Buck and Boost Converter

DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters
Applications:
• Regulated switch mode dc power supplies
• dc motor drives
dc-dc Converters:
• Step-down (buck) converter
• Step-up (boost) converter
• Step-down/step-up (buck-boost) converter
• Cuk converter
• Full-bridge converter
7-1
Control of DC-DC Converters
In a dc-dc converter:
• Average output dc voltage must be controlled to equal a desired level.
• Utilizes one or more switches to transform dc from one level to another.
• The average output voltage is controlled by controlling the switch on and
off durations (ton and toff).
• Let’s consider the following switch-mode dc-dc converter:
• Average output dc voltage Vo depends on ton and toff.

• Switching is done at a constant frequency with switching time period Ts.
• This method is called pulse-width modulation (PWM) in which the duty ratio
D is varied to control Vo, where D=ton/Ts
7-2
Control of DC-DC Converters (cont’d)
• The switch control signal, which

controls the on and off states of the
switch, is generated by comparing a
signal level control voltage vcontrol with
a repetitive waveform.
• The switching frequency is the
frequency of the sawtooth waveform
with a constant peak.
• The duty ratio D can be expressed as
t on vcontrol
D  ^
Ts
V st
7-3
Step-Down (Buck) Converter
• converts dc from one level to another

• the average output voltage is controlled by the
ON-OFF switch
• pulse-width modulation (PWM) switching is
employed
• lower average output voltage than the dc input
voltage Vd depending on the duty ratio, D
• D=ton/Ts
• Average output:
1 Ts 1  ton Ts 
V0   v0 t dt    Vd dt   0 dt 
Ts 0 Ts  0 t on 

ton
Vd  DVd • low-pass filter: to reduce output voltage fluctuations
Ts • diode is reversed biased during ON period, input
provides energy to the load and to the inductor
Applications: • energy is transferred to the load from the inductor
• regulated switch mode dc power supplies during switch OFF period
• dc motor drives • in the steady-state, average inductor voltage is zero
• in the steady-state, average capacitor current is zero
7-4
Step-Down (Buck) Converter: Continuous current conduction mode
• Inductor current iL flows continuously

• Average inductor voltage over a time period
must be zero
Ts t on Ts
 v dt   v dt   v dt  0
0
L
0
L
t on
L
Area A and B must be equal , therefore,

Vd  V0 ton  V0 Ts  ton 
or
V0 ton
 D duty ratio 
Vd Ts
Assuming a lossless circuit

Vd I d  V0 I 0
and
I 0 Vd 1
 
I d V0 D
Buck converter is like a dc transformer where the turns ratio can be controlled
electronically in a range of 0-1 by controlling D of the switch
7-5
Example…..
For a buck converter, R=1 ohm, Vd=40 V, V0=5 V, fs=4 kHz. Find the duty ratio
and “on” time of the switch.
7-6
Solution….
D = V0 /Vd = 5/40 = 0.125 = 12.5%

Ts = 1/fs = 0.25 ms = 250 ms
Ton = DTs = 31.25 ms
Toff = Ts – ton = 218.75 ms
When the switch is “on”: VL = Vd - V0 = 35 V
When the switch is “off”: VL = -V0 = - 5 V
I0 = IL = V0 / R = 5 A
Id = D I0 = 0.625 A
7-7
Step-Up (Boost) Converter
• Output voltage always higher than the
input voltage
• When the switch is ON:
diode is reversed biased
output circuit is thus isolated
inductor is charged
• When the switch is OFF:
the output stage received energy from the
inductor as well as from the input
• Filter capacitor is very large to ensure
constant output voltage
Applications:
• regulated switch mode power supplies
• Regenerative braking of dc motors
7-8
Step-Up (Boost) Converter: Continuous current conduction mode
• Inductor current iL flows continuously
• Average inductor voltage over a time
period must be zero
Vd ton  Vd  V0 toff  0
Dividing both side by Ts

V0 Ts 1
 
Vd toff 1  D
Assuming a lossless circuit

Vd I d  V0 I 0
and
I0
 1  D 
Id
7-9
Step-Up (Boost) Converter: Effect of parasitic elements
• Parasitic elements are due to the

losses associated with the inductor,
capacitor, switch and diode
• Figure shows the effect of the
parasitic elements on the voltage
transfer ratio
• Unlike ideal characteristics, in
practice, Vo /Vd declines as duty
ratio approaches unity
7-10
Example 1: Step-down (Buck) converter
The chopper below controls a dc machine with an armature inductance La = 0.2 mH. The
armature resistance can be neglected. The armature current is 5 A. fs = 30 kHz. D = 0.8
id
Ia io
Vd La
+ +
voi
vo= Vo
- ea
The output voltage, Vo, equals 200V.

(a) Calculate the input voltage, Vd
(b) Find the ripple in the armature current.
(c) Calculate the maximum and the minimum value of the armature current
(d) Sketch the armature current, ia(t), and the dc current, id(t).
7-11
Example 2: Step-down (Buck) converter characteristics
A step-down dc-dc converter shown in the following figure is to be analyzed.
The input voltage Vd = 48 V.

The output filter inductance L = 0.1 mH
Series resistor (with L) R = 0.2 Ω
Assume in all calculations constant voltage over the series resistor R.
The output capacitor C is large; assume no ripple in the output voltage.
Rated output is 20 V and 25 A
(a) Calculate rated output power.

(b) Calculate equivalent load resistance.
(c) Calculate duty ratio D for rated output. The voltage across the series resistor R
must be taken into consideration.
7-12
Example 3: Step-up (Boost) converter characteristics
A step-up dc-dc converter shown in the following figure is to be analyzed.
The input voltage Vd = 14 V.

The output voltage V0 = 42 V.
Inductor L = 10 mH
Output resistor R = 1Ω
Switching frequency fs=10 kHz
(a) Duty ratio, switch on and off time.

(b) Plot inductor and diode voltages.
7-13
Comparison of Converters
• Buck converter: step-down, has one switch, simple, high efficiency greater
than 90%, provides one polarity output voltage and unidirectional output
current
• Boost converter: step-down, has one switch, simple, high efficiency,
provides one polarity output voltage and unidirectional output current,
requires a larger filter capacitor and a larger inductor than those of a buck
converter
7-14
Conclusions
• In many industrial applications, it is required to convert fixed dc voltage
into variable dc voltage
• Various types of dc-to-dc converters
• Operation of dc-to-dc converters
• Like ac transformers, dc converters can be used to step-up or step-down a
dc voltage source
• Applications: electric automobiles, trolley cars, marine hoists, mine
haulers, etc.
• Also used in regenerative braking of dc motors to return energy back into
the supply –energy savings for transportation systems with frequent stops
7-15

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DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters

• Average output dc voltage Vo depends on ton and toff.

• The switch control signal, which

• converts dc from one level to another

• Inductor current iL flows continuously

Area A and B must be equal , therefore,

Assuming a lossless circuit

D = V0 /Vd = 5/40 = 0.125 = 12.5%

Vd ton  Vd  V0 toff  0

Dividing both side by Ts

Assuming a lossless circuit

• Parasitic elements are due to the

The output voltage, Vo, equals 200V.

The input voltage Vd = 48 V.

(a) Calculate rated output power.

The input voltage Vd = 14 V.

(a) Duty ratio, switch on and off time.

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