(A)
Half wave rectifier: Junction diode allows current to pass through only if
it is forward biased, hence a pulsating voltage will appear across the load
only during positive half cycles when diode is F.B.
P1 A X
S1
Primary
R1
Input Secondary
a.c.
S2
P2 B Y
transformer
(a) Diode rectification Circuit
Voltage at A
Input a.c.
time
Voltage across
output voltage
Load RL
time
(b) Input ac and output
voltage wveforms
OR
(c) With the help of necessary circuit diagram, describe briefly how n-p-n
transistor in CE configuration amplifies a small sinusoidal input voltage.
Write the expression for the ac current gain.
Ans. (a)
(b) Forward bias of input circuit is more than the barrier potential across the
input junction. Collector base junction is reverse biased.
DVo
AV = small signal voltage gain ...(2)
DVi
C
IC
C RC
RB V0
IB
E
Vi VBB VCC
II
Input Vi = IB RB + VBE
Rc Ic R
Ax c where is the current gain.
Rb Ib Rb
Vce
Voltage gain, Av R I
b b
· Code number given on the right hand side of the question paper should be written
on the title page of the answer -book by the candidate.
· Please write down the Serial Number of the question before attempting it.
· 15 minutes time has been allotted to read this question paper. The question paper will
be distributed at 10.15 a.m. From 10.15 a.m. to 10.30 a.m., the students will read the
question paper only and will not write any answer on the answer script during this
period.
Ans. For an isolated charge the equipotential surfaces are concentric spherical
shells. (This answer can also be expressed using diagram).
Q2. Which of the following wave can be polarized (i) Heat waves (ii) Sound
waves ? Give reason to support your answer.
Ans. Heat waves can be polarized because heat waves are transverse waves
whereas sound cannot be polarized as sound waves are longitudinal waves.
Only transverse wave can be polarised.
Q3. The given graph shows the variation of photo-electric current (I) versus
applied voltage(V) for two difference photosensitive materials and for two
different intensities of the incident radiations. Identify the pairs of curves
that correspond to different materials but some intensity of incident radiation.
Q4. Draw the energy level diagram showing how the line spectra corresponding
to Balmer series occur due to transition between energy levels.
En
13.6
Q.6 (i) A capacitor has been charged by a dc source. What are the
magnitude of conduction and displacement current, when it is fully
charged?
Ans. When capacitor is fully cbamect dwm current through it is zero. Since
magnitude of conduction current is same as magnitude of displacement
current so both are zero.
Since, the positive terminal of the batteries are connected together, so the
equivalent emf of the batteries is given by 200 100 190V .
190
I 5Amp .
R 38
Q7. State Lenz’s Law.
Ans. Lenz’s law states that the polarity of induced emf is such that it tends to
produce a current which opposes the change in magnetic flux that
produces it.
Yes, emf will be induced in the rod as there is change in magnetic flux. As
metallic rod held horizontally along eastwest direction, is allowed to fall
freely under gravity then it intersect the horizontal component of earth’s
magnetic field which is along south-north direction. Hence emf is induced
in it.
(If it is dropped exactly at pole there will be no induced emf because there
is no horizontal component of magnetic field).
(b) Write the relation between the refractive index and critical angle for a given
pair of optical media.
(i) The incident ray on the interface should travel trrnn optically denser
medium to rare medium.
(ii) The angle of incidence should be greater than the critical angle for
the given pair of optical media.
1
(b) * b . a and b are the rarer and denser media respectively. C is the
sinC
critical angle for the given pair of optical media.
Q9. Using Bohr’s postulates, obtain the expression for the total energy of the
electron in the stationary states of the hydrogen atom.
So,
mv 3 ko 2
2
r r
kv 2
or mv 2 ...(1)
r
where m = mass of electron
v = velocity of electron.
nh
Again mvr
2
2
nh ke
m
2mr r
n 2h 2
r (2)
42kme 3
(i) Kinetic energy of electron
1 ke 2
Er mv 2
2 2r
Using eq (2), we get
ke 3 42kme 2
EK
2 n 2h 2
2 2k 2me 4
n 2h 2
ke 2 42kme 2
EK
2 n 2h 2
t 0 and t
(ii) Potential Energy
k e e ke 2
EP
r r
Q10. Explain, with the help of a circuit diagram, the working of a photo-diode.
Write briefly how it is used to detect the optical signals.
OR
OR
1. The reverse breakdown voltages of LEDs are very low, typically around 5V.
So care should be taken while fabricating a pn-junction diode so that the
high reverse voltages do not appear across them.
The semiconductor used for fabrication of visible LEDs must at least have
a band gap of 1.8 eV (spectral range of visible light is from about 0.4 fYm
to 0.7 fYm, i.e., from about 3 eV to 1.8 eV).
(ii) What will be the charge stored in the capacitor, if the voltage
applied had increased by 120 V?
OR
Ans. (i) Initial voltage, V, = V volts and charge stored, Q, = 360 C.
Q1 = CV1 ..(1)
Q2 = 120 C
Q2 = CV2 ..(2)
Q1 CV1 360 V
V 180 volts
Q2 CV2 120 V 120
Q1 360 10 3
C 2 10 –2 F 2F
V1 180
(ii) If the voltage applied had increased by 120 V, then V3 =180 + 120 = 300
V. Hence, charge stored in the capacitor,
Given
E 50x i, and s 25cm 2 25 10 4 m 2
As the electric field is only along the x-axis, so, flux will pass only through
the cross-section of cylinder.
A, EA = 50 × 1 = 5 N C–1
B, ED 50 × 2 = 100 N C–1
E s 50 25 10 4 cos180 2 0.125Nm 2C 1
Q12. A metallic rod of length ‘I’ is rotated with a frequency v with one end hinged
at the centre and the other end at the circumference of a circular metallic
ring of radius r, about an axis passing through the centre and perpendicular
to the plane of the ring. A constant uniform magnetic field B parallel to the
axis is present everywhere. Using Lorentz force, explain how emf is induced
between the centre and the metallic ring and hence obtained the expression
for it. Ans. Suppose the length of the rod is greater than the radius of the
circle and rod rotates anticlockwise and suppose the direction of electrons
in the rod at any instant be along +y-direction.
Thus, the electrons will move towards the center i.e., the fixed end of the
rod. This movement of electrons will result in current and hence it will
produce emf in the rod between the fixed end and the point touching the
ring. Let rA be the angle between the rod and radius of the circle at any
time t.
1 2
r
2
d 1 2 1 2 d
Induced emf = B r r B
dt 2 2 dt
1 2 1
r B r 2B 2v r 2Bv
2 2
Q13. In a series LCR circuit connected to an ac source of variable frequency
and voltage v = vm sin t, draw a plot showing the variation of current (I)
with angular frequency () for two different values of resistance R1 and
R2(R1 > R2). Write the condition under which the phenomenon of resonance
Ans. Figure shows the variation of im with in a LCR series series circuit for
two values of Resistance R1 and R2 (R1 > R2).
i
R2
R1
wr w
1
The condition for resonance in the LCR circuit is 0
LC
1 L
It is given by Q
R C
(i) What must be the value of shunt resistance to enable the ammeter to
measure current up to 5.0 A?
(ii) What is the combined resistance of the ammeter and the shunt? What are
permanent magnets? Give one example?
I A 1.0A
RA x 0.8x
R
R A X 0.8 X
0.8x
5 0.8
0.8 x
0.8 0.8 x 4x
0.64
x 0.2
3.2
Thus, the shunt resistance is 0.2 ohm
Q15.(a)In what way is diffraction from each slit related to the interference pattern
in a double slit experiment.
(b) Two wavelengths of sodium light 590 nm and 596 nm are used, in turn to
study the diffraction taking place at a single slit of aperture 2 x 101 m. The
distance between the slit and the screen is 1.5 m. Calculate the separation
between the positions of the first maxima of the diffraction pattern obtained
in the two cases P.
(b) Given that: Wavelength of the light beam, 1 = 590nm = 5.9 × 10–7 m
= D = 1.5 m
aperture = a = 2 x 10–4 m
3 2 x 1
sin
2a D
31D 3 D
or x1 and x 2 2
2a 2a
Spacing between the positions of first sec-ondary maxima of two ocliuni
lines
3D
x1 x 2 1
2a 2
= 6.75 x 10–5 m
Q16.(i) Write the relationship between angle of incidence ‘i’, angle or prism ‘A’ and
angle of minimum deviations for a triangular prism.
(iii) How are the magnitudes of the electric and magnetic fields related to
velocity of the em wave?
Ans. The relation between the angle of incidence I, angle of prism, A and the
angle of minimum deviation, m for a triangular prism is given as is given
A m
by i .
2
Y
E
Z B
(b) Speed of EM wave can be given as the ratio of magnitude of electric field
E0 to the magnitude of magnetic field B0
E0
c
B0
f1 25cm 0.25m
lens, f2 = – 20 cm = – 0.20 m
1 1
Power of convex lens, P1 f 0.25
1
1 1
Power of concave lens, P2 f 0.20
2
1 1 100 100
P P1 P2
0.25 0.20 25 20
Ans.(a) In a nuclear reaction, the sum of the largest nucleus 12 H and the
bombarding particle 12 H may be greater of less than the sum of masses
of the product nucleus 13 He and the outgoing particle 10 n . So from the
law of conservation of mass-energy, some energy (3.27 MeV) is evolved
or involved in a nuclear reaction. This energy is called Q-Value of the
nuclear reaction.
mass of nucleus
(b) Density of the nucleus =
volume of nucleus
mass of nucleus = A amu = A × 1.66 × 10–27 kg
volume of nucleus
4 4 4
3 3
3
= nR 3 R0 A1/3 R03 A.
Thus, density
(iii) The fact that kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is independent
of the intensity of light and depends upon its frequency. Thus, the
photoelectric effect cannot be explained on the basis of wave nature
of light.
Q20. Write three important factors which justify the need of modulating a message
signal. Show diagrammatically how an amplitude modulated wave is
obtained when a modulating signal is superimposed on a carrier wave.
Ans. Three important factors which justify the need of modulating a message
signal:
(i) Size of antenna or aerial: For communication within the effective but
small length of the antennas, the transmitting frequencies should be high,
so modulation is required.
(ii) Effective power which is radiated by antenna: Since the power radiated
from a linear antenna is inversely proportional to the square of the
transmitting wavelength. As high powers are needed for good transmission
so, higher frequency is required which can be achieved by modulation.
1
0
-1
Carrier wave
1
0
-1 Modulating signal
1
0
-1
Amplitude modulated wave
21. Output characteristices of an n-p-n transistor in CE configuration is shown
in the figure. Determine :
V
R1 CI
Ic
(Note- The values 3.6 and 3.4 are arbitrary. It may vary for each
observer i.e. student)
Q22. Explain the working of mobile telephon system to transfer the information
from sending host to receiving host.
Q23. While travelling back to his residence in the car, Dr. Pathak was caught up
in a thunderstorem. It become very dark. He stoppd driving the car and
waited for thunderstorm to stop. Suddenly he notices a child walking along
on the road. He asked the boy to come inside the car till the thunderstorm
stopped. Dr. Pathak dropped the boy at his residence. The boy insisted
that Dr. Pathak should meet his parents. The parents expressed their
gratitude to Dr. Pathak for his concern for safety of the child.
(b) Which two values are displayed by Dr. Pathak in his action?
(d) Give an example of similar action on your part in the past from
everday life.
Ans.(a) It is safer to be inside a car during thunderstorm because the car acts like
a hollow sphere. Electric field inside a hollow sphere is zero so it is safe
to sit in the closed car.
(d) I once came across to a situation where a puppy was struck in the middle
of a busy road during rain and was not able go cross due to heavy flow,
so I quickly rushed and helped him.
Q24.(a)State the working principle of a potentiometer. With the help of the circuit
diagram, explain how a potentiometer is used to compare the emf’s of two
primary cells. Obtain the required expression used for comparing the emfs.
(b) Write two possible causes for one sided deflection in a potentiometer
experiment.
(a) State Kirchhoff’s rules for an electric network. Using Kirchhoff’s rules,
obtain the balance condition in terms of the resistances of four arms of
Wheatstone bridge.
(b) In the meterbridge experimental set up, shown in the figure, the null point
‘D’ is obtained at a distance of 40 cm from end A of meterbridge wire.
R1 R2
If a resistance of 10 is connected in series with R1, null point is, obtained
at AD = 60 cm. Calculate the value of R1 and R2.
(b) (i) The emf of the cell connected in main circuit may not be more than the
emf of the primary cells whose emfs are to be compared.
(ii) The positive ends of all cells are not connected to the same end of the
wire.
OR
(b) Considering both the situations and writing them in the form of equations
Let R’ be the resistance per unit length of the potential meter wire,
R1 R ' 40 40 2
R2 R ' 100 40 60 3
R1 10 R ' 60 60 3
R2
R ' 100 60 40 2
R1 10 3
(2)
R2 2
Putting the value of R1 from equation (1) and substituting in equation (2)
2 10 3
3 R2 2
R 2 12
Q.25(a)Derive the expression for the torque on a rectangular current carrying loop
suspended in a uniform magnetic field.
OR
(b) A compass needle, free to turn in vertical plance orient itself with its axis
vertical at a certain place on the earth. Find out the values of (i) horizontal
component of earth’s magnetic field and (ii) angle of dip at the place.
90
mv 3 mv
Bqv r
r Bq
Given that m pv p md v d
m pv p
rp (1)
Bq
m pv d
rd (2)
Bq
OR
In magnitude mB sin
d 2
Therefore, in equilibrium I mB sin .
dt 2
d 2
I mB
dt 2
I
T 2
mB
Putting 90
BH 0
(ii) For a compass needle align vertical at a certain place angle of dip, = 90°
(b) What two main changes in diffraction pattern of single slit will you observe
when the monochromatic source of light is replaced by a source of white
light.
OR
(a) State hygeri s principle. Using theis principle draw a diagram to show how
a plane wave front incident at the interface of the two media gets refracted
when it propagates from a rarer to a densesr medium. Hence verify Snell’s
law of refraction.
(b) The monochromatic light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, explain
the following giving reasons :
(ii) Does the decrease in speed imply a reduction in the energy carried
by light wave?
OR
(b)(i) The frequency of reflected and refracted light remains same as that of the
frequency of incident light because frequency only depends on the source
of light.
(ii) Since the frequency remains same, hence there is no reduction in energy.
Q1. Give one example each of a ‘system’ that uses the following mode of
propagation.
Q2. A concave mirror, of aperture 4 cm, has a point object placed on its
principal axis at a distance of 10 cm from the mirror. The image, formed
by the mirror, is not likely to be a sharp image. State the likely reason for
the same.
Q5. The short wavelength limits of the Lyman, Paschen and Balmer Series, in
the hydrogen spectrum , are denoted by L, P, B respectively. Arrange
these wavelengths in increasing order.
Q6. Justify that the electrostatic potential is constant throughout the volume of
a charged conductor and has the same value on its surface as inside it.
OR
Q8. Show that a series LCR circuit connected to an a.c. source exhibits
resonance at its angular frequency equal to 1/ LC .
Q9. An observer can see through a pin-hole the top end of a thin rod of height
h, placed as shown in the figure. The beaker height is 3h and its radius
h. When the beaker is filled with a liquid up to a height 2h, he can see the
lower end of the rod. Then find the refractive index of the liquid.
Q10. Calculate the half life period of a radioactive substance if its activity drops
1
to th of its initial value in 30 years..
16
Q11. The galvanometer, in each of the two given circuits, does not show any
deflection. F ind the ratio of the resistors R 1 and R2, used in these two
circuits.
Q12. The capacitors C1 and C2, having plates of area A each, are connected
in series, as shown. Compare the capacitance of this combination with the
d d 2d
C1 C2 C3
Q13. A find pencil of -particles, moving with a speed v, enters a region (region
I), where a uniform electric and a uniform magnetic field are both present.
These (3-particles then move into region II where only the magnetic field,
(out of the two fields present in region I), exists. The path of the
-particles, in the two regions, is as shown in the figure.
(iii) Drive the expression for the radius of the circular path of the (3-
particle in region II.
S
q II
I
Q14. Give expression for the average value of the a.c. voltage V = V° sin wt over
the time interval t 0 and t
O1 O2 O3
P1 P2 P3
Q17. (i) The following data was recorded for values of object distance and the
corresponding values of image distance in the experiment on study of real
image formation by a convex lens of power+ 5 D.
S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Object distance (cm) 25 30 35 45 5U 55
Image distance (cm) 97 61 1 37 35 2 30
(ii) In following figure, AB is a lens. Identify this lens. Give reason too.
OR
Q19. Define the terms (i) mass defect (ii) binding energy for a nucleus and state
the relation between the two.
For a given nuclear reaction the B.E./ nucleon of the product nucleus/
nuclei is more than that for the original nucleus/nuclei. Is this nuclear
reaction exothermic or endothermic in nature? Justify your choice.
OR
(b) Identify the nature of the ‘radioactive radiations’, emitted in each step of
the ‘decay chain’ given below :
Q21. Derive the relation between distance of object, distance of image and
radius of curvature of a convex spherical surface, when refraction takes
place from a rarer medium of refractive index µ7 to a denser medium of
refractive index µ2 and the image produced is real.
Q22. Explain, with the help of a schematic diagram, the principle and working
OR
Q23. Group discussion was arranged in class XII on the topic atmosphere.
Three groups were made. Teacher asked the Question. “Why can moon be
not used as a communication satellite?” Answers were given by all the
three groups. Each group can give only one reason. Teacher told them that
reason given by each group is correct. The groups collected all the three
reasons and come to correct conclusion.
Q24. A conducting rod XY slides freely on two parallel rails, A and B, with a
uniform velocity ‘V’. A galvanometer ‘G’ is connected, as shown in the
figure and the closed circuit has a total resistance ‘R’. A uniform magnetic
field, perpendicular to the plane defined by the rails A and B and the rod
XY (which are mutually perpendicular), is present over the region, as
shown.
(i) Find the nature of charges developed at the ends of the rod XY.
(ii) Why do the electrons, in the rod XY, (finally) experience no net
force even through the magnetic force is acting on them due to the
motion of the rod?
(c) With key k closed, how much power gets dissipated as heat in the
circuit? State the source of this power.
Q25.(a) The following data was obtained for the dependence of the magnitude of
the electric field, with distance, from a reference point o, within the charge
distribution in the shaded region.
Field point A B C A’ B’ C’
Magnitude of
Electric Field E E/8 E/27 E/2 E/16 E/54
(ii) If the potential due to this charge distribution, has a value V at the
point A, what is its value at point A’ ?
(b) A uniform electric field E of 300 NC-1 is directed along PQ. A, B and C
are three points in the field having x and y coordinates (in metre) as shown
in the figure. Calculate potential difference between the points (i) A and B,
and (ii) B and C.
(b) Give the sign of the potential energy difference of a small negative charge
between the points Q and P; A and B.
(c) Give the sign of the work done by the field in moving a small positive
charge from Q to P.
(d) Give the sign of the work done by an external agency in moving a small
negative charge from B to A.
Q26.(i) A thin lens, having two surfaces of radii of curvature r1 and r2, made from
a material of refractive index µ2, is kept in a medium of refractive index µ1.
Derive the Lens Maker’s formula for this ‘set-up’
OR
s2
O
s1
The figure, drawn here, shows a modified Young’s double slit experimental
set up. If SS2 – SS1 = /4.
Q1. How does the energy of dipole changes when it in rotated from unstable
equilibrium to stable equilibrium in a uniform electric field.
Q3. A metal emits photoelectrons when red light falls on it. Will this metal emit
photoelectrons when blue light falls on it?
Q4. Name the physical quantity whose dimensions are same as Planck’s
constant.
Q5. Calculate number of electric field lines originating from one coulomb charge.
Q6. The electric field component in the figure are E x 2x i , E y E z 0.
Calculate the flux through (1, 2, 3) the square surfaces of side 5m.
Q9. In a photoelectric effect experiment, the graph between the stopping potential
V and frequency of the incident radiation on two different metals P and Q
are shown in Fig. :
(i) Which of the two metals has greater value of work function?
OR
nh
Derive mvr using de Broglie equation.
2
Q10. What is ground wave? Why short wave communication over long distance
is not possible via ground waves?
OR
The graph shows how the current I varies with applied potential difference
V across a 12 V filament lamp (A) and across one metre long nichrome
wire (B). Using the graph, find the ratio of the values of the resistance of
filament lamp to the nichrome wire
(ii) when potential difference across them is 4V. Give reason for the
change in ratio of resistances in (i) and (ii).
Q12. A long wire is first bent into a circular coil of one turn and then into a
circular coil of smaller radius having n turns. If the same current passes
in both the cases, find the ratio of the magnetic fields produced at the
centres in the two cases.
Q13. In a series L-R circuit, XL = R and power factor of the circuit is P1. When
capacitor with capacitance C such that XL = XC is put in series, the power
factor becomes P2. Find P1/P2.
Q14. The figure shows, in (a) a sine curved (t) = sin wt and three other
sinusoidal curves A(t), B(t) and C(t) each of the form sin (t – ). (a) Rank
the three curves according to the value of most positive first and most
negative last (b) Which curve corresponds to which phase as in (b) of the
figure? (c) which curve leads the others?
Q16. Using mirror formula show that virtual image produced by a convex mirror
is always smaller in size and is located between the focus and the pole.
Q17. In the following diagram, find the focal length of lens L2.
Q18. X-rays of wave length ?, fall on a photo sensitive surface emitting electrons.
Assuming that the work function of the surface can be neglected, prove
h
that the de-Broglie wavelength of electrons emitted will be
2mc
Q19. The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of the hydrogen
atom is about -3.4 eV. What is
(c) which of the answers above would change if the choice of the zero
of potential energy in changed to (i) + 0.5 eV (ii) -0.5 eV.
Q20. Determine V0 , Id 1 and Id 2 for the given network. Where D1 and D2 are
made of silicon.
I1
Id 1 Id 2 14.09 mA
2
Q23. Rahul and Rohit bought an electric iron. They had a 2 pin plug. Rahul was
keen to start using the new iron with the 2 pin plug. However, Rohit
insisted that they buy a 3 pin plug before using it. Rahul got angry. Rohit
patiently explained the importance of using a 3 pin plug and the earthing
wire. He said that if the metallic body of the iron came in contact with the
live wire at 220 vols, they would get an electric shock. If earthed, the
current would go to the earth and the potential of the metallic body would
not rise. The iron would then be safe to use. Hearing Rohit, Rahul calmed
down and agreed.
(ii) Which has greater resistance - 1 K watt electric heater or 100 watt
electric bulb, both marked 220 volts?
Q24. Derive an expression for capacitance of parallel plate capacitor with dielectric
slab of thickness t(t<d) between the plates separated by distance d. How
would the following (i) energy (ii) charge, (iii) potential be affected if (a)
dielectric slab is introduced with battery disconnected, (b) dielectric slab
is introduced after the battery is connected.
OR
Suppose that three points are set at equal distance r = 90 cm from the
centre of a dipole, point A and B are on either side of the dipole on the
axis (A is closer to +ve charge and B is closer to B) point C which is on
the perpendicular bisector through the line joining the charges. What would
be the electric potential due to the dipole of dipole moment 3.6 x 10-19
C-m at points A, B and C?
Q25. State Biot-Savart law. Use it to obtain the magnetic field at an axial point,
distance d from the centre of a circular coil of radius ‘a’ and carrying
current I. Also compare the magnitudes of the magnetic field of this coil
at its centre and at an axial point for which the value of d is 3a .
OR
(ii) A convex lens is placed over a plane mirror. A pin is now positioned so that
there is no parallax between the pin and its image formed by this lens-
mirror combination. How can this observation be used to find the focal
length of the convex lens? Give appropriate reasons in support of your
answer.
OR
s2
O
s1
The figure, drawn here, shows a modified Young’s double slit experimental
set up. If SS2 – SS1 = /4.