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A Theory For Six-fold Reality

By

Ian Beardsley

Copyright © 2023!

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Contents

Abstract………………………………………………………..3

Inertia………………………………………………………….4

The Constant k………………………………………………9

The Proton Radius…………………………………………13

The Proton Charge…………………………………………16

The Solar Magnetic Field………………………………..19

The Planetary Orbital Velocity………………………..28

Conclusion……………………………………………………29

Appendix 1…………………………………………………….33

Appendix 2……………………………………………………34

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Abstract

I describe inertia as a proton that is a 4D hypersphere whose cross section is a 3D sphere acted
on by space. We see it is based on six-fold symmetry, as I show with the charge of a proton
modeled as a field that arises from crossing one component of time into another that describes
time as an expanding sphere whose expansion separates events (successive shells) at the speed
of light. A constant (k) is presented that is like an intermediary Planck’s constant bridging the
microcosmos to the macrocosmos, the protons to the planets, it is a necessary constant in all of
the modeling for inertia and charge. I show the solar magnetic field is born from the same six-
fold symmetry as everything else. An equation that defines the solar magnetic field is presented
in terms of the Sun’s gravity, the ionization energy of hydrogen, and the radius of a hydrogen
atom. This paper suggests that the sixfold symmetry of inertia, charge, and solar magnetic field
puts the basis of life (carbon) at the crux of reality. This is expressed in terms of the hydrocarbon
skeletons of biological chemistry. We see in this paper that the second should be considered a
natural unit as it is given as six seconds is hydrogen and 1 second is carbon, are upper and lower
limits for integer values for our equations of inertia. As well we suggest the mole should be
considered a natural unit.!

 4 of 36

Inertia

We now need to show that the fundamental particles that build reality are based on sixfold
symmetry for their mass, size, and charge and we want to do it in terms of gravity on the
macroscale, thus it has to use G the universal constant of gravitation and Planck’s constant h,
that quantizes energy on the microscale. I find I can do this as such:

The natural constants measure the properties of space and time. We can list some of them here:

mP : 1.67262 × 10−27kg (Proton Mass)

h: 6.62607 × 10−34 J ⋅ s (Planck Constant)
rp : 0.833 × 10−15m (Proton Radius)
m2
G: 6.67408 × 10−11N 2 (Gravitational Constant)
kg
c : 299,792, 459m /s (light speed)
α : 1/137 (Fine Structure Constant)
qp = qe = 1.6022E − 19coulom bs
Nm 2
ke = 8.988E 9 2
C
Gravity is a property of space measured by the universal constant of gravity, G:

m2 m3
Equation 1.0 G = 6.674E − 11N = 6.674E − 11
s2 s 2 ⋅ kg
Matter, or inertia, which measures matter’s ability to resist a force is for each particle (protons
and neutrons) we will suggest given by:

h kg ⋅ s
Equation 1.2 =
Gc m
Which describes mass per meter over time, which is:

kg ⋅ s
Equation 1.3 1.82E − 16
m
1
It must be adjusted by the fine structure constant α. It is my guess the factor should be
α2
which is 18,769.:

Equation 1.4

(1.82E − 16kg ⋅ s /m)(18,769) = 3.416E − 12kg ⋅ s /m

Because the fine structure constant squared is the ratio of the potential energy of an electron in
the first circular orbit to the energy given by the mass of an electron in the Bohr model times the
speed of light squared, that is it represents the ground state. It is

 5 of 36

Ue
Equation 1.5 α2 =
mec 2
Here we are suggesting that the proton and neutron are the 3-dimensional cross-sections of a
hypersphere. Thus we consider the surface area of a proton, Sp:

Equation 1.6 Sp = 4π rp2 = 8.72E − 30m 2

We take the square root to get meters:

Equation 1.7 Sp = 2.953E − 15m

We multiply that with the value we have in equation 1.4:

kg ⋅ s
Equation 1.8 (2.953E − 15m)(3.416E − 12 ) = 1.009E − 26kg ⋅ s
m
We find that the mass of a proton mp realizes if we divide this by six seconds:

1E − 26
Equation 1.9 mh = = 1.67E − 27kg
6secon ds
That is hydrogen. We see that the element carbon manifests if we divide instead by 1 second:

1E − 26kg ⋅ s
Equation 1.10 mc = = 1E − 26kg = 6protons = 6mp
1secon d
Carbon (C) is the core element of life chemistry and it combines with hydrogen (H) to make the
skeletons of organic matter, the so-called hydrocarbons:

1E − 26kg ⋅ s
Equation 1.11 mp =
6secon ds
1E − 26kg ⋅ s
Equation 1.12 mc =
1secon d
It seems the duration of a second is natural. If it is, since it was formed by a calendar based on
reconciling the periods of the moon and the sun in the earth sky, it should be in the Earth-moon
orbital mechanics. I find it is, that (See Appendix 1):

K Emoon
Equation 1.13 (Ear th Day) ≈ 1secon d
K Eearth
That is, the earth day (86,400 seconds) times the kinetic energy of the moon to the kinetic
energy of the earth is about 1 second (about 1.2 seconds). The earth day changes very little, by
very small amounts over millions of years. The solar system has evolved towards this since the
explosion of life called the Cambrian, and will slowly decay away from it. But we need to derive
the second in terms of something else. For now we have the mass of a proton as:

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Fig. 1

3rp 4πh
Equation 1.14 mp =
18α 2 Gc

This way of looking at things is to say matter is that which has inertia. This means it resists
change in position with a force applied to it. The more of it, the more it resists a force. We
understand this from experience, but what is matter that it has inertia? In this analogy we are
suggesting a proton is a three dimensional bubble embedded in a two dimensional plane. As
such there has to be a normal vector holding the higher dimensional sphere in a lower
dimensional space. (See Fig. 1) Thus if we apply a force to to the cross-section of the sphere in
the plane there should be a force countering it proportional to the normal holding it in a lower
dimensional universe. It is actually a 4-dimensional hypersphere whose cross-section is a
sphere. This counter force would be experienced as inertia. Our reasoning above in one equation
is:

Equation 1.15

1 h 4π rp2
= 6proton ⋅ secon ds = carbon(C )
α 2 mp Gc
That is 1 second gives carbon. We find six seconds gives 1 proton is hydrogen:

Equation 1.16

1 h 4π rp2
= 1proton ⋅ 6secon ds = hydrogen(H )
α 2 mp Gc

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For time t greater than 6 seconds we have fractional protons. For t<6 we the have other
elements. This is another indication that a second is natural; Carbon and hydrogen are the
upper and lower limits for integer seconds.

1 h 4π rp2
α 2 mp Gc
Is proton-seconds. Divide by time we have a number of protons because it is a mass divided by
the mass of a proton. But these masses can be considered to cancel and leave pure number. We
make a program that looks for close to whole number solutions so we can create a table of values
for problem solving (Program in Appendix 2):

By what value would you like to increment?: 0.25

How many values would you like to calculate for t in equation 1 (no more than 100?): 100
24.1199 protons 0.250000 seconds 0.119904 decpart
12.0600 protons 0.500000 seconds 0.059952 decpart
8.0400 protons 0.750000 seconds 0.039968 decpart
6.0300 protons 1.000000 seconds 0.029976 decpart
4.0200 protons 1.500000 seconds 0.019984 decpart
3.0150 protons 2.000000 seconds 0.014988 decpart
2.1927 protons 2.750000 seconds 0.192718 decpart
2.0100 protons 3.000000 seconds 0.009992 decpart
1.2060 protons 5.000000 seconds 0.205995 decpart
1.1486 protons 5.250000 seconds 0.148567 decpart
1.0964 protons 5.500000 seconds 0.096359 decpart
1.0487 protons 5.750000 seconds 0.048691 decpart
1.0050 protons 6.000000 seconds 0.004996 decpart
0.2487 protons 24.250000 seconds 0.248659 decpart
0.2461 protons 24.500000 seconds 0.246121 decpart
0.2436 protons 24.750000 seconds 0.243635 decpart

So again, a very interesting thing here is looking at the values generated by the program, the
smallest integer value 1 second produces 6 protons (carbon) and the largest integer value 6
seconds produces one proton (hydrogen). Beyond six seconds you have fractional protons, and
the rest of the elements heavier than carbon are formed by fractional seconds. These are the
hydrocarbons the backbones of biological chemistry. So we have the six-fold symmetry in the
chemical skeletons of life.

This is to say that Carbon equals one second produces the radius of a proton.

Equation 1.17

18 2 Gc
rp = α mp = 8.288587 × 10−16 m = 0.829f m
3 4πh
Where the above is multiplied by one second to make the units work. Where t is exactly:

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Equation 1.18

1 h4πrp2
= 1.004996352seconds!
6α 2 mp Gc

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The Constant K

Warren Giordano wrote in his paper The Fine Structure Constant And The Gravitational
Constant: Keys To The Substance Of The Fabric Of Space, March 21, 2019:

In 1980, the author had compiled a series of notes analyzing Einstein’s geometric to kinematic
equations, along with an observation that multiplying Planck’s constant ‘h’ by ‘1 + α’, where
‘α’ is the Fine Structure Constant, and multiplying by 10 23 yielded Newton’s gravitational
constant numerically, but neglecting any units.

I found I could eliminate the 10 23 and at the same time get the six of the six-fold symmetry with
which I was working by considering Avogadro’s number 6.02E 23atom s.

I suggested there exists some k that serves as a constant that describes both the microcosmos
and macrocosmos from the proton, to the atoms, to planetary orbits. It is such that the square
root of it times the earth orbital velocity is 6, because we are guessing we are dealing with six-
fold symmetry as the basis of Nature. That is

Eq. 2.1 k ve = 6

We have that k is

4 8π 3G
Eq. 2.2 k = mp (1 + α) ⋅ NA
3 c 3h
This follows from what Warren Giordano noticed that

Eq. 2.3 h(1 + α) ⋅ 1023 = G

Without the right units. I noticed since Avogadro’s number is 6.02 × 10 23 ≈ 6 × 1023 that I
could introduce an equation of state for the periodic tables of the elements:
gram
Eq. 2.4 ℍ=1
atom
(1 + α) kg 2 ⋅ s
Eq 2.5 h NA H = 6.0003
G m
Let us say we were to consider Any Element say carbon ℂ. Then in general

(1 + α) s
h ⋅ NA = 6.0003kg 2 ⋅
G m
We have

6gram s 6(6E 23protons)

ℂ= and NA =
6protons 6gram s
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼

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Because there are six grams of protons in carbon which has 6 protons and 6 neutrons and a
molar mass of 12. We have

12-6=6 grams of protons in the 12 grams of protons and neutrons. Thus

NAℂ = 6E 23
And it follows that

(1 + α) s
h ⋅ NAℂ = 6.0003kg 2 ⋅
G m
We see in general since the atomic number Z is the number of protons in an atom that in general
this holds for all elements because

Z ⋅ 6E 23protons
NA =
Z ⋅ gram s
And

Z ⋅ gram s
=
Z ⋅ protons
Therefore we always have:

NA ⋅ = 6E 23
NA is a variable, the number of protons in multiplied by Avogadro’s number.

Put in the Earth mean orbital velocity which is 29.79km/s (Zombeck, Martin V. 1982). We get:

(1 + α)
Equation. 2.6 h ⋅ NA ⋅ ve = 422.787kg
G
While we have masses characteristic of the microcosmos like protons, and masses characteristic
of the macrocosmos, like the upper limit for a star to become a white dwarf after she novas (The
Chandrasekhar limit) which is 1.44 solar masses — More mass than that and she will collapse —
we do not have a characteristic mass of the intermediary world where we exist, a truck weighs
several tons and tennis ball maybe around a hundred grams. To find that mass let us take the
geometric mean between the mass of a proton and the mass of 1.44 solar masses. We could take
the average, or the harmonic mean, but the geometric mean is the squaring of the proportions, it
is the side of a square with the area equal to the area of the rectangle with these proportions as
its sides. We have:

Equation. 2.7 M⊙ = 1.98847E 30kg

We multiply this by 1.44 to get 2.8634E30kg. The mass of a proton is mp = 1.67262E − 27kg.
We have the intermediary mass is:

Equation 2.8 mi = (2.8634E 30)(1.67262E − 27) = 69.205kg

𝔼
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼

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All we really need to do now is divide equation 2.6 by equation 2.8 and we get an even number
that is the six of our six-fold symmetry.

1 (1 + α)
Equation. 2.9 h ⋅ NA ⋅ ve = 6.1092 ≈ 6
mi G
The six of our six-fold symmetry.

We have something very interesting here. We have

1 s
6kg 2 ve = 6
69.205kg m
This is:

Eq. 2.10 k ve = 6

Where k is a constant, given

1 s
Eq. 2.11 k=
773.5 m
It was the Indian physicist Chandrasekhar who found the limit in mass for which a white dwarf
will not have its gravity overcome the electron degeneracy pressure and collapse. The non-
relativistic equation is:

c 3ℏ3
M ≤ 0.77 = 1.41 ⊙
GN3 mp4

Let us approximate 0.77 with 3/4. Since we have our constant

1 1+α
Eq 2.12 k= h ⋅ NA
mi2 G

Eq. 2.13 mi = Mmp

Then
1/2
3 3 3
c ℏ
Eq. 2.14 mi =
2 G 3mp2

Since ℏ = h /2π our constant k in terms the Chandrasekhar limit is

𝔼
𝔼

 12 of 36

4 8π 3G
Eq. 2.15 k= mp (1 + α) ⋅ NA
3 c 3h
The fine structure constant squared is the ratio of the potential energy of an electron in the first
circular orbit to the energy given by the mass of an electron in the Bohr model times the speed of
light squared, that is it represents the ground state. It is

Ue
α2 =
mec 2
Since

k ve = 6

We are suggesting the earth orbit is the ground state for our planetary system. We suggest it
holds for any planetary system because k as we will see is a natural constant that solves many
physical problems on many levels, not just planetary systems but atomic systems and the
particles that make them up.

Let us now recall equations 1.15 and 1.16

1 h 4π rp2
= 6proton ⋅ secon ds = carbon(C )
α 2 mp Gc

1 h 4π rp2
= 1proton ⋅ 6secon ds = hydrogen(H )
α 2 mp Gc
While we have considered them to be proton-seconds because they are a mass divided by the
mass of a proton, we can consider these two masses to cancel and say they are equal to 1 second
and six seconds respectively. We have that carbon, which is to evaluate them at one second, is
the radius of a proton:

Eq. 2.16

1 h 4π rp2
= 6secon ds
α 2 mp Gc
This gives the radius of a proton is:

Eq 2.17.

18 2 Gc
rp = α mp t1 = 8.288587 × 10−16 = 0.829f m
3 4πh
Where t1 = 1secon d. The experimental value of the proton radius is 0.833fm+/-0.014fm!
𝔼

 13 of 36

The Proton Radius

Thus we have the radius of a proton is given by carbon by evaluating at one second:

18 2 Gc
rp = α mp = 8.288587 × 10−16 m = 0.829f m
3 4πh
But to get that we have to multiply by one second and we need one second in terms of the atom
for a theory of the proton. I find we can do that…

1 h 4π rp2
t6 = 2
α mp Gc
rp h 4π
t6 =
α 2 mp Gc

Substitute RH /2 for rp to get

RH h 4π
t=
2α 2 mp Gc

We now introduce the radius of a hydrogen atom RH = 1.2E − 10m. It seems we have to
divide RH by two which I think is because we are looking at packing of atoms. Divide that by ck
where 1/k is our constant

1 3 1 c 3h 1 1 1 3 1 c 3h 1
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ≈ = ⋅ ⋅
k 4 mp 8π 3G 1 + α NA k 4 mp 8π 3G NA
And we find

t 3 2 6.626E − 34 18769 1.2E − 10 1

= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = 1.12secon ds
ck 16 6.674E − 11 (1.6726E − 27)2 6.02E 23 π

3 2 h 1 R
⋅ ⋅ 2 2 ⋅ H = 1.12secon ds
16 Gπ α mp NA
We have our equation for the radius of a proton

18 2 Gc
rp = α mp = 8.288587 × 10−16 m = 0.829f m
3 4πh
We only need to multiply it by t /ck = 1secon d to have the right units, and we get
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼

 14 of 36

9 1 hc RH
Equation 3.1. rp = 2⋅ ⋅
8 mp 4π 3G NA
Then suggest we picked up 9/8 in approximations which is close to one anyway so we write

1 hc RH
Equation 3.2. rp = ⋅
mp 2π 3G NA

rp = 8.26935E − 16m ≈ 0.827f m

( s )( s )( m ) NAℍ
1 m2 m s2 RH 1
rp = kg kg 3 = (kg)m
kg kg

We form constants:

hc
k= = 6.93E − 9kg
2π 3G
RH
= 1.99E − 34m
NA
And we have the Equation:

RH
Equation 3.3 rp mp = k
NA
We can say that Avogadro’s number is not an arbitrary number because it is such that there are
twelve grams of carbon and carbon is 6 neutrons plus 6 protons equals 12. We now want to add
to this section the equation of the mass of a proton.

1 hc RH
mp = ⋅
rp 2π 3G NA

If our equation is right and we put it into natural units then the product rp mp should be close to
one:

Let us start with the units with which we are working:

m3
G=
kg ⋅ s 2
m2
h = kg ⋅
s
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼

 15 of 36

c = m /s
And convert these to proton-masses and proton-radii:

m3
G = 6.67408E − 11 ⋅ 1.67262E − 27kg(0.833E − 15m)3 ⋅ s = 193,131, 756
kg ⋅ s 2
m2 s
h = 6.62607E − 34kg ⋅ ⋅ = 5.71E 23
s (0.833E − 15)2(1.67262E − 27kg)
(299,792, 459m /s)(1sec)
c= = 3.6E 23
(0.833E − 15m)
1.2E − 10m
RH = = 144,058
0.833E − 15m
Now we find k in these units:

hc
k= = 6.93E − 9kg
2π 3G

(5.71E 23)(3.6E 23)

k= = 4E18proton − m asses
2π 3(193131756)

Thus we have:

RH
rp mp = k
NA
(4E18)(144058) 5.76E 23
rp mp = = = 0.96 ≈ 1!
(6E 23) (6E 23)
𝔼

 16 of 36

The Proton Charge

I construct the electric field as such (Fig. 2): x is one component of ℝ3(x, y, z). Events in
ℝ3(x, y, z) are through time with components ct1 and ct2 where c is the speed of light. The
electrons and the protons qe and qp in the presence of one another cross ct1 into ct2 giving
themselves acceleration in the x and −x directions.

Fig. 2

We have

⃗ ⃗ ⃗
i j k ⃗
0 ct1 0 = (ct1 − ct 2 ) i
0 0 ct2

We suggest

·· ⃗
Equation 4.1 x ∝ (ct1 − ct2) i

 17 of 36

The position of x changes in the space of ℝ3(x, y, z) and has travelled to t (0,ct1, ct2 ) a place in
·· ⃗ m
time, as well. Since ct=meters there is a g such that x = g(ct1 − ct2) i . Thus since g ⋅ m =
s2
1 1 1 m m
and g = = that is ⋅ ⋅ s = . Thus g is frequency squared (f 2) and we suggest it
s2 t2 s2 s s2
is derived from the separation between the charges qe and qp. That there is some velocity v such

(x)
v
that f = . We call upon our equation for 1 second:

rp h 4π
= 1secon d
mp Gc

(x)
2 rp
v h 4π ke q 2
(c) = ⋅
mp Gc m x2

rp h 4π q2
2
v (c) = ke
mp Gc m

α2 1
Letting v= ⋅ from our equation for k
6 k

4 8π 3G 1 s
k = mp (1 + α) ⋅ NA =
3 c 3h 773.5 m
1 m
= 773.5
k s
And m = mp we have
2
h 4π rp2
ke ( 6 k )
c α2 1
Equation 4.2 ⋅ = q2
Gc

h 4π rp2 (6.626E − 34)(4π)(0.833E − 15)2

= = 5.37E − 31
Gc (6.674E − 11)(299,792, 459)

We get
𝔼

 18 of 36

1
q= (0.033) 773.52(5.37E − 31) = 9.1435E − 19C
36(18769 )
2

q 9.1435E − 19C
Equation 4.3 =⋅ = 5.71protons ≈ 6protons!
qp 1.602E − 19C

 19 of 36

The Solar Magnetic Field

We model the formation of the solar system from a slowly rotating gas cloud, a nebula of
gaseous molecules, that collapses into a flat disc with a protostar at its center. The star turns on
and blows lighter elements far away, like hydrogen and helium, from which form the gas giants,
like Jupiter and Saturn, and the heavier elements stay closer in, like iron and silicates, from
which form the terrestrial planets like Venus, Earth, and Mars form. There are basically three
factors that determine its structure, the inward gravity, the pressure gradient outward which
balances with the inward gravity, and the outward inertial forces from the planets’ orbits. The
flattened rotating disc is broken up into rings each that has a mass spread out over it from which
the planets form. We estimate the ring associated with the Earth, had in its lower limit 230 earth
masses spread over it for the Earth to form. We further estimate that the Venus ring had a mass
spread over it of 230 Venus masses for Venus to form, and the Mars ring similarly had 230 Mars
masses spread out over it for Mars to form. The asteroid belt had about 200 of it masses, and the
Jovian planets 5, 8, 15, and 20 masses of each respectively. For Mercury it requires a factor of
about 350 because it is mostly iron condensations with incomplete silicon condensations.
Plotting these logarithmically we get the exponent of r, the distance of a planet from the sun is
-1.5 so that the density distribution of the protoplanetary disc is:

σ (r) = σ0r −3/2

σ0 = 3300
Giving a mass
2π rh

∫0 ∫r
M= σ (r)rdrdθ
s

With pressure gradients playing the key role in the formation of solar system, less attention is
payed to the magnetic field of the Sun. However, in the older literature, one of the pioneer’s of
this aspect found something very interesting concerning it. He was Alfven (1942). At the time
people were suggesting instead of the solar system forming from a rotating nebula, rather the
sun came into existence not at the same time at the center of the disc, but rather passed through
clouds and captured material after already existing. He figured for the captured material its
inward component v, and density ρ, at a distance r from the sun, had to conserve mass, which
required:

dM
= 4π r 2 ρv
dt
He figured as the velocities of the atoms got closer to the sun, were moving then faster, collisions
would increase, and so temperature would go up, ionizing the atoms and therefore ionized, the
magnetic field becomes important. He considered for simplicity the solar magnetic field was
generated by a dipole moment μ, a vector quantity, and that a particle moving in the plane of
that vector with mass m and charge q, would have all of both the gravitational and magnetic
forces in that plane, so the problem becomes two-dimensional and required only the θ and r, of
polar coordinates. The differential equations of its motion would be:

 20 of 36

·
·· GM⊙m qμ θ ·2
Equation 5.1 mr = − + 2 + mr θ
r2 r
And,
· ·
m d(r 2θ ) qμ r
Equation 5.2 =− 3
r dt r
We can integrate equation 5.2 with the boundary condition that the angular momentum of the
particle is zero at large distances from the sun to get (Appendix 2):
· qμdr qμ
∫ r2
Equation 5.3 mr 2θ = − =
r
·
And substitute it into equation equation 5.1 for θ to get

·· GM⊙ 2q 2 μ 2
Equation 5.4 mr = − + 2 5
r2 m r
Which we can write
·
dr
· GM⊙ 2q 2 μ 2
Equation 5.6 r =− 2 + 2 5
dr r m r
·
We then integrate this with respect to r with the boundary condition that r = 0 at large r and
get

·2 2GM⊙ q2 μ2
Equation 5.7 r = − 2 4
r m r
·
He then notices there is another value for which r = 0. It is
1/3

( 2GM⊙m 2 )
q2 μ2
Equation 5.8 rc =

This is interesting because it means the particle can never approach the Sun closer than this
value, and it depends only on the value q/m, the charge to mass ratio of a particle. He took this
as hydrogen because ionized it is a proton, for which q/m is well defined. He estimated what the
magnetic field of the Sun could have been in this earlier stage of its life, and adjusted for the fact
that hydrogen doesn’t ionize until it reaches a velocity of 5E4 m/s and found that rc was the
region occupied by the major planets which are Jupiter and Saturn mostly made of hydrogen
and helium.

Certainly today we don’t see the planets as having formed from material gathered by the Sun in
its journey, but rather think the Sun and planets formed at the same time from a cloud that
collapsed into a rotating flat disc. And indeed, there may be stars in the galaxy that pass through
clouds and gather material, and indeed Alfven’s equations would hold preventing ionizing

 21 of 36

clouds from falling into their star. But we can also apply his equation to our Sun today, for which
we know a great deal about its magnetic field, which also happens to be an important thing to
study and for which we have satellites in the Lagrange points, where the Earth’s gravity cancels
with that of the Sun, where the orbits are very stable, so we can understand the solar magnetic
field. It is a complex field, that interacts with the Earth’s magnetosphere, and we need to predict
solar maximums, so we have warning as to whether there will be a magnetic storm that will
knock out our electrical grid and internet, ahead of time.

During solar minimum the solar magnetic field has closed lines, that flow out one pole and into
the other. The dipole field of the sun is about 50 Gauss. There are 10,000 Gauss in a Tesla, so
that is 5E-3 Tesla. That is the magnetic field strength where the field goes into the poles. The
total magnetic field of the Sun at the Earth, Bt is all the components taken together, which are
Bx, By, and Bz. The important component is Bz, because it runs north-south, so it is
perpendicular to the ecliptic, the path traced out by the sun due to the earth’s orbit. It is the
component that interacts with the Earth magnetosphere, and when it points southward, it will
connect with the Earth’s magnetosphere which points northward so the solar poles flow into the
Earth poles and the Earth field then gets disrupted allowing particles from the solar wind to rain
down along Earth magnetic field lines causing the Aurora. The solar magnetic field doesn’t
always stay around the Sun itself, but the solar wind carries it through the solar system until it
collides with the interstellar medium reaching the heliopause. Thus the Sun creates the
Interplanetary Magnetic File (IMF) which has a spiral shape because the Sun rotates once about
every 25 days. But the upshot is that at Earth we have

Moderate Magnetic Field: 10 nT

Strong Magnetic Field: 20 nT
Very Strong Magnetic Field: 30 nT

 22 of 36

For our purposes we want to return to equation 55:

1/3

( 2GM⊙m 2 )
q2 μ2
rc =

And ask just what is μ, because in the time that Alfven was working we worked with magnetic
fields differently, aside from his equation uses a trick, which we still use today, and that is to
consider the magnetic field a dipole. To consider it like this is to say there are two monopoles
opposite in polarity. According to Maxwell’s equation we cannot have magnetic monopoles,
though they are predicted by some modern theories, they have never been found. The trick is in
that by treating the North magnetic pole and South magnetic pole as separate magnetic charges
is to treat them like we do electric charges, the charge of a proton and the charge of an electron,
which can be convenient for making computations, but don’t exist that we know of. So we will
solve equation 56 for μ, and see what its units are so we can understand what it represents and
we will let m be the mass of a proton and q the charge of a proton. We get:

r 3GM⊙mp2 m 3 ⋅ kg
Equation 5.9 =μ=
qp2 C⋅s

We can write these units as, by taking Coulombs (C) equal to amp ⋅ secon ds
m m2
Equation 5.10 kg ⋅
s 2 amps
This is units of force per current density, which makes sense because a flowing current creates a
force. We can also write it:

m2 m
Equation 5.11 kg ⋅
s 2 amps
Which is energy per magnetic field strength in that the SI units of magnetic field strength is
amps per meter. This tells us:

Energ y
Equation 5.12 μ=
Magnet icFieldStrength
Thus we will use the energy as ionization of hydrogen, the energy to remove its electron and
make it a proton:

H ⟶ H + + e − = 1proton = 2.18E − 18J

We have

m2
qp = 1.6E − 19C, mp = 1.67E − 27kg, G = 6.67408E − 11N ,
kg 2

 23 of 36

M⊙ = 1.989E 30kg

We want to look at the Sun as having a current flowing around its equator in a loop with its
radius R⊙ = 6.957E8m

We find for the dipole field of the Sun at 50 Gauss=5E-3T, which is about 100 times stronger
than the Earth magnetic field, that this is a current I=5.5362E12 amperes driving the solar
magnetic dipole. This gives us that since the Earth orbit (1AU=1.495979E11m):

I 5.5362E12amps
Equation 5.13 = = 37.0amps /m
1AU 1.496E11m
Equation 5.14

Ionizat ion Energ y 2.18E − 18J J⋅m

μ= = = 5.892E − 20
Magnet icFieldStrength 37.0Amps /m A
Or,…
1/3
qp2 μ 2
( 2GM⊙mp2 )
Equation 5.15 r = = 4.9324E − 15m

 24 of 36

The radius of a proton is 0.833E-15m. We have that r is:

r
Equation 5.16 = 5.92 ≈ 6Proton Ra dii = carbon
rp
Our six-fold symmetry unfolding. This is again the carbon the core element of life. We see it
provided for by the Sun’s magnetic field.

 25 of 36

Let us write the computation as one equation, and verify it. We have
1/3
qp2 μ 2
( 2GM⊙mp2 )
r = = 4.9324E − 15m

2B⊙ R⊙
I⊙ =
μ0
I 5.5362E12amps
= = 37.0amps /m
1AU 1.496E11m
Where 1AU = re
Ionizat ion Energ y 2.18E − 18J J⋅m
μ= = = 5.892E − 20
Magnet icFieldStrength 37.0Amps /m A
IEH=Ionization energy of Hydrogen
I⊙ 2B⊙ R⊙ 1
=
1AU μ0 re
μ 2 = (5.982E − 20)2 = 3.47E − 39
(IEH )2 μ02re2
2 (2.18E − 18)2(12.56637E − 7)2(1.496E11)2
μ = =
4B⊙2 R⊙2 4(5E − 3)2(6.957E8)2
=3.47E-39 (correct)

Equation 5.17
1/3
(IEH )2 μ02re2 qp2
( 2GM⊙mp2 4B⊙2 R⊙2 )
6rp = ⋅

1/3
2 2 2 2
(1.6E − 19C ) (2.18E − 18J ) (12.56637E − 7T ⋅ m /A) (1.496E11m)
6rp = ⋅
2(6.67408E − 11N
m2
)(1.989E 30kg)(1.67E − 27)2 4(5E − 3T )2(6.957E8m)2
kg 2

(0.000034574)(3.47E-39)=1.19972E-43

1.19972E-43^(1/3)

=4.932E-15

So as you can see equation 5.15 is correct. It says that carbon, the basis of life is in the ratio of
the solar magnetic field and the solar gravitational field.!

 26 of 36

Thus we have a theoretical value for the radius of the proton:

1 hc RH
Equation 5.18 rp = ⋅
mp 2π 3G NA
And a theoretical value for its charge
2
h 4π rp2
ke ( 6 k )
c α2 1
Equation 5.19 ⋅ = q2
Gc

q 9.1435E − 19C
Equation 5.20 =⋅ = 5.71protons ≈ 6protons
qp 1.602E − 19C
And we have the radius of a proton in terms of the solar magnetic field at Earth
1/3
qp2
(IEH )2 μ02re2
( 2GM⊙mp2 4B⊙2 R⊙2 )
Equation 5.21 6rp = ⋅

All of this based on the idea that the basis of their structure is in six-fold unfolding. Given our
constant k

4 8π 3G
Equation 2.22 k= mp (1 + α) ⋅ NA
3 c 3h

And making the approximation 1 + α = 1 we can with these equations eliminate qp in equation
5.21 using equation 5.19 in which we can eliminate k with equation 2.22.

α 4 c 4h 1 h 4π (IEH )2 μ02re2
Equation 5.23 31850496rp2 = ⋅ 3 ⋅
ke π G (NA )2 Gc GM⊙mp4 B⊙2 R⊙2
This has an accuracy of close to 88% because in equation 5.19 the charge of six protons is
predicted by the theory to be 5.72 protons, the rest of the equations are much more accurate, but
we seek to rectify that. We write this equation so we can have an equation that defines the solar
magnetic field by solving for B⊙.

To address the accuracy of the equation for the charge of a proton, equation 5.19, we ask what is
the culprit. We suggest it is (α 4 )/36. So we solve the equation for that to see by how much it is
off. It is:

α4 k Gc
Equation 5.24 = q2 ⋅ e ⋅ k 2
36 c h 4π rp2
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼

 27 of 36

We see it should be 7.79573E-11 and is actually 7.885E-11. The value we are using is 98.86785%
accurate, but we want to do better.

We now eliminate rp2 on the left in equation 5.23 with equation 5.18 to find the B field of the Sun
as described by the Earth orbit as the ground state:

2 (IEH )2 μ02re2 α 4c 3 h 4π
Equation 5.25 B⊙2 = ⋅ ⋅
NRH2 GM⊙mp2 R⊙2 ke Gc
Where N=31850496 is a perfect integer, that is has no values after the decimal. Equation 8 gives
a magnetic field strength of 4.73E-3 Teslas. Concerning equation 5.24

α4 k Gc
= q2 ⋅ e ⋅ k 2
36 c h 4π rp2
4
We want it to be more accurate. To do that we have to substitute for (α 4 )/36, the fraction 7
5
which is 39/5 and we have to formulate a theory for why this would be, though the discrepancy
could be in rp as its experimental value has the largest errors. Other possibilities are the (α 4 )/36
is right and that as well this is due to the radius of a proton having large errors, or even that it is
supposed to be the factor 8, which would be good to consider because 8-fold symmetry is very
dynamic, in particular in its role with beryllium 8 being a precursor to carbon in nuclear
synthesis by stars.

Because we are looking at 6 protons we had 62, and because of six-fold symmetry we had α 2 /6
and because the charge q = 6qp we had 63 because of the 1/3 root on the right. So taking
N = 67 = 279936 and leaving the 32 /42 that came from substituting for k, and the 8 = 23 as
well, and leaving the factors 2 and 4 because they describe the physical dynamics of the equation
we have:

2 (IEH )2 μ02re2 32 α 4c 3 h 4π
Equation 5.26 B⊙2 = ⋅ ⋅
NRH2 2GM⊙mp2 4R⊙2 42 23ke Gc

Where N = 67 = 279936
Or we can factor out all the numbers on the right the 2 and 4 in equation 5.26 and write

2 1 (IEH )2 μ02re2 α 4c 3 hπ
Equation 5.27 B⊙ = ⋅ ⋅
NRH2 GM⊙mp2 R⊙2 ke Gc
In which case N=31850496/4=7962624. We see the solar magnetic field is determined by the
radius of a hydrogen atom, its ionization energy, and the solar gravitational field, with the earth
orbit re as the ground state.!

 28 of 36

Planetary Orbital Velocity

Indeed we can say the orbital velocities of the planets are all six if we give them in their natural
units. The natural units are if their orbits are approximately circular, and we call the radii of
such circular orbits as one in each case, a circumference of 2π r. Since π is approximately 3, then
2π r = 2(3)(1) = 6. The orbital velocities in each case are 2π r /T = 6/1 = 6 where
T = Planet′sYear = 1.
Thus we want to know the universal gravitational constant in these units:

m3
G = 6.67408E − 11
kg ⋅ s 2
m3 AU 3 1.98847E 30kg 9.9477E14s 2
G = 6.67408E − 11 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
kg ⋅ s 2 3.3479E 33m 3 M⊙ year 2

AU 3
G = 39.433
M⊙ ⋅ year 2

AU 3
G ≈ 40
M⊙ ⋅ year 2

AU 3
GM⊙ = 40
year 2
We can immediately put this to work. In order for the earth to stay in orbit its centripetal force
must equal the gravitational force. Its orbital velocity must be given by:

Mm mv 2
G 2 =
R r
GM
v=
R
If G=40, M, the mass of the sun equal to 1, and the orbital radius R is 1, then

(40)(1)
v= ≈=6
1
Recall equation 2.1:

k ve = 6

Then in terms of the constant k, all of the planetary orbits are given by the orbital velocity of
Earth, ve.


 29 of 36

Conclusion

Indeed we have shown that we can predict the radius of a proton and its mass in terms of the
properties of space:

1 hc RH
rp = ⋅
mp 2π 3G NA
Which gives

rp = 8.26935E − 16m ≈ 0.827f m

And the interesting thing is they do not yet have an equation for the radius of a proton, yet we
have it here and it doesn’t just use Planck’s constant, h, of the indeterministic microcosmos, but
uses the gravitational constant, G, of the deterministic macrocosmos. We have further shown
our theory of inertia is based on six-fold symmetry is centered around hydrocarbons, the
skeletons of life chemistry

We find 1 second gives

1 h 4π rp2
= 6proton ⋅ secon ds = carbon(C )
α 2 mp Gc
We find six seconds gives 1 proton is hydrogen:

1 h 4π rp2
= 1proton ⋅ 6secon ds = hydrogen(H )
α 2 mp Gc
We further find this same sixfold symmetry describes not just proton systems (atoms) but our
solar system

rm /Tm vm

(v v )
(6 6 6) re /Te = ve
r v /Tv

If rm is the orbital radius of the moon, and Tm is its orbital period, rv , Tv Venus and so on. We
also have that the Earth orbit is the ground state for the solar system:

k ve = 6

Where,

4 8π 3G
k= m (1 + α) ⋅ NA
3 p c 3h
𝔼
𝔼

 30 of 36

And
2
h 4π rp2
ke ( 6 k )
c α2 1
⋅ = q2
Gc

q 9.1435E − 19C
=⋅ = 5.71protons ≈ 6protons
qp 1.602E − 19C
We further find that for the moon

1 h 4π rp2 Me ve2
⋅ = 6d ays
α 2 mp Gc Mm vm2
Where six days is six rotations of the Earth. This shows the earth/moon/sun system and the
proton are structured around one another in terms of six-fold symmetry. Since there are 360
degrees in a circle, and the earth year is close to 360 rotations of the earth (365.25) the earth
orbit can be divided into six sixty degree sectors, the earth moving through about one degree a
day in its orbit.

We have further found that the solar magnetic field follows through with the same six-fold
symmetry, accommodating carbon:
1/3
qp2
(IEH )2 μ02re2
( 2GM⊙mp2 4B⊙2 R⊙2 )
6rp = ⋅

We also have that

2
1 h 4π rp K Ee 6d ays
≈
α2 Gc Ep K Em c2
Which is to say

ProtonSur facArea Ear thKinet icEnerg y 6d ays

κ⋅ ⋅ =
Proton RestEnerg y MoonKinet icEnerg y LightSpeedSqu ared
Where

1 h
κ=
α2 Gc
In our equation

1 h 4π rp2
= 6pr oton ⋅ secon d s = carbon(C )!
α 2 mp Gc

 31 of 36

In terms of the Moon the radius of the proton is:

K Emoon
(Ear th Day) ≈ 1secon d
K Eearth

18 2 Gc
rp = α mp t1 = 8.288587 × 10−16 = 0.829f m
3 4πh
Where t1 = 1secon d. The experimental value of the proton radius is 0.833fm+/-0.014fm. We
can also for a constant k, different than our former constant for which we can write

hc
k= = 6.93E − 9kg
2π 3G
RH
= 1.99E − 34m
NA
And we have the Equation:

RH
rp mp = k
NA
In our equation

1 h 4π rp2
= 6proton ⋅ secon ds = carbon(C )
α 2 mp Gc
Anything less than a second is heavier than carbon, the core element of life, and the unit of a
second in this is given by the moon, as we said

K Emoon
(Ear th Day) ≈ 1secon d
K Eearth
This brings us to ask is there a reason the Moon is important to life? The answer is yes, the Earth
is tilted to its orbit by 23.5 which results in the seasons and the Moon in its orbit holds the Earth
at this angle, if it didn’t we would have wild, extreme seasons. If the tilt was less we might not
have season at all, and more the seasons might be too extreme.

We also find we can define the solar magnetic fields with our equations of the six-fold:

1 (IEH )2 μ02re2 α 4c 3 hπ
B⊙2 = ⋅ ⋅
NRH2 GM⊙mp2 R⊙2 ke Gc
𝔼
𝔼

 32 of 36

In which case N=31850496/4=7962624. We see the solar magnetic field is determined by the
radius of a hydrogen atom, its ionization energy, and the solar gravitational field, with the earth
orbit re as the ground state.!
 33 of 36

Appendix 1

We suggested the second was a natural unit, and that, if it was, should be in the orbital
mechanics of the earth because the second comes from the calendar, which is based on the
orbital period of the year (1 year, 365.25 days) and the orbital period of the moon, and the
rotation of the Earth. We found that it was as the following:

K Emoon
(Ear th Day) ≈ 1secon d
K Eearth
Let’s show that…

K . E . Moon = 3.67E 28J

K . E . Ear th = 2.649E 33j
To find the translational kinetic energy of the moon:
Distance from earth: 3.85E8m
2π (3.85E8m) = 2.419E 9m
Orbital period:
T=27.32 days=2.36E6seconds
v=1.025E3m/s~1000m/s
Mass: 7.34767E22kg

1
Use E = mv 2
2
E=3.67E28 Joules

To find the translational kinetic energy of the earth:

Distance from Sun: 1AU=1.496E11m

2π (1.496E11m) = 9.399E11m
Orbital period: 1 year=3.1558E7 seconds
v=2.9785E4m/s, Earth mass: 5.9722E24kg
E=2.649E33 Joules

Earth day=(24)(60)(60)=86,400 seconds.!

 34 of 36

Appendix 2

1 h 4π rp2
α 2 mp Gc
Is proton-seconds. Divide by time we have a number of protons because it is a mass divided by
the mass of a proton. But these masses can be considered to cancel and leave pure number. We
make a program that looks for close to whole number solutions so we can create a table of values
for problem solving.

By what value would you like to increment?: 0.25

How many values would you like to calculate for t in equation 1 (no more than 100?): 100
24.1199 protons 0.250000 seconds 0.119904 decpart
12.0600 protons 0.500000 seconds 0.059952 decpart
8.0400 protons 0.750000 seconds 0.039968 decpart
6.0300 protons 1.000000 seconds 0.029976 decpart
4.0200 protons 1.500000 seconds 0.019984 decpart
3.0150 protons 2.000000 seconds 0.014988 decpart
2.1927 protons 2.750000 seconds 0.192718 decpart
2.0100 protons 3.000000 seconds 0.009992 decpart
1.2060 protons 5.000000 seconds 0.205995 decpart
1.1486 protons 5.250000 seconds 0.148567 decpart
1.0964 protons 5.500000 seconds 0.096359 decpart
1.0487 protons 5.750000 seconds 0.048691 decpart
1.0050 protons 6.000000 seconds 0.004996 decpart
0.2487 protons 24.250000 seconds 0.248659 decpart
0.2461 protons 24.500000 seconds 0.246121 decpart
0.2436 protons 24.750000 seconds 0.243635 decpart

A very interesting thing here is looking at the values generated by the program, the smallest
integer value 1 second produces 6 protons (carbon) and the largest integer value 6 seconds
produces one proton (hydrogen). Beyond six seconds you have fractional protons, and the rest of
the elements heavier than carbon are formed by fractional seconds. These are the hydrocarbons
the backbones of biological chemistry. Here is the code for the program:!

 35 of 36

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {

int n;
float value=0, increment,t=0, p=1.67262E-27, h=6.62607E-34,G=6.67408E-11,
c=299792459,protons[100],r=0.833E-15;

do
{
printf("By what value would you like to increment?: ");
scanf("%f", &increment);
printf("How many values would you like to calculate for t in equation 1 (no more than 100?):
");
scanf("%i", &n);
}
while (n>=101);
{

for (int i=0; i<n;i++)

{
protons[i]=((137*137)/(t*p))*sqrt(h*4*(3.14159)*(r*r)/(G*c));

int intpart=(int)protons[i];
float decpart=protons[i]-intpart;
t=t+increment;
if (decpart<0.25)
{ printf("%.4f protons %f seconds %f decpart \n", protons[i], t-increment, decpart);
}}}}!

 36 of 36

The Author