Gravitation, and quantum theory, as emergent phenomena

Quantum theory without classical time,

as a route to quantum gravity and unification

Tejinder P. Singh
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
Mumbai, India
Collaborators (2019 - present)

Maithresh Palemkota
Abhinav Varma
Abhishek Pandey
M. S. Meghraj
Anmol Sahu
Abhinash Kumar Roy
Vatsalya Vaibhav
Rajrupa Mondal
Vivan Bhatt Priyank 1/
15
Kaushik
Spacetime, Vector Bundles, Fermions, Dynamics
“Our knowledge of physics”

2/
M 15
 Ingredients for unification
Adler’s pre-quantum theory of trace dynamics: matrix-valued Lagrangian dynamics.

Octonions as a non-commutative spacetime manifold, instead of 4

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Chamseddine-Connes spectral action principle: Dirac operator instead of metric.

Exceptional Lie groups for symmetry; Clifford algebras for elementary particles.

Evolution in terms of Connes time: derived from Tomita-Takesaki theory.

No change in energy scale vis a vis Witten’s remarks `our knowledge of physics’
3/
15
 Ingredients for unification

No change in energy scale.

While taking square-root
of K-G equation, also take
square root of spacetime

4/
15
 From Newtonian dynamics to trace dynamics

( dτ )
2
1 dqi
∑ ∫
S= dτ mi
i
2

From real numbered dynamical variables to matrices: 

( dτ ) ]
2 2
Lp
[
1 dqi
∑ ∫
S= dτ Tr
i
2 L 2

Novel conserved charge:  : Pre-quantum theory

5/
15
 6/
Trace dynamics —> Quantum (field) theory 15
as an emergent phenomenon

Assume trace dynamics to hold at some time resolution 

It is a Lorentz-invariant matrix-valued Lagrangian / Hamiltonian dynamics.

Ask: what is the emergent dynamics at time resolution  ?

Statistical thermodynamics is used to show that the novel charge is equipartitioned.



Heisenberg equations of motion, and

QFT, emerge at thermodynamic
 Trace dynamics admits super-quantum nonlocal correlations
i.e. violates the Tsirelson bound in CHSH inequality

Popescu-Rohrlich Bound

 
Classical Quantum Super-Quantum
Correlation

⏟⏟
Correlation Correlations

⏟
s s

Trace Dynamics when novel

charge is not equipartitioned

R. G. Ahmed and TPS

2208.02209 Suggests that quantum mechanics is approximate, not exact 7/
15
 Choosing the Lagrangian: Spectral action principle 8/
15

The eigenvalues of the Dirac operator D on a curved space-time manifold:

Z X
p
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2 2 2 4 0 2
T r[LP D ] ⇠ LP d x g R+ O(LP ) = i
i
Z
An `atom’ of space-
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! ˆ i ⌘ q̇Bi
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2 2
i ! d⌧ T r[q̇Bi ]
time: i

An atom of space-time-matter:
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Z ⇢ 2
 2
 2
S d⌧ LP † LP † LP
= Tr q̇B + 1 q̇F ⇥ q̇B + 2 q̇F
~ tP l L2 L2 L2

Including Yang-Mills fields

Z ⇢ ⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘
L2P L2P L2P
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S d⌧ † ↵ † † ↵ † ↵ † ↵
= Tr q̇B + i qB + 1 q̇F + i qF ⇥ q̇B + i qB + 2 q̇F + i qF
~ tP l L2 L L2 L L L2 L
 Octonions as coordinate systems: a non-commutative manifold

V
e
c
tA
ol
rg
De R, C, H, O
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ibb Dirac operator is gradient operator


vur
Quaternions
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q = a + a î + a ĵ + a k̂
: ina 0 1 2 3
sd
ila
Octonions O = a + a e + a e + a e + a e + a e + a e + a e
o u
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: e 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7
nt
Lorentz
+o groups: 
am
lMo
Bosons and fermions live in octonionic spacetime: ——-> Split bioctonionic space: chiral fermions
gar
enp
Q B = Q 0 + Q 1 e1 + Q 2 e2 + Q 3 e3 + Q 4 e4 + Q 5 e5 + Q 6 e6 + Q 7 e7 9/
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bih 15
 O 10 /
15
ct
Complex Quaternions o Complex Octonions.  contains 
ni
o
n
s,
Clifford Algebra  C
L,R Weyl Spinors Clifford Algebra 
lif
 fo
r
Spinor Consruction
Charge
d Quantisation

 al
g
e Quarks & Leptons
Lagrangian: b 
 Z  2
Lp †
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S 1 d⌧
= T r 2 Q̇1bioct Q̇2bioct as
~ 2 ⌧P l L
,
† †
2
p † L 2
p
E
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L 1 1
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Q̇1bioct = Q̇B + 2 1 Q̇F ; Q̇2bioct = Q̇B + 2 2 Q̇F le Q̇B = (i↵qB + Lq̇B ); Q̇F = (i↵qF + Lq̇F );
L L L L
m
 E8 ⇥ E 8
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unification of standard model and

pre-gravitation [arXiv: 2206.06911, P. Kaushik, V. Vaibhav and
TPS]
SU (3)C ⌦ SU (2)L ⌦ U (1)Y ⌦ SU (3)grav ⌦ SU (2)R ⌦ U (1)g
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(on a split-bioctonionic space)

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(248, 1) (1, 248) broken into two E

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separate 8

First  branches into . Second  branches into 

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 248 = (8, 1) (1, 78) (3, 27) (3̄, 27) 

E6 ! SU (3) ⌦ SU (3) ⌦ SU (3)

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Standard
Model
First E6 : SU (3)LHgen ⌦ SU (3)c ⇥ SU (2)L ⇥ U (1)Y
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Pre-Gravitation :
Second E6 : SU (3)RHgen ⌦ SU (3)grav ⇥ SU (2)R ⇥ U (1)g
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square-root mass

Electric charge, and square-root mass, are emergent

Gauge-gravity duality 11
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 Applications: deriving free parameters of the standard model
L
o
w (T
PS Ex
e , pe
n 22 ri
e 05. me
r 06 nt:
g 61
y 4)
f
i Mass ratios of quarks and charged leptons:
n
e (Bhatt et al. 2108.05787)

s
t
r
Weak
u mixing angle (asymptotic): 
c
t Experiment: 0.22290(3)
u Further work is in progress, to understand derivation of SM parameters
(S. Raj and TPS , 2209.09811)
r
e 12 /
15
 Left-Right symmetry breaking: emergence of
classical spacetime and gravitation Why 4D?
Critical entanglement amongst fermions, leads to the 
quantum - classical transition, and emergence of
4D classical curved space-time. SU(2)L X SU(2)R breaks.

Only classical systems live in 4D spacetime
[compactification without compactification].
Quantum systems obey L-R symmetry (group  ).
The mechanism in the early universe is the same as
is in the laboratory today: quantum entanglement.

(Is Gravi-Weak
6D ?)

13 /
15
 Are there any testable predictions?
No smoking gun prediction yet.
Pre-gravitation is mediated by spin one gauge bosons.
Spin-2 graviton? Composite.
The neutrino might possibly be massless? Flavor oscillations.

There are three right-handed sterile neutrinos.

There is an additional, charged, Higgs boson.

Electron and positron repel gravitationally.

Holographic length uncertainty relations.

Supraquantum nonlocal correlations.

An explanation for strong CP problem, and origin of matter-antimatter asymmetry.
General relativity modified by conformal gravity. MOND? 14 /
15
 Much remains to be done! (288/496 unaccounted d.o.f.)
SM parameters: Higgs mass, W and Z masses, quark mixing matrix, neutrinos mixing matrix, QCD coupling const.

The quantum-to-classical transition: spontaneous localisation.

Consequences of working with a quaternonic / octonionic spinor spacetime: condensed matter systems?

Develop an EFT to take account of octonionic corrections to QFT.

Understanding the gravi-weak interaction.

Implications for cosmology: are MOND and RMOND consequences of the octonionic theory?

Thanks for listening !

Slides and Audio-recording available at
https://www.tifr.res.in/~tpsingh

15
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