Power Electronics

LECTURE -9 –SINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE

INVERTERS
DR. AHMED HANAE KASSEM

1
 Outlines

1.Single-phase half inverter with pure resistance load.

2.Single-phase half inverter with inductive load.

3.Single-phase full inverter with inductive load.

4.Three-phase inverter
i. 180 conduction
ii. 120 conduction
5.Pulse width modulation for single-phase inverter

2
 Introduction

DC-to-AC converters are known as inverters.

• The function of an inverters is to change a dc input voltage to a symmetric AC

output voltage of desired magnitude and frequency

• The output voltage waveforms of ideal inverters should be sinusoidal.

• However, the practical inverters are non-sinusoidal and contain certain harmonics
• With the ability of high-speed power semiconductor devices, the harmonic can be
reduced or minimized by switching techniques

• Inverters are widely used in industrial application ( e.g., variable-speed ac motor

drives, stand by power supplies, and uninterruptible power supplies).
3
 Introduction

output are 1-ph.

•120 V at 60 Hz
Input may be a •220 V at 50 Hz
battery, solar For high power three-phase systems,
cell, or other typical outputs are
dc-source
•120 to 208 V at 60 Hz
•220 to 380 V at 50 Hz
Single-phase inverter
Three-phase inverter
Each type can use controlled turn-on and turn-off devices (BJTs, MOSFETs,
IGBTs, GTOs, ……
4
 Introduction

These inverters are used PWM control signals to producing an ac output voltage

A voltage source inverter (VSI) If the input voltage remain constant

A current source inverter (CSI) If the input current is maintained constant

A variable dc linked inverter If the input voltage is controllable

5
 Single-phase inverter

𝑽𝒔
𝑽𝒐 =
𝟐

− 𝑽𝒔
𝑽𝒐 =
𝟐
Two choppers 𝑽𝒔
T1 (ON) for a time T/2 ( ) the instantaneous voltage across the load 𝑽𝒐 =
𝟐
− 𝑽𝒔
T2 (ON) for a time T/2 ( ) the instantaneous voltage across the load 𝑽𝒐 =
𝟐

6
 Single-phase inverter

The r.m.s value of the output voltage can be found from :

The instantaneous output voltage can be expressed in Fourier series as :

ao and an are zero

Due to the quarter-wave symmetry along the x-axis, both ao and an are zero.

7
 Single-phase inverter

The instantaneous output voltage

The rms value of fundamental component (n=1) as

8
 Single-phase inverter

Mode (1): Q1 is on and Q2 is off Mode (3): Q1 is off and Q2 is on

Mode (4): both Q1 and Q2 are off 9

Mode (2): both Q1 and Q2 are off
 Single-phase inverter

T1 (OFF) AT t = T/2 , the load current would

continue to flow through D2, load and lower half
of dc source until the current falls to zero.
Similarly. When T2 (OFF), t = T, load current
flows through D1, load and upper half of the dc
source. When D1 and D2 conducts, energy is fed
back to the dc source and these diodes are
known as a feedback diodes
10
 Single-phase inverter
For an R-L load, the instantaneous load current i0 can be
found by dividing the instantaneous output voltage by the
load impedance Z = R + jnωL.

• where θn = tan-1(nωL/R).
• If I01 is the r.m.s fundamental load current, the fundamental output power (for n = 1)
is

Note:
In most applications (e.g., electric motor drives) the output power due to the
fundamental current is generally the useful power, and the power due to harmonic
currents is dissipated as heat and increases the load temperature.
11
 Single-phase inverter

Definitions

Harmonic Distortion

Total Harmonic Distortion

THD gives the total harmonic content, but it does not indicate the level of each harmonic
component.
12
 Single-phase inverter

Definitions

Distortion factor
Both the frequency and magnitude of each harmonic is important. The DF indicates the
amount of HD that remains in a particular waveform after the harmonics of that waveform
have been subjected to a second-order attenuation (i.e., divided by n2).
Lowest order harmonic (LOH):
The LOH is that harmonic component whose frequency is closest to the fundamental
one, and its amplitude is greater than or equal to 3% of the fundamental component.

13
 Single-phase inverter

Definitions

AC output voltage spectrum

Half wave inverter

14
 Full-Bridge
Single-phase inverter This Figure shows the power topology of a full-bridge VSI.

This inverter is similar to the half-bridge inverter; however, a second leg provides the neutral
point to the load.
Both switches S1+ and S1- (Q1 and Q4) or S2+ and S2- (Q3 and Q4) cannot be ON simultaneously
because a short circuit across the dc link voltage source Vs would be produced.
When diodes D1 and D2 conduct, the energy is fed back to the dc source; thus, they are
known as feedback diodes.

15
 Single-phase inverter Full-Bridge
∞
𝟒 𝑽𝒔
𝒗𝒐 = ෍ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏 𝝎𝒕
The instantaneous output voltage 𝒏𝝅
𝒏=𝟏,𝟑,𝟓,….
𝒗𝒐 = 𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏 = 𝟐, 𝟒, . .

The rms value of fundamental component (n=1)as

The instantaneous load current i0 for an RL load becomes

16
Single-phase inverter Full-Bridge
The undefined condition should be
avoided so as to be always capable of
defining the ac output voltage. In order to
avoid the short circuit across the dc bus
and the undefined ac output voltage
condition

17
 Single-phase inverter Full-Bridge

S 1+ , S 2-
D 1- , D 2+ S - , S 2+ D 1+ , D 2-

18
 Single-phase inverter

The single-phase Full-bridge inverter has a inductive load of R = 10 Ω, L=25mH and the dc
input voltage is Vs = 100 V. Determine
(a) The rms output voltage, (b) The rms output voltage at the fundamental frequency Vo1,
(c) THD of output voltage, (d) The DF, (e) The rms output current, (f) THD of output
current, (g) The output power Po
Solution
∞
𝟒 𝑽𝒔
𝑽𝟎 = ෍ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏 𝝎𝒕
𝒏𝝅
𝒏=𝟏,𝟑,𝟓,….

(a) Vo,rms = Vs = 100 volt

𝟒 𝑽𝒔 𝟒 ×𝟏𝟎𝟎
(b) 𝑽𝒐𝟏,𝒓𝒎𝒔 = = = 90.07 volt
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅

𝑽𝟐𝒐,𝒓𝒎𝒔 − 𝑽𝟐𝒐𝟏 ,𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟐 − 𝟗𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟐

(c) 𝑻𝑯𝑫𝒗 = 𝑽𝒐,𝒓𝒎𝒔
= 𝟗𝟎.𝟎𝟕
, 𝑻𝑯𝑫𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟐𝟏 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟐𝟏 % 19
Single-phase inverter

The single-phase Full-bridge inverter has a inductive load of R = 10 Ω, L=25mH and the dc
input voltage is Vs = 100 V. Determine
(a) The rms output voltage, (b) The rms output voltage at the fundamental frequency Vo1,
(c) THD of output voltage, (d) The DF, (e) The rms output current, (f) THD of output
current, (g) The output power Po
Solution
𝟗𝟎.𝟎𝟕
(d) 𝑽𝒐𝟑,𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝟑
= 𝟑𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕
𝟗𝟎. 𝟎𝟕 𝟗𝟎. 𝟎𝟕
𝑽𝒐𝟓,𝒓𝒎𝒔 = = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕 𝑽𝒐𝟕,𝒓𝒎𝒔 = = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟔𝟖𝟔 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕
𝟓 𝟕

∞ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝑽𝒏 𝟏 𝟑𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟐. 𝟔𝟖𝟔
𝑫𝑭 = ෍ 𝑫𝑭 = + + +⋯
𝑽𝒐𝟏 𝒏𝟐 𝟗𝟎. 𝟎𝟕 𝟑𝟐 𝟓𝟐 𝟕𝟐
𝒏=𝟐,𝟑,𝟒,𝟓,…

DF = 0.03799 = 3.79% 20
Single-phase inverter

The single-phase Full-bridge inverter has a inductive load of R = 10 Ω, L=25mH and the dc
input voltage is Vs = 100 V. Determine
(a) The rms output voltage, (b) The rms output voltage at the fundamental frequency Vo1,
(c) THD of output voltage, (d) The DF, (e) The rms output current, (f) THD of output
current, (g) The output power Po
Solution

(e) 𝒁𝒏 = 𝑹𝟐 + (𝒏 × 𝟐 × 𝝅 × 𝒇 × 𝑳)𝟐

𝒁𝒏 = (𝟏𝟎)𝟐 +(𝒏 × 𝟐 × 𝝅 × 𝟓𝟎 × 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )𝟐 , 𝒁𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟔𝟏. 𝟔𝟐 𝒏𝟐

𝑽𝒐𝟏,𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝟗𝟎. 𝟎𝟕
𝑰𝒐𝟏,𝒓𝒎𝒔 = = = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝑨
𝒁𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟔𝟏. 𝟔𝟐 (𝟏)𝟐
𝑽𝒐𝟑,𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝟑𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓
𝑰𝒐𝟑,𝒓𝒎𝒔 = = = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟕𝟑 𝑨
𝒁𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟔𝟏. 𝟔𝟐 (𝟑)𝟐
21
Single-phase inverter

The single-phase Full-bridge inverter has a inductive load of R = 10 Ω, L=25mH and the dc
input voltage is Vs = 100 V. Determine
(a) The rms output voltage, (b) The rms output voltage at the fundamental frequency Vo1,
(c) THD of output voltage, (d) The DF, (e) The rms output current, (f) THD of output
current, (g) The output power Po
Solution

(e) 𝒁𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟔𝟏. 𝟔𝟐 𝒏𝟐

𝑽𝒐𝟓,𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟏𝟓
𝑰𝒐𝟓,𝒓𝒎𝒔 = = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝑨
𝒁𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟔𝟏. 𝟔𝟐 (𝟓)𝟐
𝑽𝒐𝟕,𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝟏𝟐. 𝟔𝟖𝟔
𝑰𝒐𝟕,𝒓𝒎𝒔 = = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑 𝑨
𝒁𝟕 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟔𝟏. 𝟔𝟐 (𝟕)𝟐

22
 Single-phase inverter

The single-phase Full-bridge inverter has a inductive load of R = 10 Ω, L=25mH and the dc
input voltage is Vs = 100 V. Determine
(a) The rms output voltage, (b) The rms output voltage at the fundamental frequency Vo1,
(c) THD of output voltage, (d) The DF, (e) The rms output current, (f) THD of output
current, (g) The output power Po
Solution

(e) 𝒁𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟔𝟏. 𝟔𝟐 𝒏𝟐

𝑽𝒐9,𝒓𝒎𝒔 10
𝑰𝒐9,𝒓𝒎𝒔 = = = 0.14 𝑨
𝒁9 100 + 61.62 (9)2
𝟏.𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟐 +𝟎.𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟐 +𝟎.𝟐𝟑𝟐 +𝟎.𝟏𝟒𝟐
(f) 𝑻𝑯𝑫𝒊 = = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟗𝟒 %
𝟕.𝟏𝟎𝟕

𝑰𝒐,𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝑰𝟐𝒐𝟏,𝒓𝒎𝒔 + 𝑰𝟐𝒐𝟑,𝒓𝒎𝒔 + 𝑰𝟐𝒐𝟓,𝒓𝒎𝒔 + 𝑰𝟐𝒐𝟕,𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟐 𝑨

𝑷𝒐, = 𝑰𝟐𝒐,𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑹 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟓𝟐𝟏. 𝟑𝟓 𝑾
23
Three-Phase Inverters

• Three-phase inverters are normally used for

high-power applications.
• Two types of control signals can be applied to the
transistors: 180° conduction or 120° conduction.
• This circuit topology is often known as a three-
phase bridge inverter
• It is used in many applications, such as
renewable energy systems and three-phase AC
motor drivers.

24
Three-Phase Inverters

180-Degree Conduction

1 3 5

4 6 2

25
 180-degree
Three-Phase Inverters
Conduction
Line voltages
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑏𝑐 = − 𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑐𝑎 = 0

𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑏𝑐 = 0 3 5
1

𝑉𝑐𝑎 = − 𝑉𝑠
4 6 2

𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 0 𝑉𝑏𝑐 = 𝑉𝑠

𝑉𝑐𝑎 = − 𝑉𝑠
26
 180-degree
Three-Phase Inverters
Conduction
Line voltages
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑏𝑐 = − 𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑐𝑎 = 0

𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑏𝑐 = 0

𝑉𝑐𝑎 = − 𝑉𝑠

𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 0 𝑉𝑏𝑐 = 𝑉𝑠

𝑉𝑐𝑎 = − 𝑉𝑠
27
 180-degree
Three-Phase Inverters
Conduction
Phase voltages
𝑉𝑠 − 2 𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑏𝑛 =
3 3
𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑐𝑛 =
3
2 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑏𝑛 = 1 3 5
3 3
− 𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑐𝑛 = 4 6 2
3

𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑏𝑛 =
3 3
−2 𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑐𝑛 =
3
28
 180-degree
Three-Phase Inverters
Conduction
Phase voltages
𝑉𝑠 − 2 𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑏𝑛 =
3 3
𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑐𝑛 =
3
2 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑏𝑛 =
3 3
− 𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑐𝑛 =
3

𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑏𝑛 =
3 3
−2 𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑐𝑛 =
3
29
 180-degree Conduction
Three-Phase Inverters
The instantaneous line-to-line voltage

We can notice that the triplen

harmonics (n = 3, 9, 15,…) would be
zero in the line-to-line voltages.

For n = 1, gives the rms fundamental

line voltage
𝑽𝑳𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟗𝟕𝑽𝒔

30
 120-degree
Three-Phase Inverters
Conduction
Phase voltages
𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑏𝑛 =
2 2
𝑉𝑐𝑛 = 0

𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑏𝑛 = 0 1 3 5
2
− 𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑐𝑛 = 4 6 2
2

𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 0 𝑉𝑏𝑛 =
2
− 𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑐𝑛 =
2 31
 120-degree
Three-Phase Inverters
Conduction
Phase voltages
𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑏𝑛 =
2 2
𝑉𝑐𝑛 = 0

𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑏𝑛 = 0
2
− 𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑐𝑛 =
2

𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 0 𝑉𝑏𝑛 =
2
− 𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑐𝑛 =
2 32
Three-Phase Inverters 120-degree
Conduction
Line voltages
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑏𝑐 = 0

𝑉𝑐𝑎 = 0

𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 0 𝑉𝑏𝑐 = 0

1 3 5
𝑉𝑐𝑎 = − 𝑉𝑠

4 6 2

𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 0 𝑉𝑏𝑐 = 𝑉𝑠

𝑉𝑐𝑎 = 0

33
 120-degree
Three-Phase Inverters
Conduction

34
 Voltage control of single phase inverters

There are various techniques to vary the inverter gain, the most efficient method of
controlling the gain and output voltage is PWM control as:

• Single PWM
• Multiple PWM
• Sinusoidal PWM
• Modified sinusoidal PWM
• Phase displacement control
•Space vector modulation
•Hysteresis current control
35
 Multiple-Pulse-Width Modulation for single-
phase inverter

• The frequency of reference signal sets the output

frequency fo, and the carrier frequency fc
determines the number of pulses per half-cycle p.
• The modulation index controls the output voltage.
• This type of modulation is also known as uniform
pulse-width modulation (UPWM).

• The rms output voltage

• The output voltage decreases with decreasing fc

36
Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation
for single-phase inverter

SPWM Bipolar Type

The generated pulses method

• Two control signals are compared: a reference

sinusoidal wave vref and a triangular carrier vcar.
• When vref > vcar., the output is one.
• When vref < vcar., the output is zero. 37
Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation Bipolar Type
SPWM
for single-phase inverter

Notice
• The frequency of reference signal fr determines the inverter output frequency fo.
fr = fo
• High the saw tooth signal frequency fc cause low harmonics in the output voltage.
• The reference signal’s amplitude Ar controls the modulation index M, and then in turn the
rms output voltage Vo.

𝑉𝑟
𝑀=
𝑉𝑐𝑟.
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑓.
𝑀𝑓 =
𝑓𝑐

38
 Three signals
Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation
for single-phase inverter

SPWM Unipolar Type

Pulses
• It should be ensured that switches
must not be connected at the same
leg at the same time.
The generated pulses method
Output voltage

• In unipolar type: two reference sinusoidal wave vref are used.

• The two reference sinusoidal wave have the opposite polarity.
• Two comparators are used in unipolar type. 39
LC Filter Design

The value of L and C can be determined by

fc is the cut-off frequency of LC filter, which is chosen to be

greater than nominal frequency such as 300 or 500 Hz

40
LC Filter Design

Example of output voltage and current after using LC filter

41
 LC Filter Design

Comparison between unipolar and bipolar switching inverter techniques

The waveform that a unipolar inverter with a filter circuit will give better sinusoidal output
waveform compared to bipolar inverter.
42
 Thank you

Dr. Ahmed Hanae Kassem

43