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The Moon And The Messenger

By

Ian Beardsley

Copyright © 2023

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Contents

Radius and Charge of a Proton……………………….3

Introduction…………………………………………………9

The Mystery of the Moon……………………………….10

The Mystery of the Moon Taken Further………… 11

The Messenger……………………………………………..14

Appendix 1……………………………………………………19

Appendix 2…………………………………………………..20

Appendix 3…………………………………………………..23

Appendix 4…………………………………………………..25

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Radius and Charge of a Proton

The natural constants measure the properties of space and time. We can list some of them here:

mP : 1.67262 × 10−27 kg (Proton Mass)

h : 6.62607 × 10−34 J ⋅ s (Planck Constant)
rp : 0.833 × 10−15m (Proton Radius)
m2
G: 6.67408 × 10−11N 2 (Gravitational Constant)
kg
c : 299,792, 459m /s (light speed)
α : 1/137 (Fine Structure Constant)
qp = qe = 1.6022E − 19coulom bs
Nm 2
ke = 8.988E 9 2
C
Gravity is a property of space measured by the universal constant of gravity, G:

m2 m3
Equation 0.1 G = 6.674E − 11N 2 = 6.674E − 11 2
s s ⋅ kg
Matter, or inertia, which measures matter’s ability to resist a force is for each particle (protons
and neutrons) we will suggest given by:

h kg ⋅ s
Equation 0.2 =
Gc m
Which describes mass per meter over time, which is:

kg ⋅ s
Equation 0.3 1.82E − 16
m
1
It must be adjusted by the fine structure constant α. It is my guess the factor should be which
α2
is 18,769.:

Equation 0.4 (1.82E − 16kg ⋅ s /m)(18,769) = 3.416E − 12kg ⋅ s /m

Because the fine structure constant squared is the ratio of the potential energy of an electron in
the first circular orbit to the energy given by the mass of an electron in the Bohr model times the
speed of light squared, that is it represents the ground state. It is

Ue
Equation 0.5 α2 =
mec 2
Here we are suggesting that the proton and neutron are the 3-dimensional cross-sections of a
hypersphere. Thus we consider the surface area of a proton, Sp:

Equation 0.6 Sp = 4π rp2 = 8.72E − 30m 2

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We take the square root to get meters:

Equation 0.7 Sp = 2.953E − 15m

We multiply that with the value we have in equation 0.4:

kg ⋅ s
Equation 0.8 (2.953E − 15m)(3.416E − 12 ) = 1.009E − 26kg ⋅ s
m
We find that the mass of a proton mp realizes if we divide this by six seconds:

1E − 26
Equation 0.9 mh = = 1.67E − 27kg
6secon d s
That is hydrogen. We see that the element carbon manifests if we divide instead by 1 second:

1E − 26kg ⋅ s
Equation 0.10 mc = = 1E − 26kg = 6pr oton s = 6mp
1secon d
Carbon (C) is the core element of life chemistry and it combines with hydrogen (H) to make the
skeletons of organic matter, the so-called hydrocarbons:

1E − 26kg ⋅ s
Equation 0.11 mp =
6secon d s
1E − 26kg ⋅ s
Equation 0.12 mc =
1secon d
If we divide 1E-26kgs by something greater than 6 seconds we get fractional protons. The rest of
the elements in the periodic table occur for dividing by something less that 1-second. It seems
the duration of a second is natural. If it is, since it was formed by a calendar based on
reconciling the periods of the moon and the sun in the earth sky, it should be in the Earth-moon
orbital mechanics. I find it is, that (See Appendix 1):

K Emoon
Equation 0.13 (Ear th Da y) ≈ 1secon d
K Eearth
That is, the earth day (86,400 seconds) times the kinetic energy of the moon to the kinetic
energy of the earth is about 1 second (about 1.2 seconds). The earth day changes very little, by
very small amounts over millions of years. The solar system has evolved towards this since the
explosion of life called the Cambrian, and will slowly decay away from it. But we need to derive
the second in terms of something else. For now we have the mass of a proton as:

3rp 4πh
Equation 0.14 mp =
18α 2 Gc
I then developed the concept of proton-seconds where time is associated with atoms through the
number of protons they have.

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This way of looking at things is to say matter is that which has inertia. This means it resists
change in position with a force applied to it. The more of it, the more it resists a force. We
understand this from experience, but what is matter that it has inertia? In this analogy we are
suggesting a proton is a three dimensional bubble embedded in a two dimensional plane. As
such there has to be a normal vector holding the higher dimensional sphere in a lower
dimensional space. (See Fig. 1) Thus if we apply a force to to the cross-section of the sphere in
the plane there should be a force countering it proportional to the normal holding it in a lower
dimensional universe. It is actually a 4-dimensional hypersphere whose cross-section is a
sphere. This counter force would be experienced as inertia. Since Planck’s constant h is a
measure of energy over time where space and time are concerned it must play a role. Of course
the radius of a proton plays a role since squared and multiplied by 4π it is the surface area of our
proton embedded in space. The gravitational constant is force produced per kilogram over a
distance, thus it is a measure of how the surrounding space has an effect on the proton giving it
inertia. The speed of light c has to play a role because it is the velocity at which events are
separated through time. The mass of a proton has to play a role because it is a measurement of
inertia itself. And alas the fine structure constant describes the degree to which these factors
have an effect. We see the inertia then in equation 6 is six protons over 1 second, by dimensional
analysis.

Fig. 1

Equation 0.15

1 h 4π rp2
= 6pr oton ⋅ secon d s = carbon(C )
α mp
2 Gc

That is 1 second gives carbon. We find six seconds gives 1 proton is hydrogen:

Equation 0.16

1 h 4π rp2
= 1pr oton ⋅ 6secon d s = hydr ogen(H )
α 2 mp Gc

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For time t greater than 6 seconds we have fractional protons. For t<6 we the have other
elements.

1 h 4π rp2
α mp
2 Gc

Is proton-seconds. Divide by time we have a number of protons because it is a mass divided by

the mass of a proton. But these masses can be considered to cancel and leave pure number. We
make a program that looks for close to whole number solutions so we can create a table of values
for problem solving (Program in Appendix 4):

By what value would you like to increment?: 0.25

How many values would you like to calculate for t in equation 1 (no more than 100?): 100
24.1199 protons 0.250000 seconds 0.119904 decpart
12.0600 protons 0.500000 seconds 0.059952 decpart
8.0400 protons 0.750000 seconds 0.039968 decpart
6.0300 protons 1.000000 seconds 0.029976 decpart
4.0200 protons 1.500000 seconds 0.019984 decpart
3.0150 protons 2.000000 seconds 0.014988 decpart
2.1927 protons 2.750000 seconds 0.192718 decpart
2.0100 protons 3.000000 seconds 0.009992 decpart
1.2060 protons 5.000000 seconds 0.205995 decpart
1.1486 protons 5.250000 seconds 0.148567 decpart
1.0964 protons 5.500000 seconds 0.096359 decpart
1.0487 protons 5.750000 seconds 0.048691 decpart
1.0050 protons 6.000000 seconds 0.004996 decpart
0.2487 protons 24.250000 seconds 0.248659 decpart
0.2461 protons 24.500000 seconds 0.246121 decpart
0.2436 protons 24.750000 seconds 0.243635 decpart

A very interesting thing here is looking at the values generated by the program, the smallest
integer value 1 second produces 6 protons (carbon) and the largest integer value 6 seconds
produces one proton (hydrogen). Beyond six seconds you have fractional protons, and the rest of
the elements heavier than carbon are formed by fractional seconds. These are the hydrocarbons
the backbones of biological chemistry.

I construct the electric field as such (Fig. 2): x is one component of ℝ3(x, y, z). Events in
ℝ3(x, y, z) are through time with components ct1 and ct2 where c is the speed of light. The
electrons and the protons qe and qp in the presence of one another cross ct1 into ct2 giving
themselves acceleration in the x and −x directions.

We have

⃗ ⃗ ⃗
i j k ⃗
0 ct1 0 = (ct1 − ct2 ) i
0 0 ct2

We suggest

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Fig. 2

·· ⃗
Equation 0.17 x ∝ (ct1 − ct2 ) i

The position of x changes in the space of ℝ3(x, y, z) and has travelled to t (0,ct1, ct2 ) a place in
·· ⃗ m
time, as well. Since ct=meters there is a g such that x = g(ct1 − ct2 ) i . Thus since g ⋅ m =
s2
1 1 1 m m
and g = = that is ⋅ ⋅ s = . Thus g is frequency squared (f 2) and we suggest it is
s2 t2 s2 s s2
derived from the separation between the charges qe and qp. That there is some velocity v such

(x)
v
that f = . We call upon our equation for 1 second:

rp h 4π
= 1secon d
mp Gc

(x)
2 rp
v h 4π k q2
(c) = e⋅ 2
mp Gc m x

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rp h 4π q2
v 2(c) = ke
mp Gc m

α2 1
Letting v= ⋅ from our equation for k (page 12 is about k)
6 k

4 8π 3G 1 s
k = mp (1 + α) ⋅ NA =
3 c 3h 773.5 m

1 m
= 773.5
k s
And m = mp we have

2
h 4π rp2
ke ( 6 k )
c α2 1
Equation 0.18 ⋅ = q2
Gc

h 4π rp2 (6.626E − 34)(4π)(0.833E − 15)2

= = 5.37E − 31
Gc (6.674E − 11)(299,792, 459)

We get

1
q= (0.033) 773.52(5.37E − 31) = 9.1435E − 19C
36(187692 )

q 9.1435E − 19C
Equation 0.19 =⋅ = 5.71pr oton s ≈ 6pr oton s
qp 1.602E − 19C
𝔼

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Introduction

The moon perfectly eclipses the sun as seen from the earth. This is an incredible fact because not
only does the moon have to be the right distance from the sun to do this and the right size, the
sun also has to be the right size. If this is for a reason, perhaps for the reason to let us know we
are here for a reason by forces unknown, then there should be more clues. Perhaps our distant
ancestors from which we evolved when sitting around a fire at night flaking stones into
spearpoints noticed this and it spoke to them. I find if we consider the universe as the unfolding
of six-fold symmetry that we can predict the radius of a proton and its charge as a consequence
of the geometry of space as well as predict the hydrocarbons, the skeletons of biological life.
While my theory for space and time predicts the radius and charge of a proton, we will mainly
consider here the basic equation in its pertinence to the moon, because it suggests a mystery
surrounding it. The purpose of this paper is to explore that mystery of the moon. We propose the
messenger (that behind the lunar size and orbital radius) based it on the proton because the Sun
has to be the size it is, and the earth-moon system the distance it is from the Sun to be in the
habitable zone and we show that the earth/moon/sun system is related to the proton mass and
size.



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The Mystery of the Moon

If in the planet that has life orbiting a star there is an indication to its intelligence that there is a
mystery before it, it is that for our star the Sun, the moon perfectly eclipses it as seen from the
Earth. This is because:

(lu n ar − orbit) 384,400k m

= = 0.00257
(ear th − orbit) 149,592,870k m
(lu n ar − r a diu s) 1,738.1
= = 0.0025
sol ar − r a diu s 696,00
Which are approximately equal. As well we can look at it as:

(lu n ar − r a diu s) (1,738.1)

= = 0.00452
(lu n ar − orbit) (384,400)
sol ar − r a diu s 696,000
= = 0.00465
ear th − orbit 149,597,870
Which are about the same as well. The interesting thing is that since our ratios are around
0.0025 and 0.0045, then…

0.0045 9
= = 1.8
0.0025 5
I say this is interesting because this the ratio of the precious metal gold (Au) to that of silver (Ag)
by molar mass, these elements being used for religious and ceremonial jewelry, is the same 1.8:

Au 196.97
= = 1.8
Ag 107.87
The sun is gold in color, the moon is silver in color.

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The Mystery of the Moon Taken Further

We arrived at an equation that suggests the hydrocarbons, which are the skeletons of life
chemistry, are the sixfold unfolding of space and time (See Appendix 4):

One second gives carbon:

1 h 4π rp2
Equation 1.1 = 6pr oton ⋅ secon d s = carbon(C )
α mp
2 Gc

Six seconds gives 1 proton is hydrogen:

1 h 4π rp2
Equation 1.2. = 1pr oton ⋅ 6secon d s = hydr ogen(H )
α mp
2 Gc

Where alpha is the fine structure constant is the potential energy of an electron in the first
circular orbit divided by its rest mass times the speed of light squared, in other words the
ground state in a hydrogen atom is:

Ue
α2 =
mec 2

And rp is the proton radius, mp the proton mass, G the universal constant of gravitation, c the
speed of light, and h is Planck’s constant. Equations 1 and 2 are masses divided by proton mass
giving protons, but they can cancel leaving seconds. Equations 1 and 2 suggest the second is a
natural unit, and as we will see being at the basis of life and connected to the moon as some kind
of mystery, that there is perhaps something deep and far reaching going on here. If the second is
natural, then it should be in the earth/moon/sun orbital mechanics because the second comes
from the calendar and the calendar comes from the earth/moon/sun orbital mechanics. I find it
is natural:

K Emoon
Equation 1.3. (Ear th Da y) ≈ 1secon d
K Eearth
Where KE means kinetic energy (See Appendix 1). But this refers to planets and moons, can we
derive the second otherwise? I find we can:

3 2 h 1 R
Equation 1.4. ⋅ ⋅ 2 ⋅ H = 1.12secon d s
16 G π α mp NA

Where RH is the radius of a hydrogen atom, and NA = 6E 23 is Avogadro’s number. (See

Appendix 2 after reading the next page about k).

We used Chandrasekhar’s Limit for the upper limit of the mass of a white dwarf star such that it
won’t collapse
𝔼
𝔼

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c 3ℏ3
Equation 1.5. M ≤ 0.77 = 1.41 ⊙
GN3 mp4

Which allows us to determine an intermediary mass between a proton and a star from the
geometric mean between mp and M, where mp is the mass of a proton :

Equation 1.6. mi = (2.8634E 30)(1.67262E − 27) = 69.205kg

1/2
3 c 3 ℏ3
Equation 1.7. mi =
2 G 3mp2

Warren Giordano noticed that

Equation 1.8. h(1 + α) ⋅ 10 23 = G

Without the right units. I noticed since Avogadro’s number is 6.02 × 10 23 ≈ 6 × 10 23 that I
could introduce an equation of state for the periodic tables of the elements:
gr a m
ℍ=1
atom
(1 + α) kg 2 ⋅ s
Equation 1.9. h NA H = 6.0003
G m
Which works for any element , NA is a variable that is Avogadro’s number multiplied by the
number of protons in . The NA we formulate as an equation of state for the periodic table of
the elements and is Avogadro’s number 6E23. NAℍ = 6E 23atom s /gr a m. From this we have a
constant k that pertains to the macrocosmos and microcosmos:

4 8π 3G
Equation 1.10. k = mp (1 + α) ⋅ NA
3 c 3h

1 s
Equation 1.11. k =
773.5 m
The thing about k is that it is

Equation 1.12. k ve = 6

Where ve is the earth orbital velocity is 29,790m/s.

This results in from equation 1.1 and 1.3:

2 h 4π rp2
( K Eearth ) α mp
K Emoon 2 1
Equation 1.13 k ve Ear th Da y = 4 2 ⋅
2 Gc
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼

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Consider the factor

( K Eearth )
K Emoon
2
Ear th Da y 2

It is actually equal to 1.2 seconds squared, but we can say 1.2 seconds is a rough sketch for the
idea that it is one second, which you can do because in any physical theory there is room for play
for the physics to still serve its function. So we will evaluate it at one second. We have

k ve = 38.5

On the right we have

1 h 4π rp2
⋅ = 36.555
α 4 mp2 Gc

This is an accuracy of about 95%. Putting the constants on the right and Earth/Sun/Moon on
the left, and substituting our expression for k, we have:

2
2
K Emoon 2 3 rp 1 2c h 3 1
Equation 1.14. ve ⋅ Ear th Da y = ⋅ ⋅ 3 ⋅
K Eearth
2 4 mp3 α 4 π G NA

You can never be two careful formulating such things. I show the work in Appendix 3 by hand
verifying the units work and that the expression on the left is approximately the expression on
the right. Here we have the earth/moon/sun system on the left, and the natural constants on
the right. The interesting thing that happens here is that:

vt 2 = (vt)t = x t = dista n ce × t im e
Are the earth orbital velocities on both sides of the equation because t equals one second. That is
we have
2
K Emoon
Equation 1.15. ve ⋅ Ear th Da y 2 = ve(1secon d )
K Eearth
2

2
3 rp 1 2c h 3 1
Equation 1.16. ⋅ ⋅ 3 ⋅ = ve(1secon d )
4 mp3 α 4 π G NA
𝔼
𝔼

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The Messenger

Since the message from forces unknown is the moon, then we should take its size as a natural
unit and set it equal to one. If it has a radius of one, then the radius of the Sun is

696,000k m
= 400
1,738k m
The distance of the moon from the Earth is

384,400k m
= 221.173 ≈ 220
1,738k m
We have

400
= 1.818181...
220
9
This is the that is the Solar radius to the lunar orbit around earth that is the molar mass of
5
gold to silver. This distance of the moon from the sun is about

149,592,870k m
= 8,608
1,738k m
Let us guess that the sun has to be the size that it is to be a yellow main sequence star. And that
the earth-moon system has to be 1 AU from the Sun to be in the habitable zone (to have water in
its liquid phase). Kepler’s Law of planetary motion is

Equation 2.1. T 2 = a3

For the Sun with T the orbital period of the planet and a its distance from the Sun in
astronomical units, for circular orbits. For other stars we have to include a constant k involving
the masses of the bodies:

1 M+m M
Equation 2.2. =G ≈ G
k 4π 2 4π 2
If the mass of the body orbiting the Star m is small compared to the mass of the star it is orbiting
we have

GM 2
Equation 2.3. a3 = T
4π 2
The Earth is the third planet, is in the habitable zone, and its distance from the Sun defines 1
AU. Thus we ask: What is k for other star systems? For stars on the main sequence their
luminosity is proportional to their masses raised to the power of 3.5 as an estimate. We have:
3.5

( M⊙ )
M
Equation 2.4: L=

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Where L is in solar luminosities and M is in solar masses:

L⊙ = 3.9E 26J/s

M⊙ = 1.98847E 30kg

Further if we say since the Earth is in the right zone to be habitable (ℍ) then if a star is 100
times brighter than the Sun by the inverse square law its habitable zone is 100 = 10AU is 10
times further from the star it orbits than the Earth is from the Sun. We have

( L⊙ )
L
Equation 2.5: ℍ=

Combining equations 4 and 5:

3.5

( M⊙ )
M
Equation 2.6: ℍ=

For another star system we can write equation 3

T2 k
Equation 2.7. =
a3 n
Where n is the number of solar masses of the star and k has M in solar masses. Combining this
with equation 6 we have for the habitable zone of a star:
21
4

n ( M⊙ )
k M
Equation 2.8. T2 =

The luminosity of the sun is:

L 0 = 3.9 × 10 26 J/s
The separation between the earth and the sun is:

1.5 × 1011m
The solar luminosity at the earth is reduced by the inverse square law, so the solar constant is:

39 × 10 2
S0 = = 1,370wat ts /m eter 2
4π (1.5 × 1011)

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That is the effective energy hitting the earth per second per square meter. This radiation is equal
to the temperature, Te to the fourth power by the steffan-boltzmann constant, sigma (σ), Te can
be called the temperature entering, the temperature entering the earth.

S0 intercepts the earth disc, π r 2, and distributes itself over the entire earth surface, 4π r 2, while
30% is reflected back into space due to the earth’s albedo, a, which is equal to 0.3, so

S0
σ Te 4 = (1 − a)
4

( 4π r 2 )
π r2
(1 − a)S0

But, just as the same amount of radiation that enters the system, leaves it, to have radiative
equilibrium, the atmosphere radiates back to the surface so that the radiation from the
atmosphere, σ Ta 4 plus the radiation entering the earth, σ Te 4 is the radiation at the surface of
the earth, σ Ts 4. However,

σ Ta 4 = σ Te 4
And we have…

σ Ts 4 = σ Ta 4 + σ Te 4 = 2σ Te 4
1
Ts = 2 4 Te
S0
σ Te 4 = (1 − a)
4
σ = 5.67 × 10−8

S0 = 1,370
a=0.3

1,370
(0.7) = 239.75
4
239.75
Te 4 = = 4.228 × 109
5.67 × 10−8
Te = 255Kelvin
So, for the temperature at the surface of the Earth:
1
Ts = 2 4 Te = 1.189(255) = 303Kelvin
Let’s convert that to degrees centigrade:

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Degrees Centigrade = 303 - 273 = 30 degrees centigrade

And, let’s convert that to Fahrenheit:

Degrees Fahrenheit = 30(9/5)+32=86 Degrees Fahrenheit

In reality this is warmer than the average annual temperature at the surface of the earth, but in
this model, we only considered radiative heat transfer and not convective heat transfer. In other
words, there is cooling due to vaporization of water (the formation of clouds) and due to the
condensation of water vapor into rain droplets (precipitation or the formation of rain).

The point we want to make is that The the Earth has to be the distance it is from the Sun, and
the Sun has to be the size that it is. We have that

Sol arRa diu s Ear thOrbit

= 400 = = 389
Lu n arRa diu s Lu n ar Orbit
400 ≈ 389
Which allows the moon to perfectly eclipse the Sun. However, this means

Lu n arRa diu s Sol arRa diu s

=
Lu n ar Orbit Ear thOrbit
If the solar radius and earth orbit had to have been what they are for the Earth to be habitable,
the lunar radius and solar radius can be anything’s to satisfy this equation. This is the part
where the messenger, who we hypothesize put the moon in the sky such that it would eclipse the
sun, had a criterion to choose the size of the lunar radius and the size of its orbit. How, under
this hypothesis did it or they determine their proportions? I think the best answer would be in
equation 1.13:

2 h 4π rp2
( K Eearth ) α mp
K Emoon 2 1
k ve Ear th Da y = 4 2 ⋅
2 Gc

Which would mean it was because of the size of the proton (rp) and its mass (mp). We derived
these values and the charge of a proton from the properties of space and time.

We have to explain the meaning of the earth day in the equation, we might be able to do this by
breaking the whole equation down into parts.

If ωe is the angular velocity of the earth, Mm is the mass of the moon, Me is the mass of the earth,
vm is the orbital velocity of the moon, ve is the orbital velocity of the earth, then we have
2
Mm2 vm4 2π h 4π rp2
Me ve ( ωe )
1
k ve ⋅ 2 ⋅ 4 = 4 2⋅
α mp Gc

There are 86,400 seconds in an earth day so, the angular velocity of the earth is

 18 of 27

2π rad
ωe = = 7.2722E − 5
86,400s s
ra d2
ωe2 = 5.2885E − 9
s2
Since k ve = 38.5 we have

(38.5)(4π 2r a d 2 ) = 1,520r a d 2

Mm2 vm4 1,520r a d 2 Mm2 vm2

Me ve ( ) Me ve
⋅ = ⋅ 2 (2.874E11s 2 )
2 4 ωe
2 2

Mm vm2 1 h 4π rp2
⋅ 2 (536,097s) = 2
Me ve α mp Gc

There are 31,557,600 seconds in a year, so our value above is:

536,097s
= 0.017years
31,557,600s /yr
Since there are 365.25 days in a year that is

(0.017)(365.25d a ys) = 6d a ys
It is 6 days, which is six rotations of the earth. The whole reason then, for the hypothetical
messenger’s equation, could be to maintain our six-fold symmetry.

 19 of 27

Appendix 1

We suggested the second was a natural unit, and that, if it was, should be in the orbital
mechanics of the earth because the second comes from the calendar, which is based on the
orbital period of the year (1 year, 365.25 days) and the orbital period of the moon, and the
rotation of the Earth. We found that it was as the following:

K Emoon
(Ear th Da y) ≈ 1secon d
K Eearth
Let’s show that…

K . E . Moon = 3.67E 28J

K . E . Ear th = 2.649E 33j

To find the translational kinetic energy of the moon:
Distance from earth: 3.85E8m
2π (3.85E 8m) = 2.419E 9m
Orbital period:
T=27.32 days=2.36E6seconds
v=1.025E3m/s~1000m/s
Mass: 7.34767E22kg

1
Use E = mv 2
2
E=3.67E28 Joules

To find the translational kinetic energy of the earth:

Distance from Sun: 1AU=1.496E11m

2π (1.496E11m) = 9.399E11m
Orbital period: 1 year=3.1558E7 seconds
v=2.9785E4m/s, Earth mass: 5.9722E24kg
E=2.649E33 Joules

Earth day=(24)(60)(60)=86,400 seconds.

 20 of 27

Appendix 2
r
v=
t
Where,…

1 h 4π rp2 1 Gc rp Gc
t = 6s = 2 , = α 2 mp , v = = α 2 mp
α mp Gc t h 4π rp2 t h 4π

Radius of hydrogen atom RH = 1.2E − 10m

Rh 1 h 4π
t = = Rh ⋅ 2
v α mp Gc

Remember our constant k (Don’t forget to divide by two somewhere for hydrogen packing):

1 3 1 c 3h 1 1 1 3 1 c 3h 1
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ≈ = ⋅ ⋅
k 4 mp 8π 3G 1 + α NA k 4 mp 8π 3G NA

t 3 2 6.626E − 34 18769 1.2E − 10 1

= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = 1.12secon d s
ck 16 6.674E − 11 (1.6726E − 27)2 6.02E 23 π
Since we have the equation of the radius of a proton is given by, by evaluating it at one second
which is carbon:

18 2 Gc
rp = α mp = 8.288587 × 10−16 m = 0.829f m
3 4πh
And 1 second in terms of the atom is given by

3 2 h 1 R
⋅ ⋅ 2 ⋅ H = 1.12secon d s
16 G π α mp NA

Then the equation for the radius of a proton is:

9 1 hc RH
rp = 2⋅ ⋅
8 mp 4π 3G NA

Let’s verify our equation:

9 1 (6.626E − 34)(299,792, 459) 1.2E − 10

rp = 2 ⋅ = 0.93f m
8 1.67E − 27 (6.674E − 11)4π 3 6.02E 23
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼

 21 of 27

Making the approximation 9/8~1 we can write (We have picked up the fraction 9/8 by making
several approximations)

1 hc RH
rp = ⋅
mp 2π 3G NA

Which gives

rp = 8.26935E − 16m ≈ 0.827f m

( s )( s )( m ) NAℍ
1 m2 m s2 RH 1
rp = kg kg 3 = (kg)m
kg kg

We form constants:

hc
k = = 6.93E − 9kg
2π 3G
RH
= 1.99E − 34m
NA
And we have the Equation:

RH
rp mp = k
NA
We can say that Avogadro’s number is not an arbitrary number because it is such that there are
twelve grams of carbon and carbon is 6 neutrons plus 6 protons equals 12. We now want to add
to this section the equation of the mass of a proton.

1 hc RH
mp = ⋅
rp 2π 3G NA

Thus we have

1 hc R
rp = ⋅ H
mp 2π G NA
3

Let us see if this makes sense.

2π 3 = (2π)(π)(π)

2π is the circumference of a unit circle and π is the area of a unit circle. For the constant of
gravitation
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼

 22 of 27

m3 m2 N m2
G= = N = ⋅
kg ⋅ s 2 kg 2 kg kg
N
is a measure of the force of space pushing back on the proton per kilogram in our theory.
kg
m2
This is what G measures but over square meter per kilogram . Planck’s constant h is
kg
m2
h = kg
s
The speed of light is m/s thus we have

( s )
m2 m m
h c = kg ⋅ = kg 2 ⋅ m 2
s s
Is a measure of force over surface or,…

m2
kg ⋅m
s2
Is a measure of energy over a length. Thus we see we have force canceling with force and area
with area to give us the radius of a proton:

( s ) ( kg m m 2 )
hc m 1 s 2 kg 2
= kg 2 ⋅ m 2 ⋅ = kg 2
G

We see we have force cancelling with force, surface area m 2 cancelling with surface area m 2,
leaving the square kilograms (kg) of the proton. We take the square root because we are forming
a geometric mean and then we divide by the mass of a proton mp and multiply by the radius of a
hydrogen atom RH to get the proper units for the radius of a proton. That the equation makes
sense.


 23 of 27

Appendix 3


 24 of 27


 25 of 27

Appendix 4

1 h 4π rp2
α mp
2 Gc

Is proton-seconds. Divide by time we have a number of protons because it is a mass divided by

the mass of a proton. But these masses can be considered to cancel and leave pure number. We
make a program that looks for close to whole number solutions so we can create a table of values
for problem solving.

By what value would you like to increment?: 0.25

How many values would you like to calculate for t in equation 1 (no more than 100?): 100
24.1199 protons 0.250000 seconds 0.119904 decpart
12.0600 protons 0.500000 seconds 0.059952 decpart
8.0400 protons 0.750000 seconds 0.039968 decpart
6.0300 protons 1.000000 seconds 0.029976 decpart
4.0200 protons 1.500000 seconds 0.019984 decpart
3.0150 protons 2.000000 seconds 0.014988 decpart
2.1927 protons 2.750000 seconds 0.192718 decpart
2.0100 protons 3.000000 seconds 0.009992 decpart
1.2060 protons 5.000000 seconds 0.205995 decpart
1.1486 protons 5.250000 seconds 0.148567 decpart
1.0964 protons 5.500000 seconds 0.096359 decpart
1.0487 protons 5.750000 seconds 0.048691 decpart
1.0050 protons 6.000000 seconds 0.004996 decpart
0.2487 protons 24.250000 seconds 0.248659 decpart
0.2461 protons 24.500000 seconds 0.246121 decpart
0.2436 protons 24.750000 seconds 0.243635 decpart

A very interesting thing here is looking at the values generated by the program, the smallest
integer value 1 second produces 6 protons (carbon) and the largest integer value 6 seconds
produces one proton (hydrogen). Beyond six seconds you have fractional protons, and the rest of
the elements heavier than carbon are formed by fractional seconds. These are the hydrocarbons
the backbones of biological chemistry. Here is the code for the program:

 26 of 27

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {

int n;
float value=0, increment,t=0, p=1.67262E-27, h=6.62607E-34,G=6.67408E-11,
c=299792459,protons[100],r=0.833E-15;

do
{
printf("By what value would you like to increment?: ");
scanf("%f", &increment);
printf("How many values would you like to calculate for t in equation 1 (no more than 100?):
");
scanf("%i", &n);
}
while (n>=101);
{

for (int i=0; i<n;i++)

{
protons[i]=((137*137)/(t*p))*sqrt(h*4*(3.14159)*(r*r)/(G*c));

int intpart=(int)protons[i];
float decpart=protons[i]-intpart;
t=t+increment;
if (decpart<0.25)
{ printf("%.4f protons %f seconds %f decpart \n", protons[i], t-increment, decpart);
}}}}

 27 of 27

The Author