The document discusses types of DC-DC converters including buck, boost, and buck-boost converters. It provides details on the operation of a basic buck converter including derivations of average and RMS output voltages. It also covers designing buck converters for continuous and discontinuous modes of operation.
The document discusses types of DC-DC converters including buck, boost, and buck-boost converters. It provides details on the operation of a basic buck converter including derivations of average and RMS output voltages. It also covers designing buck converters for continuous and discontinuous modes of operation.
The document discusses types of DC-DC converters including buck, boost, and buck-boost converters. It provides details on the operation of a basic buck converter including derivations of average and RMS output voltages. It also covers designing buck converters for continuous and discontinuous modes of operation.
The document discusses types of DC-DC converters including buck, boost, and buck-boost converters. It provides details on the operation of a basic buck converter including derivations of average and RMS output voltages. It also covers designing buck converters for continuous and discontinuous modes of operation.
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DC-DC converter
Introduction Types of converter DC to DC converters are mainly classified into following types:
Step down or Buck converter
Step up or Boost converter Buck-Boost converter BUCK CONVERTER Non-efficient way A more efficient way
Basic DC chopper
Output waveform Average DC output voltage The average output voltage is given by integrated area under the curve:
where T=1/f is the period of the switching frequency f and k is the duty cycle.
𝑡 𝑂𝑁 𝑘= 𝑡 𝑂𝑁 +𝑡 𝑂𝐹𝐹 RMS output voltage
𝑡 𝑂𝑁 𝑘= 𝑡 𝑂𝑁 +𝑡 𝑂𝐹𝐹 Example
The DC chopper has a resistive load of R=10 Ω and the input voltage is =220V. When the chopper switch remains on, its drop is =2V and the chopping frequency is f=1 KHZ. If thee duty cycle is 50%, determine the average output voltage, RMS output voltage and chopper efficiency. Solution Average output voltage:
RMS voltage
The output voltage:
The input power,
The chopper efficiency
Methods of controlling duty cycle
Pulse Width Modulation: is varied keeping chopping frequency f and chopping
period T constant. Variable frequency control: chopping frequency f is varied keeping either or constant. This method produces harmonics in the output and for large load current may become discontinuous. Buck with inductor When the switch is ON The current flowing through the inductor rises gradually with slope: Modes of operation Load current can be continuous or discontinuous depending on the values of ‘L’ and duty cycle ‘D’. For a continuous current operation, load current varies between two limits and . When current becomes equal to the chopper is turned-off and it is turned-on when current reduces to . When the switch if OFF (CCM)
In steady state, the rise in current in the on state must match the fall in current in the off state. That leads to the following condition: When the switch is OFF(DCM) In the discontinuous case, things get more complicated since the current drops to zero before the end of the cycle. Hence cant be used for time when the inductor current falls to zero. Hence we have used λ.
So λ is the fraction of time when inductor current drops to zero. This mode of operation is undesirable an usually avoided by proper choice of chopping frequency or suitable value of inductance. Designing of Buck converter with low pass filter
This converter is used if the objective is to produce an output
that is purely DC. Assumptions Let the value of capacitance be so large that the output voltage remains almost constant. The output current is constant and equal to Io Waveform with filter Continuous mode Required capacitance in terms of specified voltage ripple From the graph in slide 18, the zero crossings (the base vertices of the triangle) will be at exactly the middle of the on and off states.
The peak of ripple is
The charge, which is the integral of current, is the area of the triangle with base: Finding value of inductor to be in continuous mode Since from slide 12 the ripple inductor current in the continuous mode,
During continuous mode
The boundary is found when the inductor current drops to zero at exactly the end of the off state. It is also the case when the ripple current is the double of the load current. In steady state, the average load current is:
The boundary is when the ripple current is the double of the load current:
The minimum combination of inductance and switching frequency for continuous
current in the buck converter can be calculated from above formula. Addition of the input capacitor Without the input capacitor, the pulsating current produced by the switching device would need to be completely supplied by the source. This generates an AC signal throughout the lines that increases the conducted EMI on the board. The input capacitor is there to buffer the input current at a constant rate and supply the requested bursts to the regulator. It is easy to see that during the off state, the capacitor is charged with input current while during the off state it is discharged. In steady state, the charge added and removed are equal. Addition of the input capacitor Addition of the input capacitor Question A Chopper circuit is operating at a frequency of 2 kHz on a 460 V supply. If the load voltage is 350 volts, calculate the conduction period of the thyristor in each cycle. References
http:// www.philadelphia.edu.jo/academics/fobeidat/uploads/Power%20Electronic% 20Course/8%20DC-DC%20Converters.pdf http://www.onmyphd.com/?p=voltage.regulators.buck.step.down.converter https://www.academia.edu/33316024/Buck_Converter_Design http://www.elg.uottawa.ca/~rhabash/ELG4139LNDCDC2012.pdf Power Electronics Handbook by Muhammad H.Rashid
