Power Electronics

LECTURE -6 –DC-DC CONVERTER (BUCK CHOPPER)

DR. AHMED HANAE KASSEM

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 Outlines

1.Introduction to Buck chopper.

2.Construction
3.Theory of operation

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 Introduction to Buck chopper

From A dc-dc converters To

fixed-voltage DC ( choppers) variable-voltage DC

It can be used to step down or step up a dc voltage source.

DC converters are widely used, for example :

1-Traction 2- Motor drivers 3-Electric automobiles or (car)

4- Marine hoists 5- Mine haulers

DC – converters provide
1-Smooth acceleration control 2-High efficiency 3- Fast dynamic response.
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 Buck chopper

Principle of step-down operation

• The converter switch can be implemented by using
BJT, MOSFET,GTO, IGBT, etc,…
• By turning the switch ON and OFF in a particular
sequence, the average voltage across the load can
be adjusted from zero to VS.

The switching sequence is as follows

S : is ON ( closed) for a time ton v0 = Vs

S : is OFF ( open) for a time tOFF v0 = 0 4
 Buck chopper

The average output voltage is given by:

The average load current

Voltage step down
The average output voltage

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 Buck chopper

This is a linear function

Controlling the frequency

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The Switching frequency fs ( or chopping period T ) The Switching frequency fs ( or chopping period T )
is kept constant and the on time ton is varied. i.e. is varied either on time ton or off time toff is constant.
controlling of ton the width of pulse is varied i.e. controlling of the chopping period T
This type of control is known as pulse width This type of control is known as frequency
modulated control, modulated control,
This type of control would generate harmonics at
More popular multiple frequencies and the filter design is difficult.

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Buck chopper

The rms value of output voltage 𝐕𝐫𝐦𝐬

Assuming a lossless converter i.e. Pi is equal to Po/p and is given by:

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Buck chopper

The effective input resistance seen by the source is given by:

Which indicates that the converter makes the input resistance Ri as a

variable resistance of R /k
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 Buck chopper

Note that:
• A step-down chopper, or dc converter, that acts as variable resistance load can
produce an output voltage from zero to Vs
• Although a DC converter can be operated either at a fixed or variable
frequency, it is usually operated at a fixed frequency with a variable duty cycle.
• The output voltage contains harmonics and a dc filter is needed to smooth out
the ripples
• The efficiency should include the conduction loss of and switching loss due to
turn on and turn off.
• In practical converters the efficiency varies between 92 to 99 %

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 Buck chopper

Duty Cycle Carrier signal Generation of Duty Cycle

Vcr
Duty cycle K= =M Modulation index
By varying the carrier signal v Vr
cr
from 0 to Vcr = Vr the duty cycle Reference signal
vr reference signal
k can be varied from 0 to 1 v vc dc carrier signal
Vr : is the peak value of vr Vr
t
Vc : is the peak value of vc Vcr
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) 0
vg
Compare these signals by a comparator to
generate a square-wave gate pulse of width t
KT . 0
KT T
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 (Buck chopper with inductive loads) 1- Continuous conduction mode
(CCM)

During the switch is ON: IO I1

The current grows exponentially as energy stored in the inductor

During the switch is OFF:
The current decay exponential of the current around the loop of load
and diode.
Note that :
• At switch off, the switch must be protected against the flowing current.
• This is normally done by connecting a diode in parallel across the load.
• The diode is called freewheeling diode.
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 (Buck chopper with inductive loads) To obtain low current ripple
ΔI
The assumption The switch is considered ideal.
The current is IO at switch-on
The current is I1 at switch off Output
voltage

I1
Output
current
IO
During the switch on period ( V1 = VS)

Input
current

Inductor voltage Where; Va: average output voltage 12

 (Buck chopper with inductive loads)

During the on-period ton : The current ramps up from I0 to I1

VS − Va di0 I1 − I 0 (VS − Va )t on
= = ( I1 − I 0 ) =
L dt ton L I1
During the switch off period
the current ramps down
from I1 to I0 IO

Inductor voltage
Va di0 I1 − I 0 Va
( I1 − I 0 ) = ( ) * toff
= =
L dt t off L

Va where, toff = (T − ton )

( I1 − I 0 ) = ( ) * (T − ton )
L
Ripple current I = ( I1 − I 0 )
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(Buck chopper with inductive loads)

Va T
I = (T − t on ) multiplying by
L T
V t t
I = a * T (1 − on ) where, on = k and Va = kVS
L T T
V
I = S Tk (1 − k )
L
During the switch on and off period equating the two equations
(VS − Va )t on Va VS t on Va t on Va T Va t on
= ( ) * (T − t on ) − = −
L L L L L L
VS t on Va t on
=
L L Where; k is duty cycle
VS t on = VaT
t on t on
Va = VS where, k = Va = kVs
T T
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Low voltage ripple Buck chopper Finding the load capacitance to limit
the load ripple voltage ΔV

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Low voltage ripple Buck chopper

𝟏
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = × 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 × 𝑯𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
𝟐
𝟏 𝑻 ∆𝑰 ∆𝑰 𝑻
∆𝑸𝑪 = × × =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟖

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Low voltage ripple Buck chopper

L * I
V0 =
T (1 − k )

∆𝐼 𝑇
∆𝑉𝑜 8𝐶 Vo I * T * (1 − K ) * T T2
= = = (1 − K )
𝑉𝑜 𝐿 ∆𝐼 Vo 8 * C * I * L 8LC
𝑇 ( 1 − 𝑘)

Vo T 2
= (1 − K )
Vo 8LC 17
Critical inductance and capacitance

Where,

i.e,

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Critical inductance and capacitance

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Features of Buck converter

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Rules of Buck converter

1) The average output voltage is given by:

t on
Va = V s = KVS = Vs f t on
T

So the average load current is :

Vav
Ia =
R

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 Rules of Buck converter

2) The RMS value of the output voltage is given by:

Vrms = K VS = Vs ton f
So the rms load current is : Vrms
I rms =
3) The load power R
P = I rms
2
*R

4) The converter efficiency is given by:  = PO / P .....where,

PI / P

(VS − vch ) 2 KT (VS − vch ) 2

KT KT
1 vo2 1
PO / P =
T 0 R dt = T 0 R dt = T [ R
VS (VS − vch ) KT VS (VS − vch )
KT KT
1 1
PI / P =  VS idt = 0 dt = [ ]
T 0 T R T R
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Rules of Buck converter
R
5) The effective input resistance Ri of the converter is given by: Ri =
K

6) 7)

So
So

and
and

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Switch stress

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 Thank you

Dr. Ahmed Hanae Kassem

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